Alexander Vasilievich

Battles and victories

Count of Rymniksky (1789), Prince of Italy (1799). Generalissimo (1799). Great Russian commander and military theorist. The military genius of Suvorov is reflected in the coined formulation: “he did not lose a single battle, and all of them were won with the numerical superiority of the enemy.”

A bright man in all respects, he became famous among his contemporaries not only for his victories, but also for his originality or, as they said then, eccentricities. For us, descendants, the lessons of Suvorov are his entire military journey, from Berlin and Warsaw to Izmail and Ochakov, from the Volga to the Alps.

Born on November 13 (24), 1729 (1730) in Moscow in the family of second lieutenant of the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment Vasily Ivanovich Suvorov and Evdokia Feodosyevna Manukova. To this day, the Suvorov mansion on Nikitskaya Street and the church in which the Russian military genius was baptized have been preserved in Moscow.

Suvorov's father was a wonderful man. Godson of Peter the Great, he began his service as the Tsar's orderly. He was one of the most erudite and educated people of the Russian Empire. A brilliant translator and administrator, Vasily Ivanovich was one of the outstanding organizers of the rear service of the army of the Russian Empire and by the end of his life reached the rank of chief general and senator.

His son, being a weak and frail child from birth, was destined for civil service. However, having been engaged in physical exercises and self-education throughout his life, Alexander Suvorov overcame his weakness and in 1742, with the blessing of the “blackamoor Peter the Great” - Abram Petrovich Hannibal, he was appointed a musketeer in the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment. He began active service in 1748 with the rank of corporal.

Suvorov served in the Semenovsky regiment for six and a half years. At this time, he continued his studies, both independently and by attending classes at the Land Noble Cadet Corps, and learned several foreign languages.

Alexander Petrushevsky describes one remarkable incident from the life of Suvorov dating back to this period: “While on guard in Peterhof, he stood guard at Monplaisir. Empress Elizaveta Petrovna passed by; Suvorov saluted her. For some reason the Empress drew attention to him and asked his name. Having learned that he was the son of Vasily Ivanovich, who was known to her, she took out a silver ruble and wanted to give it to young Suvorov. He refused to take it, explaining that the guard regulations prohibited the sentry from taking money. “Well done,” said the empress: “you know the service”; she patted him on the cheek and invited him to kiss her hand. “I’ll put the ruble here on the ground,” she added: “When you change, take it.” Suvorov kept this cross all his life.”

In 1754 he was released from the guard into the Ingria Infantry Regiment as a lieutenant. At the insistence of his parent, he served as a quartermaster from 1756 to 1758. In 1758, after numerous requests, he was sent to the active army in Prussia. Appointed commandant of Memel. In 1759, Lieutenant Colonel Suvorov was the duty officer of the division headquarters of General-Chief V.V. Fermor. In this position, he participated in the battle of Kunersdorf (August 1, 1759). In 1760 he took part in the capture of Berlin.

“Timing is the main rule of warfare... From a single moment sometimes the lot of battle is decided.”

A.V. Suvorov - to commanders

In 1761, he commanded separate detachments (dragoons, hussars, Cossacks), the purpose of which was to first cover the retreat of Russian troops to Breslau and continuously attack Prussian troops. Inflicted a number of defeats on individual units of the Prussian army in Poland. During numerous skirmishes, he proved himself to be a talented and brave partisan and cavalryman. Among his achievements at this time were the capture by surprise and destruction of considerable stores of hay in full view of the enemy; at Bunzelwitz, with a small number of Cossacks, Suvorov captured a Prussian picket, repulsed a detachment of hussars sent against him and, in the heat of their pursuit, reached the enemy trenches, so that he could see the tents of the royal apartment in the camp. He took part in the battles of Landsberg, Birstein, the villages of Weisentin and Kielec, Naugart, in the capture of Golnau, assisted the siege corps of P.A. Rumyantsev in capturing Kolberg, forcing General Platen to retreat.

In 1762 he was promoted to colonel and appointed commander of the Astrakhan infantry regiment. From 1763 to 1768 - commander of the Suzdal infantry regiment. Here Suvorov develops his victorious tactics. Here he writes his famous “Establishment for Battle.”

In 1769, Brigadier Suvorov was sent to Poland to fight the Bar Confederation. Having covered 600 miles with his detachment in 12 days, Suvorov arrived at the theater of military operations. On September 1, 1769, near Cape Orekhovo, a Russian detachment (320 men with 2 guns) collided with the main forces of the Pulasskys (2,500 horsemen with 3 guns). The Polish cavalry rushed to attack 4 times, but was repelled with heavy losses. Finally, Russian infantry is unheard of! - struck with bayonets and knocked over the Poles. The brother of the rebel leader, Francis Xavier of Pulass, died in the battle. The victory at Orekhovo brought Suvorov the rank of major general.

“The enemy does not like us, he protects us from a hundred miles away... Suddenly we are on him out of the blue. His head will spin! Attack with what you came, what God sent you with! Cavalry, begin! chop, stab, drive, cut off, don’t miss! Hooray, they work miracles, brothers!”

A.V. Suvorov - to the soldiers

It seemed that the war in Poland should soon end, but this did not suit France. To reorganize the rebel army, Colonel Dumouriez arrived from Paris with a detachment of French soldiers and officers. In April 1771, the Confederates captured Krakow. Suvorov decided to inflict a crushing defeat on the enemy.

On May 10, Dumouriez’s detachments and Suvorov’s units clashed in battle at Landskrona. The Poles occupied extremely advantageous positions on the mountain. Their left flank rested on the castle, and the center and right flank were covered by groves. The Confederates had 3,500 men with 50 guns. Correctly assessing the situation, Suvorov launched the Cossacks and carabinieri into an attack on the enemy center. Dumouriez ordered the rangers to let the Russian cavalry through in order to then crush it with a blow from the Polish hussars and lancers, but he miscalculated. The Cossacks, closing in the lava, crushed the Polish infantry and cavalry. The Confederates fled. Their losses amounted to more than 500 people killed.

However, in August, Lithuanian Hetman M. Oginsky went over to the side of the Confederates. Small detachments of rebels reached out to join him. A.V. Suvorov understood perfectly well that delay was like death. On the night of September 12, 1771, with only 820 soldiers at his disposal, Suvorov attacked Oginsky’s 4,000-strong army in Stolovichi. The Lithuanians were completely defeated, losing more than 700 people. killed and wounded. After this, hostilities began to decline. For his victories over the Confederates, Suvorov was awarded the Order of St. Anne, 1st class, St. George, 3rd class, and St. Alexander Nevsky.

In September 1772, Austria, Prussia and Russia agreed on the first partition of Poland. Suvorov was eager to go to the Turkish front. His request was granted, and in 1773 he arrived in the active army on the Danube. The Russian army barely numbered 50 thousand people, scattered in small detachments throughout the theater of operations. Against the background of general inaction in 1773, two victories of A.V. stand out clearly. Suvorov - near the city of Turtukai and Girsovo. Having at his disposal a small detachment of no more than 1000 bayonets and sabers, Suvorov twice defeated superior enemy forces at Turtukai. These victories brought him the Order of St. George, 2nd class.

Successful actions of A.V. Suvorov and O.I. Weisman and the defeat of the Turks pushed Rumyantsev with an army of 20 thousand to cross the Danube and besiege Silistria on June 18, 1773. Without completing the siege of Silistria due to the approach of greatly superior Turkish forces, Rumyantsev retreated beyond the Danube.

Girsovo remained the last settlement on right side Danube, which was in the hands of Russian troops. Its defense was entrusted to the detachment of A.V. Suvorov with 3000 bayonets and sabers. Alexander Vasilyevich brilliantly justified the trust of the commander-in-chief, completely defeating the 10,000-strong enemy detachment that attacked him. The Turks lost more than 1,000 people killed and wounded. The victory at Girsov turned out to be the last major success of Russian weapons in 1773.

“All campaigns are different... No battle in the office can be won and theory without practice is dead.”

A.V. Suvorov - to commanders

In connection with the outbreak of the peasant war under the leadership of E.I. Pugachev, the empress demanded that Rumyantsev urgently achieve peace with Turkey through active offensive actions. To induce the Porte to peace, Rumyantsev decided to transfer the fighting to the Balkans. At the end of April 1774 A.V. Suvorov and M.F. Kamensky crossed the Danube and cleared Dobruja. Then they moved to Kozludzha, where the 40,000-strong Turkish corps was camped.

The enemy position near Kozludzha was covered by the dense Deliorman forest, passable only along narrow roads. Only this forest separated the Russians and the Turks. Suvorov's vanguard, consisting of Cossacks, became involved in a forest fashion show. They were followed by regular cavalry, and then Suvorov himself with infantry units.

When the Cossack cavalry emerged from the forest, it was unexpectedly attacked by large forces of Turkish cavalry. The Cossacks had to retreat back into the forest, where they detained the enemy in sharp battles. However, following the enemy cavalry, significant forces of infantry entered the forest, attacked the Russian troops drawn into the defile and drove them out of the forest. Suvorov almost died during this attack. The infantry brigade (two infantry regiments) that was in reserve corrected the situation, moving to positions in front of the edge.

A fierce battle took place. Both sides fought with extraordinary tenacity. The Russians retreated into the forest and, after many short battles, knocked the Turks out of it. They retreated to their main positions - a fortified camp.

When Russian troops left the forest, they were met by strong fire from Turkish batteries from this camp. Suvorov stopped the regiments and, waiting for his artillery, lined up the infantry in two lines with battalion squares, placing cavalry on the flanks. In this battle formation, repelling attacks by Turkish infantry and cavalry, the Russians slowly moved forward.

Approaching the ravine that separated the Russian troops from the enemy fortified camp, Suvorov deployed batteries that had approached from the forest and opened cannon fire, preparing the attack. Then he moved the infantry squares forward, sending the cavalry forward. As a result of a fierce battle, the Turks fled. The victory of Suvorov and Kamensky at Kozludzhi forced the Turkish Sultan to conclude a peace treaty.

Monument to Suvorov in Odessa

On July 10, 1774, peace was signed in the village of Kyuchuk-Kainardzhi. Turkey ceded to Russia part of the coast with the fortresses of Kerch, Yenikale and Kinburn, as well as Kabarda and the lower interfluve of the Dnieper and Bug. Crimean Khanate declared independent. Moldova and Wallachia received autonomy and came under the protection of Russia, and Western Georgia was freed from tribute.

Also in 1774, Suvorov was seconded to Count Pyotr Panin to help suppress the uprising of Emelyan Pugachev. Having quickly covered the distance of hundreds of miles to the Volga, Alexander Vasilyevich actively joined the fight against a phenomenon that threatened, with its goals and scope, the very foundations of the state system of serf Russia. By that time, Pugachev’s strength was already undermined, but Suvorov set to work with his usual courage and uncompromisingness. He subjugated the cavalry from Mikhelson's detachment and began to energetically pursue the remnants of the Pugachev army. Such activity may have influenced the final decision of the Yaik Cossacks to hand over their leader to the authorities.

Then Suvorov with a special detachment escorted the captive Pugachev (placed in “something like a large cage on four wheels”) to Simbirsk, where he handed him over to Panin. “When everything was ready,” writes Petrushevsky, “Suvorov set off and all the time personally watched over Pugachev’s safety... Pugachev really didn’t like riding in a cage, and in order to make him be calmer, both he and his 12-year-old were forced to put each son in a special peasant cart and tied him to it with ropes, and to better look after them at night they lit torches.” It is also known that when Pugachev was just brought to Suvorov, he talked with him face to face for four hours. It remains a mystery what that conversation was about. But Alexander Vasilyevich, known for his mercy towards the vanquished, this time was not imbued with sympathy for the captured leader of the uprising. Panin and Suvorov remained for another whole year in the provinces that were engulfed in unrest, restoring their shaky rule (Zaichkin I.A., Pochkaev I.N. Russian history. From Catherine the Great to Alexander II. M., 1994).

In the period 1775-1787. Alexander Vasilyevich commanded the Vladimir division, was involved in strengthening the Kuban line, took an active part in the annexation of Crimea, for which he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st degree.

In 1787, the second Russian-Turkish war broke out (1787-1791). On August 13, 1787, Turkey declared a state of war with Russia, gathering large forces (over 100 thousand people) in the Ochakov-Kinburn region. By this time, to counter the Turks, the Military College had established two armies. Under the leadership of P.A. Rumyantsev was sent to the Ukrainian Army with a secondary task: to monitor the security of the border with Poland. The command of the Yekaterinoslav army was taken over by Prince Potemkin, who was supposed to solve the main tasks of the campaign: capture Ochakov, cross the Dniester, clear the entire area up to the Prut and reach the Danube. He moved a detachment of A.V. to his left flank in the Kinburn area. Suvorov. The Austrian Empire also took the side of Russia in this war. On October 1, 1787, the Turks landed a 5,000-strong landing force on the Kinburg Spit. Having dug 15 rows of trenches, the Ottomans rushed to storm the fortress.

After a large enemy army approached Kinburn to a distance of one mile, it was decided to repel him. Under the command of Suvorov there were troops with a total number of 4,405 people. The battle began at 15:00. First line troops under the command of Major General I.G. The river, emerging from the fortress, quickly attacked the enemy. The infantry offensive was supported by reserve squadrons and Cossack regiments. The Janissaries, leaning on lodgements, offered stubborn resistance. During the battle, Suvorov was in the vanguard among the soldiers, and personally inspired them. His horse was killed under him and he was forced to dismount. The Turks rushed at the Russian general, but he was obscured by the musketeer Novikov. The Russian soldiers who had begun to retreat saw this, shouting “Brothers, the general remained ahead!” rushed to the rescue and pushed back the enemies. Soon Suvorov was wounded in the side by buckshot and even lost consciousness for a while. But when he came to his senses, he managed to get up and led a new furious attack. The parties fought until complete exhaustion. However, by the evening, unable to withstand the onslaught of fresh Russian forces, the enemy began to retreat. Suvorov's soldiers knocked him out of all 15 lodgements. Driven into the very corner of the spit, the enemy stubbornly defended itself. He was supported by naval fire. But the matter was decided by the courage of the Russian miracle heroes. By midnight the battle was over complete defeat Turkish landing. Only about 500 Turks managed to escape.

“Shoot rarely, but accurately. If you stick it firmly with a bayonet, the bullet will be damaged, but the bayonet will not be damaged. The bullet is stupid, the bayonet is great... The hero will stab half a dozen, and I’ve seen more. Take care of the bullet in the muzzle. Three will jump up - stab the first, shoot the second, bayonet the third with a karachun.”

A.V. Suvorov - to the soldiers

Military operations in 1788 were conducted sluggishly. It all came down to a long-term siege of Ochakov. On July 27, the Turks made an unsuccessful sortie from the fortress, and Suvorov almost broke into Ochakov on the enemy’s shoulders. But the Turks came to their senses and began to offer fierce resistance. Potemkin several times ordered Alexander Vasilyevich to retreat, but he dared to disobey his orders. The result was disastrous - pointless losses and injury to Suvorov himself. Potemkin strictly reprimanded the general for his disobedience, and for a long time he was tormented by pain, both physical and mental.

By December 5, the situation of the Turks besieged in Ochakov reached a crisis, but the Russians besieging the fortress also almost ran out of fodder and provisions. The officers and soldiers themselves asked for an attack. The assault took place, and on December 6, 1788, Ochakov was taken. The assault lasted 1 hour 15 minutes. Most of the garrison was killed. 4,500 people were taken prisoner. The winners received 180 banners and 310 guns as trophies. The losses of our troops were 2,789 killed and wounded. But Potemkin’s army had previously lost a huge number of people from disease and cold while standing under the walls of the fortress. These losses could have been avoided if Potemkin had listened to Suvorov in time and decided to carry out the assault in the summer. Suvorov called the siege of Ochakov “the siege of Troy.”

With the fall of Ochakov, Turkey lost the only major stronghold remaining in its hands in the Northern Black Sea region. The Yekaterinoslav army could now be turned towards the Balkans. After the capture of Ochakov, Potemkin withdrew the army to winter quarters.

During the campaign of 1789, Rumyantsev was ordered to reach the Lower Danube with an army of 35,000, where the main forces of the Turkish army were located. Potemkin with the main army of 80,000 people was going to capture Bendery.

Acting against individual detachments of the Turks, the corps of Lieutenant General V.Kh. Derfelden (5 thousand people), on April 7 defeated units of the Turks at Byrlad, and on April 16 defeated Yakub Agha at Maximen. Then he reached Galati where he defeated the corps of Ibrahim Pasha.

These brilliant victories were the last that the troops of the elderly Field Marshal Rumyantsev won. Because of Potemkin's intrigues, he had to resign. Thus, both armies were united under the overall command of Potemkin.

The commander of the Turkish troops, Osman Pasha, seeing that the Southern Army was inactive, decided to defeat Russia's ally - the Austrians, and then the Russians.

Field Marshal Prince Joseph-Maria of Saxe-Coburg-Saafeld, commander of the Austrian corps, turned to Chief General A.V. for help. Suvorov, who concentrated his units (7,000 people) in Byrlad. Having united their troops, the allies attacked the 40,000-strong Turkish army at Focsani on the morning of June 21. During a fierce battle, the Turks were completely defeated. The enemy fled, leaving Focsani.

In August, Potemkin besieged Bendery, concentrating almost the entire Russian army under the walls of the fortress. Only Suvorov's small division remained in Moldova.

The Turkish vizier Yusuf again decided to defeat the Austrians and Russians one by one, and then help the besieged Bendery.

Suvorov, having guessed Yusuf's plan, made a quick march to join the Austrians at Focshan. In two and a half days in extremely difficult weather conditions he walked 85 versts and on September 10 united here with the Austrians. There was a battle ahead at the Rymnik River.

Battle of Rymnik. 1789

The Allied forces amounted to 25,000 men with 73 guns. The Turkish forces are 100 thousand people with 85 guns. Despite the enemy's fourfold superiority in strength, Suvorov insisted on attacking. The Turkish troops were scattered in four camps, which the great Russian commander decided to take advantage of.

The terrain on which the battle was to be fought was an elevated plateau. Its central part was the Kryngu-Mailor forest area. It was there that the main enemy position was located. It was bordered on the flanks by deep ravines, the bottom of which had viscous soil. The right flank was still covered by thorny bushes, and the left by fortifications near the village of Bokza. A retranchement was erected in front of the front.

Suvorov's sudden attack took the Turks by surprise. The allies formed their battle formation at an angle, with the top in the direction of the enemy. The right side of the corner consisted of Russian regimental squares, the left - battalion squares of Austrians. During the offensive, a gap of about 2 versts formed between the left and right sides, occupied by the Austrian detachment of Major General Baron Andrei Karachay.

The battle began early in the morning of September 11. With a swift attack through the ravine, the Russian right-flank square captured the advanced Turkish camp at Tirgu-Kukuli. In front of a deep ravine, the first line of Russian infantry hesitated and stopped under artillery fire. Suvorov rushed towards her. His appearance in the line gave the attack speed. The Turks retreated beyond the Targu-Kukului forest.

The Prince of Coburg moved his corps forward a little later. The detachment of A. Karachai's hussars covering the center rushed to attack seven times, and each time he had to retreat. The Austrians hesitated, and Suvorov was forced to allocate two infantry battalions to support the Allies. The battle was approaching its climax. By noon, attacks by Russian and Austrian battalions forced the Turks to retreat to the Kryng-Meilor forest, that is, to their main position.

At one o'clock in the afternoon the troops moved forward again: the Russians to the Turkish left flank, the Austrians to the center and right flank. The Grand Vizier sent 40 thousand cavalry towards him, which managed to encircle the left wing of the Austrians. Coburg sent adjutant after adjutant to Suvorov, asking for help. And she came. The Russian commander, having captured Bogza, reorganized his battle formations on a full march and began to move closer to the Austrian corps until the Russians formed one line with him. Rifle and cannon fire cooled the ardor of the Ottomans. The Russian cavalry, operating on horseback, captured the Turkish retracement. The Grand Vizier's army fled.

The Turks lost about 10,000 people killed and wounded. The winners took 80 guns and the entire Turkish convoy. Allied losses amounted to only 650 people.

Suvorov's services were highly appreciated. The Austrian Emperor granted him the title of Count of the Holy Roman Empire. He was elevated to the dignity of count by Catherine II with the addition of Rymniksky. Diamond rain rained down on Suvorov: diamond insignia of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, a sword sprinkled with diamonds, a diamond epaulette, a precious ring. But what pleased the commander most of all was that he was awarded the order St. George 1st degree.

As a result of the Rymnik victory, Russian troops cleared the entire space up to the Danube from the enemy and occupied Kishinev, Kaushany, Palanca, and Ankerman. On November 3, Bendery fell.

Sultan Selim III, despite the victories of the Russian troops, decided to continue the war with Russia, especially since the latter also had to fight with Sweden.

