Explanatory dictionary of ancient Russian words A Alatyr - Center of Space. Center of Microcosmos (Human). That around which the cycle of Life takes place. Translation options: ala - motley (snow-covered), tyr<тур>- peak, staff or pillar with a pommel, sacred tree, mountain, “towering” Variations: Latyr, Altyr, Zlatyr, Zlatar Constant epithet - “bel combustible (hot, sparkling)” - (bel - “brilliant”). In Russian texts, golden, zlat, smooth, and iron stones are found. Latyr-stone is the center of coordinates of the world and man in Slavic mythology. Alpha and Omega. That from which everything begins and where it returns (locus). More precisely, the meaning and significance of the words are conveyed in epics... Alkonost - from the ancient Russian saying “alkyon is (bird)”, from the Greek alkyon - kingfisher (Greek myth about Alkyon, transformed by the gods into a kingfisher). She is depicted in popular prints as a half-woman, half-bird with large multi-colored feathers and a girl’s head, overshadowed by a crown and a halo. In his hands he holds paradise flowers and an unfolded scroll with a saying about reward in paradise for a righteous life on earth. Unlike the bird Sirin, she was always depicted with hands. Alkonost, like the Sirin bird, captivates people with its singing. The legends speak about the days of alkonost - seven days when Alkonost lays eggs in the depths of the sea and hatches them, sitting on the surface of the water and pacifying storms. Alkonost is perceived as a “manifestation of divine providence” and serves as a designation of the divine word. B Basa - beauty, decoration, panache. Batog is a stick. To babble, to babble - to speak, to say. Pregnancy is a burden, an armful, as much as you can wrap your arms around. Boyars are rich and noble people, close associates of the king. Scolding is a battle; A battlefield is a battlefield. We are brothers and sisters. Armor - clothing made of metal plates or rings; protected the warrior from the blows of a sword and spear. Britous - the Old Believers called it that way for those who were shaven and without a beard. Damask steel was a specially made steel. Weapons made from this steel were also called damask steel. To get rich - to get rich, to increase wealth. The story is a true story. Bylina is a Russian folk epic (full of greatness and heroism) song - a legend about heroes. V To get acquainted - to get to know each other, to communicate, to be friends, to make acquaintances. To know - to know. Vereya - a pillar on which the gate was hung. Nativity scene - cave, dungeon. To make a noise is to make a noise. To make noise (to make noise) "Don't goldie!" = don't make noise! Golk = noise, hum,< гулкий >echo. Frantic - having lost all sense of proportion. Knight - a brave warrior, a hero. Lightweight - easy, free, without much difficulty, safe. To endure - to withstand, endure, endure. G Garnets - an ancient measure of bulk solids, bread (~ 3 liters) Goy thou art (from the word goit - to heal, to live; goy - peace< , в его развитии, в движении и обновлении >, abundance) - magnification, a wish for health, corresponding in meaning to today: “Be healthy! Hello!” You are good = you are healthy<есть>"Goy" is a Russian wish for health, good luck and prosperity, a kind word. Options: “Goy este” - be healthy, in the meaning of greeting, wishing the interlocutor health and goodness. “Oh, you” is a greeting with many meanings, depending on the intonation of the speaker. Gorazd - knows how, skillful Gornitsa - that’s how, in the old fashioned way, they called the upper room with large windows. A threshing floor, gumentse is a place where they thresh, and also a shed for storing sheaves. D Just now (before the moment of conversation) A shower warmer is a warm short jacket or quilted jacket without sleeves, with ruching at the back. Dereza is a thorny shrub, a "scraper". In an ancient way - in the old way Dremuchy - “dense forest” - dark, dense, impenetrable; illiterate person Ye Yelan, elanka - a grassy clearing in the forest Endova - a wide vessel with a spout. Food - food, food. Zhaleika - a pipe made of willow bark. Jug - a jug with a lid. The belly is life. Belly - estate, wealth, livestock Z Zavse<гда>- constantly. To begin to fast - to begin to fast, to fast. The outpost is a fence made of logs, a control point at the entrance, and an eminent one is a rich, noble monk - in the church. “he was tonsured a monk, then ordained a deacon...” A hut is a house, a warm room. The name “izba” comes from the word “to heat” (the original version is “istoka” /from a birch bark letter, XIV century - Novgorod, Dmitrievskaya street, excavations/). House = "smoke" from a chimney. K Kalinovy (about fire) - bright, hot. Hag - crow. A tub is a cylindrical container (barrel), assembled from wooden rivets (planks) held together with metal hoops. Killer whale / killer whale - affectionate address. The original meaning is “having beautiful braids.” Kichka, kika is an ancient women's headdress that decorates the appearance and gives one a look. Klet - closet, separate room The cell in the ancient Russian house was called a cold room, and the hut was a warm one. Podklet - the lower cold floor of Klyuk's house - a stick with a curved upper end. Knysh is bread baked from wheat flour and eaten hot. Kokora, kokorina - snag, stump. Kolymaga is an ancient decorated carriage in which noble people rode. Kolyada is a Christmas song in honor of the owners of the house; for carols they gave a gift. Carol is a Christmas song sung on Christmas Eve and the first day of Christmastide by rural youth. Ancient carols are characterized by elements - openings and conclusions from the kondachka - without preparation. Origin (variant): the original word is Kondakia (kondakia, kontakia) - a stick (diminutive of “spear”) on which a scroll of parchment was wound. A parchment sheet or scroll itself, written on both sides, was also called kandak. Subsequently, the word K. began to denote a special group of church chants, in the middle of the first millennium - long ones (hymns, poems), modern ones - small ones (one or two stanzas, as part of a canon) Box, boxes - a large bast box or box in which they were stored miscellaneous goodness. Kochet, Kochet - rooster. To bow - to be baptized, to make the sign of the cross. "Wake up!" - come to your senses! A mound is a high earthen mound that the ancient Slavs built over a grave. Kut, kutnichek - a corner in a hut, a counter, a stall in which chickens were kept in winter. Kutya - a steep, sweet barley, wheat or rice porridge with raisins. The circle-amulet - developed from a circular walk around the area where they were going to spend the night or settle for a long time; such a walk was necessary to ensure that there were no dens of predators or snakes. The idea of a circle served as an image<своего> peace. L Lada! - expression of consent, approval. Fine! other Russian Okay - the word has many meanings depending on intonation. Plate is iron or steel armor worn by warriors. M Poppy - top of the head. Matitsa - middle ceiling beam. The world is a peasant community. N Nadezha-warrior is an experienced, reliable, strong, skillful fighter. Nadys - recently, the other day. Invoice - interest. “It won’t be expensive” - inexpensive, profitable Instead - instead. I called myself - I called myself; name - give a name, name. A week is a day when “they don’t do it” – a day of rest. In the pre-Christian period in Rus', Saturday and Sunday were called pre-weekend and week (or week), respectively. Arrears - taxes not paid on time or quitrent Nikola - never. O Frill - a tie at the bast shoe. Abundance - a lot of something. This is how the bread Obrok was called in Novgorod - a tribute to get well - to come to consciousness, to recover. Besides, besides - except. Yell - plow. Ostatniy - the last Osmushka - eighth (eighth) part = 1/8 - “octam of tea” (~ 40 or 50 grams) Oprich - except (“besides”) P Club - a club with a bound knob. Parun - a hot day after rain. Sailboat - sailor's clothing. Brocade is silk fabric woven with gold or silver. More - "more", "all the more so... = all the more so..." Veil - something that covers on all sides (fabric, fog, etc.) Blame - reproach, reproach. Finger - finger. Polati is a plank platform for sleeping, located under the ceiling. Spelled is a special variety of wheat. To please is to be overzealous; eat a lot. Posad is a village where traders and artisans lived. Throne - a throne, a special chair on a dais on which the king sat on special occasions. Prisno is an old, high-style word that means - always, forever and ever. Printed gingerbread - a gingerbread with an imprinted (printed) pattern or letters. Pudovka is a pood measure of weight. Pushcha is a protected, impenetrable forest. You need to think about it - think, figure out, think about this matter, discuss something with someone; to understand - to understand, to think, to reason about something. Sexual (color) - light yellow Midday - southern R. Military - military. Rat is an army. Thrifty - diligent, diligent Rushnik - embroidered towel. To agree - to come to an agreement, to come to an agreement. Unbelt - walk without a belt, lose all shame Rivers (verb) - say Repishche - vegetable garden Rubishche - torn, worn-out clothes S Svetlitsa (Push.) - bright, clean room. Scythian = monastery (initial) - from the words “to wander”, “wandering”, therefore, “Scythians-monasteries” - “wanderers” (“nomads”? ). New meaning - monastic hermitage "Good Riddance" - original meaning... Yablochny Spas Sloboda is a village near the city, a suburb. Nightingales are yellowish-white horses. Sorokovka is a