Remember:
What does taxonomy study?
Answer. Systematics studies the distribution of living organisms in certain groups(taxa) according to the commonality of their structure with maximum preservation of evolutionary connections.
Why was Carl Linnaeus' system artificial?
Answer. Linnaeus was the first to create a convenient, accurate and strict plant system, albeit on an artificial basis. It is artificial because when determining the similarity of plants and classifying them, he did not take into account all the features of similarity and difference, not the totality of all morphological characteristics of a plant - a totality that alone can determine the true relationship of two forms, but built his entire system solely on the basis of one only an organ - a flower.
Questions after § 27
What is the difference natural system from artificial?
Answer. There are two types of classification - artificial and natural. IN artificial classification One or more easily distinguishable features are taken as a basis. It is created and used to solve practical problems, when the main thing is ease of use and simplicity. Linnaeus' classification is also artificial because it did not take into account important natural relationships
Natural classification is an attempt to use the natural relationships between organisms. In this case, more data is taken into account than in an artificial classification, and not only external, but also internal signs. Similarities in embryogenesis, morphology, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, cellular structure and behavior are taken into account.
What is the system of living organisms proposed by K. Linnaeus? Why?
Answer. The system proposed by K. Linnaeus was artificial. Linnaeus based it not on the relationship of plants, but on several external, easily distinguishable characteristics. He based the classification of plants only on the structure of the generative organs. When classified according to 1-2 arbitrarily chosen characteristics, systematically distant plants sometimes ended up in the same class, and related ones - in different ones. For example, when counting the number of stamens in carrots and flax, Linnaeus placed them in the same group on the basis that they each had five stamens per flower. In fact, these plants belong to different genera and families: carrots are from the Apiaceae family, flax is from the flax family. The artificiality of the classification “by stamens” is in many cases so obvious that it cannot be ignored. Linnaeus’s family of “eight-stamens” included buckwheat, maple and raven’s eye.
In the 5th grade (5 stamens) there were carrots, flax, quinoa, bellflower, forget-me-not, currant, viburnum. In the 21st class, next to duckweed there were sedge, birch, oak, nettle and even spruce and pine. Lingonberries, bearberry, similar to it, and blueberries are cousins, but they fell into different classes, since the number of stamens is different.
But with all its shortcomings, the Linnaean plant system made it easy to understand the huge number of species already known to science.
Based on the similarity and shape of the beak, chicken and ostrich fell into the same order, while chickens belong to the keel-breasted species, and ostriches belong to the ratite species (and in its type “worms” there are 11 modern types). His zoological system was built on the principle of “degradation” - from complex to simple.
K. Linnaeus, recognizing the artificiality of his system, wrote that “the artificial system will exist before the creation of the natural one.”
What is binary nomenclature and what is its significance for taxonomy?
Answer. Binary nomenclature - designation of species of animals, plants and microorganisms by two in Latin words: the first is the name of the genus, the second is the specific epithet (for example, Lepus europaeus - brown hare, Centaurea cyanus - blue cornflower). When a species is described for the first time, the author's surname is also given in Latin. Proposed by K. Baugin (1620), formed the basis of taxonomy by K. Linnaeus (1753).
The clan name is always written with capital letters, the name of the species is always small (even if it comes from a proper name).
Explain the principle of taxon hierarchy using specific examples.
Answer. At the first stage of classification, experts divide organisms into separate groups, which are characterized a certain set sign, and then arrange them in the correct sequence. Each of these groups in taxonomy is called a taxon. A taxon is the main object of systematics research, representing a group of zoological objects that actually exist in nature, which are quite isolated. Examples of taxa include such groups as “vertebrates”, “mammals”, “artiodactyls”, “red deer” and others.