After the death of Emperor Joseph II, Austria withdrew from the war with Turkey. Catherine II demanded that Potemkin take decisive action in defeating the Turkish army, but the prince was not very active. Only on June 21, Gudovich’s Russian corps captured the Turkish fortress of Anapa. Unable to accept the fall of Anapa, in September 1790 the Turks landed the army of Batai Pasha on the Kuban coast, which, after being reinforced by mountain tribes, reached a strength of 50 thousand people. On September 30, in the Laba valley on the Tokhtamysh river, it was attacked by a Russian detachment under the command of General German. Despite the large numerical superiority of the Turks - there were only 3300 people in Herman's detachment - Bataille Pasha's army was defeated. He himself was captured. The successes of the Russian army in the Kuban prompted Potemkin to begin active operations of the Southern Army. Potemkin moved to Southern Bessarabia. In a short time, the army captured the fortresses of Isakchey, Tulcha and Kimoy. The detachment of Gudovich Jr., together with Potemkin’s brother Pavel, besieged Izmail.

Ishmael was considered impregnable. It was fortified by French engineers and defended by a garrison of 35 thousand people with 265 guns. The commandant and commander of the troops (seraskir) was Aidos Mehmet Pasha.

The siege of Ishmael continued sluggishly until the beginning of December. At this time, the Russian fleet under the command of Vice Admiral F.F. Ushakova on August 28 defeated the Turkish squadron at Tendra. This victory cleared the Black Sea of ​​the Turkish fleet, which prevented Russian ships from passing to the Danube to assist in the capture of the fortresses of Tulcea, Galati, Brailov, and Izmail. The rowing flotilla of de Ribas freed the Danube from Turkish boats and occupied Tulcea and Isaccia.

In the interests of radical improvement of affairs, it was decided to send A.V. Suvorov to Izmail. Arriving at the fortress on December 2, Suvorov began to actively prepare troops for the assault. In his letter to Potemkin, he wrote: “A fortress without weak points. On this date, we began to prepare siege materials, which were not available, for the batteries, and we will try to carry them out for the next assault in about five days...”

Preparations for the assault were carried out carefully. Not far from the fortress, they dug a ditch and poured ramparts that resembled those of Izmail, and the troops persistently trained in overcoming these fortifications.

To avoid unnecessary casualties, a message was sent to the commandant and other military leaders in Izmail on December 7 demanding the surrender of the garrison. The commandant proudly replied: “ More like the moon The sun will be darkened and the Danube will flow backwards, and Ishmael will fall.”

At 3 o'clock in the morning on December 11, Russian columns began to advance to the fortress walls, and at 5 o'clock 30 minutes, at a prearranged signal - a rocket went up - they went on the attack. The assault on Ishmael has begun. The breakthrough into Izmail by three Russian columns of generals Lassi, Lvov and Kutuzov ensured success. Troops were landed from the Danube and also entered the battle. The enemy put up desperate resistance. The fierce battle inside the fortress lasted six and a half hours. It ended in favor of the Russians. The defeat of the enemy was complete. He lost 26 thousand killed and 9 thousand captured. As trophies, Russian troops captured 265 guns, 345 banners and 7 horsetails.

The assault on Izmail became an outstanding feat of Russian soldiers. A.V. understood their capabilities very well. Suvorov. In his report, Alexander Vasilyevich noted: “It is impossible to extol with enough praise the courage, firmness and bravery of all ranks and all troops who labored in this matter.” Under Izmail, the future hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, M.I., also distinguished himself. Kutuzov, who was appointed commandant of the fortress by Suvorov.

Victory for Suvorov turned into disgrace. Despite the fact that he was awarded by Catherine II as a lieutenant colonel of the Preobrazhensky Regiment (of which the empress herself was a colonel), and a medal was knocked out in his honor, these awards seemed ridiculous to his contemporaries in comparison with the victory he won. The reason for this attitude was Suvorov’s break with Potemkin. The general's quarrelsome character, his contempt for palace orders, led to his removal from command of the troops. The war with the Turks ended without him. Soon, Catherine, on the advice of Potemkin, instructed Alexander Vasilyevich to inspect all the fortifications in Finland right up to the border with Sweden.

Suvorov was remembered only in 1794, when the Polish national uprising began under the leadership of A.T. Kosciuszko. Humiliated by the division of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, occupation by Russian and Prussian troops, as well as the actual loss of state independence, Polish patriots began to prepare for an uprising already in 1793.

It began on March 12, 1794 with a raid by the cavalry brigade of A. Madalinsky, who refused to carry out the order of the “Targovichans” to disarm it. On March 24, the “Act of Uprising of Citizens of the Krakow Voivodeship” was announced on the Cathedral Square in Krakow. The rebels were led by Lieutenant General Kosciuszko. Andrei Tadeusz Bonaventura Kosciuszko graduated from the Military Engineering Academy in France at his own expense. Since October 1776, he was a colonel in the American army and became a hero of the War for American Independence. It was to him that the Americans owed their victory at Saratoga in 1777. Kosciuszko was an excellent combat commander, a talented engineer and an ardent patriot. On the night of April 17–18, an uprising broke out in Warsaw, and four days later in Vilna. The Russian garrisons in these cities were defeated and partially captured. The flames of the uprising engulfed many areas of Poland and Lithuania.

Russian and Prussian troops moved towards Warsaw in early May. But the poorly armed rebels fought desperately. The war dragged on and Field Marshal P.A. Rumyantsev sent A.V. against the rebels. Suvorov.

Having become the head of the Russian troops, the great Russian commander, having defeated the Polish-Lithuanian troops along the way in the battles of Divin, Krupczycy, Brest and Kobylka, reached the approaches to Warsaw in mid-October 1794. All the main forces of the rebels were gathered here. By that time, Kosciuszko had been captured in the battle of Maciejowice.

Assault on Prague (outskirts of Warsaw). 1794

The fortified suburb of Warsaw - Prague fell after a fierce assault on October 24, 1794. Suvorov, true to his principles: to defeat the enemy in battle, but to spare those who surrendered, ordered before the attack to treat the Poles humanely - do not rob houses, do not kill the unarmed. The assault on Prague lasted three hours. According to some reports, the Poles lost 13 thousand people. in battle and about 2 thousand drowned in the Vistula, the Russians lost 580 people. killed and 960 wounded. Alexander Vasilyevich received the Varsovians who asked for peace favorably, declaring: “We have no war with Poland, I am not a minister, but a military leader: I crush crowds of rebels.” The magistrate, merchants and townspeople of Warsaw presented him with the keys to the city, which the Russian commander accepted and kissed.

The Polish uprising is over. Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov was promoted to the rank of field marshal for the suppression of the Polish uprising. The following episode of Suvorov’s Polish campaign is often quoted in literature - his famous report to Catherine “Hurray! Warsaw is ours! and the empress’s response “Hurray! Field Marshal Suvorov." But it should also be noted that the Russian forces, led by Alexander Vasilyevich, with their capture of the capital of Poland, dramatically changed the balance of power in the European arena. The authority of the Russian army increased even more. One of the results of this was the fact that Russia, Austria and Prussia agreed to the third partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795. Now it has ceased to exist as an independent state.

“A good name belongs to every honest person; but I concluded my good name in the glory of my Fatherland, and all my deeds tended towards its prosperity.”

A.V. Suvorov - to all of us

After the death of Catherine II in 1796, the great commander fell into disgrace. He was exiled to the Konchanskoye estate, but in 1798 Emperor Paul I returned the field marshal to service.

The rescript of Paul I dated February 4, 1799 read: “Now I, Count Alexander Vasilyevich, have received news of the urgent desire of the Viennese court that you lead its armies in Italy, where my corps of Rosenberg and Herman are going. And so, for this reason, and under the current European circumstances, I consider it my duty, not on my own behalf only, but on behalf of others, to invite you to take over the business and command and come here to leave for Vienna.”

The commander gladly accepted the appointment and hurried to St. Petersburg. The Austrian government prepared an unpleasant surprise for the Russian commander. Their troops were to obey Suvorov only on the battlefield, and all operations were planned from Vienna. In addition, the Russian corps A.G. Rosenberg was small in number, and his supplies came from Austrian stores. Since the emperor abolished the quartermaster service, the Russian commander was forced to use the services of Austrian officers. This could not but affect the relationship between Alexander Vasilyevich and the Austrian court military council.

There were two French armies in Italy: in the north, the army of General Scherer - 58 thousand people, in the south in the Partenopean Republic - the army of General MacDonald, 33 thousand people.

On April 4, 1799, Suvorov arrived in Valeggio and took command of the allied army. He remained in Valeggio until April 8, awaiting the approach of the Russian division of Povalo-Shveikovsky, which was part of A.G.’s corps. Rosenberg. This time was used to train Austrian troops in the basics of Suvorov tactics.

The fighting began on April 8, 1799 with the blockade of the fortresses of Peschiera and Mantua. Alexander Vasilyevich decided to break up the enemy piece by piece. His main forces moved to the river. Adda, on the banks of which the Moro army of 28 thousand people was concentrated.

The allied forces advanced according to the famous Suvorov principle of “go apart - strike together.” The vanguard of the allied army, consisting of Russian regiments, was commanded by Prince P.I. Bagration. The battle itself at the river. Adde April 26-28, 1799 represents several separate battles. The forces of the Russian-Austrian army in the direction of the main attack amounted to 24,500 people. At 8 a.m. on April 26, Bagration’s troops attacked Lecco, where a 5,000-strong detachment under the command of Brigadier General Soye was defending. The offensive was carried out from three sides: north, east, south. The enemy, having fortified himself in the gardens and houses of the city, offered stubborn resistance. Enemy batteries located behind Adda on the heights fired heavily at the storming Russian columns. Despite this, Bagration’s troops broke the enemy’s resistance with a decisive bayonet strike, broke into the city and threw back the French units defending Lecco to the opposite bank of the river. The offensive on Cassano, due to the tactical weakness of the Austrians, did not receive further development, but at Verderio the division of General Serurier was surrounded and forced to capitulate on April 28. The capture of Serurier's troops gave the battle of Adda the character of a rout. Allied losses reached 2,000 killed and wounded. French losses reached 7,500 people (including 5,000 prisoners) and 27 guns.

The Republicans were forced to hastily retreat across the river. Ticino, and the allied troops triumphantly entered Milan, the capital of Northern Italy.

Having recovered, the French decided to attack Suvorov’s army from two directions: with the remnants of Moro’s army from the south of the Genoa region and from the east with Macdonald’s army. The French occupied Valenza and began to advance to the flank of the allied forces. On May 1, 1799, due to the persistence of Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, a Russian detachment under the command of A.G. Rosenberg entered into battle with the enemy at Bassignano. Moreau began to transfer his main forces to this point. The Russian detachment, suppressed by the numerical superiority of the enemy, was forced to retreat, losing up to 1,250 people killed, wounded and prisoners.

On May 5, the Austrian division located near Marengo was attacked. The Austrians began to retreat, but Bagration’s detachment rescued them. Having joined the allied flanks, Pyotr Ivanovich ordered an attack. Moro's units were driven back to their original positions with the loss of 500 people.

On May 27, the allies entered Turin, the capital of the Sardinian kingdom. A few days earlier, according to the accepted plan, the Neapolitan army of General MacDonald set out. A descendant of Scottish aristocrats who served junior officer in French royal army, Jean-Stéphane-Joseph-Alexandre Macdonald showed extraordinary leadership talent and personal courage on the battlefield. The future Napoleonic marshal was loved by the soldiers and was distinguished by his eccentric thinking.

Meanwhile, Suvorov decided not to waste time and defeat the enemy piece by piece. The first blow was planned to be delivered against MacDonald's most powerful and dangerous army. By this time, there were 38,500 people in the camp near Alexandria, taking into account the arriving detachment of Bellegarde. Suvorov intended most of these troops (24,000) for the offensive against MacDonald. He left the remaining troops (14,500), led by Bellegarde, at Alexandria, ordering only weak cavalry detachments to be advanced to observe Moreau towards the Riviera. General Ott was ordered not to get involved in battles with the enemy until the arrival of the main forces, but only to restrain his advance in the area between Parma and Piancenza. As for General Kray, he had to release some of the troops from the siege corps and send them to reinforce the main forces and detachments of Klenau and Hohenzollern.

However, the plans of the Russian commander were changed due to the advance of the French. Having defeated one of the Austrian detachments, MacDonald's army on June 6 attacked the Austrian detachment under the command of General Ott at San Giovano on the river. Trebbii.

Suvorov, leaving a barrier at Alessandria against a possible advance by Moro, quickly covered about 85 miles in 36 hours. The soldiers fell from exhaustion on the march in 35-degree heat, but the field marshal was relentless. The defeat of Ott's detachment would call into question his entire military plan.

The terrain where the battle was to take place was flat plain, bounded on the north by the Po River, and on the south by the spurs of the Apennine Mountains. Three narrow, shallow rivers flowed there - Tidone, Trebbia and Nura. In the dry summer of 1799, they were fordable everywhere. The actions of the troops, especially the cavalry, were hampered only by numerous ditches, vineyards, hedges, and fences.

The Russian commander arrived to help the allies at a critical moment in the battle. Correctly assessing the situation, he ordered the Cossacks to strike the enemy’s flanks, and the Russian battalions, each of which did not have 200-300 people, to strike with bayonets.

Unable to withstand the blow, the French infantry retreated from the battlefield. By the morning of June 7, Suvorov had 26 thousand people at his disposal. MacDonald's army numbered about 23.5 thousand people. Alexander Vasilyevich decided to attack the enemy and, having overturned his left flank, cut off Moro from the army. The battle, which began due to severe fatigue of the troops not at 7, but at 10 o’clock in the morning, initially developed successfully, but by 17 o’clock the divisions of Olivier and Montrichard approached Macdonald, which allowed the French to retreat from the battlefield in perfect order. In addition, the cavalry general, Baron Melas, who commanded the Austrians, played a negative role. His column behaved passively in the area allocated for the offensive and did not provide reinforcements to the center when the commander-in-chief demanded it.

The next day, Macdonald was the first to launch an attack, attempting to envelop the flanks of the Allied forces. The divisions of Victor and Rusk managed to push back Povalo-Shveikovsky's division and encircle the Moscow Grenadier Regiment. However, the regiment did not flinch, but deployed the third rank and began to fire in all directions. Only Suvorov’s personal intervention saved the situation. Melas again did not provide reinforcements except for the cavalry of the Prince of Liechtenstein and thereby saved the French from complete defeat.

However, the Republican army was already demoralized and began to retreat. Russian troops caught up and defeated only Macdonald's rearguard on the river. Nure. Here again the Moscow grenadiers distinguished themselves, capturing three banners from the enemy. For this feat, the regiment received award banners with the inscription “For taking the banner from the French at Trebbia and Nura 1799.” During the battle and pursuit, the French lost more than 15,000 people killed, wounded, prisoners and 60 guns. Allied losses amounted to 934 killed, up to 4,000 wounded and about 500 missing.

Upon learning of Macdonald's defeat, Moreau retreated from Genoa, and united with the remnants of his army only in the mountains of the Genoese Riviera.

However, the Austrian allies did not allow Suvorov to take advantage of the fruits of the brilliant victory at Trebbia, limiting his initiative in every possible way, and, moreover, opposed his plans. The French took advantage of the passivity of the Austrians, strengthening the troops battered by Suvorov and increasing their number to 45 thousand people. At the head of these troops was General Joubert, who, according to Napoleon, was one of the most talented commanders of Republican France.

The Austrians, despite threats from the enemy, demanded that Suvorov not develop offensive operations until the capture of Mantua. The fortress fell on July 17, and Suvorov began active operations. He marched towards Joubert's army. Enemy troops lined up near Novi. Joubert paused his movement, not daring to attack the allied forces. By this time, he had about 34 thousand people with 38 guns at his disposal. The Allied army numbered up to 65 thousand bayonets and sabers. The Russian commander, taking advantage of the enemy’s indecisiveness, seized the initiative and himself attacked his positions on the spurs of the Apennines. The main blow was struck on the right flank of the Republicans. At the very beginning of the battle, Joubert was killed and command passed to General Moreau. Jean-Victor Moreau, the son of a lawyer, began his military career as a simple volunteer. Thanks to his extraordinary abilities, he advanced to the first rank of commanders of Republican France. He was distinguished by his enviable composure and ability to get out of the most difficult situations with honor. He had a reputation as a master of retreats.

Russian troops attacked Novi 17 times. Despite the exceptional tenacity of the French, the enemy suffered a crushing defeat. All the artillery, most of the convoy and 4 banners fell into the hands of the allies. The French lost 6,500 killed and wounded, as well as more than 4,000 prisoners. Allied losses were 1,250 killed and 4,700 wounded.

Almost all of Italy, with the exception of the Genoese region, was liberated from the French.

However, now that the gates to France were open thanks to the genius of the great Russian commander, England and Austria, fearing the strengthening of Russia, decided to remove the Russian troops from Italy. In mid-August 1799, Suvorov received from Vienna an order from the Austrian Emperor, sanctioned by Paul I, to withdraw allied troops through the Alps to Switzerland to join the corps of Rimsky-Korsakov and Prince Condé in order to launch an offensive into France from there.

The campaign plan itself, approved by the allied monarchs, was inherently chimerical and did not take into account the specifics of the terrain on which the fighting was to be conducted. In addition, Suvorov was faced with the fait accompli of the withdrawal of the troops of the Austrian Archduke Charles from Switzerland. And besides, Alexander Vasilyevich was not even officially appointed commander-in-chief in the German-Swiss theater of operations, as before in Italy.

After the withdrawal of Austrian troops from Switzerland, Zurich was left with 22 thousand soldiers under the command of Field Marshal-Lieutenant Friedrich Conrad von Hotze, scattered at a great distance from each other in separate detachments, as well as a Russian corps under the command of Lieutenant General Alexander Mikhailovich Rimsky-Korsakov. This general was one of the people who came to the fore at court. He never commanded large formations, but was one of the sovereign's favorites.

Having begun the withdrawal of their troops, the Austrians significantly complicated the situation of Rimsky-Korsakov’s corps, putting it under attack from the French army of General Massena numbering 84 thousand people. In the direction of the main attack, Massena concentrated up to 56 thousand bayonets and sabers.

Swiss campaign of Suvorov 1799

Leaving Alexandria on August 31, Suvorov’s troops (20 thousand people, including about 5 thousand Cossacks) arrived in Taverno on September 4. The Austrian command had to gather 1,430 mules, ammunition, mountain artillery and food at Taverno, at the foot of the Alps. But here the Russian troops, due to the Austrian quartermasters, who did not collect the promised supplies and pack animals on time, stood for 5 days. Naturally, Suvorov could not tolerate such an attitude of the allies towards the Russian army. In his report to the emperor on September 9, he complained: “... The Austrian General Dallaire and his commissars are deceiving us with duplicitous, shameful hopes, and for the fifth day we have been standing idly at the Tavern...”. Instead of the 1,430 promised mules, the Russian army received only 650 from the Austrians. Moreover, the Austrian commissary signed a contract with the drivers only for the route to the foot of the Alpine ridge. Cossack horses had to be used instead of mules.

To move to join Rimsky-Korsakov’s corps, Suvorov chose the shortest route through the Saint-Gothard pass to Schwyz, to the rear of Massena’s army. Field artillery and convoys were sent to Lake Constance by a roundabout route. Suvorov left with the troops only 2-pound mountain cannons received from the Austrians.

On September 10, the main forces of the Russian army set out on a campaign in the direction of Bellinzona - Airolo - Tremolo - St. Gotthard. Column of Infantry General A.G. Rosenberg moved from the camp on September 9 in the direction of Bellinzona - Biasca - Donjo - Disentis - Tanech - Urzern. At the forefront of the main forces was a detachment of P.I. Bagration (4 Jaeger, 4 combined grenadier battalions) with 5 guns. Behind them were the main forces of the Russian army, consisting of divisions of Lieutenant General Ya.I. Povalo-Shveikovsky (2 fusiliers, 6 musketeer battalions) with 5 guns and I.I. Foerster (8 musketeer battalions) with 6 guns, under the overall command of cavalry general V.Kh. Derfelden. Corps of Infantry General A.G. Rosenberg, consisting of 2 jäger and 6 musketeer battalions with 8 guns, broke away far from the main forces and moved towards Urzern, having 13 in the vanguard Jaeger Regiment General Kashkin.

Each division marched in echelon with a reconnaissance force of 500 Cossacks. At the head of the division was a unit of Austrian pioneers who were correcting the road.

On September 12, a detachment of Austrians under the command of Colonel Strauch (4 infantry battalions) joined the main Russian forces. The Austrian brigade was distributed among the Russian columns. On the southern approaches to the Saint-Gotthard Pass, one French battalion under the command of Brigade Chief Leblon occupied the defense.

On the morning of September 13, Russian troops entered into a firefight with French riflemen near Airolo. The French began to retreat to the pass. Two Allied attacks on enemy fortified positions, whose forces had increased to 3 battalions, were repulsed. During the third attack, General Bagration's detachment went to the rear of the French position and, with a dashing bayonet attack, overthrew the opposing enemy, who took to disorderly flight. On the shoulders of the French, Russian troops burst into Gospental, where they were forced to stop due to severe fatigue of the personnel. For twelve hours, the troops fought their way up to the pass through unfamiliar mountainous terrain, and now many soldiers and officers fell due to complete exhaustion.