barrel for forty buckets. Sorochin, Sarachin - Saracen, Arabian rider. The clothes are decent - that is, not bad. An oxbow is an old (or dried up) river bed. A pillar noblewoman is a noblewoman of an old and noble family. Adversary - adversary, enemy. with a flourish - at times, inadequately. Antimony - painted black. Leaf - covered with a thin film of gold, silver, copper or tin. Gilded Sousek, bin<а>- a place where flour and grain are stored. To be full - food, food. Week - week T Terem - tall houses with a turret at the top. Tims - shoes made of goatskin. They were highly valued and sold in yuftas, that is, in pairs. Later they began to be called “morocco” (Persian word) Either here<тута>, and there... - words from a modern song about the difficulty of learning the Russian language. Gait of three crosses - super-fast execution of any order: one cross on packages with reports - the usual speed of horse delivery is 8-10 km/h, two - up to 12 km/h, three - the maximum possible. Oatmeal is crushed (unground) oatmeal. To skinny - to spend U Udel - possession, principality, fate Uval... - Ural (?) - Khural (belt, Turkic) ... Russia, belted by the Urals, stands by Siberia... F Enamel - enamel in painting metal products and the products themselves Fita - a letter of the old Russian alphabet (in the words “Fedot”, “incense”) Foot - an ancient measure of length equal to 30.48 cm X Chiton - underwear made of linen or woolen fabric in the form of a shirt, usually without sleeves. It is fastened on the shoulders with special fasteners or ties, and tied with a belt at the waist. Chiton was worn by both men and women. Khmara - cloud Pyarun - thunder T Tsatra (chatra, chator) - fabric made of goat down (undercoat) or wool. Tselkovy is the colloquial name for the metal ruble. Ch Chelo - forehead, in modern terms. In the old days, the forehead is the top of the head. Child is a son or daughter under 12 years old. To expect - to expect, to hope. Chapyzhnik - thickets<колючего> bush. Chebotar - shoemaker, shoemaker. Chobots - high closed shoes, men's and women's, boots or shoes with sharp, turned-up toes; roan horse - motley, with white splashes on gray (and other, main) wool or a different color mane and tail. Servants - servants in the house. Scarlet - red Brow - a person's forehead, a vaulted hole in a Russian stove, the entrance hole of a den. Chetami - in pairs, in pairs. Cheta - a pair, two objects or persons Quarter - a fourth part of something Black (clothing) - rough, everyday, working. Chick - hit Cast iron - railway. Sh Shelom - a helmet, a pointed iron cap for protection from sword strikes. Shlyk - jester's hat, cap, bonnet. Shtof - glass bottle 1.23 liters (1/10 of a bucket) Shtof generosity - generosity. A man with a big heart, showing a noble breadth of soul E Yu Yushka - fish soup or thin soup. St. George's Day (November 26) is a period determined by law when in Muscovite Rus' a peasant who settled on the master's land and entered into a "decent agreement" with the owner had the right to leave the owner, having first fulfilled all his obligations towards him. This was the only time of the year, after the end of autumn work (the week before and after November 26), when dependent peasants could pass from one owner to another. I am the Paradise Egg - the lucky egg, the magic egg. Dishes - food, food, food. Yarilo - the ancient name of the Sun Yasen stump - meaning: "Naturally! Well, of course!" In this form, the expression appeared relatively recently, Yakhont - Old Russian. name certain precious stones, most often ruby (dark red corundum), less often sapphire (blue), etc. Old Slavic names of peoples Svei - Swedes Poles - Poles Ugric group - Ostyaks, Voguls, Volga-Bulgarian Magyars - Cheremis, Permian Mordovians - Permyaks, Zyryans, Votyaks midday - southern Fryazhsky - Italian. "Fryazhsky" writing is a type of painting, as a result of the transition from icon painting to natural painting, at the end of the 17th century. Germans are those who speak incomprehensibly (mute). Dutch - from the territory where the Kingdom of the Netherlands is now located. sorochinin - Arabic languages - peoples (common name) Man Brow - forehead Right hand - on the right hand or side Oshuyu - on the left hand or side. Shuiy is the left one. Shuitsa - left hand. Right hand and Shuytsa - right and left hand, right and left side (“standing at the right and left at the entrance...”) Colors “red sun”, “red maiden” - beautiful, bright “red corner” - main red color - amulet The connection of weaving with cosmological motifs Wicker and weaving in weaving appears as a form of modeling the world. If the thread is fate, the path of life; that canvas, constantly produced and reproduced, is the whole World. Ritual towels (towels, the length of which is 10-15 times greater than the width) and square scarves with an ornament in the form of a model (mandala) of the Universe. Ancient Slavic writing (“Russian writing”, before the beginning of the second millennium AD) - Slavic Runes and “Knot writing” In folk tales, a knotted ball of guide is often found, indicating the Path. Unwinding and reading it, the person learned the clues - where to go and what to do, read words, images and numbers. Nodular (nodular-linear) Elm was wound, for storage, into book-balls (or on a special wooden stick - Ust; hence the teachings from the elders - “Wind it around your mustache”) and put away in a box-box (from where the concept “Speak to three” came from box"). Attaching the thread to the mouth (the center of the ball) was considered the beginning of recording. Many letters-symbols of the ancient Glagolitic alphabet are a stylized display of a two-dimensional projection onto Knotty Elm paper. Initial letters (capital letters of ancient texts in Cyrillic) - usually depicted in the form of a Knitting pattern. Looping techniques were also used to transmit and store information and to create protective amulets and amulets (including braiding hair). Examples of words and phrases that mention sciences: “to tie a knot as a keepsake”, “ties of friendship/marriage”, “the intricacy of the plot”, “to tie” (stop), union (from souz<ы>), "runs like a red thread (Alya) through the entire narrative." “Characters and Cuts” is a “birch bark letter” (a simplified version of Slavic runes), widely used for everyday records and short messages between people. Slavic Runes are sacred symbols, each of which conveys a phonetic meaning (the sound of a sign of the runic alphabet), a meaning-image (for example, the letter “D” meant “good”, “well-being”< дары Богов, "хлеб насущный" >, Tree< в узелковом письме может соответствовать перевёрнутой петле "коровья" (схватывающий узел) / Дерево >and belt buckle) and numerical correspondence. To encrypt or shorten the recording, knitted runes were used (combined, intertwined, built into a pictorial ornament). Monogram, letter monogram - a combination of the initial letters of a name and/or surname into one image, usually intertwined and forming a patterned script. Dwelling The main pillar in the house is the central one, supporting the hut. Community Ordinary objects are common (that is, no one's; belonging to everyone and no one in particular) things that are important to everyone to the same extent, with common rituals. Belief in the purity (whole, healthy) and holiness of common ritual meals, brotherhoods, joint prayers, and donations. An ordinary object is clean, new, it has the enormous power of a whole, untouched thing. The main elements of Slavic mythology are Latyr-stone, Alatyr is the center of coordinates of the world and man in Slavic mythology. Alpha and Omega (the original singular Point of growth and the final volumetric World< всё наше Мироздание, есть и другие, но очень далеко, со всех сторон >in the form of an almost endless ball). That from which everything begins and where it returns (point, locus). Miraculous stone (in Russian folk beliefs). in epics... Alatyr - Centers of the Cosmos (Universe) and Microcosmos (Human). Fractal Growth Point, three-dimensional< / многомерная >line of singularity ("Staircase" connecting the worlds), a fabulous "magic wand" / wand / staff with a pommel or a stationary Magic Altar. That from which Existence begins and returns, around which the cycle of Life occurs (the axis point). Russian letter A, Greek - “Alpha”. The symbol of the Ladder is prayer beads (“ladder” = ladder connecting the top and bottom of the Universe) / “ladder”). In the temple there is a lectern (a high table, in the center, for icons and liturgical books). Translation options: ala - motley, tyr<тур>- a top, a pillar or a staff with a triple pommel, a fabulous “magic wand”, a scepter, a sacred tree or mountain, the trunk of the World Tree, “towering” Options - Latyr, Altyr, Zlatyr, Zlatar, Alva Constant epithet - “white flammable (burning = glowing, hot, sparkling)" - (white - dazzlingly brilliant). In Russian texts there is gold, zlat (amber?), smooth (polished by the hands of those praying), iron (if a meteorite or fossil magnetic ore) stone. Merkaba is a star tetrahedron, a closed volume of an energy-informational crystal-chariot for the ascension of the Spirit, Soul and body of Man. "First Stone"< Краеугольный, Замковый >- the initial, axial point of any creation. “The navel of the Earth” is the energy center of the planet, in which, according to legend, there is always a crystal (“unearthly Jewel”), the magical Alatyr< подземный Китеж-Град, Ковчег, неземной Храм >. Folk tales place it in various points on Earth, usually in real energy centers / nodes (places of Power), such as in the vicinity of the village of Okunevo, on the Tara