In the classification of Carl Linnaeus, taxa were arranged in the following hierarchical structure:
Kingdom - animals
Class - mammals
Order - primates
Rod - person
View - Homo sapiens
One of the principles of systematics is the principle of hierarchy, or subordination. It is being implemented in the following way: closely related species are united into genera, genera are united into families, families into orders, orders into classes, classes into types, and types into a kingdom. The higher the rank of a taxonomic category, the fewer taxa at that level. For example, if there is only one kingdom, then there are already more than 20 types. The principle of hierarchy allows one to very accurately determine the position of a zoological object in the system of living organisms. An example is the systematic position of the white hare:
Animal Kingdom
Type Chordata
Class Mammals
Order Lagomorpha
Family Zaitsevye
Genus Hares
Mountain hare species
In addition to the main taxonomic categories, zoological taxonomy also uses additional taxonomic categories, which are formed by adding the corresponding prefixes to the main taxonomic categories (super-, sub-, infra- and others).
The systematic position of the mountain hare using additional taxonomic categories will be as follows:
Animal Kingdom
Subkingdom True multicellular organisms
Type Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrates
Superclass Quadrupeds
Class Mammals
Subclass Viviparous
Infraclass Placental
Order Lagomorpha
Family Zaitsevye
Genus Hares
Mountain hare species
Knowing the position of the animal in the system, one can characterize its external and internal structure, features of biology. Thus, from the above systematic position of the white hare, one can obtain the following information about this species: it has a four-chambered heart, a diaphragm and fur (characters of the class Mammals); in the upper jaw there are two pairs of incisors, there are no sweat glands in the skin of the body (characters of the order Lagomorpha), the ears are long, the hind limbs are longer than the front ones (characters of the family Lagomorpha), etc. This is an example of one of the main functions of classification - prognostic (forecast, prediction function). In addition, the classification performs a heuristic (cognitive) function - it provides material for reconstructing the evolutionary paths of animals and an explanatory one - it demonstrates the results of studying animal taxa. To unify the work of taxonomists, there are rules that regulate the process of describing new animal taxa and assigning scientific names to them.
The meaning of BINARY NOMENCLATURE in Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB
BINARY NOMENCLATURE
(binomial nomenclature), designation of species of animals, plants and microorganisms in two Latin words: the first is the name of the genus, the second is the specific epithet (for example, Lepus europaeus - brown hare, Centaurea cyanus - blue cornflower). Proposed by K. Baugin (1620), formed the basis of taxonomy by K. Linnaeus (1753).
TSB. Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB. 2003
See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what BINARY NOMENCLATURE is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
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(binomial nomenclature) designation of species of animals, plants and microorganisms in two Latin words: the first is the name of the genus, the second is the specific epithet (for example, ... - BINARY NOMENCLATURE
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(Latin nomenclatuga - list, list of names), 1) a system (set) of names, terms used in any branch of science, technology, etc. (cm., … - NOMENCLATURE
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(Latin nomenclatura - list, list of names), 1) a list of names, a system of terms, categories used in any branch of science, technology, etc. ... - NOMENCLATURE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
y, w. 1. A set or list of names and terms used in any specialty. Botanical n. 2. collected, collated The totality of employees, personally... - NOMENCLATURE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
, -y, w. 1. A set or list of words used in a certain language. specialty names, terms. Geographical n. N. medicines. 2. collected ... - NOMENCLATURE
NOMENCLATURE (lat. nomenclatura - list, list of names), list of names, system of terms, categories used in the calendar. branches of science, technology, etc.... - BINARY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
BINARY NOMENCLATURE (binomial nomenclature), designation of species of animals, regions and microorganisms in two lats. in words: first - name. genus, the second - species... - NOMENCLATURE in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
nomenklatu"ra, nomenklatu"ry, nomenklatu"ry, nomenklatu"r, nomenklatu"re, nomenklatu"ram, nomenklatu"ru, nomenklatu"ry, nomenklatu"swarm,nomenklatu"swarm,nomenklatu"rami,nomenklatu"re, ... - NOMENCLATURE in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
(lat. nomenclatura - list of names, list, list). A set of names used in any branch of science, production, etc. for ... - NOMENCLATURE in the Thesaurus of Russian Business Vocabulary:
- NOMENCLATURE in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
(lat. nomenclature list of names) 1) a set or list of names, terms used in a particular place. branches of science, art, technology, etc.... - NOMENCLATURE in dictionary foreign expressions:
[ 1. a set or list of names, terms used in some. branches of science, art, technology, etc.; 2. circle of officials... - NOMENCLATURE in the Russian Language Thesaurus:
Syn: list, list, register, collection, collection, ... - NOMENCLATURE in Abramov's Dictionary of Synonyms:
cm. … - NOMENCLATURE in the Russian Synonyms dictionary:
Syn: list, list, register, collection, collection, ... - NOMENCLATURE in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
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nomenklatura, ... - NOMENCLATURE in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
nomenclature... - NOMENCLATURE in the Spelling Dictionary:
nomenklatura, ... - NOMENCLATURE in Ozhegov’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
a set or list of names and terms used in any specialty Geographical n. N. medicines. nomenclature! nomenclature workers Colloq nomenclature... - NOMENCLATURE in Dahl's Dictionary:
wives , lat. meeting and explanation conventional names and the sayings of any science. Philosophical, legal, botanical nomenclature, ... - NOMENCLATURE in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
(Latin nomenclatura - list, list of names), 1) list of names, system of terms, categories used in any branch of science, technology, etc. ... - NOMENCLATURE in Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
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I A system of terms, a list of names used in any field of science, technology, branch of knowledge, etc. II Circle of officials... - BINARY OPPOSITION in the Dictionary of Postmodernism:
(lat. binarius - double, dual, consisting of two parts) - a type of relationship in semiotic systems, within which a sign acquires ... - BINARY FORM in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
shape, form (i.e., homogeneous polynomial) of two variables; for example, ax2+bxy+cy2 - binary quadratic form … - BINARY NUMERAL SYSTEM in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
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algebraic homogeneous function of any degree of two variables. For example, ax3 + bx2y + cxy2 + dy3 is the binary form... - BINARY FORM in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
? algebraic homogeneous function of any degree of two variables. For example, ax 3 + bx 2 y + cxy 2 ... - GNOSIS in the Newest Philosophical Dictionary:
(Greek gnosis - cognition, knowledge) - the central category of Gnosticism - an eclectic religious and philosophical movement of late antiquity, which acted as one of the cultural forms ... - RHIZOME in the Dictionary of Postmodernism:
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(from the French sonorite - sonority) Music of sonority, unusual unconventional sound. S. is a property of a certain type of music of the 20th century, where ... - VIEW in the Encyclopedia Biology:
, the main structural and classification (taxonomic) unit in the system of living organisms; a set of populations of individuals similar in morphophysiological, biochemical and behavioral... - BIOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
system of scientific names in Latin in botany, zoology, mycology and microbiology for groups of organisms related to varying degrees... - CHROMATOGRAPHERS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
instruments or installations for the chromatographic separation and analysis of mixtures of substances (see Chromatography). The main parts of X. are: a system for ... - LINGUISTIC LAW in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
law, some general rule, general pattern, characteristic of of this language, different languages or language in general; regular and consistent playback...
Linnaeus was the first to introduce the so-called binary nomenclature - the scientific name of plants and animals. The binary nomenclature is as follows
Thus, over time, many errors have accumulated in ideas about the content of “Species plantarum”. The reason for the accumulation of errors and distortions is most of all the gradual, over time, forgetting of the features of Linnaeus’ descriptive method, which he applied in his work on “Species plantarum”.
In connection with this circumstance, it is entirely appropriate to pay attention first of all to this aspect of the matter.
To understand the essence of Linnaeus’ descriptive method, proposed by him to public use and consistently carried out by himself, one should again turn to his “Philosophy of Botany”. When characterizing species in “Species plantarum”, Linnaeus uses essentially the same techniques that he recommended in “Philosophy of Botany” for characterizing genera. Here (§ 186) it is indicated that generic differences can be of three levels:
essential differences (§ 187. Essentialis character) - description of the most essential characteristics of a genus that distinguish it from other genera;
artificial differences (§ 188. Facticius character) - a description of the characteristics of a genus, specially chosen to distinguish this genus from others in artificial system;
natural differences (§ 189. Naturalis character) -- Full description everyone possible signs kind with the inclusion of differences both significant and artificial.
Natural differences form the basis of the work “Genera plantarum” (§ 190).
At first glance, these stages of distinction seem incomprehensible and even unnecessary. At the same time, if you look closely at them and turn to modern techniques in descriptive botany, one can be convinced that these steps still exist today.