At the same time, Rosenberg's corps, without contact with the main forces, attacked the French cover from the Loison brigade near Aubert-Alpe. Having knocked down the Republicans, Rosenberg's corps attacked the main forces of Loison's brigade at Andermatt and inflicted a heavy defeat on them. Despite this, the fortified position at the Devil's Bridge remained in enemy hands. It was defended by units under the command of Brigadier Chief Dam. This position was located in the Shelenen mountain gorge, bordered on one side of the river. Reissa, and on the other, rocks. A narrow serpentine road led to the Devil's Bridge through the Urnerloch tunnel. The French placed a cannon and two infantry companies at the exit of the gorge. They also placed cannons on top, covered by riflemen. On the morning of September 14, having united with Rosenberg’s corps, Suvorov sent troops to storm the Devil’s Bridge. The first frontal attack was repulsed with heavy losses. The outcome of the battle was decided by a detour through the mountains and then going to the rear of the enemy. The Republicans, unable to withstand the bayonet attack, fled. In the battles for Saint Gotthard and Devil's Bridge, Russian troops lost about 500 people killed, wounded and missing. Enemy losses reached 800 people. The path to Altdorf was open.

Last lifetime portrait
A.V. Suvorov. Artist I. Kreutsinger. 1799

Arriving in Altdorf on September 15, Suvorov was surprised to learn that there was no road along Lake Lucerne. It was not possible to cross Lake Lucerne due to the lack of crossing facilities. All serviceable ships were captured by the French and hijacked. The plan to connect with Rimsky-Korsakov and Hotze was in jeopardy. It was possible to get to Schwyz only along mountain paths through the Rostock ridge into the Muoten Valley.

Russian troops covered the difficult 18-mile route to the Muoten Valley in 2 days. However, it was here that Suvorov received the news that on September 15, Massena defeated Rimsky-Korsakov near Zurich and occupied Schwyz. Thus, Suvorov's troops found themselves surrounded by three times superior forces in the Muoten Valley without sufficient food and with a limited amount of ammunition.

The position of Suvorov's troops seemed hopeless. At the military council on September 18, it was decided to fight our way through the Pregel Pass to Glarus. Bagration's vanguard, with a swift attack at Klental and Näfels, defeated Molitor's brigade and opened the way for the main forces of the Russian army. Rosenberg's rearguard had the difficult task of covering the withdrawal of the main forces. On September 19-21, the French (15 thousand people) under the personal command of Massena unsuccessfully tried to defeat the corps of A.G. Rosenberg (7 thousand people) in the Muoten Valley. Russian troops not only repelled the enemy’s onslaught, but, going on the offensive, defeated the Republican units opposing them. Massena himself was almost captured. The French lost more than 3,000 killed, 1,200 prisoners and 5 guns. Meanwhile, the main forces of the army climbed the icy cliffs and reached Glarus on September 20. On September 23, Rosenberg's rearguard joined the main forces in Glarus.

Suvorov's grave in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra

From Glarus, in order to save the troops, Suvorov decided to retreat through the Ringenkopf Pass to Ilanz. In the most difficult weather conditions, moving almost by touch along icy paths, Russian troops descended from the mountains in the Ilanets area on September 26. The Russian army made a difficult mountain trek unprecedented in history, repelling attacks from superior enemy forces during the course. Suvorov's miracle heroes emerged victoriously from encirclement along with 1,400 prisoners. On October 19, 1799, Suvorov led his army to Bavaria. After a two-week crossing of the Alps, about 15,000 soldiers remained in the ranks. 1600 were killed and died on the campaign, 3500 were wounded. For his amazing feat, Suvorov was awarded the highest military rank of generalissimo. He received the title of Prince of Italy. Other participants in the Alpine trek, who received numerous awards, were not forgotten. Two regiments - Arkhangelsk and Smolensk received award banners with the inscription “For taking the banner from the French on the Alpine mountains in 1799.”

Pavel, seeing the dual policy of Austria, ordered Suvorov to return with the army to Russia. The second anti-French coalition ceased to exist.

“Glorious for his exploits in defense of the Russian land, great teacher and the educator of the army, Generalissimo, Prince of Italy, Count Suvorov-Rymniksky, invariably set an example of selfless service to the Throne and the Motherland.

Formidable to the enemy, merciful to the vanquished, a champion of truth, caring for the younger and devoted to military science, he represents a high example of a man and a warrior, strong in faith in God, devotion to the Tsar and love for the Motherland.”

The highest order of May 6, 1900, dedicated to the centenary of the death of Suvorov

BESPALOV A.V., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor

Literature

Autobiography of Count Alexander Vasilyevich-Rymniksky. Essay on the life and deeds of Count Alexander Vasilyevich-Rymniksky. M.: At the University Printing House, 1848

Biography of Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov, written by himself in 1786. Time and fate: Military memoir. Sat. Vol. 1. M.: Voenizdat, 1991

Letters and papers of Suvorov. Pg., 1916. - T. 1

P.A. Rumyantsev, A.V. Suvorov, M.I. Kutuzov: documents and materials. K., 1974

Suvorov A.V.. The science of winning. M., 1987

Suvorov A.V.. Letters. Ed. prepared B.C. Lopatin; Rep. ed. A. M. Samsonov. M., 1986

Suvorov A.V.. Collection of documents. M., 1949. T. 1.

Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov: on the 250th anniversary of his birth / resp. ed. L.G. Bloodless. M.: Nauka, 1980

Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov through the eyes of his contemporaries / comp. E.I. Yurchenko. M., 1999

Alekseev S.P.. Stories about Suvorov and Russian soldiers. M.: Children's literature, 1968

Anecdotes of Prince Italian Count Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov-Rymniksky. Collected from various periodical publications by I. Seidel. St. Petersburg: Publishing house A.P. Chervyakova, 1865.

Anisimov E.V., Kamensky A.B.. Russia in the XVIII - first half of the XIX centuries. M., 1994

Beskrovny L.G.. Italian and Swiss campaigns of A.V. Suvorov. Military-historical magazine. 1974. No. 8

Bogolyubov A.N.. The art of military leadership by A. V. Suvorov. M., 1950

Dragunov G.P.. Damn bridge. In the footsteps of Suvorov in Switzerland. M.: Mysl, 1995

Zolotarev V.A., Mezhevich M.N., Skorodumov D.E.. For the glory of the Russian Fatherland. (Development of military thought and military art in Russia in the second half of the 18th century.) M., 1984

Lopatin B.S.. Potemkin and Suvorov. M., 1992

Lopatin V.S.. Suvorov. The life of wonderful people. M., 2012

Milyutin D.A. History of the war of 1799 between Russia and France during the reign of Emperor Paul I. St. Petersburg, 1857

Mikhailov O.N.. Suvorov. Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1997

Petrov A. Suvorov and Dombrovsky: meeting at the Trebbia. Homeland. 1994. No. 12

Presnukhin M.A.. Battle of the Trebbia 1799 M., 2001

Rakovsky L. Generalissimo Suvorov. L., 1975

Rogulin N.G.. “Regimental establishment” by A.V. Suvorov and infantry instructions of Catherine’s time. St. Petersburg, 2005

Rostunov I.I.. Generalissimo Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov. M., 1989

Semanov S.N.. Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov. Suvorov in the memoirs of contemporaries. M., 2000

Smith, Friedrich von. Suvorov and the fall of Poland. St. Petersburg: 1866

Soviet military encyclopedia. M., 1978

Suvorov A.V.: Great son of Russia. M., 2000

Suvorov collection. M., 1951

Shishov A.V.. Generalissimo of the Great Empire. M.: Olma, 2005

Internet

Movie

Test

Readers suggested

Ermolov Alexey Petrovich

Hero of the Napoleonic Wars and the Patriotic War of 1812. Conqueror of the Caucasus. A smart strategist and tactician, a strong-willed and brave warrior.

Eremenko Andrey Ivanovich

Commander of the Stalingrad and South-Eastern Fronts. The fronts under his command in the summer and autumn of 1942 stopped the advance of the German 6th field and 4th tank armies towards Stalingrad.
In December 1942 Stalingrad Front General Eremenko stopped the tank offensive of General G. Hoth’s group on Stalingrad to relieve the blockade of Paulus’s 6th Army.

Kolovrat Evpatiy Lvovich

Ryazan boyar and governor. During Batu's invasion of Ryazan he was in Chernigov. Having learned about the Mongol invasion, he hastily moved to the city. Finding Ryazan completely incinerated, Evpatiy Kolovrat with a detachment of 1,700 people began to catch up with Batya’s army. Having overtaken them, the rearguard destroyed them. He also killed the strong warriors of the Batyevs. Died on January 11, 1238.

Izylmetyev Ivan Nikolaevich

Commanded the frigate "Aurora". He made the transition from St. Petersburg to Kamchatka in a record time for those times in 66 days. In Callao Bay he eluded the Anglo-French squadron. Arriving in Petropavlovsk together with the governor of the Kamchatka Territory, Zavoiko V. organized the defense of the city, during which the sailors from the Aurora, together with local residents, threw the outnumbered Anglo-French landing force into the sea. Then he took the Aurora to the Amur Estuary, hiding it there After these events, the British public demanded a trial of the admirals who lost the Russian frigate.

Dzhugashvili Joseph Vissarionovich

Assembled and coordinated the actions of a team of talented military leaders

Gagen Nikolai Alexandrovich

On June 22, trains with units of the 153rd Infantry Division arrived in Vitebsk. Covering the city from the west, Hagen's division (together with the heavy artillery regiment attached to the division) occupied a 40 km long defense line; it was opposed by the 39th German Motorized Corps.

After 7 days of fierce fighting, the division's battle formations were not broken through. The Germans no longer contacted the division, bypassed it and continued the offensive. The division appeared in a German radio message as destroyed. Meanwhile, the 153rd Rifle Division, without ammunition and fuel, began to fight its way out of the ring. Hagen led the division out of encirclement with heavy weapons.

For the demonstrated steadfastness and heroism during the Elninsky operation on September 18, 1941, by order of the People's Commissar of Defense No. 308, the division received the honorary name “Guards”.
From 01/31/1942 to 09/12/1942 and from 10/21/1942 to 04/25/1943 - commander of the 4th Guards Rifle Corps,
from May 1943 to October 1944 - commander of the 57th Army,
from January 1945 - the 26th Army.

Troops under the leadership of N.A. Gagen took part in the Sinyavinsk operation (and the general managed to break out of encirclement for the second time with weapons in hand), the Battles of Stalingrad and Kursk, battles in the Left Bank and Right Bank Ukraine, in the liberation of Bulgaria, in the Iasi-Kishinev, Belgrade, Budapest, Balaton and Vienna operations. Participant of the Victory Parade.

Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky Pyotr Alexandrovich

He is a great commander who did not lose a single (!) battle, the founder of Russian military affairs, and fought battles with genius, regardless of their conditions.

Linevich Nikolai Petrovich

Nikolai Petrovich Linevich (December 24, 1838 - April 10, 1908) - a prominent Russian military figure, infantry general (1903), adjutant general (1905); general who took Beijing by storm.

Chuikov Vasily Ivanovich

Soviet military leader, Marshal Soviet Union(1955). Twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, 1945).
From 1942 to 1946, commander of the 62nd Army (8th Guards Army), which particularly distinguished itself in the Battle of Stalingrad. He took part in defensive battles on the distant approaches to Stalingrad. From September 12, 1942, he commanded the 62nd Army. IN AND. Chuikov received the task of defending Stalingrad at any cost. The front command believed that Lieutenant General Chuikov was characterized by such positive qualities as determination and firmness, courage and a great operational outlook, a high sense of responsibility and consciousness of his duty. The army, under the command of V.I. Chuikov, became famous for the heroic six-month defense of Stalingrad in street fighting in a completely destroyed city, fighting on isolated bridgeheads on the banks of the wide Volga.

For the unprecedented mass heroism and steadfastness of its personnel, in April 1943, the 62nd Army received the honorary title of Guards and became known as the 8th Guards Army.

Kornilov Vladimir Alekseevich

During the outbreak of the war with England and France, he actually commanded the Black Sea Fleet, and until his heroic death he was the immediate superior of P.S. Nakhimov and V.I. Istomina. After the landing of the British French troops in Evpatoria and the defeat of Russian troops on Alma, Kornilov received an order from the commander-in-chief in Crimea, Prince Menshikov, to sink the ships of the fleet in the roadstead in order to use sailors for the defense of Sevastopol from land.

Markov Sergey Leonidovich

One of the main characters early stage Russian-Soviet war.
Veteran of the Russian-Japanese, First World War and Civil War. Knight of the Order of St. George 4th class, Order of St. Vladimir 3rd class and 4th class with swords and bow, Order of St. Anne 2nd, 3rd and 4th class, Order of St. Stanislaus 2nd and 3rd th degrees. Holder of the St. George's Arms. Outstanding military theorist. Member of the Ice Campaign. An officer's son. Hereditary nobleman of the Moscow Province. He graduated from the General Staff Academy and served in the Life Guards of the 2nd Artillery Brigade. One of the commanders of the Volunteer Army at the first stage. He died the death of the brave.

Chernyakhovsky Ivan Danilovich

The only commander who carried out the order of Headquarters on June 22, 1941, counterattacked the Germans, drove them back in his sector and went on the offensive.

Denikin Anton Ivanovich

One of the most talented and successful commanders of the First World War. Coming from a poor family, he made a brilliant military career, relying solely on his own virtues. Member of the RYAV, WWI, graduate of the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff. He fully realized his talent while commanding the legendary “Iron” brigade, which was then expanded into a division. Participant and one of the main characters of the Brusilov breakthrough. He remained a man of honor even after the collapse of the army, a Bykhov prisoner. Member of the ice campaign and commander of the AFSR. For more than a year and a half, possessing very modest resources and much inferior in numbers to the Bolsheviks, he won victory after victory, liberating a vast territory.
Also, do not forget that Anton Ivanovich is a wonderful and very successful publicist, and his books are still very popular. An extraordinary, talented commander, an honest Russian man in difficult times for the Motherland, who was not afraid to light a torch of hope.

Miloradovich

Bagration, Miloradovich, Davydov are some very special breed of people. They don't do things like that now. The heroes of 1812 were distinguished by complete recklessness and complete contempt for death. And it was General Miloradovich, who went through all the wars for Russia without a single scratch, who became the first victim of individual terror. After Kakhovsky’s shot on Senate Square, the Russian revolution continued along this path - right up to the basement of the Ipatiev House. Taking away the best.

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

Personally took part in the planning and implementation of ALL offensive and defensive operations of the Red Army in the period 1941 - 1945.

Suvorov Mikhail Vasilievich

The only one who can be called GENERALLISIMO... Bagration, Kutuzov are his students...

An outstanding Russian commander. He successfully defended the interests of Russia both from external aggression and outside the country.

Stalin (Dzhugashvilli) Joseph

Khvorostinin Dmitry Ivanovich

A commander who had no defeats...

Saltykov Pyotr Semyonovich

The commander-in-chief of the Russian army in the Seven Years' War, was the main architect of the key victories of the Russian troops.

Paskevich Ivan Fedorovich

The armies under his command defeated Persia in the war of 1826-1828 and completely defeated Turkish troops in Transcaucasia in the war of 1828-1829.

Awarded all 4 degrees of the Order of St. George and the Order of St. Apostle Andrew the First-Called with diamonds.

Chuikov Vasily Ivanovich

“There is a city in vast Russia to which my heart is given, it went down in history as STALINGRAD...” V.I. Chuikov

Platov Matvey Ivanovich

Military Ataman of the Don Cossack Army. Started active military service from the age of 13. A participant in several military campaigns, he is best known as the commander of Cossack troops during the Patriotic War of 1812 and during the subsequent Foreign Campaign of the Russian Army. Thanks to the successful actions of the Cossacks under his command, Napoleon’s saying went down in history:
- Happy is the commander who has Cossacks. If I had an army of only Cossacks, I would conquer all of Europe.

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

The Soviet people, as the most talented, have a large number of outstanding military leaders, but the main one is Stalin. Without him, many of them might not have existed as military men.

Yudenich Nikolai Nikolaevich

One of the most successful generals in Russia during the First World War. The Erzurum and Sarakamysh operations carried out by him on the Caucasian front, carried out in extremely unfavorable conditions for Russian troops, and ending in victories, I believe, deserve to be included among the brightest victories of Russian weapons. In addition, Nikolai Nikolaevich stood out for his modesty and decency, lived and died as an honest Russian officer, and remained faithful to the oath to the end.

Stalin (Dzhugashvili) Joseph Vissarionovich

Romanov Alexander I Pavlovich

The de facto commander-in-chief of the allied armies that liberated Europe in 1813-1814. "He took Paris, he founded the Lyceum." The Great Leader who crushed Napoleon himself. (The shame of Austerlitz is not comparable to the tragedy of 1941)

Suvorov, Count Rymniksky, Prince of Italy Alexander Vasilievich

The greatest commander, master strategist, tactician and military theorist. Author of the book "The Science of Victory", Generalissimo of the Russian Army. The only one in the history of Russia who did not suffer a single defeat.

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War. Under his leadership, the Red Army crushed fascism.

Yaroslav the Wise

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

He was the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War! Under his leadership, the USSR won the Great Victory during the Great Patriotic War!

Prince Monomakh Vladimir Vsevolodovich

The most remarkable of the Russian princes of the pre-Tatar period of our history, who left behind great fame and good memory.

Slashchev Yakov Alexandrovich

Margelov Vasily Filippovich

Rumyantsev Pyotr Alexandrovich

Russian military leader and statesman, who ruled Little Russia throughout the reign of Catherine II (1761-96). During the Seven Years' War he commanded the capture of Kolberg. For victories over the Turks at Larga, Kagul and others, which led to the conclusion of the Kuchuk-Kainardzhi Peace, he was awarded the title “Transdanubian”. In 1770 he received the rank of Field Marshal. Knight of the Russian orders of St. Andrew the Apostle, St. Alexander Nevsky, St. George 1st class and St. Vladimir 1st class, Prussian Black Eagle and St. Anna 1st class

Drozdovsky Mikhail Gordeevich

He managed to bring his subordinate troops to the Don in full force, and fought extremely effectively in the conditions of the civil war.

Petrov Ivan Efimovich

Defense of Odessa, Defense of Sevastopol, Liberation of Slovakia

Barclay de Tolly Mikhail Bogdanovich

Finnish War.
Strategic retreat in the first half of 1812
European expedition of 1812

Batitsky

I served in the air defense and therefore I know this surname - Batitsky. Do you know? By the way, the father of air defense!

Well, who else but him is the only Russian commander who has not lost more than one battle!!!

Maksimov Evgeniy Yakovlevich

Russian hero of the Transvaal War. He was a volunteer in fraternal Serbia, participating in Russian-Turkish war At the beginning of the 20th century, the British began to wage war against the small people - the Boers. Eugene successfully fought against the invaders and in 1900 was appointed a military general. He died in the Russian-Japanese War. In addition to his military career, he distinguished himself in the literary field.

Uvarov Fedor Petrovich

At the age of 27 he was promoted to general. He took part in the campaigns of 1805-1807 and in the battles on the Danube in 1810. In 1812, he commanded the 1st Artillery Corps in the army of Barclay de Tolly, and subsequently the entire cavalry of the united armies.

Kazarsky Alexander Ivanovich

Captain-lieutenant. Participant in the Russian-Turkish war of 1828-29. He distinguished himself during the capture of Anapa, then Varna, commanding the transport "Rival". After this, he was promoted to lieutenant commander and appointed captain of the brig Mercury. On May 14, 1829, the 18-gun brig Mercury was overtaken by two Turkish battleships Selimiye and Real Bey. Having accepted an unequal battle, the brig was able to immobilize both Turkish flagships, one of which contained the commander of the Ottoman fleet. Subsequently, an officer from the Real Bay wrote: “During the continuation of the battle, the commander of the Russian frigate (the notorious Raphael, which surrendered without a fight a few days earlier) told me that the captain of this brig would not surrender, and if he lost hope, then he would blow up the brig If in the great deeds of ancient and modern times there are feats of courage, then this act should overshadow all of them, and the name of this hero is worthy of being inscribed in gold letters on the Temple of Glory: he is called captain-lieutenant Kazarsky, and the brig is “Mercury”

Saltykov Pyotr Semyonovich

The largest successes of the Russian army in the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763 are associated with his name. Winner in the battles of Palzig,
The battle of Kunersdorf defeated Prussian king Frederick II the Great, during his reign Berlin was captured by the troops of Totleben and Chernyshev.

Govorov Leonid Alexandrovich

Ridiger Fedor Vasilievich

Adjutant General, Cavalry General, Adjutant General... He had three Golden sabers with the inscription: “For bravery”... In 1849, Ridiger took part in a campaign in Hungary to suppress the unrest that arose there, being appointed head of the right column. On May 9, Russian troops entered the Austrian Empire. He pursued the rebel army until August 1, forcing them to lay down their arms in front of Russian troops near Vilyagosh. On August 5, the troops entrusted to him occupied the Arad fortress. During the trip of Field Marshal Ivan Fedorovich Paskevich to Warsaw, Count Ridiger commanded the troops located in Hungary and Transylvania... On February 21, 1854, during the absence of Field Marshal Prince Paskevich in the Kingdom of Poland, Count Ridiger commanded all troops located in the area of ​​​​the active army - as a commander separate corps and at the same time served as head of the Kingdom of Poland. After the return of Field Marshal Prince Paskevich to Warsaw, from August 3, 1854, he served as Warsaw military governor.