River, in Western Siberia. The stories about these lands, at first glance, are unrealistically fabulous, but modern scientists still cannot really explain all the anomalies and miracles that occur in such areas, on the lakes there. There is information in the open press that Helen and Nicholas Roerich, in the twenties of the last century, traveling through Russia, took with them an ancient box with an unusual stone inside (? -<Ш>Chintamani, Lapis Exilis, "wandering in the world", part of the Holy Grail/Wisdom Stone, in the ark-casket), sent to him by the Mahatma. It is no coincidence that this box is shown in the famous painting “Portrait of N.K. Roerich”, painted by his son, Svyatoslav Roerich. The main part of this Stone (called the “Treasure of the World” - Norbu Rimpoche, a cosmic magnet from the center of our Universe, with the energetic rhythm of its Life) is located in the legendary Shambhala (Tibet, in the Himalaya mountains). The story is amazing, almost incredible. More information is available on other Internet sites. Holy Grail (Buddha Bowl) - symbol of the source< волшебного >elixir. Where it is now is not known for certain, except for the almost fabulous, fantastic UFO legends from the middle of the last century, now published by modern researchers on the Internet and in books, about the German base (numbered 211) in Antarctica (located somewhere- then near the current South Geographic Pole, on the coast of Dronning Maud Land, on the side of the Atlantic Ocean, in warm karst caves with underground rivers and lakes, where for a long time, after the Second World War, hundreds, and maybe thousands of German soldiers lived and hid, specialists and civilians who sailed there on submarines). With a high probability, in those grottoes and catacombs-laboratories (artificially created with the help of mining equipment delivered there on ships several years earlier) - the Nazis hid some especially valuable artifacts and sources of Ancient Knowledge, obtained by them all over the world and found, discovered on the spot. And almost certainly, all this is securely and carefully hidden there, with numerous traps, which people will disarm and pass, perhaps in the not very distant future.< или, опередившие их - пришельцы, инопланетяне >can with the help of robots. Philosopher's Stone of Wisdom< эликсир жизни >- to obtain gold (enlightenment of a person, immortality (eternal youth) of him<тела>-souls-<духа>in their synthesis). The spine (spinal cord) is “Mount Meru”, with its apex in the head (epiphysis (m) and pituitary gland (g) - on the physical plane, halos and radiances - on the next, higher planes). The ancient name of the Baltic Sea is “Alatyr” Rus - an indigenous inhabitant of the Russian land Alatyr-stone is found in fairy tales and epics in the form of the phrase: “On the sea on the ocean, on an island on Buyan lies the Alatyr-stone.” Spaces of microcosm in Slavic mythology The first, outer circle of the concentrically arranged “world” (history, events) most often turns out to be a sea or a river. The pure field is a transitional area between worlds. The second area, following the sea, is an island (or immediately a stone) or a mountain (or mountains). The central locus of the mythological world is represented by many different objects, of which stones or trees may have proper names. All of them are usually located on an island or mountain, i.e. one way or another included in the previous locus as a central and maximally sacred point. The sea (sometimes a river) in Slavic mythology represents that body of water (in the southern regions, also vast sandy and rocky deserts, for example, the Mongolian Gobi), which, according to traditional ideas, lies on the way to the kingdom of the dead and to the next world . Old Slavonic “ocean”, as well as - Okiyan, Okian, Ocean, Okeyan. Kiyan-Sea Sea-Okiyan - the absolute periphery of the world (antilocus); It's impossible to get around it. Blue Sea - locus Black Sea - antilocus Khvalynsk Sea - Caspian or Black Sea. Antilocus Khorezm - Aral Sea. Antilocus Currant River is the mythical prototype of all rivers. Acts as the water boundary of the “other world”. There is a viburnum bridge on it. Buyan Island - In folklore, Buyan is associated with the other world, the path to which, as you know, lies through the water. The island can serve as an arena for fabulous action.
- Wolf ticket (wolf passport)
In the 19th century, the name of a document that blocked access to the civil service, educational institution, etc. Today, the phraseological unit is used to mean a sharply negative characteristic of someone’s work.
The origin of this turnover is usually explained by the fact that the person who received such a document was not allowed to live in one place for more than 2-3 days and had to wander like a wolf.
In addition, in many combinations, wolf means “abnormal, inhuman, bestial,” which strengthens the contrast between the holder of the wolf card and other “normal” people. - Lies like a gray gelding
There are several options for the origin of phraseological units.
1. The word gelding comes from the Mongolian morin "horse". In historical monuments, the horse siv and gelding siv are very typical; the adjective sivy “light gray, gray-haired” shows the old age of the animal. The verb to lie had a different meaning in the past - “to talk nonsense, talk idle talk; chatter.” The gray gelding here is a stallion that has turned gray from long work, and figuratively - a man who is already talking from old age and talking annoying nonsense.
2. Gelding is a stallion, gray is old. The expression is explained by the usual boasting of old people about their strength, as if still preserved, like that of the young.
3. The turnover is associated with the attitude towards the gray horse as a stupid creature. Russian peasants avoided, for example, laying the first furrow on a gray gelding, because he was “lying” - he was wrong, laying it incorrectly. - Give oak- die
The phrase is associated with the verb zudubet - “to cool down, lose sensitivity, become hard.” An oak coffin has always been a sign of special honor for the deceased. Peter I introduced a tax on oak coffins as a luxury item. - Alive, smoking room!
The origin of the expression is associated with the game "Smoking Room", popular in the 18th century in Russia at gatherings on winter evenings. The players sat in a circle and passed a burning torch to each other, saying “Alive, alive, Smoking Room, not dead, thin legs, short soul...”. The loser was the one whose torch went out and began to smoke or smoke. Later this game was replaced by "Burn, burn clearly so that it does not go out." - Nick down
In the old days, almost the entire population in Russian villages was illiterate. To record the bread handed over to the landowner, the work performed, etc., so-called tags were used - wooden sticks up to a fathom long (2 meters), on which notches were made with a knife. The tags were split into two parts so that the marks were on both: one remained with the employer, the other with the performer. The calculation was made based on the number of notches. Hence the expression “notch on the nose,” meaning: remember well, take into account for the future. - Play spillikins
In the old days, the game of “spillikins” was common in Rus'. It consisted of using a small hook to pull out, without touching the others, one from another pile all the spillikins - all kinds of small toy things: hatchets, glasses, baskets, barrels. This is how not only children, but also adults spent time on long winter evenings.
Over time, the expression “playing spillikins” began to mean an empty pastime. - Latem cabbage soup to slurp
Lapti - woven shoes made of bast (the subcortical layer of linden trees), covering only the sole of the foot - in Rus' were the only affordable footwear for poor peasants, and shchi - a type of cabbage soup - was their simplest and favorite food. Depending on the wealth of the family and the time of year, cabbage soup could be either green, that is, with sorrel, or sour - made from sauerkraut, with meat, or lean - without meat, which was eaten during fasting or in cases of extreme poverty.
About a person who could not earn enough to buy boots and more refined food, they said that he “slurps on cabbage soup,” that is, he lives in terrible poverty and ignorance. - Fawn
The word “fawn” comes from the German phrase “Ich liebe sie” (I love you). Seeing the insincerity in the frequent repetition of this “fawn”, Russian people wittily formed from these German words the Russian word “fawn” - it means to curry favor, to flatter someone, to achieve someone’s favor or favor with flattery. - Fishing in troubled waters
Stunning has long been one of the prohibited methods of catching fish, especially during spawning. There is a well-known fable by the ancient Greek poet Aesop about a fisherman who muddied the water around his nets, driving blinded fish into them. Then the expression went beyond fishing and acquired a broader meaning - to take advantage of an unclear situation.
There is also a well-known proverb: “Before you catch a fish, you [need] to muddy the waters,” that is, “deliberately create confusion for profit.” - Small fry
The expression came from peasant everyday life. In the Russian northern lands, a plow is a peasant community of 3 to 60 households. And small fry called a very poor community, and then its poor inhabitants. Later, officials occupying a low position in the government structure also began to be called small fry. - The thief's hat is on fire
The expression goes back to an old joke about how a thief was found in the market.