It is known, for example, that modern taxonomists distinguish between the description of a plant and its diagnosis. This is what is now called a description, and most closely matches what Linnaeus called “ natural differences"("naturalis character"). What is nowadays called a plant diagnosis, especially its additional part, which is usually called “differential” (“differentia”, “affinitas”), Linnaeus called “essential differences” (“essentialis character”). Linnaean " artificial differences” (“facticius character”), in essence, are the characteristics of the plant, which are now placed in the key, that is, in tables for definition. These signs are currently selected for the special purpose of characterizing a plant in an artificial system, which, in fact, is almost every key. The idea of a key was extremely close to Linnaeus, although it was developed by him with extraordinary care and depth only in the form of a simple linear key. "Species plantarum" is, in essence, a linear key for identifying species. This -- supreme expression ideas of the linear key that we know.
Linnaeus proposed the so-called binary or dual nomenclature, according to which each plant and animal is designated by two words, for example Homo
It must be said that Linnaeus understood the principle of the dichotomous key, as can be seen from both the Philosophy of Botany and the Critique of Botany. The opinion generally accepted in the literature that this invention of Iorenius belongs to a later time is true only in the sense that it was introduced into widespread practice, it seems, only by Lamarck.
Briefly characterizing here the essence of Linnaeus’ descriptive method, it should be noted that it did not suddenly appear in “Philosophy of Botany” in 1751, immediately preceding “Species plantarum” published in 1753. On the contrary, it was the result of many years of work by Linnaeus, which began back in teenage years. It was also not suddenly that the most important of all Linnaeus’s works, “Species plantarum,” was written and published. Direct work Linnaeus worked on this book for at least twenty years.
Very interesting in this regard is his letter to the rector of the university in Lund, written in 1733. From the letter it is clear that even then Linnaeus had a preliminary plan for working on “Species plantarum”. He directly names this particular work and points out that “although botanists are proud of the fact that they have 20,000 species, in reality there are no more than 8,000, if the varieties are placed under the corresponding species. Each species can be recognized here at first glance, even in the absence of a description or image.”
Twenty years later, in the preface to Species plantarum, they were told that the number of plant species barely reached ten thousand. Here, in the preface, explaining the task he set for himself, Linnaeus says: “The Ariadne thread of taxonomy has been defined by me in the Genera, but I am trying to extend it to species for which I have established special differences (Differentiae).”
How great the work Linnaeus really took upon himself can be understood from the fact that he needed to revise the “Pinax theatri botanici” published in 1623 by the Swiss botanist Caspar Baugin and all the descriptions of plants accumulated over the subsequent 130 years.
“Pinax theatri botanici” by Baugin, in turn, was the fruit of forty years of work. In this work, for the first time, genera were accepted as a certain category and numerous units of different volumes and meanings were subordinated to them, as units of one rank lower than the genus; They accepted up to six thousand such units. Vaugin laid the foundation for binary nomenclature. They give one name to the genus, and it consists of one or more words. Another name is given to units subordinate to the genus, and these second names consist of several words, sometimes even twenty or more.
The complexity of the task that Linnaeus faced when revising Baugin’s code and the works of subsequent authors was not only the cumbersome nature of the matter due to the abundance of accumulated facts, but most of all that these facts were difficult to compare due to the diversity of authors, the lack of development of nomenclature, and the abundance of repeated descriptions plants, mixing units of different ranks under one category, etc. Large preparatory work connected with all this was done by Linnaeus and stated, as said, in his earlier publications.
The greatest significance of the work “Species plantarum” is that here, for the first time in the history of science, plant species were differentiated as a completely defined category. At the same time, varieties were also distinguished for the first time and the boundary between them was drawn, as provided for by the Philosophy of Botany.
The relevant canons (158, 162) say that varieties are a product of cultural conditions, as taught by “horticulture, which both creates and reverses them.”
As a result of the separation of varieties total number species decreased by more than half, as was previously assumed by Linnaeus: the second edition of “Species plantarum” contains 7540 species in 1260 genera.