Yudenich Nikolai Nikolaevich

The best Russian commander during the First World War. An ardent patriot of his Motherland.

During his short military career, he knew practically no failures, both in battles with the troops of I. Boltnikov, and with the Polish-Liovian and “Tushino” troops. The ability to build a combat-ready army practically from scratch, train, use Swedish mercenaries in place and during the period, select successful Russian command cadres for the liberation and defense of the vast territory of the Russian northwestern region and liberation central Russia, persistent and systematic offensive, skillful tactics in the fight against the magnificent Polish-Lithuanian cavalry, undoubted personal courage - these are the qualities that, despite the little-known nature of his deeds, give him the right to be called the Great Commander of Russia.

Barclay de Tolly Mikhail Bogdanovich

It's simple - It was he, as a commander, who made the greatest contribution to the defeat of Napoleon. He saved the army under the most difficult conditions, despite misunderstandings and grave accusations of treason. It was to him that our great poet Pushkin, practically a contemporary of those events, dedicated the poem “Commander”.
Pushkin, recognizing Kutuzov's merits, did not oppose him to Barclay. In place of the common alternative “Barclay or Kutuzov,” with the traditional resolution in favor of Kutuzov, Pushkin came to a new position: both Barclay and Kutuzov are both worthy grateful memory descendants, but Kutuzov is revered by everyone, but Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly is undeservedly forgotten.
Pushkin mentioned Barclay de Tolly even earlier, in one of the chapters of “Eugene Onegin” -

Thunderstorm of the twelfth year
It has arrived - who helped us here?
The frenzy of the people
Barclay, winter or Russian god?...

Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich

The greatest Commander and Diplomat!!! Who utterly defeated the troops of the “first European Union”!!!

Denikin Anton Ivanovich

Russian military leader, political and public figure, writer, memoirist, publicist and war documentarian.
Participant in the Russo-Japanese War. One of the most effective generals of the Russian Imperial Army during the First World War. Commander of the 4th Infantry "Iron" Brigade (1914-1916, since 1915 - deployed under his command to the division), 8th army corps(1916-1917). Lieutenant General of the General Staff (1916), commander of the Western and Southwestern Fronts (1917). An active participant in the military congresses of 1917, an opponent of the democratization of the army. He expressed support for the Kornilov speech, for which he was arrested by the Provisional Government, a participant in the Berdichev and Bykhov sittings of generals (1917).
One of the main leaders White movement during the Civil War, its leader in the South of Russia (1918-1920). He achieved the greatest military and political results among all the leaders of the White movement. Pioneer, one of the main organizers, and then commander of the Volunteer Army (1918-1919). Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia (1919-1920), Deputy Supreme Ruler and Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army Admiral Kolchak (1919-1920).
Since April 1920 - an emigrant, one of the main political figures of the Russian emigration. Author of the memoirs “Essays on the Russian Time of Troubles” (1921-1926) - a fundamental historical and biographical work about the Civil War in Russia, the memoirs “The Old Army” (1929-1931), the autobiographical story “The Path of the Russian Officer” (published in 1953) and a number of other works.

There are no outstanding military figures on the project from the period from the Time of Troubles to northern war, although there were such. An example of this is G.G. Romodanovsky.
He came from a family of Starodub princes.
Participant of the sovereign's campaign against Smolensk in 1654. In September 1655, together with the Ukrainian Cossacks, he defeated the Poles near Gorodok (near Lvov), and in November of the same year he fought in the battle of Ozernaya. In 1656 he received the rank of okolnichy and headed the Belgorod rank. In 1658 and 1659 participated in hostilities against Hetman Vyhovsky, who betrayed him, and Crimean Tatars, besieged Varva and fought near Konotop (Romodanovsky’s troops withstood tough fight at the river crossing doll). In 1664, he played a decisive role in repelling the invasion of 70 thousand army Polish king on Left Bank Ukraine, inflicted a number of sensitive blows on it. In 1665 he was made a boyar. In 1670 he acted against the Razins - he defeated the detachment of the chieftain's brother, Frol. The crowning achievement of Romodanovsky’s military activity was the war with Ottoman Empire. In 1677 and 1678 troops under his leadership inflicted heavy defeats on the Ottomans. An interesting point: both main figures in the Battle of Vienna in 1683 were defeated by G.G. Romodanovsky: Sobieski with his king in 1664 and Kara Mustafa in 1678
The prince died on May 15, 1682 during the Streltsy uprising in Moscow.

Spiridov Grigory Andreevich

He became a sailor under Peter I, participated as an officer in the Russian-Turkish War (1735-1739), and ended the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) as a rear admiral. His naval and diplomatic talent reached its peak during the Russian-Turkish War of 1768-1774. In 1769 he led the first passage of the Russian fleet from the Baltic to the Mediterranean Sea. Despite the difficulties of the transition (the admiral's son was among those who died from illness - his grave was recently found on the island of Menorca), he quickly established control over the Greek archipelago. The Battle of Chesme in June 1770 remained unsurpassed in terms of loss ratio: 11 Russians - 11 thousand Turks! On the island of Paros, the naval base of Auza was equipped with coastal batteries and its own Admiralty.
The Russian fleet left Mediterranean Sea after the conclusion of the Kuchuk-Kainardji Peace in July 1774, the Greek islands and lands of the Levant, including Beirut, were returned to Turkey in exchange for territories in the Black Sea region. However, the activities of the Russian fleet in the Archipelago were not in vain and played a significant role in world naval history. Russia, having made a strategic maneuver with its fleet from one theater to another and achieved a number of high-profile victories over the enemy, for the first time made people talk about itself as a strong maritime power and an important player in European politics.

Rurikovich Svyatoslav Igorevich

He defeated the Khazar Khaganate, expanded the borders of Russian lands, and successfully fought with the Byzantine Empire.

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

The largest figure in world history, whose life and government activities left a deep imprint not only on the fate of the Soviet people, but also on all humanity, will be the subject of careful study by historians for many more centuries. The historical and biographical feature of this personality is that she will never be consigned to oblivion.
During Stalin's tenure Supreme Commander-in-Chief and Chairman of the State Defense Committee, our country is marked by victory in the Great Patriotic War, massive labor and front-line heroism, the transformation of the USSR into a superpower with significant scientific, military and industrial potential, and the strengthening of our country’s geopolitical influence in the world.
Ten Stalin's blows- the general name for a number of the largest offensive strategic operations in the Great Patriotic War, carried out in 1944 by the armed forces of the USSR. Along with other offensive operations, they made a decisive contribution to the victory of the countries of the Anti-Hitler Coalition over Nazi Germany and its allies in World War II.

Ivan III Vasilievich

He united the Russian lands around Moscow and threw off the hated Tatar-Mongol yoke.

Wrangel Pyotr Nikolaevich

Participant in the Russo-Japanese and First World Wars, one of the main leaders (1918−1920) of the White movement during the Civil War. Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army in Crimea and Poland (1920). General Staff Lieutenant General (1918). Knight of St. George.

Zhukov Georgy Konstantinovich

He made the greatest contribution as a strategist to the victory in the Great Patriotic War (aka World War II).

Ushakov Fedor Fedorovich

During the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1791, F. F. Ushakov made a serious contribution to the development of sailing fleet tactics. Relying on the entire set of principles for training naval forces and military art, incorporating all the accumulated tactical experience, F. F. Ushakov acted creatively, based on the specific situation and common sense. His actions were distinguished by decisiveness and extraordinary courage. Without hesitation, he reorganized the fleet into battle formation even when approaching the enemy directly, minimizing the time of tactical deployment. Despite the established tactical rule of placing the commander in the middle of the battle formation, Ushakov, implementing the principle of concentration of forces, boldly placed his ship in the forefront and occupied the most dangerous situations, encouraging his commanders with his own courage. He was distinguished by a quick assessment of the situation, an accurate calculation of all success factors and a decisive attack aimed at achieving complete victory over the enemy. In this regard, Admiral F. F. Ushakov can rightfully be considered the founder of the Russian tactical school in naval art.

Katukov Mikhail Efimovich

Perhaps the only bright spot in the background Soviet commanders armored forces. A tank driver who went through the entire war, starting from the border. A commander whose tanks always showed their superiority to the enemy. His tank brigades were the only ones(!) in the first period of the war that were not defeated by the Germans and even caused them significant damage.
His first guards tank army remained combat-ready, although it defended itself from the very first days of the fighting on the southern front of the Kursk Bulge, while exactly the same 5th Guards Tank Army of Rotmistrov was practically destroyed on the very first day it entered the battle (June 12)
This is one of the few of our commanders who took care of his troops and fought not with numbers, but with skill.

Peter the First

Because he not only conquered the lands of his fathers, but also established the status of Russia as a power!

Shein Mikhail Borisovich

He headed the Smolensk defense against Polish-Lithuanian troops, which lasted 20 months. Under the command of Shein, multiple attacks were repelled, despite the explosion and a hole in the wall. He held back and bled the main forces of the Poles at the decisive moment of the Time of Troubles, preventing them from moving to Moscow to support their garrison, creating the opportunity to gather an all-Russian militia to liberate the capital. Only with the help of a defector, the troops of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth managed to take Smolensk on June 3, 1611. The wounded Shein was captured and taken with his family to Poland for 8 years. After returning to Russia, he commanded the army that tried to recapture Smolensk in 1632-1634. Executed due to boyar slander. Undeservedly forgotten.

Vorotynsky Mikhail Ivanovich

“The drafter of the watchdog charter and border service" - this is, of course, good. For some reason, we have forgotten the Battle of YOUTH from July 29 to August 2, 1572. But it was precisely with this victory that Moscow’s right to many things was recognized. They recaptured a lot of things for the Ottomans, the thousands of destroyed Janissaries sobered them up, and unfortunately they also helped Europe. The Battle of YOUTH is very difficult to overestimate

Minich Burchard-Christopher

One of the best Russian commanders and military engineers. The first commander to enter Crimea. Winner at Stavuchany.

Chernyakhovsky Ivan Danilovich

To a person to whom this name means nothing, there is no need to explain and it is useless. To the one to whom it says something, everything is clear.
Twice hero of the Soviet Union. Commander of the 3rd Belarusian Front. The youngest front commander. Counts,. that he was an army general - but just before his death (February 18, 1945) he received the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union.
Liberated three of the six capitals of the Union Republics captured by the Nazis: Kyiv, Minsk. Vilnius. Decided the fate of Kenicksberg.
One of the few who drove back the Germans on June 23, 1941.
He held the front in Valdai. Largely determined the fate of the reflection German offensive to Leningrad. Voronezh held. Liberated Kursk.
He successfully advanced until the summer of 1943, forming with his army the top of the Kursk Bulge. Liberated the Left Bank of Ukraine. I took Kyiv. He repulsed Manstein's counterattack. Liberated Western Ukraine.
Carried out Operation Bagration. Surrounded and captured thanks to his offensive in the summer of 1944, the Germans then humiliatedly walked through the streets of Moscow. Belarus. Lithuania. Neman. East Prussia.

Shein Mikhail

Hero of the Smolensk Defense of 1609-11.
He led the Smolensk fortress under siege for almost 2 years, it was one of the longest siege campaigns in Russian history, which predetermined the defeat of the Poles during the Time of Troubles

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

Victory in the Great Patriotic War, saving the entire planet from absolute evil, and our country from extinction.
From the first hours of the war, Stalin controlled the country, front and rear. On land, at sea and in the air.
His merit is not one or even ten battles or campaigns, his merit is Victory, made up of hundreds of battles of the Great Patriotic War: the battle of Moscow, battles in the North Caucasus, the Battle of Stalingrad, the battle of Kursk, the battle of Leningrad and many others before the capture Berlin, success in which was achieved thanks to the monotonous inhuman work of the genius of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief.

Rurikovich Svyatoslav Igorevich

Great commander of the Old Russian period. The first known to us Kyiv prince, having a Slavic name. The last pagan ruler of the Old Russian state. He glorified Rus' as a great military power in the campaigns of 965-971. Karamzin called him “Alexander (Macedonian) of our ancient history" The prince freed the Slavic tribes from vassal dependence on the Khazars, defeating the Khazar Khaganate in 965. According to the Tale of Bygone Years, in 970, during the Russian-Byzantine War, Svyatoslav managed to win the battle of Arcadiopolis, having 10,000 soldiers under his command, against 100,000 Greeks. But at the same time, Svyatoslav led the life of a simple warrior: “On campaigns he did not carry carts or cauldrons with him, did not cook meat, but, thinly slicing horse meat, or animal meat, or beef and roasting it on coals, he ate it like that; he did not have a tent , but slept, spreading a sweatshirt with a saddle in their heads - the same were all the rest of his warriors. And he sent envoys to other lands [envoys, as a rule, before declaring war] with the words: “I’m coming to you!” (According to PVL)

Momyshuly Bauyrzhan

Fidel Castro called him a hero of World War II.
He brilliantly put into practice the tactics of fighting with small forces against an enemy many times superior in strength, developed by Major General I.V. Panfilov, which later received the name “Momyshuly’s spiral.”

Pozharsky Dmitry Mikhailovich

In 1612, during the most difficult time for Russia, he led the Russian militia and liberated the capital from the hands of the conquerors.
Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky (November 1, 1578 - April 30, 1642) - Russian national hero, military and political figure, head of the Second People's Militia, which liberated Moscow from the Polish-Lithuanian occupiers. His name and the name of Kuzma Minin are closely associated with the country’s exit from the Time of Troubles, which is currently celebrated in Russia on November 4th.
After the election of Mikhail Fedorovich to the Russian throne, D. M. Pozharsky plays a leading role at the royal court as a talented military leader and statesman. Despite the victory of the people's militia and the election of the Tsar, the war in Russia still continued. In 1615-1616. Pozharsky, on the instructions of the tsar, was sent at the head of a large army to fight the detachments of the Polish colonel Lisovsky, who besieged the city of Bryansk and took Karachev. After the fight with Lisovsky, the tsar instructs Pozharsky in the spring of 1616 to collect the fifth money from merchants into the treasury, since the wars did not stop and the treasury was depleted. In 1617, the tsar instructed Pozharsky to conduct diplomatic negotiations with the English ambassador John Merik, appointing Pozharsky as governor of Kolomensky. In the same year, the Polish prince Vladislav came to the Moscow state. Residents of Kaluga and its neighboring cities turned to the tsar with a request to send them D. M. Pozharsky to protect them from the Poles. The Tsar fulfilled the request of the Kaluga residents and gave an order to Pozharsky on October 18, 1617 to protect Kaluga and surrounding cities by all available measures. Prince Pozharsky fulfilled the tsar's order with honor. Having successfully defended Kaluga, Pozharsky received an order from the tsar to go to the aid of Mozhaisk, namely to the city of Borovsk, and began to harass the troops of Prince Vladislav with flying detachments, causing them significant damage. However, at the same time, Pozharsky became very ill and, at the behest of the tsar, returned to Moscow. Pozharsky, having barely recovered from his illness, took an active part in defending the capital from Vladislav’s troops, for which Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich awarded him new fiefs and estates.

Chuikov Vasily Ivanovich

Commander of the 62nd Army in Stalingrad.

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Grand Duke of Novgorod, from 945 of Kiev. Son of Grand Duke Igor Rurikovich and Princess Olga. Svyatoslav became famous as a great commander, whom N.M. Karamzin called “Alexander (Macedonian) of our ancient history.”

After the military campaigns of Svyatoslav Igorevich (965-972), the territory of the Russian land increased from the Volga region to the Caspian Sea, from North Caucasus to the Black Sea region, from the Balkan Mountains to Byzantium. Defeated Khazaria and Volga Bulgaria, weakened and frightened the Byzantine Empire, opened routes for trade between Rus' and eastern countries

Loris-Melikov Mikhail Tarielovich

Known mainly as one of the minor characters in the story “Hadji Murad” by L.N. Tolstoy, Mikhail Tarielovich Loris-Melikov went through all the Caucasian and Turkish campaigns of the second half of the mid-19th century.

Having shown himself excellently during the Caucasian War, during the Kars campaign of the Crimean War, Loris-Melikov led reconnaissance, and then successfully served as commander-in-chief during the difficult Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, winning a number of most important victories over the united Turkish troops and for the third time captured Kars, which by that time was considered impregnable.

Bagration, Denis Davydov...

The War of 1812, the glorious names of Bagration, Barclay, Davydov, Platov. A model of honor and courage.

Brusilov Alexey Alekseevich

First world war commander of the 8th Army in the Battle of Galicia. On August 15-16, 1914, during the Rohatyn battles, he defeated the 2nd Austro-Hungarian Army, capturing 20 thousand people. and 70 guns. On August 20, Galich was captured. The 8th Army takes an active part in the battles at Rava-Russkaya and in the Battle of Gorodok. In September he commanded a group of troops from the 8th and 3rd armies. September 28 - October 11 his army withstood a counterattack by the 2nd and 3rd Austro-Hungarian armies in battles on the San River and near the city of Stryi. During the successfully completed battles, 15 thousand enemy soldiers were captured, and at the end of October his army entered the foothills of the Carpathians.

Olsufiev Zakhar Dmitrievich

One of the most famous military leaders of Bagration's 2nd Western Army. Always fought with exemplary courage. He was awarded the Order of St. George, 3rd degree, for his heroic participation in the Battle of Borodino. He distinguished himself in the battle on the Chernishna (or Tarutinsky) River. His reward for his participation in defeating the vanguard of Napoleon's army was the Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd degree. He was called "a general with talents." When Olsufiev was captured and taken to Napoleon, he said to his entourage the words famous in history: “Only Russians know how to fight like that!”

Skopin-Shuisky Mikhail Vasilievich

In the conditions of the disintegration of the Russian state during the Time of Troubles, with minimal material and personnel resources, he created an army that defeated the Polish-Lithuanian interventionists and liberated most of the Russian state.

Golenishchev-Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich

(1745-1813).
1. A GREAT Russian commander, he was an example for his soldiers. Appreciated every soldier. “M.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov is not only the liberator of the Fatherland, he is the only one who outplayed the hitherto invincible French emperor, turning “ great army"into the crowd of ragamuffins, saving, thanks to his military genius, the lives of many Russian soldiers."
2. Mikhail Illarionovich, being a highly educated man who knew several foreign languages, dexterous, sophisticated, who knew how to animate society with the gift of words and an entertaining story, also served Russia as an excellent diplomat - ambassador to Turkey.
3. M.I. Kutuzov - the first who became a complete gentleman highest military order of St. St. George the Victorious four degrees.
The life of Mikhail Illarionovich is an example of service to the fatherland, attitude towards soldiers, spiritual strength for Russian military leaders of our time and, of course, for the younger generation - future military men.

Grachev Pavel Sergeevich

Hero of the Soviet Union. May 5, 1988 “for completing combat missions with minimal casualties and for the professional command of a controlled formation and the successful actions of the 103rd Airborne Division, in particular, in occupying the strategically important Satukandav pass (Khost province) during the military operation “Magistral” "Received the Gold Star medal No. 11573. Commander of the USSR Airborne Forces. In total, during his military service he made 647 parachute jumps, some of them while testing new equipment.
He was shell-shocked 8 times and received several wounds. Suppressed the armed coup in Moscow and thereby saved the system of democracy. As Minister of Defense he undertook great effort to preserve the remnants of the army - such a task has fallen to few people in the history of Russia. Only because of the collapse of the army and the reduction in the number of military equipment in the Armed Forces was he unable to victoriously end the Chechen War.

Muravyov-Karssky Nikolai Nikolaevich

One of the most successful commanders of the mid-19th century in the Turkish direction.

Hero of the first capture of Kars (1828), leader of the second capture of Kars (the largest success of the Crimean War, 1855, which made it possible to end the war without territorial losses for Russia).

Grand Duke of Russia Mikhail Nikolaevich

Feldzeichmeister-General (commander-in-chief of the artillery of the Russian Army), youngest son of Emperor Nicholas I, Viceroy in the Caucasus since 1864. Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army in the Caucasus in the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878. Under his command the fortresses of Kars, Ardahan, and Bayazet were taken.

His Serene Highness Prince Wittgenstein Peter Christianovich

For the defeat French units Oudinot and MacDonald at Klyastitsy, thereby closing the road for the French army to St. Petersburg in 1812. Then in October 1812 he defeated the corps of Saint-Cyr at Polotsk. He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian-Prussian armies in April-May 1813.

Kotlyarevsky Petr Stepanovich

General Kotlyarevsky, son of a priest in the village of Olkhovatki, Kharkov province. He worked his way up from a private to a general in the tsarist army. He can be called the great-grandfather of Russian special forces. He carried out truly unique operations... His name is worthy of being included in the list greatest commanders Russia

Dragomirov Mikhail Ivanovich

Brilliant crossing of the Danube in 1877
- Creation of a tactics textbook
- Creation of an original concept of military education
- Leadership of the NASH in 1878-1889
- Enormous influence in military matters for a full 25 years

Brusilov Alexey Alekseevich

One of the best Russian generals of the First World War. In June 1916, troops of the Southwestern Front under the command of Adjutant General A.A. Brusilov, simultaneously striking in several directions, broke through the enemy’s deeply layered defenses and advanced 65 km. In military history, this operation was called the Brusilov breakthrough.