After futile attempts to find the thief, people turned to the sorcerer for help; he shouted loudly: “Look! The thief’s hat is on fire!” And suddenly everyone saw how a man grabbed his hat. So the thief was discovered and convicted. - Lather your head
In the old days, a tsarist soldier served indefinitely - until death or complete disability. Since 1793, a 25-year period of military service was introduced. The landowner had the right to give his serfs as soldiers for misconduct. Since recruits (recruits) had their hair shaved off and were referred to as “shaved”, “shaved their forehead”, “soaped their head”, the expression “I’ll soap my head” became synonymous with threat in the mouths of the rulers. In a figurative sense, “soap your head” means: to give a severe reprimand, to strongly scold. - Neither fish nor fowl
In Western and Central Europe of the 16th century, a new movement appeared in Christianity - Protestantism (lat. “to protest, object”). Protestants, unlike Catholics, opposed the Pope, denied holy angels and monasticism, arguing that each person himself can turn to God. Their rituals were simple and inexpensive. There was a bitter struggle between Catholics and Protestants. Some of them, in accordance with Christian commandments, ate modest meat, others preferred lean fish. If a person did not join any movement, then he was contemptuously called “neither fish nor fowl.” Over time, they began to talk about a person who does not have a clearly defined position in life, who is not capable of active, independent actions. - There is no place to put samples- disapprovingly about a depraved woman.
An expression based on a comparison with a golden thing passing from one owner to another. Each new owner demanded that the product be checked by a jeweler and tested. When the product had been in many hands, there was no longer any room left for testing. - If we don't wash, we'll ride
Before the invention of electricity, a heavy cast iron iron was heated over a fire and, until it cooled down, they ironed clothes with it. But this process was difficult and required a certain skill, so the linen was often “rolled”. To do this, washed and almost dried laundry was fixed on a special rolling pin - a round piece of wood similar to the one used to roll out dough nowadays. Then, using a ruble - a curved corrugated board with a handle - the rolling pin, along with the laundry wound onto it, was rolled along a wide flat board. At the same time, the fabric was stretched and straightened. Professional laundresses knew that well-rolled linen has a fresher appearance, even if the washing was not entirely successful.
This is how the expression “by washing, by rolling” appeared, that is, to achieve results in more than one way. - Break a leg- wishing good luck in something.
The expression was originally used as a “spell” designed to deceive evil spirits (this expression was used to admonish those going on a hunt; it was believed that with a direct wish for good luck one could “jinx” the prey).
Answer "To hell!" should have further protected the hunter. To hell - this is not an expletive like “Go to hell!”, but a request to go to hell and tell him about it (so that the hunter does not get any fluff or feather). Then the unclean one will do the opposite, and what is needed will happen: the hunter will return “with down and feathers,” that is, with prey. - Let's beat swords into ploughshares
The expression goes back to the Old Testament, where it is said that “the time will come when the nations will beat swords into plowshares and spears into pruning hooks; nation will not lift up sword against nation, and they will no longer learn to fight.”
In the Old Church Slavonic language, “ploughshare” is a tool for cultivating land, something like a plow. The dream of establishing universal peace is figuratively expressed in the sculpture of the Soviet sculptor E.V. Vuchetich, depicting a blacksmith forging a sword into a plow, which is installed in front of the UN building in New York. - Goof
Prosak is a drum with teeth in a machine, with the help of which wool was carded. Getting into trouble meant being maimed and losing an arm. To get into trouble is to get into trouble, into an awkward position. - Knock you down
Confuse, confuse.
Pantalik is a distorted version of Pantelik, a mountain in Attica (Greece) with a stalactite cave and grottoes in which it was easy to get lost. - Straw Widow
Among the Russians, Germans and a number of other peoples, a bundle of straw served as a symbol of a concluded agreement: marriage or purchase and sale. To break the straw meant to break the contract, to separate. There was also a custom of making the newlyweds’ bed on sheaves of rye. Wedding wreaths were also woven from straw flowers. A wreath (from the Sanskrit word “vene” - “bundle”, meaning a bundle of hair) was a symbol of marriage.
If the husband left somewhere for a long time, they said that the woman was left with nothing but straw, which is how the expression “straw widow” appeared. - Dance from the stove
The expression became popular thanks to the novel by the 19th century Russian writer V.A. Sleptsov "A Good Man". The main character of the novel, "non-employee nobleman" Sergei Terebenev, returns to Russia after long wanderings around Europe. He remembers how he was taught to dance as a child. Seryozha started all his movements from the stove, and if he made a mistake, the teacher told him: “Well, go to the stove, start over.” Terebenev realized that his life circle had closed: he started from the village, then Moscow, Europe, and, having reached the edge, he again returned to the village, to the stove. - Grated kalach
In Rus', kalach is wheat bread in the shape of a castle with a bow. Grated kalach was baked from hard kalach dough, which was kneaded and grated for a long time. This is where the proverb “Don’t grate, don’t crush, don’t make kalach” came from, which in a figurative sense means: “troubles teach a person.” And the words “grated kalach” have become popular - this is what they say about an experienced person who has seen a lot, who has “rubbed between people” a lot. - Pull the gimp
Gimp is a very thin, flattened, twisted gold or silver wire used for embroidery. Making gimp consists of pulling it out. This work, done manually, is tedious, monotonous and time-consuming. Therefore, the expression “pull the gimp” (or “spread the gimp”) in a figurative sense began to mean: to do something monotonous, tedious, causing an annoying loss of time. - In the middle of nowhere
In ancient times, clearings in dense forests were called kuligs. The pagans considered them bewitched. Later, people settled deep into the forest, looked for swarms, and settled there with their whole family. This is where the expression comes from: in the middle of nowhere, that is, very far away. - Too
In Slavic mythology, Chur or Shchur is the ancestor, ancestor, god of the hearth - the brownie.
Initially, “chur” meant: limit, border.
Hence the exclamation: “chur,” meaning a prohibition to touch something, to cross some line, beyond some limit (in spells against “evil spirits,” in games, etc.), a requirement to comply with some condition , agreement
From the word “too much” the word “too much” was born, meaning: to go beyond “too much”, to go beyond the limit. “Too much” means too much, too much, too much. - Sherochka with a masherochka
Until the 18th century, women were educated at home. In 1764, the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens was opened in St. Petersburg at the Resurrection Smolny Convent. The daughters of nobles studied there from the ages of 6 to 18. The subjects of study were the law of God, the French language, arithmetic, drawing, history, geography, literature, dancing, music, various types of home economics, as well as subjects of “secular manners”. The usual address of college girls to each other was the French ma chere. From these French words came the Russian words “sherochka” and “masherochka”, which are currently used to name a couple consisting of two women. - Walk trump
In ancient Rus', boyars, unlike commoners, sewed a collar embroidered with silver, gold and pearls, which was called a trump card, to the collar of their ceremonial caftan. The trump card stuck out impressively, giving the boyars a proud posture. Walking as a trump card means walking is important, but trumping means showing off something.
Do you know what a necklace, crucian carp, cage or muscle is? After reading a dictionary of obsolete words, you will realize that you do not know everything about these and other words that are now used in a different meaning...
Almanacs- astrological collections for fortune telling by the movements of the stars and the signs of the zodiac.
Argamak- eastern thoroughbred horse, racer: at a wedding - a horse under saddle, and not in harness.
Arshin- a measure of length equal to approximately 71 cm.
Bel Mozhaiskaya- An ancient Russian variety of bulk apples.
Pancake(pie) - several pancakes, stacked one on top of another and placed with each other with various fillings, greased on the sides with a mixture of eggs, flour and milk so that the filling does not fall out, and lightly fried in the oven.
Bort- a hollow tree in which bees live; our ancestors collected and used honey from wild bees.
Hogweed- a perennial plant of the umbrella family (Heraclium), young leaves and shoots were eaten.
Bro- a large bowl, a goblet with a spherical body, used for drinking in a circle.
Brashna- food.
Vekoshniki- pies seasoned with meat and fish leftovers.
Vershok- a measure of length equal to approximately 4.5 cm.
Vercheny- fried over an open fire.
Vespers- daily church service held before evening.
Vzvar- vegetable, onion or berry seasoning, sauce, gravy with spices for meat and fish dishes, also called drinks made from fruits and berries brewed with honey, beer or kvass.
Volosnik- women's headdress, a net made of gold or silver thread with trim (usually not festive, like kika, but everyday).
Voronogray- fortune telling by the cries and flight of birds; a book describing such signs.
Sackcloth e - hair shirt, coarse fabric, rags, thin torn dress.
Bran- what remains after sifting the flour.
Gorlatnaya(hat) - sewn from very thin fur taken from the neck of an animal; The shape is a tall, straight cap with a crown that flares upward.
Upper room- living space in the upper part of the house (cf. mountain - up).