In the Philosophy of Botany, the question of varieties was given a special section (IX, Varietates), containing §§ 306-317, from which one can understand Linnaeus’s attitude not only to the descriptive side of the matter, but also to its essence. In addition to what has been said about varieties, it is noted in §§ 158 and 162 that varieties are plants of the same species modified by some accidental cause, that cultivation of plants is the mother of varieties, that the smallest varieties should not be of concern to the botanist, etc. . d. It is also specially stipulated that the assignment of varieties to the corresponding species is no less important than the assignment of species to the corresponding genera.
binary nomenclature
private rule biol. nomenclatures, according to which names species are made up of two words - the first denotes the genus (written with a capital letter in Latin), the second - species (written with lowercase letter, if does not indicate given name). Introduced by a Swedish naturalist K. Linnaeus.
(Source: “Microbiology: a dictionary of terms”, Firsov N.N., M: Drofa, 2006)
- - private rule of biol. nomenclature, according to which the names of species are composed of two words—the first denotes the genus, the second denotes the species. Introduced by the Swedish naturalist C. Linnaeus...
Dictionary of microbiology
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Veterinary encyclopedic dictionary
- - a rule introduced by K. Linnaeus for designating the scientific name of plant species, which consists in the fact that the name of each species consists of two words, the first of which denotes the genus, and the first and second together...
Dictionary of botanical terms
- - see binomial system...
Dictionary of botanical terms
- - quadratic form of two variables, i.e. form of the form if - integers, B. k.f. called integer...
Mathematical Encyclopedia
- - a form in two variables, i.e. a homogeneous polynomial where the coefficients belong to a given commutative ring with unit...
Mathematical Encyclopedia
- - a rule accepted in the taxonomy of organisms to name species in two words, the first of which denotes the genus, and the second - the species...
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- - a system of classification of organisms in which they are given a Latin name consisting of two parts. The first part corresponds to the GENUS, the second to the type of organism. For example, Homo sapiens- the name of a person in this system...
Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary
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Dictionary legal terms
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Big legal dictionary
- - an algebraic homogeneous function of any degree of two variables. For example, ax3 + bx2y + cxy2 + dy3 is a binary form of the third degree...
encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Euphron
- - binomial nomenclature, designation of plants, animals and microorganisms with a double name - by Genus and Species. B. n. was introduced by C. Linnaeus and was first consistently applied by him in the 10th edition...
- - form of two variables; for example, ax2+bxy+cy2 is a binary Quadratic form...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
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Large encyclopedic dictionary
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Terminology). Gender name Always written with a capital letter, species name (specific epithet) - Always with a small one (even if it comes from a proper name). In the text, the binomen is usually written italics. The name of the species (specific epithet) should not be given separately from the name of the genus, since without the name of the genus it is completely meaningless. In some cases, it is permissible to shorten the genus name to one letter or a standard abbreviation. According to the established tradition in Russia, the phrase binomial nomenclature(from English binomial), and in botanical - binary, or binomial nomenclature(from lat. binominalis).
Examples
For example, in the scientific names Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758(swallowtail) or Rosa canina Linnaeus, 1753(rose hips), the first word is the name of the genus to which these species belong, and the second word is the name of the species or specific epithet. After the binomen there is often an abbreviated reference to the work in which this type was first described in scientific literature and is provided with a name given according to certain rules. In our case, these are references to the works of Carl Linnaeus: tenth edition Systema naturae() And Species plantarum ().
Examples of abbreviated names (usually the default for well-known laboratory organisms or when listing species of the same genus): E. coli(Escherichia coli T. Escherich, 1885), S. cerevisiae(baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyen ex E.C. Hansen). Some of these shortened names have made their way into popular culture, e.g. T. rex (T. rex from Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn, 1905, tyrannosaurus).
The emergence of binomial nomenclature
Polynomial names
Binomial nomenclature in the form in which it is used in our time developed in the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries. Before this, rather long, verbose, or polynomial names were used.
The first polynomials were formed spontaneously during the compilation of herbal books of the 16th century. The authors of these works, the “fathers of botany” Otto Brunfels, Hieronymus Tragus and Leonhart Fuchs, comparing the plants of Germany with the plants described by ancient authors (mainly Dioscorides), formed new names by adding epithets to the names of the ancients, which were, like most folk names, are initially single-word. As the number of known plant species increased, the polynomials grew, sometimes reaching one and a half dozen words. Some of them consisted of only two words, but the resemblance to binomial nomenclature was only superficial. This was due to the fact that the concept of ranks of systematic categories and ideas about the necessary connection between classification and naming procedures became widespread only in late XVII centuries.