Skobelev Mikhail Dmitrievich

A man of great courage, an excellent tactician and organizer. M.D. Skobelev had strategic thinking, saw the situation both in real time and in the future

Duke of Württemberg Eugene

General of the Infantry, cousin of the Emperors Alexander I and Nicholas I. In service in the Russian Army since 1797 (enlisted as a colonel in the Life Guards Horse Regiment by Decree of Emperor Paul I). Participated in military campaigns against Napoleon in 1806-1807. For participation in the battle of Pułtusk in 1806 he was awarded the Order of St. George the Victorious, 4th degree, for the campaign of 1807 he received golden weapon“For bravery”, distinguished himself in the campaign of 1812 (personally led the 4th Jaeger Regiment into battle in the Battle of Smolensk), for participation in the Battle of Borodino he was awarded the Order of St. George the Victorious, 3rd degree. Since November 1812, commander of the 2nd Infantry Corps in Kutuzov's army. He took an active part in the foreign campaigns of the Russian army in 1813-1814; units under his command particularly distinguished themselves in the Battle of Kulm in August 1813, and in the “Battle of the Nations” at Leipzig. For courage at Leipzig, Duke Eugene was awarded the Order of St. George, 2nd degree. Parts of his corps were the first to enter defeated Paris on April 30, 1814, for which Eugene of Württemberg received the rank of infantry general. From 1818 to 1821 was the commander of the 1st Army Infantry Corps. Contemporaries considered Prince Eugene of Württemberg one of the best Russian infantry commanders during the Napoleonic Wars. On December 21, 1825, Nicholas I was appointed chief of the Tauride Grenadier Regiment, which became known as the “Grenadier Regiment of His Royal Highness Prince Eugene of Württemberg.” On August 22, 1826 he was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called. Participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1827-1828. as commander of the 7th Infantry Corps. On October 3, he defeated a large Turkish detachment on the Kamchik River.

Karyagin Pavel Mikhailovich

Colonel Karyagin's campaign against the Persians in 1805 does not resemble real military history. It looks like a prequel to "300 Spartans" (20,000 Persians, 500 Russians, gorges, bayonet attacks, "This is madness! - No, this is the 17th Jaeger Regiment!"). A golden, platinum page of Russian history, combining the carnage of madness with the highest tactical skill, amazing cunning and stunning Russian arrogance

Dovator Lev Mikhailovich

Soviet military leader, major general, Hero of the Soviet Union. Known for successful operations to destroy German troops during the Great Patriotic War. The German command placed a large reward on Dovator's head.
Together with the 8th Guards Division named after Major General I.V. Panfilov, the 1st Guards Tank Brigade of General M.E. Katukov and other troops of the 16th Army, his corps defended the approaches to Moscow in the Volokolamsk direction.

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

“I studied I.V. Stalin thoroughly as a military leader, since I went through the entire war with him. I.V. Stalin knew the issues of organizing front-line operations and operations of groups of fronts and led them with full knowledge of the matter, having a good understanding of large strategic questions...
In leading the armed struggle as a whole, J.V. Stalin was helped by his natural intelligence and rich intuition. He knew how to find the main link in a strategic situation and, seizing on it, counter the enemy, carry out one or another major offensive operation. Undoubtedly, he was a worthy Supreme Commander."

(Zhukov G.K. Memories and reflections.)

Shein Mikhail Borisovich

Voivode Shein is a hero and leader of the unprecedented defense of Smolensk in 1609-16011. This fortress decided a lot in the fate of Russia!

Romodanovsky Grigory Grigorievich

An outstanding military figure of the 17th century, prince and governor. In 1655, he won his first victory over the Polish hetman S. Potocki near Gorodok in Galicia. Later, as commander of the army of the Belgorod category (military administrative district), he played a major role in organizing the defense of the southern border of Russia. In 1662, he won the greatest victory in the Russian-Polish war for Ukraine in the battle of Kanev, defeating the traitor hetman Yu. Khmelnytsky and the Poles who helped him. In 1664, near Voronezh, he forced the famous Polish commander Stefan Czarnecki to flee, forcing the army of King John Casimir to retreat. Repeatedly beat the Crimean Tatars. In 1677 he defeated the 100,000-strong Turkish army of Ibrahim Pasha near Buzhin, and in 1678 he defeated the Turkish corps of Kaplan Pasha near Chigirin. Thanks to his military talents, Ukraine did not become another Ottoman province and the Turks did not take Kyiv.

Karyagin Pavel Mikhailovich

Colonel, chief of the 17th Jaeger Regiment. He showed himself most clearly in the Persian Company of 1805; when, with a detachment of 500 people, surrounded by a 20,000-strong Persian army, he resisted it for three weeks, not only repelling the attacks of the Persians with honor, but taking fortresses himself, and finally, with a detachment of 100 people, he made his way to Tsitsianov, who was coming to his aid.

Sheremetev Boris Petrovich

Kondratenko Roman Isidorovich

A warrior of honor without fear or reproach, the soul of the defense of Port Arthur.

Kappel Vladimir Oskarovich

Perhaps he is the most talented commander of the entire Civil War, even if compared with the commanders of all its sides. A man of powerful military talent, morale and Christian noble qualities - a true White Knight. Kappel's talent and personal qualities were noticed and respected even by his opponents. Author of many military operations and exploits - including the capture of Kazan, the Great Siberian Ice Campaign, etc. Many of his calculations, not assessed on time and missed through no fault of his own, later turned out to be the most correct, as the course of the Civil War showed.

Fedor Ivanovich Tolbukhin

Major General F.I. Tolbukhin distinguished himself during the Battle of Stalingrad, commanding the 57th Army. The second “Stalingrad” for the Germans was the Iasi-Kishinev operation, in which he commanded the 2nd Ukrainian Front.
One of the galaxy of commanders who were raised and promoted by I.V. Stalin.
The great merit of Marshal of the Soviet Union Tolbukhin was in the liberation of the countries of South-Eastern Europe.

Boris Mikhailovich Shaposhnikov

Marshal of the Soviet Union, outstanding Soviet military figure, military theorist.
B. M. Shaposhnikov made a significant contribution to the theory and practice of building the Armed Forces of the USSR, to their strengthening and improvement, and to the training of military personnel.
He was a consistent advocate of strict discipline, but an enemy of shouting. Rudeness in general was organically alien to him. A true military intellectual, b. colonel of the tsarist army.

6.05.1800 (19.05). – The commander, Generalissimo Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov died

“We are Russians, what a delight!”

Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov (11/13/1730–05/6/1800), outstanding commander, generalissimo (1799), Count of Rymnik (1789), Prince of Italy (1799).

Born into an old noble family of a former orderly, then a general. Already in childhood, he decided that he would serve the Fatherland in military service: under the guidance of his father, he studied artillery, fortification, military history and foreign languages, and tempered his body, which was weak from birth, with physical exercises. In 1742, he was enrolled as a soldier in the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment, in which in 1748 he began serving as a corporal (although noble children usually began it in the officer rank) and learned well the real life of a soldier. Then he served in junior positions and only in 1754 was promoted to officer.

Lieutenant Colonel Suvorov began his combat activities in the years, participated in the Battle of Zorndorf (1758), in the capture of Berlin (1760) as part of Totleben’s detachment, in 1761 he commanded a separate detachment and inflicted a number of defeats on the Prussian army.

In 1769-1772 Major General Suvorov's brigade (since 1770) successfully acted against detachments of Polish Confederates, inflicting a number of defeats on them. Having entered the territory of Poland, Suvorov saw his task as helping to end the rebellion against the legitimate king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. He strictly enforced the army's respect for local residents. For these successes, Suvorov received his first Order of St. George, and not the 4th degree, as was required by statute, but immediately the 3rd.

During the Russian-Turkish War (1768-1774), after repeated personal requests, Suvorov was sent to the 1st Army only in 1773 and made a decisive contribution to the Russian victory. In May-June 1773, Suvorov's detachment crossed the Danube twice and defeated the Turks at Turtukai, contrary to the commander's ban. Rumyantsev wanted to punish the young general for his waywardness, but she wrote to him: “The winners are not judged” - and awarded Suvorov the Order of St. George 2nd degree. In June 1774, Suvorov defeated the 40,000-strong Turkish corps at Kozludzha. July 10 consolidated the successes of the Russian army in the war. On this occasion, Alexander Vasilyevich was awarded a golden sword decorated with diamonds.

In August 1774, Suvorov was sent with troops to suppress the war, although he arrived at the end of it. In 1774–1786 commanded divisions and corps in various regions of Russia; supervised the construction of the Kuban fortified line and the strengthening of the defense of Crimea.

I read the links provided as carefully as possible. But it didn’t become any clearer.
The “Soviet” method of determining the date is quite logical and reasonable - plus/minus X days, where X is the difference between calendars at the time of a given event. Well, the communists changed the date of the Battle of Kulikovo - that’s on their conscience. But why do we need to translate back from Gregorian if we already know this date?
Both calendars are self-sufficient and do not need to be linked to each other. A.V. Suvorov died, and the dates are indicated in two chronicles: in Russian - “May 6, 1800”, and in some Western European it was written: “May 17, 1800”. All. There are notches in the calendars. Nothing else can be changed. A thousand years will pass since then (God willing) and these dates will not change in any calendar. And if they change, then this will be the third calendar. Therefore: “06.05.(17.05.)”
P.S. I apologize for the “GREGOrian” in previous messages. I'm ashamed.

Dear Sergey Petrovich! The introduction to the calendar states that the date in brackets does not mean what day it was. Gregorian calendar at the time of the event, and then - “what day does this day in the Orthodox Julian calendar correspond to according to the new style in the current year 2009.” I don't understand what's wrong with this. If we celebrate dates this year according to your (Soviet) method, then all historical dates, including people’s birthdays, should not be celebrated on the days of their saints (by which they received names), and the memory of the saints itself should also be changed every century, shifting to new days . This is nonsense. What do we care about the secular new style? The basis for the veneration of saints among the Orthodox is the church calendar, i.e. old style. Once again I ask you to think about this (over the example given on the birthday of Sovereign Nicholas II).

Well, at least kill me, I don’t understand! Alexander Vasilievich died on May 6. in 1800. Let them convert this date to Gregorian according to the “Soviet” method. Well then, you need to translate back to Julian using the same method: +X days difference at the time of this event. On the contrary, the “Soviet” method (not mine) ensures the consistency of dates. According to your approach, it is necessary to change the date by 1 day every century. Those. today Suvorov died on 06.05. (19.05.), and in 100 years (God bless you with health) you will be writing on 06.05. (20.05.).
P.S. In the end, I would like you to hear me, or for me to understand you. Otherwise we end up with some kind of conversation between a deaf person and a dumb person.

Years have passed...
Something in this matter began to become clearer. The position of the MVN became clear. All it took was more than 3 years.
If only all your numerous opponents, Mikhail Viktorovich, would not climb into the bottle, but humbly wait until their minds become more intelligent.))) How many fewer stupid problems you have would become.

!All dates are given according to the old style!

Prince Alexander Vasilyevich of Italy, Count Suvorov-Rymniksky, son of General Anshef, Senator and Knight of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, Vasily Ivanovich Suvorov, was born in Moscow on November 13, 1729. His father, an enlightened and wealthy man, prepared his son for civil service; but Suvorov, from a very young age, preferred the military: he studied with success the Russian language, French, German, Italian, History and Philosophy, and greedily read Cornelius Nepos, Plutarch, a description of the campaigns of Tyuren and Montecuculi; spoke with admiration about Caesar and Charles XII, forced his father to change his intentions. He was enrolled as a soldier in the Life Guards in the Semenovsky Regiment (1742), while continuing to study in the Land Cadet Corps. Meanwhile, his protective parent taught him engineering; every day I read Vauban with him, which Vasily Ivanovich translated in 1724 from French into Russian on the orders of his godfather, Peter the Great; forced to compare the translation with the original.

Gifted by nature with an extraordinary memory, young Suvorov knew Vauban almost by heart. Even at a young age, Suvorov strictly observed military discipline. One day, standing guard with a gun in Mont Plaisir, he saluted Empress Elisaveta Petrovna. She asked: what is his name? and gave him a cross; but Suvorov dared to say: “Most gracious Empress! The law prohibits a soldier from accepting money on his watch." - “Ay, well done!- said the Empress, patting him on the cheek and letting him kiss Her hand - “You know the service. I’ll put the coin here on the ground: take it when you change.”- Suvorov considered this day the happiest in his life, he kept Elisabeth’s gift as a shrine, and kissed it every day. Suvorov slowly rose: his contemporary commanders: Rumyantsev was a Colonel in his nineteenth year of birth; Potemkin Second Lieutenant of the Guard and Chamber-Junker of the Highest Court with the rank of Brigadier, twenty-sixth of his age; Repnin was promoted to Colonel in the same years.

Suvorov served as Corporal (1747); Non-commissioned officer (1749); Sergeant (1751) and only in 1754 released into the army as Lieutenant; promoted two years later to Chief Provision Master (1756); then to the Auditor-Lieutenant General and had the rank of Premier Major in 1759, when our victorious troops entered Prussia for the third time. Its first leader in the military field was the famous Fermor, famous for the Zorndorf victory, who fought in 1759 under the leadership of Count Saltykov. Suvorov participated in the defeat of Frederick the Great at Frankfurt and said when the Commander-in-Chief led the army back across the Oder: I would go straight to Berlin.

Six years passed after the end of hostilities in Prussia and Suvorov, with the rank of Brigadier (1768), was sent, in mid-November, with the greatest haste to the Polish borders. Despite the barely frozen rivers and swamps, he walked a thousand miles (238 miles) with the brigade entrusted to him in a month; in the winter he continued to teach soldiers to shoot at a target and use bayonets; made night marches with them, made false alarms. The following year (1769), Suvorov moved to Orsha, then to Minsk, commanding the vanguard of the corps of Lieutenant General Numers, who was soon replaced by General Weymarn. Then the Confederate war continued in Poland. Suvorov received orders to go to Warsaw with the Suzdal regiment and two dragoon squadrons; He divided his troops into two columns and in twelve days crossed six hundred miles and appeared near Prague. He, without shedding blood, separated two Uhlan regiments, Peliaki and Korsinsky, from the Confederates; defeated Kotelupovsky near Warsaw; in Lithuania, both Pulawskis, scattering their troops, which consisted of six thousand people; awarded the rank of Major General (1770). In April (1770), Suvorov, having crossed the Vistula with two companies, three squadrons and two cannons, went at night to Klementov: he met with Moshinsky, who positioned a thousand cavalry men near the forest battle formation with six guns and, despite the incessant firing, overthrew the enemy ranks with bayonets, pursued the Poles, captured their guns; defeated Moshinsky a second time, at Opatov, who received reinforcements; captured up to two hundred people; awarded (in St.) the Order of St. Anne. Then Suvorov was ill for about three months, receiving a strong blow to the chest on a pontoon while crossing the Vistula.

New victories crowned him in 1771. He set out, in March, from Lublin with four companies of infantry, several cannons and five squadrons; crossed the Vistula at Sendomierz; defeated separate parties of Confederates, attacked Landskrona, captured the city, despite strong resistance, but could not take the castle. In this case, Suvorov's hat and uniform were riddled with bullets. Following this, he unexpectedly entered the city of Casimir and captured the best Polish squadron of Marshal Toad; scattered the Confederates, who had been besieging three companies of his regiment at Krasnik for several days; swam across the Dunajec River; occupied Krakow; captured a redoubt at a distance of one mile from this city, in which there were two cannons and a hundred people; defeated and put to flight a four-thousandth detachment of Confederates; pursued them to the borders of Schlesia; laid down five hundred people on the spot; took two hundred prisoners; fought with Puławski at Zamość: he overthrew his infantry with his cavalry; scattered the detachment of Colonel Novitsky near Krasnostav; awarded the Military Order of St. George, third class (Aug. 19).

Around this time, the Empress appointed Lieutenant General Alexander Ilyich Bibikov, who had previously commanded a regiment at the Battle of Zorndorf (1758), as the Commander-in-Chief of the troops located in Poland, instead of Weimarn; wounded at Frankfurt (1759); who won a complete victory at the city of Treptau over the Prussian General Werner (1760); glorious, subsequently, with the defeat of Pugachev’s hordes.

The Confederates were then ruled by the famous Kosakovsky, who excited minds with his fiery proclamations, was called a Lithuanian Citizen and spontaneously promoted to Marshal; dressed the troops he formed in black uniforms; outraged all the regular Polish regiments; had among his comrades the great Hetman of Lithuania, Count Oginsky. Suvorov himself decided to prevent their union and with nine hundred soldiers attacked, on September 12, at Stolovichi, the five thousandth army of Oginsky, defeated it, captured twelve cannons, the Hetman's staff, many banners, captured more than seven hundred people, including thirty Headquarters and Chief officers and Duty General of the Lithuanian Hetman. The latter barely had time to gallop away from the two Cossacks pursuing him, and then retired to Danzig. Kosakovsky fled to Hungary. The battlefield was strewn with enemy corpses. The Poles lost up to a thousand people killed; we lost only 80 people; but about 400 were wounded. Suvorov, with the rank of Major General, was awarded (Dec. 20) the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, which Commander-in-Chief Bibikov and Potemkin, who then served under the banners of Rumyantsev, did not yet have.

An unexpected event befell Suvorov in 1772: Colonel Stackelberg, a man no longer young, was in charge in Krakow and devoted to bliss, hoping for strong protection, lay at the feet of the fair sex, servile, thinking of commanding. One woman, under the guise of philanthropy, persuaded him to take the guards away from the underground passage made for throwing away sewage. The French, sent to Poland to help the Confederates, formed a conspiracy against the careless city holder and, dressed in white clothes Ksenzov, sneaked at night, through the hole left, into the Krakow Castle from January 21 to 22. The vigilant Cossacks were the first to notice the deception and fired. The rebels and conspirators quickly attacked the sentries and cut everyone down. Having learned of his mistake, Stackelberg tried to repel the enemy, but was forced to leave the castle. The Commander-in-Chief made a remark to Suvorov, who swore revenge on the French: he immediately besieged Krakow; attempted (Feb. 18) to take the castle by storm, but was unsuccessful; kept it under siege until half of April; made a breach in two places and forced, at the end of the month, the French Commandant Choazi to lay down his arms and declare himself and the entire garrison prisoners. Punishing the French for the trick they used, Suvorov forced them to leave through the same unclean passage they used to sneak into the castle; and respecting the courageous defense, he returned the swords to the officers, invited them to dinner and then sent them to Lublin. Our damage during the siege extended to two hundred people killed and up to four hundred wounded. Following this, Suvorov captured Zator (twelve miles from Krakow), ordered the fortifications there to be blown up and took twelve cannons. The Empress expressed Her favor to him in a gracious rescript dated May 12; she granted a thousand ducats, and ten thousand rubles for his army. The war with the Confederates ended and Suvorov, who hoped to see the banks of the Danube, received another assignment: he was transferred to the corps of Lieutenant General Elmt, who was ordered to go to the borders of Sweden. He then wrote to Bibikov from Vilna: “With regret I am leaving this region, where I wanted to do only good, or at least I always tried to do so. My impeccable virtue delights in the approval of my behavior. But when I look at the unrighteous insulters of my innocence, I begin to breathe more freely. As an honest person, I am finishing my career here and getting rid of them. Women rule this country, as elsewhere. I didn’t have enough time to study with them, and I was afraid of them, I didn’t feel strong enough to defend myself from their charms.” Suvorov - in his own words - was preparing to fight among the ice, he went there like a soldier; but glory did not await him in the North. Catherine instructed him (1773) to survey the Finnish border and find out the opinion of the local residents about the subsequent change in Swedish rule. Then he had the opportunity to transfer to the Transdanubian army, he entered the corps of General Anshef Count Saltykov

Suvorov's first step within Turkey was marked by victory. Saltykov sent him to Turtukai: he rode at the post office to Negoisht in one night, inspected the location in three days, arranged everything and, despite the orders of Rumyantsev to retreat, decided to disobey him, captured (May 10) Turtukai, stopped communication between Silistria to the Turks and Rushchuk, protected the detachments sent from the mouth of the Argis and, instead of the usual report, notified Rumyantsev in verse:

« God bless! glory to you!
Turtukai has been taken and I am there. »

Among the leaders subordinate to Panin, who in one month granted peace and quiet to Russia, was Suvorov. Military Collegium, still in continuation Turkish War, challenged the hero to a new feat, seeing the importance of indignation, but Rumyantsev kept him in his army so as not to give Europe too great an idea about the internal troubles of the State. - “Such was the glory of Suvorov!- exclaims Pushkin in History of the Pugachev rebellion. The war ended and Suvorov received orders to immediately report to Count Panin. He took command of Mikhelson’s detachment, mounted the infantry on horses captured from Pugachev; crossed the Volga in Tsaritsyn; Under the guise of punishment, he took fifty pairs of oxen from one of the rebellious villages and with this supply went deep into the vast steppe, where there was neither forest nor water, and where during the day he had to guide his path by the sun, and at night by the stars. Pugachev wandered there. The villain still hoped to hide among the Kirghiz from a well-deserved execution, and continued to deceive his accomplices; but the latter lost patience and handed over their leader to the Yaitsky Commandant Simonov, famous for the defense of the fortress entrusted to him, which the rebels kept in a close siege for seven months; repelled, with a handful of people, two attacks of the impostor; who satisfied his hunger with horse meat, sheepskins, bones and, finally, earth! . . . Suvorov, hastening to those places, lost his way at night and found him on the lights; unexpectedly attacked the thieving Kirghiz; scattered them; arrived a few days later in Yaitsky town; received Pugachev; put him in a wooden cage on a two-wheeled cart; surrounded strong squad with two guns; did not leave him; he himself kept watch at night and, at the beginning of October, handed him over to Count Panin in Simbirsk. In Moscow, the impostor was executed on January 10, 1775.