Hot wine- vodka.
Hryvenka- a measure of weight equal to a pound, or approximately 400 g.
bed- a pole from wall to wall on which clothes were hung.
Guzhi- tripe or intestines cut into strips, boiled with garlic and spices.
Right hand- right hand.
Dora- antidoron, a large prosphora from which the Lamb was taken out for the Sacrament of Communion; parts of it are distributed to those receiving communion at the end of the Liturgy.
Roads- very fine oriental silk fabric.
Epancha- wide raincoat, long sleeveless outer dress.
Penance- church punishment for sins in the form of renunciation of any blessings in life, an increase in the prayer rule or the number of prostrations, etc.
Zhitnaya(porridge) - barley, made from unground barley groats.
Zaspa- any cereal that is poured into various liquid dishes.
Stargazer- astrology.
Zendeni
Zolotoe- gold woven or embroidered with gold (especially valuable).
Izvara, zvars are special vessels such as tubs for preparing drinks.
Cabal- any urgent written obligation, loan bondage - loan letter with a penalty.
Kalya- a liquid first course with the addition of pickles and cucumber brine.
Damask- patterned silk oriental fabric.
Canon- a church song in praise of a saint or holiday, read or sung at matins and vespers; establishments of the apostles, Ecumenical and Local Councils on faith and church rites.
Eve- food for remembrance of the dead.
Kaptan- winter covered carriage.
Kaptur- fur winter clothing for married women, especially widows; covered the head and the sides of the face and shoulders (cf. later - a hood).
Loaf- large round hearth bread made from wheat flour.
Karasiki- pies made of unleavened dough in a triangular shape, reminiscent of crucian carp, with various fillings, fried in oil.
Kaftan- long-sleeved men's outer dress of various cuts.
Kebenyak- men's outer cloak made of cloth with a hood and long sleeves.
Kika- a rounded female headdress (symbolic designation of a married woman); The kika was complemented by an embroidered scarf (podubrusnik) and a warrior (podubrusnik), which covered the hair, falling over the shoulders and chest.
Kindyaks- imported cotton fabric.
Cage- the cold half of the hut, often served as a pantry or closet.
Cartel- a warm summer jacket, lined with fur and covered with light silk fabric (without lace or buttons).
Kortsy- ladles, hollowed out of wood, served as a measure of grain.
Korchaga- large clay pot or cast iron.
Kosyachnaya(sturgeon) - salted red fish.
Kotlomy- flatbread made from dough layered with lamb fat, fried in oil.
Kseni- caviar in a shell, as well as sturgeon liver and dishes made from them: pike xeni with saffron - caviar boiled with saffron, non-white sturgeon xeni - sturgeon liver boiled with poppy milk or hemp oil.
Kumgang- a metal narrow-necked vessel with a lid and a handle.
Kundums- a product made from unleavened wheat dough, such as dumplings, filled with mushrooms or rice with mushrooms.
Kurnik- a rich round pie with chicken and eggs.
Kutya- boiled wheat with honey, brought to church when commemorating the dead.
Lefties- butter pies with berries.
Leftists- oval-shaped pies made of unleavened butter dough (during Lent in vegetable oil) filled with pureed fruit mass.
Letnik- light women's outerwear with long wide sleeves.
Liar- a sacred vessel with a cross on the handle, used as a spoon during Communion.
Lodoga- a fish of the whitefish family, found in Ladoga; Lodozhina - the meat of this fish.
Loubier- linden underbark, used on roofing (under planks), for bast, for bast.
Bald- horse forehead in harness.
Mazuni- a sweet dish of radish with molasses and spices.
Malakia- handjob, masturbation.
Manti(curves) - products made from unleavened dough with meat filling in the shape of a crescent.
Honey, honey is the main sweet product in the diet of the Eastern Slavs; gravity flow honey, or molasses - liquid honey flowing by gravity from honeycombs suspended in the sun; Bar honey is the lowest grade, obtained by melting honeycombs over a fire. Drinks made from honey were also called mead. Fresh honey is pure, undiluted and without additives.
Medvedna- tanned bear skins served as a cavity in the sleigh.
Mernik- a vessel of known size, volume, for example, a bucket.
Minderie- a cloth blanket, usually spread by young people on top of a warm blanket.
Monisto- necklace, beads.
Motion a - wallet, bag.
Msheloimstvo o - passion for acquiring and collecting unnecessary and superfluous things.
Muscle- shoulder, strength.
Nagolnaya(fur coat) - not covered with fabric, with fur inside.
Naltsevskie(sleigh) - a tall, elegant sleigh that was used on special occasions: on holidays, at weddings.
Graveyard- log house, building above the cellar.
Nasp- usury on grain bread.
Nogavicy- clothing or shoes covering the shins.
Nights- a shallow wooden trough for sifting flour and rolling bread.
Obrot- a halter, a horse bridle without a bit and with one rein, for tethering.
Navar- liquid boiled down during cooking, broth.
Single row- a long-skirted caftan without a collar with a straight wrap and buttons, single-breasted.
Necklace- attached embroidered stand-up collar of a shirt or zipun.
Salary- a decorative covering on an icon made of thin sheets of gold, silver, gilded copper, often decorated with precious stones.
debarking- shanks, cartilage of the legs of cattle.
Unleavened Bread- thin dry flatbreads made from unleavened dough, which Judaism prescribes for believers to eat during the Passover.
Ocerdie- part of the offal, consisting of the throat, lungs and heart.
Prison- pointed stick, fishing tool; spurs.
Osmina- an eighth of something, a measure of the volume of bulk solids, especially grain, an eighth of an old cadi, weighing approximately 16 kg.
Okhaben- a swing dress made of silk or light cloth with a necklace and an odd number of buttons; a heavy cloak saddled over a fairyaz was also called an ohabnem.
To numb- make a slave, a serf.
Panagia- an icon worn by bishops on their chests; Maybe.
Paste- Russian delicacy, berry pulp, boiled with honey, laid out in layers and dried.
Syrup(white) - “honey tear” flowing by gravity from the honey comb, pure fresh honey is its best variety.
Pahwa- a tailpiece, a belt with a point from the saddle, the horse’s tail is threaded through it so that the saddle does not slide down onto the horse’s neck.
Plasti- fish cut into thin layers and dried, sheet fish - the same thing.
Cook- kitchen.
Compline- everyday church service, originating from the custom of monks to celebrate Compline in their cells; You can sing at home too.
Dragging- silk or paper fabric, used as lining for fur coats.
Under- smooth brick lining inside a Russian stove.
Podklet- a room in the foundation of a house that served various household needs.
Hearth(pies) - sour dough, highly risen, which are baked on a hearth.
Substitutes, - table, table, cupboard.
Train(wedding) - a ceremonial, ritual ride, a procession, as well as all participants in the ceremony - they are also riders.
Overweight- nets for catching birds; places for catching birds.
Fill up- sweeten, add honey.
Manure- to pay for the land under the buildings.
Canvases- processed, cut lengthwise poultry carcasses, salted in barrels. Polotkovaya (fish) - spread out lengthwise and salted.
Polteva meat- a carcass of beef, pork, poultry, cut lengthwise into two parts, salted or dried.
Midnight Office- a church service that takes place at midnight and at any hour of the night.
Fimble- the best canvas, peasant shirt.
Postav- a whole piece, a roll of fabric; as well as a weaving mill.
Supplier- a vessel in which kvass and beer are served at the table.
Prutovaya(fish) - cleaned, lightly salted and then dried, stored in bundles (rods).
Navels- the middle part of the fish between the head and tail (tesha); part cut from the belly of the beast; poultry stomachs.
Brine- a solution of salt or the liquid part of salted and fermented products, used as seasonings and drinks: plum, lemon, cabbage, beetroot, cucumber, etc.
Rafli- a book that interprets dreams and riddles.
Cavity- a carpet or fur blanket used in sleighs.
Polt- half a carcass, poultry, etc.
Lattice- a device for frying food over coals in a Russian oven or on an open hearth.
Rosolny- boiled in brine.
Romanea- sweet tincture with Fryazhsky wine.
Scar- animal stomach.
Saadak- embroidered case for bow and arrows.
Fathom- a measure of length equal to 1.76 m.
Sandrik- kidney part of a lamb carcass, saddle.
Saint, saintly rank - the highest degree of priesthood, bishops, bishops, archbishops, metropolitans.
Sochni- thin flatbreads made from unleavened dough, which could be topped with cottage cheese on fast days, and porridge on fast days.
Sporks- torn things, parts of clothing.
Strada- summer agricultural work: harvesting, mowing, harvesting grain, etc.