Carl Linnaeus: emergence nomina trivialia
The nomenklatura reform was one of the important aspects transformations initiated by Carl Linnaeus. Linnaeus believed that it was necessary to make the names of genera single-word, getting rid of stable phrases like Bursa pastoris (shepherd's purse) or Dens leonis (Leontodon, kulbaba), and compiling verbose species differences (lat. differentiae specificae) - subject to strict rules. According to Linnaeus's views, nothing should be used in species differences that could not be seen on the plant itself (place of growth, the name of the botanist who first found it, comparisons with other plants). They should concern only the structure of plants, described using standardized terminology (its detailed presentation A significant part of the essay “Philosophy of Botany” is devoted to this work. The length of the species difference should not, according to Linnaeus' calculations, exceed 12 words (6 nouns for the main parts of the plant and 6 adjectives characterizing them). In some cases species difference could consist of one adjective if it characterized the entire plant as a whole.
The use of verbose names in practice was associated with certain difficulties. Firstly, they were long, and secondly, they were subject to change: when new species were added to the genus, they had to be revised so that they could retain their diagnostic functions. In this regard, in travel reports and “economic” studies on the economic use of plants and animals, Linnaeus and his students used abbreviated names. At first, such abbreviated names consisted of the genus name and species number, according to the writings of Linnaeus Flora suecica or Fauna suecica. From the mid-1740s. they began experimenting with the use of so-called trivial names(lat. nomina trivialia). They first appeared in the index to the description of the trip to Öland and Gotland (1745) and then in Pan Svecicus(a catalog of the plants of Sweden, indicating which species of livestock feed on them) (1749).
Nomen triviale usually it was one word or stable phrase, sometimes - the ancient name of the plant, rejected by Linnaeus for some reason (as in the case of Capsella bursa-pastoris, where Bursa pastoris, in fact, is a rejected two-word generic name), sometimes something completely unsuitable as a genuine differentia, as color, smell, country of origin or similar plant (as in the case of Quercus ilex). Invention and Application nomina trivialia was limited by only two rules: they should not be repeated within the genus and should not change after the addition of new species to the genus. Linnaeus was the first to consistently apply nomina trivialia to all types of plants in Species Plantarum(1753), and in the tenth edition Systema Naturae(1758) - to all types of animals and minerals. Unlike differentiae, nomina trivialia were given to plants and animals and in those genera that contained only one species.
In the works of Linnaeus and his closest followers nomina trivialia located in the margins of the page. The custom of placing nomen trivial directly behind the name of the genus, as is currently done, it developed only towards the end of the 18th - early XIX centuries
The first nomenclature codes
The practice of using binomen was fixed by the first nomenclature codes that appeared in the 1840-60s. The need to develop codes regulating the formation of new names and the use of old ones was associated with the growing nomenclatural chaos. With an increase in the number of authors, insufficient intensity of scientific communication and a weakening of the disciplinary influence of Linnaeus's outdated works, which did not correspond to the nomenclatural practices of that time, the number of new names began to increase like an avalanche.
The first nomenclatural rules were developed in England and adopted at a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS) in the city. Hugo Theodore Strickland took the most active part in their development. English naturalist, geologist and ornithologist. In botany, an attempt to codify rules was made by Alphonse Decandolle, who published “The Laws” in 1867 botanical nomenclature" Later, at the beginning of the 20th century, international codes of zoological and botanical nomenclature were developed on their basis (and in the second half of the 20th century, special codes of nomenclature for bacteria and viruses). In all these codes, the scientific name of a species is considered to be a binomial name consisting of the name of the genus and what was invented by Linnaeus and his students as nomen trivial.
Notes
Literature and links
- Jeffrey C. Biological nomenclature. M.: Mir. 1980.
- International Code of the Zoological Nomenclature (Fourth Edition, 2000)
- International Code of the Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna, 2005)
see also
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