Soon, in the ancient capital, blessed by the presence of Catherine, they celebrated (July 10) peace with the Ottoman Porte. Suvorov was awarded a golden sword, sprinkled with diamonds, and was later named the head of the St. Petersburg division.

Russia enjoyed peace and Suvorov, who at that time trained the troops of the Vladimir and St. Petersburg divisions entrusted to him, was granted General-in-Chief in 1786. Soon the Empress took a trip to the noon region (1787); Suvorov was in Little Russia. She asked him in Kremenchug: “Does he have any request?” - The honored warrior threw himself at the feet of the Empress and begged about payment for the apartment he rented in that city. On the same day, according to his testimony, he was given twenty-five rubles and kopecks from the treasury, but after that he was honored to receive a snuff box with the monogram name of the Empress, sprinkled with diamonds. Then the troops stationed in Kherson and Kinburn were entrusted to him. A break with Turkey seemed inevitable. Suvorov, always active and careful, strengthened the banks of the Dnieper, especially the Bug, on which there were many convenient crossings; ordered the laying of a large battery of twenty-four 18 and 24 pound guns in front of the Glubokaya harbor to protect both fairways; and on the island near Kherson he built five batteries with fewer guns to produce a cross-shaped fire; also tried to ensure the safety of the Kinburn Peninsula. The city was surrounded by insignificant walls, an earthen glacis, and a shallow ditch. Suvorov remained in Kinburn, anticipating an attack.

The Turks, indeed, at the very beginning of the war, intended to take possession of Knburn as a weak fortification; then they hoped to break into Kherson and Crimea; were planning to burn our ships. Led by French officers, they sailed to Kos on September 30 and began to strengthen their positions. Suvorov's troops consisted of only 1000 people, to whom 4 Cossack regiments and another 1000 cavalry arrived. The number of Turks who entered the shore on October 1st reached 6 thousand. Their main leader, Yus-Pasha, who knew Kinburn completely, decided to win or die, and ordered his transport ships to leave. The Turks began to bombard; but they were not answered with a single shot from the fortress; they dug lodgements, without any obstacle from our side. Suvorov gave the order act when the enemy approaches two hundred steps; appointed a salvo as a signal from all the fortress firing ranges located on that side; Meanwhile, he prayed in the church and ordered a prayer service to be sung when the liturgy ended. At one o'clock in the afternoon the Turkish vanguard approached the appointed distance; the signal was given: Colonel Ilovaisky, with two Cossack regiments and two squadrons of light cavalry, drove around the fortress on the left side along the Black Sea coast, attacked the enemy troops, which consisted of several hundred people carrying ladders, cut them down, including Yus- Pasha, who did not want to give up. Meanwhile, the Oryol infantry regiment, led by Major General Rek, made a sortie from the fortress and rushed at the enemy from the right side, paved the way into the lodgements with bayonets, cleared half of them, under the thunder of six hundred guns from the Turkish ships. At this time, the brave Reck, dangerously wounded, was carried out over the front. Suvorov reinforced the fighters with a battalion of the Kozlovsky regiment, but with all that, the Russians retreated; the hero remained in front with a handful of people. The Musketeers rushed to rescue their General; a horse was then killed under him; Turka was already preparing to hit him when he was thrown to the ground by non-commissioned officer Novikov. Our men fought for some more time, but, overwhelmed by force, were forced to retreat. Suvorov, despite the buckshot wound he received in the side, withdrew fresh troops. The desperate battle was renewed for the third time. Victory seemed to be on the side of the Turks, when suddenly ten squadrons of light cavalry, stationed thirty miles beyond Kinburn, arrived to ours. The day was already approaching evening. The infantry, having received reinforcements, attacked the enemy with great ferocity; the Cossacks rushed to the flanks. The Turks, encouraged by the dervishes, continued the attack and rushed into our ranks in despair. Suvorov was again wounded by a bullet in his left arm, but did not leave the battlefield. Soon it became completely dark: at nine o'clock another three hundred people joined Murom Regiment, as soon as they arrived from Kherson they decided the victory. The Turks retreated to the sea, defended themselves for half an hour and then were forced to seek salvation in the waves, where many of them died. At ten o'clock everything calmed down.

Our loss in killed extended to two hundred people, including ten Headquarters and Chief Officers; eight hundred wounded. Of the six thousand Turks who landed on the shore, barely a tenth escaped defeat. The Empress, having received a report from Prince Potemkin about the victory won by Suvorov, brought (Oct. 17) thanks to the Almighty with cannon fire and then said to those close to her: “Alexander Vasilyevich brought us to our knees; but it’s a pity that the old man was wounded.».

She thanked him the next day with a personal rescript for the courageous deeds performed by him and the army entrusted to him; expressed sincere condolences about the wounds Suvorov received; wished for a speedy recovery and, after that, awarded him (November 9) the Order of St. Apostle Andrew the First-Called, which he is according to Catherine - deserved by faith and loyalty; conveyed six St. George crosses to him, for distribution, at his own choice, to distinguished officers. - Suvorov wrote (December 20), from Kinburn, to his daughter, who was still being brought up in the Smolny Monastery: “We had fights stronger than you fighting by your hair; and as we really danced, there was cannon buckshot in my side, a bullet hole in my left hand, and the horse under me had its muzzle shot off: after about eight hours I was forced out of the theater and into the cell. I have just returned; rode about five hundred miles on horseback, in six days and not at night. How fun it is on the Black Sea, on the Liman! swans, ducks, and waders sing everywhere; in the fields there are larks, titmice, and chanterelles, and in the water there are sterlet and sturgeon: an abyss! Sorry, my friend Natasha and so on.”

Add information about the person

Biography

Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov was born on November 13 (24), 1729 (according to other sources, in 1730) in Moscow into a noble family. His father, Vasily Ivanovich Suvorov, chief general and senator, was the author of the first Russian military dictionary. Suvorov’s mother, Avdotya (Evdokia) Fedoseevna, nee Manukova, belonged to the Russified Armenian Manukov family.

Alexander Vasilyevich spent his childhood on his father’s estate in the village. He grew up weak and was often sick. Due to his poor health, his father did not think about his son’s military career and prepared him for civil service. However, from childhood, the boy showed a passion for military affairs and, using his father’s rich library, studied fortification, military history, and artillery. In addition to military disciplines, he studied mathematics, philosophy, and history.

Having decided to become a military man, Suvorov began to harden himself and engage in physical exercises. In 1742, succumbing to the boy’s requests, his father enrolled him as a soldier in the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment, in which Suvorov served for six and a half years. At this time, he continued his studies, both independently and, by attending classes at the Land Noble Cadet Corps, he learned several foreign languages ​​(Suvorov spoke eight languages).

Suvorov began active military service in 1748 with the rank of corporal, although noble children began it with the rank of officer. Suvorov got to know the real life of a soldier well. In 1754 he was awarded the officer rank of lieutenant.

Suvorov distinguished himself during the Seven Years' War, especially at Kunersdorf. He participated in the first Russian-Turkish war and in the suppression of the Pugachev uprising.

A.V. Suvorov actively participated in Russian-Armenian relations.

In 1782-1784. he commanded the Russian troops in Crimea and, on behalf of Empress Catherine II, organized the resettlement of Armenians from Crimea to the Don. Earlier, in 1780, on behalf of Potemkin, Suvorov participated in a meeting together with Ivan Lazarev (Lazaryan) and Osip Argutinsky (Argutyan) to develop a project for the restoration of Armenian statehood under the protectorate of Russia and was even appointed commander of the Astrakhan group of Russian troops that were to implement liberation of Armenia. However, the campaign of Russian troops in Transcaucasia was not carried out at that time.

One of A.V. Suvorov’s adjutants was Akim (Ovagim) Vasilyevich Khastatov, whose sister, Anna Vasilievna, was married to Minas Lazarevich Lazarev.

During the second Russian-Turkish war, already with the rank of general, A.V. Suvorov won brilliant victories at Kinburn in 1787 and at Ochakov in 1788, where he completely defeated the Turkish army. During the Bessarabian campaign he took the strongest Turkish fortress Ishmael (March 1790).

In 1794, Suvorov suppressed the Polish national liberation uprising; for the capture of Warsaw he was promoted to field marshal. In 1795–1796 he commanded troops in Poland, then in Ukraine.

Being the favorite commander of Catherine II, after the accession of Paul I to the throne, Suvorov fell out of favor. He resolutely opposed the imposition of Prussian order in the troops, for which in February 1797 he was dismissed and exiled to the Konchanskoye estate in the Novgorod province. However, in February 1799, in connection with the formation of the 2nd anti-French coalition with the participation of Russia, Paul I, at the request of the allies, appointed Suvorov commander-in-chief of the Russian troops sent to Italy.

The Austrian troops were also subordinate to Suvorov. During the campaign of 1799, troops under the command of Suvorov defeated French troops in several battles, liberating all of Northern Italy from them. Sent to Switzerland to join the corps of Rimsky-Korsakov, Suvorov took the St. Gotthard Pass and the Devil's Bridge, but by this time the Russian corps had already been defeated and Suvorov's army was surrounded by the French. Suvorov managed to fight his way out of encirclement. Although the goal of the Swiss campaign was not achieved, Suvorov, who showed in the most difficult conditions of the Alpine crossing what Russian soldiers were capable of, received the highest military rank - generalissimo.

In October 1799, Paul I broke the alliance with Austria and recalled Suvorov's troops to Russia. The campaigns of 1799 broke the strength of the 70-year-old commander and in April 1800 Suvorov returned to St. Petersburg sick.

Suvorov's life was difficult, he was wounded many times, suffered hardships and insults. He endured adversity courageously; his straightforward character did not allow him to put up with injustice. Suvorov is great not only as a commander who never knew defeat (it is estimated that he fought more than 60 battles and battles and won them all), he was the creator of military doctrine and new strategy and tactics of wars. He trained talented Russian military leaders Mikhail Kutuzov, Nikolai Raevsky, Pyotr Bagration, Alexei Ermolov and others.

On May 6 (18), 1800, Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov died. His ashes rest in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. A short inscription is carved on the tombstone: “Here lies Suvorov.”

Essays

• Regimental establishment (1765)
• The Science of Victory, or Conversation with Soldiers in Their Language (1795)
• Military strategic notes
• collection “Thoughts and Aphorisms”
• letters

Achievements

• Count Rymniksky (1789)
• Prince of Italy (1799)
• Count of the Russian and Roman Empires
• Generalissimo of the Russian Land and Naval Forces (1799)
• Field Marshal of the Austrian and Sardinian forces

Awards

Orders of Russia

• Order of St. Apostle Andrew the First-Called
• Order of St. George three degrees
• Order of St. Vladimir, 1st class
• Order of St. Alexander Nevsky
• Order of St. Anne, 1st class
• Order of St. John of Jerusalem

Order of Austria

• Order of Maria Theresa, 1st class

Order of Prussia

• Order of the Black Eagle
• Order of the Red Eagle
• Order of Military Merit

Order of Sardinia

• Order of St. Anunziata
• Order of St. Mauritius and Lazarus

Order of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

• Order of St. Januarius

Order of Bavaria

• Order of St. Hubert
• Order of the Golden Lion

Order of France

• Order of Our Lady of Carmel
• Order of St. Lazarus

Order of Poland

• Order of the White Eagle
• Order of St. Stanislaus

Images

Miscellaneous

• Suvorov was unlucky in his family life. He married late, at 43, to Princess Prozorovskaya. Having caught her in treason, in 1779 he began divorce proceedings, then abandoned it, and after 1784 he broke off relations with his wife. From her he had a daughter, Natalya (beloved “Suvorochka”) and a son, Arkady, who was in the rank of general when he died tragically by drowning in the Rymnik River.
• Suvorov devoted his entire life to serving Russia. He said: “I am proud that I am Russian!.. I ask my descendants to follow my example... to be faithful to the Fatherland until the end of their lives.”
• Once, talking about himself, Suvorov said to those around him: “Do you want to know me? I will reveal myself to you: kings praised me, warriors loved me, friends were amazed at me, haters reviled me, they laughed at me at Court. I was at the Court, but not as a courtier, but as Aesop, La Fontaine: I told the truth with jokes and animal language. Like the jester Balakirev, who was under Peter the Great and was a benefactor of Russia, I grimaced and writhed. I crowed like a rooster, awakened the sleepy, tired the violent enemies of the Fatherland. If I were Caesar, I would try to have all the noble pride of his soul; but I would always shun his vices.” [Cm. Anecdotes of the Prince of Italy, ed. Mr. Fuchs, page 80.]
• Among the admirers of the Prince of Italy was the immortal Nelson, who wrote to him: “There is no man in Europe who loves you as much as I do, not only for great exploits, but also for his contempt for wealth. I am proud that, according to the assurance of having seen you for many years, I resemble you in height, appearance and manners.”

Bibliography

• Armenians are the people of the creator of foreign civilizations: 1000 famous Armenians in world history / S. Shirinyan.-Er.: Auth. ed., 2014, p.92, ISBN 978-9939-0-1120-2
• - 1000 - Ե.,Հեղինակային հրատարակություն, 2009 թ.,էջ 631: ISBN 978-9939-53-105-2
• A. V. Suvorov and Russian-Armenian relations in the 1770-1780s. Er.: Hayastan. 1981

Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (Suvorov-Rymniksky from 1789; Suvorov-Italiysky from 1799). Born November 24, 1730 - died May 18, 1800. Great Russian commander, military theorist, national hero of Russia. Prince of Italy (1799), Count of Rymnik (1789), Count of the Holy Roman Empire, Prince of the Sardinian Royal House. Generalissimo of the Russian land and naval forces, Field Marshal of the Austrian troops, Grand Marshal of the Piedmontese troops, Knight of all Russian orders of its time, awarded to men, as well as many foreign military orders. Since 1789 he bore the honorary nickname “Rymniksky”, and since 1799 - “Italian”.

Born into the family of Chief General Vasily Ivanovich Suvorov, a leader of the secret chancellery known for his severity, the year of birth is not reliably known.

In a note written in his own hand, Suvorov writes about his birth in 1730, and in his autobiography he writes that he entered the service at the age of 15 and it was in 1742 (that is, the date of birth is 1727). In addition, in the record of the regiment dated October 25, 1742, which Suvorov entered, it is described that he was 12 years old and this was recorded according to Suvorov himself (that is, his date of birth is 1729). Additional information clearly indicating the date of birth has not yet been identified. Most researchers are inclined to believe that Moscow should be considered the birthplace of Suvorov, but this, too, has not been established for certain.

His father, Vasily Ivanovich Suvorov, was a godson and the author of the first Russian military dictionary. According to pedigree legend, the Suvorovs come from an ancient Swedish noble family. Their ancestor, Suvor, as Suvorov himself stated in his autobiography, left for Russia in 1622 under Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich and accepted Russian citizenship.

Suvorov's mother is Avdotya (Evdokia) Feodosyevna Suvorova, nee Manukova. Very little information has been preserved about her. According to the most common version, her father, Feodosius Semyonovich, belonged to old family Moscow service nobility, from 1725 he was vice-president of the Patrimonial Collegium. There is a version about the Armenian origin of Suvorov’s mother. This version has not become widespread in specialized literature and, according to N. M. Moleva, is a legend.

Named Alexander in honor of Alexander Nevsky. He spent his childhood on his father's estate in the village. Suvorov grew up weak and was often sick. His father prepared him for the civil service. However, from childhood, Suvorov showed a passion for military affairs, using his father’s rich library, he studied artillery, fortification, and military history. Having decided to become a military man, Suvorov began to harden himself and engage in physical exercises. General Abram Hannibal, a friend of the Suvorov family and great-grandfather of Alexander Pushkin, had a great influence on the fate of Suvorov. Noticing that while playing toy soldiers, Alexander had a good understanding of the tactical complexities of maneuver, Hannibal influenced his father to choose a military career for his son.

In 1742, he was enlisted as a musketeer in the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment (to begin the length of service required by law for the officer rank), in which he began active military service in 1748, gradually increasing in rank. Suvorov served in the Semenovsky regiment for six and a half years. At this time, he continued his studies, both independently and by attending classes at the Land Noble Cadet Corps, and learned several foreign languages.

A.F. Petrushevsky describes one remarkable incident from the life of Suvorov dating back to this period: “While on guard duty in Peterhof, he stood guard at Monplaisir. Empress Elizaveta Petrovna passed by; Suvorov saluted her. For some reason the Empress drew attention to him and asked his name. Having learned that he was the son of Vasily Ivanovich, who was known to her, she took out a silver ruble and wanted to give it to young Suvorov. He refused to take it, explaining that the guard regulations prohibited the sentry from taking money. “Well done,” said the empress: “you know the service”; she patted him on the cheek and invited him to kiss her hand. “I’ll put the ruble here on the ground,” she added: “When you change, take it.” Suvorov kept this cross all his life.”.

In 1754 he received the first rank of lieutenant and was assigned to the Ingermanland infantry regiment. From 1756 to 1758 he served in the Military Collegium.

The beginning of Suvorov's military activity dates back to the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763. In the first years of the war, he was in the rear service with the rank of chief provisions officer, then major and prime major, where he became acquainted with the principles of organizing rear units and supplying the army in the field.

In 1758 he was transferred to the active army and appointed commandant of Memel, from 1759 - officer of the main headquarters of the Russian active army. Suvorov took part in his first military skirmish on July 14 (25), 1759, when he and his squadron of dragoons attacked and put German dragoons to flight. Soon Suvorov was appointed duty officer under the division commander V.V. Fermor. In this position, he participated in the battle of Kunersdorf (August 1 (13), 1759). In 1760, Suvorov was appointed duty officer under the commander-in-chief of the Russian army, General-Chief Fermor, and in this capacity participated in the capture of Berlin by Russian troops.

In 1761, under the command of General M.V. Berg, he commanded separate detachments (dragoons, hussars, Cossacks), the purpose of which was to first cover the withdrawal of Russian troops to Breslau and continuously attack Prussian troops. Inflicted a number of defeats on the Prussian army in Poland. During numerous skirmishes, he proved himself to be a talented and brave partisan and cavalryman. Among his achievements at this time were the capture by surprise and destruction of considerable stores of hay in full view of the enemy; at Bunzelwitz, with a small number of Cossacks, Suvorov captured a Prussian picket, repulsed a detachment of hussars sent against him and, in the heat of their pursuit, reached the enemy trenches, so that he could see the tents of the royal apartment in the camp. He took part in the battles of Landsberg, Birstein, the villages of Weisentin and Kielec, Naugart, in the capture of Golnau, assisted the siege corps of P. A. Rumyantsev in capturing Kolberg, forcing General Platen to retreat.

On August 26 (September 6), 1762, Suvorov was promoted to the rank of colonel and appointed commander of the Astrakhan infantry regiment, which was entrusted with the task of maintaining the city guards in St. Petersburg during the coronation in Moscow. Upon arrival in Moscow, Suvorov was received by the Empress, who presented him with her portrait. Later Suvorov would write on the portrait: “That first date paved the way for me to fame...”.

In 1763-1769 he commanded the Suzdal Infantry Regiment in Novaya Ladoga, where he compiled the “Regimental Establishment” (1764-1765) - an instruction containing the basic provisions and rules for the education of soldiers, internal service and combat training of troops. In June 1765, the Suzdal regiment took part in large maneuvers that regularly took place in Krasnoe Selo. Based on the results of the maneuvers, Suvorov was mentioned with praise in the order.

From September 1768 - brigadier (intermediate rank between colonel and general).

On May 15 (26), 1769, Suvorov was appointed commander of a brigade from the Smolensk, Suzdal and Nizhny Novgorod musketeer regiments and was sent to Poland to participate in military operations against the troops of the gentry Bar Confederation (directed against King Stanislav Poniatowski and Russia). The trip to Poland demonstrated the results of training soldiers in Suvorov style: in 30 days the brigade covered 850 miles, and there were only six sick people along the way.

First Polish campaign It also became the first combat application of the experience gained in the Seven Years' War, and the tactics and troop training system developed by Suvorov, which fully justified itself.

Suvorov used tactics that had proven themselves in the Seven Years' War. Commanding a brigade, regiment, and individual detachments, he constantly moved around Poland and attacked Confederate troops, constantly putting them to flight. In particular, on September 2 (13), 1769, he defeated the Confederates near the village of Orekhovo.

In the same year he won a number of victories over the Poles, for which in September 1770 he received his first award - the Order of St. Anne, at that time still a private award of the heir to the throne Pavel Petrovich. In October he was appointed commander of Russian troops in the Lublin district. While crossing the Vistula, he fell and broke his chest on a pontoon, as a result of which he was treated for several months. After recovery, in May 1771, Suvorov won a victory at Lanckorona, defeating the famous French general C. F. Dumouriez, as well as at Zamosc.