Thunder arrows and axes- sand or stone of meteorite origin fused by lightning; served for therapeutic “draining of waters” for magical rituals.
Acquisition- property, wealth, everything acquired and mined.
Existence, essence, essence- dried small fish, not necessarily smelt.
Glassware- flask, small vial, sometimes this was the name for any glassware.
Cheese- this is what both cottage cheese and cheese were called. Sponge cheeses are rennet cheeses produced by fermenting milk with rennet. Sour cheeses are molded, highly pressed cottage cheese.
satiate- sweeten with honey.
Abomasum- one of the four stomachs of ruminants.
Tavranchuk- a liquid fish dish in which the fish is cut into pieces.
Trivet- a round iron hoop on legs, under which a fire is lit, and dishes with brew are placed on it.
Taffeta- smooth and thin silk fabric of oriental origin.
Created- round vessels in which they made (created) and molded cottage cheese, marshmallows, etc.
Telogrey- a women's warm jacket, with or without sleeves, long or short, worn over a sundress.
Telnoe- boneless fish, fish fillet, often chopped (chopped) with onions and seasonings, laid out in wooden forms in the form of any animals and birds (for example, piglets and ducks, hence piglets, ducks), or simply round (loaves) , or wrapped in cloth and baked or boiled.
Terlik- a kind of caftan to the toes, with short sleeves and an interception at the waist, with a fastener on the chest.
Tolchaniki- koloboki, vegetable dumplings, eaten with fish soup.
Tropari- church hymns follow the Irmos and Kanon. They are turned to the Irmos, lead a series of thoughts from it and are subordinate to it in rhythm and tone; in their content they represent prayers in honor of the holiday of a given day or a saint who is honored on this day.
Trubitsy- fruit or berry pastilles dried in thin layers or lefties rolled into a tube.
Pipes(beluga) - an unlined, headless carcass of a medium-sized fish without a tail.
Tukmachi- a type of noodle made from wheat or pea flour.
Tyn- solid wooden fence.
Tysyatsky- one of the participants in the Russian wedding, the main manager.
Tax- direct tax, tax from a peasant family endowed with land.
Traction and (cart) - support, from the end of the cart axis to the beds.
Ubrus- thin cloth, shawl, scarf.
Oud- any externally separate part of the body: arm, leg, finger, etc.
Vinegar - beer kvass was called vinegar.
Chime- cutting out the inner surface of a wooden vessel at the edge where the bottom is inserted with an edge.
Ear- a large group of ancient Russian soups, almost a broth with the addition of onions and seasonings: fish, chicken, crayfish, beef; white - from pike perch, perch, ruffe, whitefish with onions, black - from asp, carp, chub, crucian carp, carp, red - from sturgeon and salmon fish, nasimaya - frozen very strong broth, jelly, ordinary - cooked in the simplest way, baked - from pre-baked fish, plastic - from plastic dried fish.
Ear- a liquid dish of lamb brisket, chopped into pieces.
Veil- a cover made of light transparent fabric, a large square scarf, a bedspread.
Feryazi- outerwear without a belt and collar with long sleeves, swinging, with a row of buttons.
Fryazhskie(wines) - Italian, i.e. all sorts of overseas grape wines.
brushwood- cookies made from butter dough in strips fried in oil.
Sieve bread- from flour sifted through a sieve.
Sieve bread- from premium flour, sifted through a sieve.
Tufts- popular names for small ruff, usually dried: in general, any fish that was sold not by weight, but by measurements.
Khryapa- top cabbage leaves.
Cherevya(hat) - made from fur taken from the belly of an animal.
Quarter- a fourth part of something; a measure of the volume of bulk solids, especially bread, a quarter of an ancient cadi, weighing approximately 32 kg.
Chetygi- soft leather (morocco) or fabric stockings with leather soles, on which shoes were then put on.
Chin- the correct order of service, action or ritual: the person performing it.
loins- lower back, or the circumference of the body above the pelvis, waist.
Sixth beef- that is, dried on poles in a Russian oven.
Sixwing- tables for fortune telling by zodiac signs and stars.
Shekhonskaya(sturgeon) - caught in Sheksna.
Fly- any panel, piece of solid fabric; a towel, the bride gives away flies of her own making, either embroidered or with lace; they were belted with a fly instead of a sash, the fly was hung like a tent over the icons; The large scarf with which the bride was covered was also called a fly.
Cones- a type of round-shaped cookie baked during Shrovetide; The newlyweds gave the same gift to guests invited to the wedding.
Shti sour- a type of kvass, differing from kvass in a more sour taste; used as a drink and for marinating meat before frying and for cold soups.
Shuiya- left.
Liquor- a decoction of ash or an infusion of boiling water on ash, used as a detergent.
Cabbage soup for two- in general, stew, any soup with seasonings, but without meat, game or fish.
Yurma- types of sausages with lamb, lard, etc.
Yalovaya(heifer) - has not yet given birth.
Meanings of obsolete Russian wordsCurrency:
Altyn
From Tatar Alty - six - an ancient Russian monetary unit.
Altyn - from the 17th century. - a coin consisting of six Moscow money.
Altyn - 3 kopecks (6 money).
Five-alty ruble - 15 kopecks (30 money).
Dime
- Russian ten-kopeck coin, issued since 1701.
Two hryvnia - 20 kopecks
Grosh
- a small copper coin in denomination of 2 kopecks, minted in Russia in the 17th century.
4 kopecks is two pennies.
Money (denga)
- a small copper coin of 1/2 kopeck, minted in Russia from 1849 to 1867.
Gold ruble
- monetary unit of Russia from 1897 to 1914. The gold content of the ruble was 0.774 g of pure gold.
Kopeck money
Kopek
- Russian monetary unit, from the 16th century. minted from silver, gold, copper. The name “kopeck” comes from the image on the reverse of the coin of a horseman with a spear.
Kopek
- since 1704, Russian copper small change, 1/100th of a ruble.
Poltina
Half a ruble
- Russian coin, 1/2 share of a ruble (50 kopecks). Since 1654, fifty kopecks have been minted from copper, since 1701 - from silver.
Polushka - 1/4 kopeck
Half a half - 1/8 kopeck.
The half-polushka (polpolushka) was minted only in 1700.
Ruble
- monetary unit of Russia. Regular minting of the silver ruble began in 1704. Copper and gold rubles were also minted. Since 1843, the ruble began to be issued in the form of a paper treasury note.
"Ancient Russian measures."
Currency:
Ruble = 2 half rubles
half = 50 kopecks
five-altyn = 15 kopecks
kryvennik = 10 kopecks
altyn = 3 kopecks
penny = 2 kopecks
2 money = 1/2 kopeck
half = 1/4 kopeck
In Ancient Rus', foreign silver coins and silver bars - hryvnias - were used.
If the product cost less than a hryvnia, it was cut in half - these halves were called TIN or Ruble.
Over time, the word TIN was not used, the word Ruble was used, but half a ruble was called half-tina, a quarter - half-half-tina.
On silver coins of 50 kopecks they wrote COIN POLE TINA.
THE ANCIENT NAME OF THE RUBLE IS TIN.
Auxiliary weights:
Pud = 40 pounds = 16.3804815 kg.
The steelyard is an ancient Russian unit of measurement of mass, which was part of the Russian system of measures and was used in the north of the Russian Empire and in Siberia. 1 steelyard = 1/16 pood or 1.022 kg.
Pound = 32 lots = 96 spools = 0.45359237 kg.
(1 kg = 2.2046 lbs).
Lot = 3 spools = 12.797 grams.
Spool = 96 shares = 4.26575417 g.
Share - the smallest old Russian unit of mass measurement
= 44.43 mg. = 0.04443 grams.
Auxiliary measures are long:
A mile is 7 versts or 7.4676 km.
Versta - 500 fathoms or 1,066.781 meters
Fathom = 1/500 verst = 3 arshins = 12 spans = 48 vershoks
Vershok = 1/48 fathoms = 1/16 arshin = 1/4 span = 1.75 inches = 4.445 cm = 44.45 mm. (Originally equal to the length of the main phalanx of the index finger).
Arshin = 1/3 fathoms = 4 spans = 16 vershok = 28 inches = 0.7112 m. On June 4, 1899, the “Regulations on Weights and Measures” arshin was legalized in Russia as the main measure of length.
Pyad = 1/12 fathoms = 1/4 arshin = 4 vershkas = 7 inches = exactly 17.78 cm. (From the old Russian word “metacarpus” - palm, hand).
Elbow is a unit of measurement of length that does not have a specific value and approximately corresponds to the distance from the elbow joint to the end of the extended middle finger.
Inch - in Russian and English systems of measures 1 inch = 10 lines (“big line”). The word inch was introduced into the Russian language by Peter I at the very beginning of the 18th century. Today, an inch is most often understood as an English inch, equal to 2.54 cm.
Foot - 12 inches = 304.8 mm.
Set expressions
You can hear it a mile away.
Seven miles is no detour for a mad dog.
Seven miles is not a suburb for my dear friend.
Versta Kolomenskaya.
Oblique fathoms in the shoulders.
Measure everyone to your own yardstick.
Swallow a yard.
Two inches from the pot.
One hundred pounds.
Seven spans in the forehead.
Small spool but precious.
Go by leaps and bounds.
Find out how much a pound is worth.
Not an inch of land (not to be given up).
A meticulous person.
Eat a peck of salt (with someone else).
Standard SI prefixes
(SI - "System International" - international system of metric units of measurement)
Multiple SI prefixes
101 m decameter dam
102 m hectometer um
103 m kilometer km
106 m megameter Mm
109 m gigameter Gm
1012 m terameter Tm
1015 m petameter PM
1018 m exameter Em
1021 m zettameter Zm
1024 m yottameter Im
SI prefixes
value name designation
10-1 g decigram dg
10-2 g centigrams g
10-3 g milligram mg
10-6 g microgram mcg
10-9 g nanogram ng
10-12 g picogram pg
10-15 g femtogram fg
10-18 g attograms ag
10-21 g zeptograms zg
10-24 g yoktogram ig
Archaisms
Archaisms are outdated names of objects and phenomena that have other, modern names
Armyak - type of clothing
vigil - wakefulness
timelessness - hard time
silent - timid
benevolence - goodwill
prosper - prosper
perishable - transitory
eloquent - pompous
indignation - rebellion
in vain - in vain
big - big
coming - coming
beef - cattle
messenger - sent
verb - word
herd - a herd of cattle.
threshing floor - a fenced plot of land on a peasant farm, intended for storing, threshing and other processing of grain grains
so that - so that
down - down, down
drogi (drozhgi) - a light four-wheeled open spring carriage for 1-2 people
if - if
belly - life
imprison - imprison
mirror - mirror
zipun (half-kaftan) - in the old days - outerwear for peasants. It is a collarless caftan made from coarse homemade cloth in bright colors with seams trimmed with contrasting cords.
from ancient times - from ancient times
eminent - tall
which - which, which
katsaveyka - Russian women's folk clothing in the form of an open short jacket, lined or trimmed with fur.
horse-drawn horse - a type of urban transport
sedition - treason
kuna - monetary unit
cheeks - cheeks
extortion - bribery
kissing - kiss
catcher - hunter
lyudin - person
honeyed - flattering
bribe - reward, payment
slander - denunciation
name - name
monastery - monastery
bed - bed
barn (ovn - oven) - an outbuilding in which sheaves were dried before threshing.
this one - the one mentioned above
revenge - revenge
finger - finger
pyroscaphe - steamship
arquebus - a type of firearm
death - death
destruction - death
obstacle - obstacle
gaping - open
military - combat
this - this
seduce - remove
poet - poet
smerd - peasant
battering ram - an ancient weapon for destroying fortress walls
thief
dungeon - prison
bargaining - market, bazaar
prepare - prepare
hope - hope
mouth - lips
child - child
expect - expect
dish - food
Yakhont - ruby
Yarilo - sun
yara - spring
Yarka - a young lamb born in the spring
spring bread - spring grains are sown in spring
Archaisms in proverbs and sayings:
Beat your head
To beat the backs - initially cut the log lengthwise into several parts - the block, round them from the outside and hollow them out from the inside. Spoons and other wooden utensils were made from such scaffolds - baclush. Preparing buckeyes, in contrast to making products from them, was considered an easy, simple matter that did not require special skills.
Hence the meaning - to do nothing, to idle, to spend time idly.
Here's to you, grandma, and St. George's Day!
The expression comes from the time of medieval Rus', when peasants had the right, having settled with the previous landowner, to move on to a new one.
According to the law issued by Ivan the Terrible, such a transition could occur only after the completion of agricultural work, and specifically a week before St. George’s Day (November 25, old style, when the day of the Great Martyr George, the patron saint of farmers, was celebrated) or a week later.
After the death of Ivan the Terrible, such a transition was prohibited and the peasants were secured to the land.
That’s when the expression “Here’s St. George’s Day for you, grandma,” was born as an expression of grief over changed circumstances, unexpectedly unfulfilled hopes, sudden changes for the worse.
St. George was popularly called Yegor, so at the same time the word “to cheat” arose, that is, to deceive, to deceive.
Upside down
1) somersault, over the head, upside down;
2) upside down, in complete disorder.
The word tormashki can go back to the verb to bother, i.e. “to fiddle with, turn over.” It is also assumed that tormashki comes from the dialect torma - “legs”.
According to another hypothesis, the word tormashki is related to the word brake (old tormas). Tormas used to be called iron strips under the runner of a sleigh, used to make the sleigh roll less.
The expression upside down could refer to a sled turned over on ice or snow.
There is no truth at the feet - an invitation to sit down.
There are several possible origins of this saying:
1) according to the first version, the combination is due to the fact that in the XV-XVIII centuries. in Rus', debtors were severely punished, beaten with iron rods on their bare legs, seeking repayment of the debt, i.e., “truth,” but such punishment could not force those who did not have money to repay the debt;
2) according to the second version, the combination arose due to the fact that the landowner, having discovered that something was missing, gathered the peasants and forced them to stand until the culprit was named;
3) the third version reveals a connection between the expression and pravezh (cruel punishment for non-payment of debts). If the debtor fled from the law, they said that there was no truth at his feet, that is, it was impossible to get out of the debt; With the abolition of the law, the meaning of the saying changed.
The rein (harness) has fallen under the tail - about someone who is in an unbalanced state, displays eccentricity, incomprehensible persistence.
Reins are straps for controlling a harnessed horse. The part of the horse's croup under the tail is not covered with hair. If the rein gets there, the horse, fearing tickling, may run away, break the cart, etc.
A person is compared to this behavior of a horse.
Wolf ticket (wolf passport)
In the 19th century, the name of a document that blocked access to the civil service, educational institution, etc. Today, the phraseological unit is used to mean a sharply negative characteristic of someone’s work.
The origin of this turnover is usually explained by the fact that the person who received such a document was not allowed to live in one place for more than 2-3 days and had to wander like a wolf.
In addition, in many combinations, wolf means “abnormal, inhuman, bestial,” which strengthens the contrast between the holder of the wolf card and other “normal” people.
Lies like a gray gelding
There are several options for the origin of phraseological units.
1. The word gelding comes from the Mongolian morin "horse". In historical monuments, the horse siv and gelding siv are very typical; the adjective sivy “light gray, gray-haired” shows the old age of the animal. The verb to lie had a different meaning in the past - “to talk nonsense, talk idle talk; chatter.” The gray gelding here is a stallion that has turned gray from long work, and figuratively - a man who is already talking from old age and talking annoying nonsense.
2. Gelding is a stallion, gray is old. The expression is explained by the usual boasting of old people about their strength, as if still preserved, like that of the young.
3. The turnover is associated with the attitude towards the gray horse as a stupid creature. Russian peasants avoided, for example, laying the first furrow on a gray gelding, because he was “lying” - he was wrong, laying it incorrectly.
Give oak - die
The phrase is associated with the verb zudubet - “to cool down, lose sensitivity, become hard.” An oak coffin has always been a sign of special honor for the deceased. Peter I introduced a tax on oak coffins as a luxury item.
Alive, smoking room!
The origin of the expression is associated with the game "Smoking Room", popular in the 18th century in Russia at gatherings on winter evenings. The players sat in a circle and passed a burning torch to each other, saying “Alive, alive, Smoking Room, not dead, thin legs, short soul...”. The loser was the one whose torch went out and began to smoke or smoke. Later this game was replaced by "Burn, burn clearly so that it does not go out."
Nick down
In the old days, almost the entire population in Russian villages was illiterate. To record the bread handed over to the landowner, the work performed, etc., so-called tags were used - wooden sticks up to a fathom long (2 meters), on which notches were made with a knife. The tags were split into two parts so that the marks were on both: one remained with the employer, the other with the performer. The calculation was made based on the number of notches. Hence the expression “notch on the nose,” meaning: remember well, take into account for the future.
Play spillikins
In the old days, the game of “spillikins” was common in Rus'. It consisted of using a small hook to pull out, without touching the others, one from another pile all the spillikins - all kinds of small toy things: hatchets, glasses, baskets, barrels. This is how not only children, but also adults spent time on long winter evenings.
Over time, the expression “playing spillikins” began to mean an empty pastime.