On August 19 (30), 1772, Major General Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov was awarded immediately the third degree (bypassing the fourth) of the most honorable Russian military order of St. George.

The most outstanding in this campaign was the victory of Suvorov with a detachment of 900 people over the corps of Hetman M. Oginsky (5 thousand people) in the case of Stolovichi on September 13 (24), 1771. The corps was completely destroyed. The Russians lost 80 people killed, the Poles - up to 1000 killed, about 700 prisoners, including 30 staff and chief officers.

Suvorov's last achievement in the first Polish campaign was the capture of Krakow Castle, captured by a detachment of French Lieutenant Colonel Claude Gabriel de Choisy as a result of the negligence of Suvorov's successor as commander of the Suzdal regiment, Stahlberg. Upon receiving a message about the capture of the castle, Suvorov moved with a small detachment to Krakow, where he united with other Russian troops and began a siege that lasted almost three months, during which Poles’ attempts to come to the aid of the Krakow garrison were constantly suppressed. The siege ended with the surrender of the garrison on April 15 (26), 1772. For this victory, Catherine II awarded Suvorov 1000 chervonets and sent him another 10 thousand rubles to distribute to the participants.

Suvorov's actions significantly influenced the outcome of the campaign and led to an early victory and the first partition of Poland.

After the Polish campaign, Suvorov was sent to Finland to inspect and strengthen the border with Sweden. He strengthened not only the Vilmanstrand fortress in the city of Lappeenranta, but also all the border fortifications.

But already in April 1773 he achieved an appointment to the Balkan theater Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774 to the 1st Army of Field Marshal P. A. Rumyantsev, to the corps of Chief General Saltykov. Soon after his appointment, he arrived in Negoesti on May 6 (17) and received an order to conduct reconnaissance in force of the Turtukai fortress. On May 10 (21), after successfully repelling the Turkish attack, Suvorov decides to immediately conduct reconnaissance and, without approval, capture the fortified Turtukai garrison (the so-called first search on Turtukai). The Turkish troops did not expect a quick revenge, so Turtukai was taken with significantly smaller forces than the Turks and with minimal losses (about 800-900 Russians against about 4000 Turks, during the Russian battle about 200 people were killed and wounded, Turks, according to various estimates - from 1000 to 1500 killed). The city was destroyed and all Christians were removed from Turtukai to be resettled on the Russian-controlled bank of the Danube. During the battle, Suvorov was seriously wounded in the leg by an exploding Turkish cannon.

According to one version, he received a severe reprimand for this seizure, which was originally planned as reconnaissance. According to another, less plausible version, Suvorov was put on trial for his unauthorized actions, and the Military Collegium sentenced him to death. Catherine II did not approve the penalties directed against Suvorov, writing: “The winners are not judged.”

The command, however, did not take advantage of Suvorov’s victory; Turkish troops re-entered the fortress and began to strengthen Turtukai. Therefore, on June 17 (28), Suvorov carried out a second search on Turtukai and again captured it, despite the numerical superiority of the Turkish troops and their readiness for an assault (according to Petrushevsky, there were again about 4000 Turks, about 2000 Russians). For victories in Turtukai, Major General Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov was awarded the Order of St. George, II degree, on July 30 (August 10), 1773.

In July, Suvorov was appointed chief of defense of the city of Girsovo. On September 3 (14), 1773, the Turks, in the amount of 4 thousand infantry and 3 thousand cavalry, tried to take Girsovo by storm. The Russians had about 3 thousand people. Suvorov allowed the Turks to approach close quarters, and then suddenly counterattacked from several directions. The Turks were overwhelmed and fled, suffering heavy losses. On the Turkish side, according to various estimates, from 1,100 to 2,000 people died, including two pashas; on the Russian side, 200 people were killed and wounded.

At the end of October, Suvorov receives leave and leaves for Moscow. On March 17 (28), 1774, he was promoted to lieutenant general. Soon he returns to the army and first covers the offensive of the Kamensky division on Pazardzhik, and then his corps joins the Kamensky division and takes part in battle of Kozludzha (10 (21) June 1774), when Suvorov captured the heights in the rear of the Turkish camp, and then, with the support of Kamensky’s infantry, defeated the entire army of Abdul-Rezak. The Russians suffered 209 casualties. The Turks lost 1.2 thousand people. In this battle, which decided the fate of the 1774 campaign and led to the conclusion Kuchuk-Kainardzhi Peace Treaty, Suvorov’s actions became one of the determining factors in the victory of the Russian army.

Subsequently the city will receive the name Suvorovo and continues to bear it to this day.

In 1774, Suvorov was appointed commander of the 6th Moscow Division and in August of the same year was sent to participate in the suppression Peasant War led by Emelyan Pugachev, which indicated that the government took the uprising very seriously. However, by the time Suvorov arrived at the Volga, the main forces of the rebels were defeated by Lieutenant Colonel I. I. Mikhelson. Suvorov and his army go to Tsaritsyn, where at the beginning of September he unites with Mikhelson and begins the pursuit of the fleeing Pugachev. At the Bolshoy Uzen River, he almost overtook him, but at that time the Cossack centurion Kharchev had already captured the impostor. Suvorov took the prisoner to Simbirsk and for some time was engaged in the liquidation of rebel detachments and pacification of the population who found themselves in the zone of influence of the uprising.

In 1775, he received an annual leave due to the death of his father and the introduction of the inheritance. In the same year, on August 12 (23), daughter Natasha was born. A year later, in 1776, he was appointed commander of the St. Petersburg division. In the summer of 1776, he was in Kolomna at the head of the Moscow division stationed in the city. In the second half of the same year, the situation in the Crimean Khanate worsened, which was caused by Turkey's ongoing attempts to return Crimea to its control. In this regard, in November 1776, Suvorov was assigned to the Crimea as part of the troops of Lieutenant General Prozorovsky, where he was soon forced to take command of all Russian troops on the peninsula and in the Danube Delta during Prozorovsky’s illness. Suvorov supported the election of Khan Shahin-Girey, who was elected under strong pressure from Russian diplomacy and the army. The previous khan, Turkey's protege Devlet IV Giray, tried to resist at the beginning of 1777, but his troops were scattered by the maneuvers of Suvorov's infantry and cavalry, and the khan himself fled to Turkey.

After the situation on the peninsula normalized, Suvorov received sick leave and went to visit his family in Poltava, from there at the end of 1777 he was appointed commander of the Kuban corps, where he was faced with the task of covering a huge border with a small army. During his three months in the Kuban, he organized an elaborate system of fortifications, combinations of stationary garrisons located in fortifications with mobile reserves, always ready to support any of the garrisons of the site, making the line of defense impregnable to the nomads. Suvorov organized well-organized reconnaissance, which allowed him to be aware of the moods and intentions of the mountain and Nogai leaders. Showing great diplomatic skill combined with decisive actions, Suvorov achieved an end to the unrest among the local Nogais. In order to establish friendly relations with the local Muslim population, Suvorov strictly prohibited cruel treatment of prisoners and resolutely suppressed rudeness towards the unarmed population.

In 1778, with the rank of captain (perhaps this was the title of the position of the leader of the campaign), Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov led the Crimean Armenians to the Don and founded the first civilian settlement near the fortress of St. Dmitry of Rostov - the city of Nor-Nakhichevan, later Nakhichevan-on-Don and the Crimean settlement. Now these are, respectively, the Proletarsky district of Rostov-on-Don and the Myasnikovsky district of the Rostov region.

In May 1778, he was appointed to replace Prozorovsky in the Crimea, while Kuban was left under his command. Suvorov’s main task in Crimea was to prevent a Turkish invasion, the danger of which by that time had increased sharply.

On the twentieth of October 1778, A.V. Suvorov moved his headquarters from Bakhchisarai to Gezlev (now Yevpatoria), where it was located for seven months. The general himself lived in the citadel, which was located between the Khan-Jami mosque and the Orthodox cathedral; now on this site there is a building built at the end of the 19th century.

Suvorov was not only a brilliant military man, but also a talented administrator. That year, a plague epidemic came to Europe; Thanks to strict quarantine measures introduced by the general, Gezlev (Evpatoria) avoided a terrible epidemic. Russian soldiers cleaned all the toilets and stables in the city, repaired all the city wells, fountains and baths, bathing in the bathhouse became free; military order was established in the markets, mandatory quarantine was organized for those entering the city and imported goods; Residents were forced to whitewash their houses and yards inside and out.

Local residents began to receive complaints against Suvorov. Having repaired the baths and city fountains, he introduced mandatory five-time ablution for townspeople and soldiers of the garrison, regardless of religion, under the leadership of mullahs, for which the denunciation of Christians wrote that Suvorov “has become crazy and knows the language of not only the Crimean Tatars, but also the Turks.” Muslims complained about the loud ringing of bells and frequent singing of Suvorov in church choir. The complaints went unexamined: the general was needed by the empire at that moment. In 2004, in the park named after. Karaev, a monument to the commander was erected on a stylized redoubt.

After the annexation of Crimea to Russia in 1783, on the site of the Russian army redoubt in 1793, on the initiative of A.V. Suvorov, a quarantine for goods and cargo was built, and a military eye clinic was established there (the first Russian medical institution in Evpatoria).

Between the Khan-Jami Mosque and the Cathedral of St. Nicholas there was a three-story citadel tower Kanly-Kule (Bloody Tower). In the Middle Ages, criminals were executed there. Fragments of the tower are visible in the technical room of the building, located on the corner, opposite the Cathedral of St. Nicholas. In the description of Evliya Celebi one can read: “...a beautiful fort in the shape of a quadrangle, built of stone, but without a moat. It stretched exactly three hundred steps. Apart from the commandant’s house, the prison and the warehouses, there is nothing there, and in the middle there is empty space.”

In mid-1778, he prevented the landing of Turkish troops in Akhtiar Bay, which thwarted Turkey’s attempt to start a new war in an international situation unfavorable for Russia: Suvorov reorganized the coastal defense and warned that any attempts to land Turkish troops would be suppressed by force, so the Turkish ships that approached the army did not dare to try to land, and Turkey recognized Shahin Giray as khan.

In this regard, the bulk of the Russian troops were withdrawn from Crimea in 1779, and in May Suvorov was appointed commander of the Little Russian Division in Poltava, and soon transferred to the Novorossiysk province as the commander of the border division, that is, directly subordinate to Potemkin. From the beginning of 1780 to the end of 1781, Suvorov was in Astrakhan, where he commanded troops and prepared a campaign against Iran, which, however, was not carried out. Then in December 1781 he was transferred to Kazan.

In August 1782, Suvorov was again sent to Kuban to suppress the Nogai uprising, which broke out due to plans to resettle the Nogais beyond the Urals and to the Tambov and Saratov governorships. October 1 near the Kermenchik fortress (on the Laba River 12 versts from its confluence with the Kuban) Suvorov completely defeated the Nogai troops. Journalistic sources claim that at least 5,000 Nogais died in one day. As a result, the majority of the Murzas expressed their submission to Suvorov and recognized the annexation of Crimea and the Nogai lands to Russia. During 1783, Suvorov made expeditions against individual detachments of the Nogais. For this Suvorov received the Order of St. Vladimir, first degree.

After Turkey recognized the inclusion of these lands into Russia, in April 1784 Suvorov was appointed commander of the Vladimir division, and in 1785 - commander of the St. Petersburg division.

On September 22 (October 3), 1786, he was promoted to general-in-chief. In January 1786 he became commander of the Kremenchug division. In this capacity, Suvorov took part in demonstration exercises in the presence of the Russian Empress and the Austrian Emperor.

Russo-Turkish War 1787-1791. The first target of attack by Turkish troops in the war was Kinburn Fortress. Defending it, a 4,000-strong garrison under the command of Chief General Suvorov won the first major victory of Russian troops in this war, effectively ending the 1787 campaign. For the defense of Kinburn, Suvorov received the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, was wounded twice in battle.

The following year, Suvorov, as part of Potemkin’s army, takes part in siege of Ochakov. He repeatedly proposed to launch an assault, but Potemkin hesitated. During the siege, Suvorov successfully repulsed enemy attacks that interfered with the siege work. A particularly large attack, in which the number of Turks reached 3 thousand people, occurred on July 27 (August 7). Suvorov personally led two grenadier battalions into battle and drove back the Turks, while being wounded. He immediately suggested breaking into the fortress on the shoulders of the retreating people, and the Austrian Prince de Ligne also proposed this (Austria entered the war on the side of Russia in January 1788). However, Potemkin ordered a retreat here too. The wounded Suvorov had to surrender command to Lieutenant General Bibikov. As a result, Ochakov was taken only at the end of 1788.

In 1789, Suvorov was given a 7,000-strong detachment to cover the left bank of the Prut River and support the allied forces if necessary. Due to the slow advance of the Russian army, Turkish troops under the command of Osman Pasha (30 thousand people) moved towards Ajud to defeat the Austrian troops. The commander of the Austrian division (18 thousand people), Prince Friedrich Josiah of Coburg, turned to Suvorov for help, who, on July 17 (28), united his detachment with the Austrians (having covered 40 miles in 26 hours). At 3 o'clock in the morning on July 18 (29), the combined troops under the command of Suvorov advanced to the village Focsani, where, as a result of a 10-hour battle, the Turks were completely defeated, whose losses amounted to 1,600 people and 12 guns, the losses of the Russian-Austrian troops were 400 people.

One of the main battles of the war was Battle of Rymnik. Having pinned down the main forces of the Russian army near Izmail, Turkish detachments numbering 100 thousand people under the leadership of Yusuf Pasha began to cross the Buzau River at Brailov. The Austrian commander sent a message to Suvorov asking for help. Russian troops, having covered about 100 km in two days, on the morning of September 10 (21) united with the Austrians. The Prince of Coburg suggested that Suvorov, given the fourfold superiority of the Turkish troops, concentrate on defense, but Suvorov demanded an immediate attack. The Prince of Coburg relented. Taking advantage of the surprise of the attack, the unfinished fortifications and the terrain, Suvorov carried out successful attacks on the fortifications and camp of the Turkish troops. During the retreat, the Turkish troops suffered greater losses than during the battle. A significant part of the troops scattered, pursued by Russian troops. After the battle, Yusuf Pasha was able to gather only 15 thousand people.

During the campaigns of 1789-1790, Russian troops made several attempts to storm Izmail under the leadership of N.V. Repnin, I.V. Gudovich, P.S. Potemkin. On November 26, in view of the approach of winter, the military council decided to lift the siege of the fortress. The Commander-in-Chief did not approve this decision and ordered Chief General A.V. Suvorov to take command of the units besieging Izmail. Having taken command on December 2 (13), 1790, Suvorov returned the troops retreating from the fortress to Izmail. On December 11 (22), 1790, after careful preparation, the troops began the assault. After 2.5 hours, all the fortifications were occupied. By evening, resistance on the city streets ceased. Capture of Ishmael was one of decisive factors victory in the war.

Since 1791, commanding Russian troops in Finland, Suvorov supervised the construction of fortifications on the border with Sweden. He was also entrusted with command of the port of Rochensalm and the Saima flotilla. At the suggestion of Suvorov, four military canals were built for the Saima flotilla, ensuring the passage of ships from Vilmanstrand to Neishlot entirely through Russian territory.

After the death of Potemkin in 1792, he was appointed commander of the troops in the south of Russia - in the Ekaterinoslav province and the Tauride region (1792-94).

After the victory in the Russian-Turkish war, the need arose to strengthen the new Russian-Turkish border running along the Dniester River. The work of drawing up a plan for the engineering preparation of the borders was entrusted to Suvorov. Suvorov paid main attention to strengthening the left bank in the lower reaches of the Dniester. By his order, the Srednyaya fortress was built on the left bank of the Dniester on the site of a village burned by the Turks, and the city of Tiraspol was founded in 1792. Under the leadership of Suvorov, the construction of fortifications is being carried out in Khadzhibey (Odessa).

In May 1794, Suvorov was sent to Podolia to prepare for the second Polish campaign. In the first half of August, Chief General N.V. Repnin, with a detachment of 4.5 thousand, was enlisted in the army and entered the territory covered by the uprising. The number of Suvorov's troops after the addition of other detachments increased to 11 thousand soldiers. In 6 days, Suvorov’s corps won 4 victories: September 3 (14) near the town of Divin; the next day, near Kobrin, the Cossack vanguard of Suvorov defeated up to 400 cavalry of Major Ruschich. On September 6 (17), at the Krupczycy monastery near Kobrin, Suvorov attacked the division of Karol Sierakowski (numbering 5 thousand with 26 guns) and drove him back to Brest. On September 8 (19), he again fought with Serakovsky’s troops (8 thousand with 14 guns) at Brest and completely defeated them.

On October 10, the leader of the rebels, Kosciuszko, was captured by Fersen’s detachment, which then joined Suvorov, as a result of which the number of the latter’s troops increased to 17 thousand soldiers.

These troops moved towards Warsaw. A detachment of General Mayen, consisting of 5,560 soldiers (including 1,103 cavalry) and 9 guns, was sent to meet Suvorov’s troops. At 5 o'clock in the morning on October 15 (26), a battle began at Kobylka, which lasted more than 5 hours and ended with the defeat of the Polish troops, some of which retreated to Prague, a suburb of Warsaw on the right side of the Vistula.

Until October 21 (November 1), Suvorov’s troops were engaged in training soldiers on the approach to Warsaw, preparing fascines, ladders and fences to overcome the fortifications.

On October 23 (November 3), Suvorov’s troops (up to 25 thousand soldiers with 86 guns) approached Prague, suburb of Warsaw, and began shelling the city itself and its walls. The next day, at approximately 5 o'clock in the morning, seven columns launched an attack on fortifications dilapidated by artillery fire, defended by a garrison and armed city militia (20-30 thousand) with 106 guns. Russian columns burst into Prague from different directions under fire. Panic began among the defenders of Prague, and by 9 a.m. on October 24 (November 4) Polish troops capitulated.

According to various sources, from 10 to 20 thousand Poles died in the battle and a little more were taken prisoner; on the Russian side, according to official reports, 580 soldiers were killed and 960 were wounded.

Suvorov received deputies from Warsaw directly on the battlefield, among many corpses, defiantly warning the Poles about the consequences of further resistance.

It was the events in Prague and subsequent Polish and French propaganda that formed the image of Suvorov in the eyes of Western Europeans as a cruel military leader. Nevertheless, Suvorov’s demonstrative actions had an effect, and on October 29 (November 9) on the banks of the Vistula, the magistrate presented Suvorov with bread and salt and city keys, which symbolized the surrender of Warsaw. At the request of King Stanislaus to release one Polish officer, Suvorov released 500 captured officers; even before that, 6 thousand Polish militias were released to their homes. The magistrate, on behalf of the residents of Warsaw, presented Suvorov with a gold snuff box with diamonds and the inscription "Warsaw to its savior".

After the end of the battle, Chief General Suvorov sent a letter to Empress Catherine II, consisting of three words: "Hooray! Warsaw is ours! and received an answer "Hooray! Field Marshal Suvorov!. Thus, for the capture of Prague, Suvorov was awarded the highest military rank of field marshal, and was also granted an estate of 7 thousand souls in the Kobrin povet, received the Prussian orders of the Black Eagle, Red Eagle and other awards.

After the surrender of Warsaw and the amnesty announced by Suvorov, rebel troops throughout Poland laid down their arms within a week.

At the beginning of 1795, Suvorov was appointed commander of all Russian troops in Poland, then commander-in-chief of an 80,000-strong army located in Bratslav, Voznesensk, Kharkov and Yekaterinoslav provinces with headquarters in Tulchin. During this period he wrote "Science to win"- an outstanding monument to Russian military thought.

After the death of Catherine II on November 6 (17), 1796, Paul I, a fanatical supporter of the Prussian military system of Frederick the Great, ascended the throne, according to which he began to reform the Russian army. New uniforms and new military regulations were introduced. The main attention was paid to the drill of troops, reviews and parades.

A supporter of the “enlightened” monarchy, who created his own system of organizing and supplying troops and successfully applied it, Suvorov opposed the imposition by Emperor Paul I of the Prussian rule of thumb in the army, which caused a hostile attitude towards him in court circles.

Contrary to the instructions of Paul I, Suvorov continued to educate soldiers in his own way. He said: “The Russians always beat the Prussians, what can we learn from this?” “Powder is not gunpowder, a bob is not a cannon, a scythe is not a cleaver, and I am not a German, but a natural hare.” These circumstances caused irritation and anger of the emperor, and on February 6 (17), 1797, Suvorov was dismissed without the right to wear a uniform and in April he arrived at his Gubernia estate near the Belarusian town of Kobrin, and in May he was exiled to another estate - the village of Konchanskoye ( Borovichi district, Novgorod province), where he was followed by his adjutant Friedrich Anting (he would later write a three-volume biography of the commander). Supervision of the retired field marshal was entrusted to the Borovitsk mayor A.L. Vyndomsky, who, however, being burdened by his role, managed to plead illness and employment, and this responsibility was assigned to A.N. Nikolaev, who brought the order for Suvorov’s exile to Kobrin and arrested the officers who arrived with Suvorov in Kobrin.