Latem cabbage soup to slurp
Lapti - woven shoes made of bast (the subcortical layer of linden trees), covering only the sole of the foot - in Rus' were the only affordable footwear for poor peasants, and shchi - a type of cabbage soup - was their simplest and favorite food. Depending on the wealth of the family and the time of year, cabbage soup could be either green, that is, with sorrel, or sour - made from sauerkraut, with meat, or lean - without meat, which was eaten during fasting or in cases of extreme poverty.
About a person who could not earn enough to buy boots and more refined food, they said that he “slurps on cabbage soup,” that is, he lives in terrible poverty and ignorance.
Fawn
The word “fawn” comes from the German phrase “Ich liebe sie” (I love you). Seeing the insincerity in the frequent repetition of this “fawn”, Russian people wittily formed from these German words the Russian word “fawn” - it means to curry favor, to flatter someone, to achieve someone’s favor or favor with flattery.
Fishing in troubled waters
Stunning has long been one of the prohibited methods of catching fish, especially during spawning. There is a well-known fable by the ancient Greek poet Aesop about a fisherman who muddied the water around his nets, driving blinded fish into them. Then the expression went beyond fishing and acquired a broader meaning - to take advantage of an unclear situation.
There is also a well-known proverb: “Before you catch a fish, you [need] to muddy the waters,” that is, “deliberately create confusion for profit.”
Small fry
The expression came from peasant everyday life. In the Russian northern lands, a plow is a peasant community of 3 to 60 households. And small fry called a very poor community, and then its poor inhabitants. Later, officials occupying a low position in the government structure also began to be called small fry.
The thief's hat is on fire
The expression goes back to an old joke about how a thief was found in the market.
After futile attempts to find the thief, people turned to the sorcerer for help; he shouted loudly: “Look! The thief’s hat is on fire!” And suddenly everyone saw how a man grabbed his hat. So the thief was discovered and convicted.
Lather your head
In the old days, a tsarist soldier served indefinitely - until death or complete disability. Since 1793, a 25-year period of military service was introduced. The landowner had the right to give his serfs as soldiers for misconduct. Since recruits (recruits) had their hair shaved off and were referred to as “shaved”, “shaved their forehead”, “soaped their head”, the expression “I’ll soap my head” became synonymous with threat in the mouths of the rulers. In a figurative sense, “soap your head” means: to give a severe reprimand, to strongly scold.
Neither fish nor fowl
In Western and Central Europe of the 16th century, a new movement appeared in Christianity - Protestantism (lat. “to protest, object”). Protestants, unlike Catholics, opposed the Pope, denied holy angels and monasticism, arguing that each person himself can turn to God. Their rituals were simple and inexpensive. There was a bitter struggle between Catholics and Protestants. Some of them, in accordance with Christian commandments, ate modest meat, others preferred lean fish. If a person did not join any movement, then he was contemptuously called “neither fish nor fowl.” Over time, they began to talk about a person who does not have a clearly defined position in life, who is not capable of active, independent actions.
There is no place to put samples - disapprovingly about a depraved woman.
An expression based on a comparison with a golden thing passing from one owner to another. Each new owner demanded that the product be checked by a jeweler and tested. When the product had been in many hands, there was no longer any room left for testing.
If we don't wash, we'll ride
Before the invention of electricity, a heavy cast iron iron was heated over a fire and, until it cooled down, they ironed clothes with it. But this process was difficult and required a certain skill, so the linen was often “rolled”. To do this, washed and almost dried laundry was fixed on a special rolling pin - a round piece of wood similar to the one used to roll out dough nowadays. Then, using a ruble - a curved corrugated board with a handle - the rolling pin, along with the laundry wound onto it, was rolled along a wide flat board. At the same time, the fabric was stretched and straightened. Professional laundresses knew that well-rolled linen has a fresher appearance, even if the washing was not entirely successful.
This is how the expression “by washing, by rolling” appeared, that is, to achieve results in more than one way.
No fluff or feather - wishing you good luck in anything.
The expression was originally used as a “spell” designed to deceive evil spirits (this expression was used to admonish those going on a hunt; it was believed that with a direct wish for good luck one could “jinx” the prey).
The answer is “To hell!” should have further protected the hunter. To hell - this is not an expletive like “Go to hell!”, but a request to go to hell and tell him about it (so that the hunter does not get any fluff or feather). Then the unclean one will do the opposite, and what is needed will happen: the hunter will return “with down and feathers,” that is, with prey.
Let's beat swords into ploughshares
The expression goes back to the Old Testament, where it is said that “the time will come when the nations will beat swords into plowshares and spears into pruning hooks; nation will not lift up sword against nation, and they will no longer learn to fight.”
In the Old Church Slavonic language, “ploughshare” is a tool for cultivating land, something like a plow. The dream of establishing universal peace is figuratively expressed in the sculpture of the Soviet sculptor E.V. Vuchetich, depicting a blacksmith forging a sword into a plow, which is installed in front of the UN building in New York.
Goof
Prosak is a drum with teeth in a machine, with the help of which wool was carded. Getting into trouble meant being maimed and losing an arm. To get into trouble is to get into trouble, into an awkward position.
Knock you down
Confuse, confuse.
Pantalik is a distorted version of Pantelik, a mountain in Attica (Greece) with a stalactite cave and grottoes in which it was easy to get lost.
Straw Widow
Among the Russians, Germans and a number of other peoples, a bundle of straw served as a symbol of a concluded agreement: marriage or purchase and sale. To break the straw meant to break the contract, to separate. There was also a custom of making the newlyweds’ bed on sheaves of rye. Wedding wreaths were also woven from straw flowers. A wreath (from the Sanskrit word “vene” - “bundle”, meaning a bundle of hair) was a symbol of marriage.
If the husband left somewhere for a long time, they said that the woman was left with nothing but straw, which is how the expression “straw widow” appeared.
Dance from the stove
The expression became popular thanks to the novel by the 19th century Russian writer V.A. Sleptsov "A Good Man". The main character of the novel, "non-employee nobleman" Sergei Terebenev, returns to Russia after long wanderings around Europe. He remembers how he was taught to dance as a child. Seryozha started all his movements from the stove, and if he made a mistake, the teacher told him: “Well, go to the stove, start over.” Terebenev realized that his life circle had closed: he started from the village, then Moscow, Europe, and, having reached the edge, he again returned to the village, to the stove.
Grated kalach
In Rus', kalach is wheat bread in the shape of a castle with a bow. Grated kalach was baked from hard kalach dough, which was kneaded and grated for a long time. This is where the proverb “Don’t grate, don’t crush, don’t make kalach” came from, which in a figurative sense means: “troubles teach a person.” And the words “grated kalach” have become popular - this is what they say about an experienced person who has seen a lot, who has “rubbed between people” a lot.
Pull the gimp
Gimp is a very thin, flattened, twisted gold or silver wire used for embroidery. Making gimp consists of pulling it out. This work, done manually, is tedious, monotonous and time-consuming. Therefore, the expression “pull the gimp” (or “spread the gimp”) in a figurative sense began to mean: to do something monotonous, tedious, causing an annoying loss of time.
In the middle of nowhere
In ancient times, clearings in dense forests were called kuligs. The pagans considered them bewitched. Later, people settled deep into the forest, looked for swarms, and settled there with their whole family. This is where the expression comes from: in the middle of nowhere, that is, very far away.
Too
In Slavic mythology, Chur or Shchur is the ancestor, ancestor, god of the hearth - the brownie.
Initially, “chur” meant: limit, border.
Hence the exclamation: “chur,” meaning a prohibition to touch something, to cross some line, beyond some limit (in spells against “evil spirits,” in games, etc.), a requirement to comply with some condition , agreement
From the word “too much” the word “too much” was born, meaning: to go beyond “too much”, to go beyond the limit. “Too much” means too much, too much, too much.
Sherochka with a masherochka
Until the 18th century, women were educated at home. In 1764, the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens was opened in St. Petersburg at the Resurrection Smolny Convent. The daughters of nobles studied there from the ages of 6 to 18. The subjects of study were the law of God, the French language, arithmetic, drawing, history, geography, literature, dancing, music, various types of home economics, as well as subjects of “secular manners”. The usual address of college girls to each other was the French ma chere. From these French words came the Russian words “sherochka” and “masherochka”, which are currently used to name a couple consisting of two women.
Walk trump
In ancient Rus', boyars, unlike commoners, sewed a collar embroidered with silver, gold and pearls, which was called a trump card, to the collar of their ceremonial caftan. The trump card stuck out impressively, giving the boyars a proud posture. Walking as a trump card means walking is important, but trumping means showing off something.