On February 1 (12), 1798, Prince Gorchakov received orders to go to Suvorov and report on behalf of Paul that the field marshal could return to St. Petersburg. However, Suvorov continued to displease Pavel, still constantly making fun of the new army order. Soon Suvorov expressed a desire to return back to Konchanskoye; the previous supervision was removed from him, correspondence was not controlled. In the village, Suvorov’s health deteriorated, boredom and irritability increased, and Suvorov decided to retire to a monastery and wrote a petition to Paul I. There was no answer, and on February 6 (17) adjutant Tolbukhin arrived in Konchanskoye and brought Suvorov a letter from the emperor: “Count Alexander Vasilyevich! Now is not the time for us to settle accounts. God will forgive the guilty. The Roman Emperor demands you to become the commander of his army and entrusts you with the fate of Austria and Italy...".

At the beginning of September 1798, an old colleague, Major General Prevost de Lumina, came to Suvorov, sent by Paul I to find out Suvorov’s opinion on how to wage war with the French in modern conditions(the victories caused concern at the Russian court). Suvorov dictated nine rules of warfare, which reflected the commander’s offensive strategy.

In 1798, Russia joined the 2nd anti-French coalition (Great Britain, Austria, Turkey, the Kingdom of Naples). A united Russian-Austrian army was created to march into northern Italy, captured by the troops of the French Directory. Initially, it was planned to put Archduke Joseph at the head of the army. But at the insistence of England, Austria asked Paul I to appoint Suvorov as commander. The commander summoned from exile arrived in Vienna on March 14 (25), 1799, where the emperor Francis I awarded Suvorov the rank of Austrian field marshal. On April 4 (15), the commander arrived with the Russian troops in Verona, and the next day he moved with the troops to Valeggio.

Already on April 8 (19), the allied Russian-Austrian troops of about 80 thousand people under the command of Suvorov began moving from Valeggio to the Adda River. Before the campaign, he made an appeal to the Italian people. The first clash between Suvorov's troops and the French on the Italian territory they captured was the capture of the fortress city of Brescia on April 10 (21) (Major General Prince Bagration distinguished himself in this battle). The capture of Brescia made it possible to begin a blockade of the enemy fortresses of Mantua and Pesquera (for which 20 thousand people were allocated) and to begin the movement of the main part of the army towards Milan, where parts of the French army retreated to protect it, which entrenched themselves on the opposite bank of the Adda River. On April 15 (26) the city of Lecco was taken, on April 16 (27) the main part of the battle on the Adda River began: Russian troops crossed the river and defeated the French army led by famous commander- General Jean Victor Moreau. The French lost about 3 thousand killed and about 5 thousand captured. The final stage battles on the Adda River was the Battle of Verderio, which resulted in the surrender of the French division of General Serrurier.

As a result of the battle, the French army retreated, and on April 17 (28) the allied forces entered Milan. On April 20 (May 1) they set out for the Po River. In this campaign, the fortresses of Peschiera, Tortona, and Pizigetone were taken, in each of which Suvorov left a garrison of Austrians, so his army was gradually reduced. At the beginning of May, Suvorov began moving towards Turin. On May 5 (16), the French detachment of General Moreau near Marengo attacked the Austrian division, but with the help of Bagration’s detachment it was driven back. French troops were forced to retreat, leaving the fortresses of Casale and Valenza without a fight and opening the road to Turin, which was taken without a fight (thanks to the support of local residents and the Piedmontese national guard) May 15 (26). As a result, almost all of northern Italy was cleared of French troops.

Meanwhile, in mid-May, General MacDonald's army arrived in Florence and moved towards Genoa to join forces with Moreau. On June 6 (17), a battle began on the Trebbia River between the Russian-Austrian troops of Suvorov and the French army of Macdonald. It lasted three days and ended in the defeat of the French, who lost half of their army killed and captured.

In July 1799, the fortresses of Alessandria and Mantua fell. After the fall of the last charter of the Sardinian king Charles Emmanuel, dated June 28 (July 9), 1799, the field marshal and commander-in-chief of the allied Austro-Russian army, Count Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov-Rymniksky, was elevated, by right of primogeniture, to the dignity of a prince, a royal relative (“cousin king") and grandee of the kingdom of Sardinia and was made grand marshal of Piedmont. By the highest rescript of Paul I of August 2 (13), 1799, he was allowed to accept the indicated titles and use them in Russia. Emperor Paul was extremely glad that his subject, the leader of the Russian troops, became the subject of such attention and distinction that he expressed it in a kind rescript addressed to the Sardinian king, thanking him for his generous assessment of the merits of Suvorov and the Russian army. And the Emperor expressed his favor to Suvorov himself on this occasion, as if not wanting to miss the opportunity to please him. Having allowed us to accept the distinctions granted by Charles Emmanuel, the Emperor wrote: “Through this you will become related to me, having once been accepted into one royal family, because rulers are all considered kin among themselves.”

Meanwhile, the new commander-in-chief of the French troops in Italy, General Joubert, united all French troops and marched towards Piedmont. On August 3 (14), the French occupied Novi. The Allied army also approached Novi, and on August 4 (15) the Battle of Novi. During the 18-hour battle, the French army was completely defeated, losing 7 thousand people killed (including its commander Joubert), 4.5 thousand prisoners, 5 thousand wounded and 4 thousand deserters. The Battle of Novi was the last major battle during the Italian campaign. After him the emperor Paul I ordered that Suvorov be given the same honors that had previously been given only to the emperor.

By a personal Highest decree of August 8 (19), 1799, Field Marshal General Count Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov-Rymniksky was elevated, with his descendants, to the princely dignity of the Russian Empire with the title of Prince of Italy and ordered to be called henceforth Prince of Italy, Count Suvorov-Rymniksky.

Describing the attitude of contemporaries to Suvorov’s victories in the Italian campaign, Petrushevsky cites the following facts: “Not only Russia and Italy honored the Russian commander and admired his name; in England he also became the first celebrity of the era, a beloved hero. Newspaper articles relating to Suvorov and his military exploits appeared almost daily; Special brochures with his biographies and caricatures were also published. The name Suvorov even became the subject of fashion and commercial speculation; Suvorov hairstyles, Suvorov hats, Suvorov pies, etc. appeared. In theaters they sang poems in his honor, at dinners they drank to his health; according to the Russian envoy in London, Count S. R. Vorontsov, Suvorov and Nelson were “idols of the English nation, and their health was drunk daily in palaces, taverns, and huts”. According to him, at all official dinners, after a toast to the king’s health, toast was proclaimed to Suvorov; Moreover, one day, after a review of the Kent militia and volunteers, when Lord Romney treated the king and the entire 9,000-strong army to lunch, the king proclaimed the first toast to Suvorov’s health.

Suvorov portraits are now in great use. Count Semyon Vorontsov turned to Suvorov with a request to send his profile for engraving, and when he received what he wanted, he thanked him in lofty terms, saying that he, Vorontsov, was not given peace, everyone was persistently asking for a portrait, everyone was eager to have an image of the hero. The same thing happened throughout almost all of Europe. The famous correspondent of Catherine II Grimm, who was a Russian resident in Brunswick in 1799, writes to S. R. Vorontsov that he is forced to constantly receive whole processions of people who want to look at the miniature portrait of Suvorov, given to him, Grimm, by Suvorov after the last Polish war, and now, as a result incessant requests, I ordered an engraving from the portrait. In Russia, Suvorov's fame was brought to its apogee by patriotic feeling; he was the pride of his fatherland; in modern correspondence one constantly comes across the words: “It’s nice to be Russian in such a glorious time for Russia” .

The result of the Italian campaign was the liberation of Northern Italy from French domination in a short time. The Allied victories were due mainly to the high morale and combat qualities of the Russian troops and the outstanding military leadership of Suvorov.

After the liberation of Northern Italy, Suvorov intended to launch an offensive against France, striking main blow in the direction of Grenoble, Lyon, Paris. But this plan was thwarted by the allies, who feared the growing influence of Russia in the Mediterranean and Italy. Great Britain and Austria decided to remove the Russian army from Northern Italy. Suvorov was ordered, leaving Austrian troops in Italy, at the head of Russian troops to head to Switzerland, unite with the corps of A. M. Rimsky-Korsakov operating there and from there advance against France.

Russian troops covered 150 km from Alessandria to Taverno in six days. Upon arrival at Taverno, it was discovered that the Austrians, in violation of the agreements reached, did not deliver there 1,429 mules necessary for transporting provisions and artillery. Meanwhile, the Russian army sent its artillery and convoys by a different route. The mules were delivered only 4 days later and only 650 of them. Austrian officers also gave incorrect information about the size of the French army (understating it by almost a third) and about the topography of the route (claiming that there was a footpath along Lake Lucerne, which in fact did not exist).

On August 31 (September 11), Russian troops finally set out in two columns. Suvorov's heroic Swiss campaign of 1799 began, which became a great page in Russian history. The first major clash with the French was assault on the Gotthard pass which opened the way to Switzerland. The French division of Lecourbe that defended it numbered up to half of the entire Russian army. Having taken the villages of Ursern and Hospenthal, Russian troops began the assault at dawn on September 13 (24). From the third attack the pass was taken. On September 14 (25), Russian troops, united in one detachment, moved to Schwyz, where on the way they again had to storm French fortifications in extremely difficult conditions: in the area of ​​​​the Devil's Bridge, which was thrown across the gorge through which the Royce River flowed. A narrow tunnel (Urzernskaya hole) opened into the bridge, punched through huge, almost vertical cliffs.

IN Swiss campaign Both the military genius of Suvorov and the tactical skill of Russian commanders were revealed. Having bypassed the French along the bottom of the gorge, the Russian troops managed to push them back from the exit of the tunnel, and the battle began for the Devil’s Bridge itself. They managed to take it without allowing it to be destroyed. With battles and hard struggles against unfavorable natural conditions, the army advanced further. The most difficult test on the Gotthard road was crossing the highest and steepest snow-capped mountain, Bintnerberg, opposite and in the middle of the waterfall. Many Russian soldiers died during the transition. Finally, having crossed the mountain and entered Altdorf, Suvorov discovered that there was no road along Lake Lucerne, which the Austrians had told him about, which made it impossible to go to Schwyz. All the boats available on the lake were used for retreat by the remnants of Lekurba's division pressed to the lake.

Meanwhile, provisions began to run out, French troops were concentrating near Lake Vierwalstedt, and Suvorov decided to send troops through the powerful Rossstock mountain range and, having crossed it, enter the Mutten Valley, and from there go to Schwyz. During this difficult transition, Suvorov (who was already 68 years old) became seriously ill. The crossing of Rosstok took 12 hours. Having descended to the village of Mutten, occupied by the French, the Russians began to storm it, which came as a complete surprise to the French. By the evening of September 19 (30), all Suvorov’s troops concentrated in the Mutten Valley and here they learned about the defeat of Rimsky-Korsakov’s corps, to whose aid they were rushing. Suvorov's troops were blocked by the French.

The Russian army managed to break through the French positions and fought forward through snow-capped mountains and passes. There was practically no food or ammunition left, clothes and shoes were worn out, many soldiers and officers were barefoot. On September 20, in the Mutten Valley, the 7,000-strong rearguard of the Russian army under the command of Rosenberg, covering Suvorov from the rear, defeated a 15,000-strong group of French troops under the command of Massena, who was almost captured.

In this battle alone, from 4 to 5 thousand French died and 1.2 thousand, including General Lecourbe, were captured (the Russians lost 650 killed). After the last Austrian brigade left the Russians (in Glarus), the generals of the Russian army decided to fight their way through the Panix Pass (Ringenkopf) into the Rhine River valley to join the remnants of Rimsky-Korsakov’s corps. This was the last and one of the most difficult transitions. All the guns, ours and those captured from the French, were thrown into the abyss, and about 300 mules were lost. The French attacked the rearguard of the Russian army, but even having a supply of bullets and artillery, they were put to flight by the Russians in bayonet attacks. The final test was the descent from Mount Panix (depicted in Surikov’s painting “Suvorov’s Crossing of the Alps”). At the beginning of October 1799, Suvorov’s Swiss campaign ended with his arrival at the Austrian city of Feldkirch.

In the Swiss campaign, the losses of the Russian army, which emerged from encirclement without food and ammunition and defeated all the troops on its way, amounted to about 5 thousand people (up to 1/4 of the army), many of whom were killed during the transitions. However, the losses of the French troops, who had an overwhelming superiority in numbers, exceeded the losses of the Russian troops by 3-4 times. 2,778 French soldiers and officers were captured, half of whom Suvorov managed to feed and bring out of the Alps as evidence of a great feat.

After the completion of the Swiss campaign, Paul I decided to mint a special medal, on which he wanted to reflect the “contribution” of the Austrians (who only interfered with the common cause). Suvorov, whom the emperor approached with a request to suggest variants of the text of the inscription on the medal, gave the following advice: make the medal the same for both Russians and Austrians, but at the same time emboss “God is with us” on the “Russian” version, and “God is with us” on the “Austrian” version - "God with you".

For this campaign, unparalleled in difficulty and heroism Suvorov was awarded the highest military rank Generalissimo, becoming the fourth generalissimo in Russia.

On October 29 (November 9), 1799, Suvorov received two rescripts from Paul I, which announced the rupture of the alliance with Austria and ordered the Russian army to prepare to return to Russia. In the second half of November, the Russian army began to return. In Bohemia and Northern Austria, it settled down to rest in the Shkvorets castle (Suvorov himself stayed in Prague) in anticipation of a possible resumption of the war with the French Republic. However, it was not followed and on January 14 (25), 1800, the Russian army finally moved to Russia.

In Krakow, Suvorov handed over command to Rosenberg and headed to St. Petersburg. Along the way, he fell ill and stopped at his estate in Kobrin. Sent by the emperor to Suvorov, the life physician I. I. Weikart was able to achieve an improvement in Suvorov’s condition so that he was able to continue his journey. A ceremonial meeting was being prepared for him in St. Petersburg. However, at this time Suvorov unexpectedly falls into disgrace again. The reason for it was that during the Italian and Swiss campaigns Suvorov kept with him a general on duty, which was only supposed to be a monarch. Various versions have been put forward regarding the real reasons for the disgrace.

Suvorov's illness worsened. The formal meeting was cancelled. Arriving in St. Petersburg, Suvorov stayed at home with his niece’s husband D.I. Khvostov. Paul I refused to accept the commander. According to one version, on his deathbed Suvorov told the emperor’s favorite Count Ivan Kutaisov, who had come to demand an account of his actions: “I am preparing to give an account to God, but now I don’t even want to think about the sovereign...”. Also, according to one version, when Count Khvostov, who was a mediocre poet, came to the dying Suvorov to say goodbye, he told him: “Mitya, you are a good person, don’t write poetry. And if you can’t help but write, then, for God’s sake, don’t print.”

On May 6 (18), in the second hour of the day, Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov died in St. Petersburg at Kryukov Canal, building 23.

The removal of Suvorov's body took place on May 12 at 9 am. The coffin could not fit through the narrow doors and therefore had to be lowered from the balcony into the arms of the Suvorov grenadier veterans who came to the funeral. According to one of the early versions, because of this hitch, Emperor Paul, who met the coffin at the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, left without waiting and on the way met the funeral procession at the corner of Malaya Sadovaya and Nevsky. According to another, widespread in the literature late XIX- early 20th century - Pavel accidentally met the procession. According to the third, Soviet historiography claimed that the emperor was not present at the funeral.

The commander was buried in the lower Annunciation Church of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. And although there were no official announcements about Suvorov’s death and funeral, they took place in front of a huge crowd of people. The same inscriptions were made on the slab and on the wall board. Wall plaque in the form of a figured shield of gilded bronze, in the center of which there is an oval medallion framed by banners. Above it is an allegorical relief: a helmet, the club of Hercules, bucrania, garlands; below is a shield with the head of Medusa and halberds. The medallion is engraved with the inscription: Here lies / Suvorov. / Generalissimo / Prince of Italy / Gr. Alexander Vasilyevich / Suvorov Rymniksky, / was born on November 13th, 1729, / died on May 6th, 1800, / His name was November 24th.

In the year of the 50th anniversary of the death of Suvorov, the grandson of the deceased commander, Alexander Arkadyevich, officers and soldiers of the regiments commanded by his grandfather asked to fulfill Suvorov’s last will. They told how, returning from a Swiss campaign, the commander traveled through Bavaria, Bohemia, Austrian Poland and Lithuania. Everywhere he was greeted with triumph and given royal honors. In the city of Neitingen, Suvorov examined the tomb of the Austrian field marshal Laudon. Reading the verbose, lush inscriptions glorifying Laudon, Suvorov became thoughtful and quietly, barely audible, said to the ruler of his chancellery: “Why such a long inscription?” I bequeath my will to you. Write only three words on my tomb: “Here lies Suvorov”. His will was violated. At the burial site they placed a slab with a long, ornate inscription: “Generalissimo, Prince of Italy, Count A.V. Suvorov-Rymniksky, born in 1729, November 13th, died 1800, May 6th.” Alexander Arkadyevich listened to the voice of the commander’s comrades, worked for a long time and finally fulfilled his grandfather’s will, replacing this inscription with a short one, in three words: “Here lies Suvorov.”

Family of Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov:

Family life Suvorova was unsuccessful. On January 16 (27), 1774 in Moscow he married Princess Varvara Ivanovna Prozorovskaya (1750-1806), daughter of Prince Ivan Andreevich Prozorovsky and Maria Mikhailovna, née Princess Golitsyna. The relationship with his wife was bad. In 1779, he began divorce proceedings, but soon suspended it under pressure from his wife’s relatives and other influential persons. In 1784 he completely broke off relations with his wife. At the same time, his daughter Natalya was placed in foster care at the Smolny Institute, and his son Arkady, born on August 4 of the same year, remained with his mother.

Daughter - Natalya Alexandrovna (1775-1844), married to Count Nikolai Zubov (six children)

Son - Arkady Alexandrovich (1784-1811) - lieutenant general, commander of an infantry division, drowned in the Rymnik River at the age of 26. From his marriage to Elena Alexandrovna Naryshkina (1785-1855) - four children:
Maria (1802-1870), married to Major General Prince Mikhail Mikhailovich Golitsyn (1793-1856) (three children)
Varvara (1803-1885), in the 1st marriage - to Colonel Dmitry Evlampievich Bashmakov (1792-1835), in the 2nd - to her cousin Prince Andrei Gorchakov (from the 1st marriage - six children)
Alexander (1804-82) - infantry general, Baltic governor-general. From his marriage with Lyubov Vasilyevna Yartsova (1811-1867) he left three children: 1. Lyubov (1831-1883), in the 1st marriage - to State Councilor Prince Alexei Vasilyevich Golitsyn (divorced), in the 2nd - to Colonel Vladimir Vladimirovich Molostvov (1835-1877) (from the 2nd marriage - seven children). 2. Arkady (1834-1893), aide-de-camp, died childless. With his death, the line of the princes of Italy, the counts of Suvorov-Rymniksky, ended. 3. Alexandra (1844-1927) married to Major General Sergei Vladimirovich Kozlov (1853-1906) (two children).

Konstantin (1809-1877), colonel, chamberlain. Wife - Elizaveta Alekseevna Khitrovo (1822-1859). Childless.

On February 5 (17), 1848, Princes Alexander and Konstantin Arkadyevich of Italy, Counts of Suvorov-Rymniksky, were granted, with their descendants, the title of lordship.

Awards of Vasilievich Suvorov:

Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called (11/09/1787) - for the battle of Kinburn; diamond insignia for the order (1789) - for the battle of Focsani;
A.V. Suvorov became one of the 3 Knights of the Order of St. George throughout the history of the order, awarded from the 3rd to the 1st degree.
Order of St. George 1st class Bol. cr. (10/18/1789, No. 7) - “excellent art and excellent courage in any case, especially during the attack of numerous Turkish forces, led by the Supreme Vizier on the 11th day of September on the Rymnik River”;
Order of St. George, 2nd class (07/30/1773, No. 8) - “For the brave and courageous deed performed with the detachment entrusted to his leadership during the attack on Turtukai”;
Order of St. George, 3rd class (08/19/1771, No. 34) - “For bravery and courageous feats performed in 770 and 771 with the detachment entrusted to him against the Polish rebels, when he won with prudent orders in the battles that took place, defeating their parties everywhere victory over them";
Golden sword with diamonds and laurels (07/10/1775) - in honor of the victory over the Turks;
the second sword with diamonds and laurel wreaths for the victory at Rymnik (1789);
Order of St. Vladimir, 1st degree (07/28/1783) - for victories over the Nogais in Crimea;
Order of St. Alexander Nevsky (12/20/1771) - for the victory over the Polish Confederates;
Order of St. Anne (09.1770) - for battles with Polish confederates;
Knight of the Grand Commander's Cross of the Order of John of Jerusalem;
Austrian Military Order of Maria Theresa, 1st class;
Prussian: Order of the Red Eagle, 1st degree, Order of the Black Eagle, “For Merit”;
Sardinian: Supreme Order of the Holy Annunciation, St. Mauritius and Lazarus;
Bavarian: Order of St. Hubert, Order of the Golden Lion.