1. Roads. Available only in Germany. Countrywide. Real, good, fast. Constructed by chords intersecting each other. Recommended speed 130 km/h. Maximum speed Autobahn traffic is not limited. In Russia there are no roads, there are directions with potholes, potholes and traffic jams. The recommended speed on highways in Russia is 100 km/h. The maximum speed is 110 km/h, which it is better not to exceed for your own safety. The European Road Atlas considers motorways in Russia only Novorizhskoe highway and pieces of the M4 Don toll highway. All other roads do not match the quality of highways. The vast majority of roads pass through populated areas with the impossibility of bypassing them, which leads to numerous traffic jams and gas pollution. Total length of roads in Germany: 12,645 km of motorways out of 644,480 km of paved roads. The total length of roads in Russia: according to the website autotraveler.ru, there are no highways at all; 755,000 paved roads, 178,000 km of dirt (!) roads, a total of 933,000 km of “roads”. In Germany, unpaved roads are only available in fields. Compare the territory of Germany and Russia, the number of cars and the number of inhabitants, and it will immediately become clear why there are continuous traffic jams in Moscow.
2. Organization of traffic in case of repairs. In Germany, at least a kilometer away from the start of a repair section with a narrowing road, bollards with reflective elements are placed, allowing you to change lanes smoothly. Drivers are accompanied not only by speed limit signs and detour directions, but also by emoticons: with a sad smile - at 6 km of repair, with a neutral smile - at 4 km of repair, and with a joyful smile when there are only 2 km left until the end of the emergency section. There are also traffic lights powered by solar panels in emergency areas and electronic displays indicating that when the road narrows, you need to change lanes one at a time - one car from each lane. In Russia, most often the start of repairs is indicated by a KamAZ truck parked at night without lights right on the lane being repaired. Sometimes this KamAZ is marked with a sign with a blue arrow indicating the detour direction. IN in rare cases this sign is luminous and can be seen from afar. Reflective elements are installed only on highways; I saw them in New Riga and again during the repair of the Don highway.
3. Road construction. In Germany, roads are built with cranes and other construction equipment; at a repair site of 2-3 kilometers you can meet 2-3 people monitoring the progress of construction and issuing instructions. In Russia, instead of one normal skating rink, they traditionally use 30 Tajiks, of which 27 look at each other and only three pretend to dig. I’m not even talking about the thickness of the concrete base on the highway. In Germany - 30 cm of a mixture of concrete and crushed stone over asphalt or concrete slabs. In Russia, asphalt is laid on a thin layer of sand. And then everyone is surprised - where does the track come from?
4. Cars. Probably all BMV X5 and Audi A8 are assembled in Moscow. The vast majority of German roads do not have expensive cars. These are ordinary middle-class cars that are far from fresh and have been driving on the roads for several years. Amazed big number“Fiats” from foreign cars for Germany. Of course, there are also expensive cars on the autobahn, but most often they are open-top convertibles or mini-Coopers. The most important thing is that a car for Germans is a means of transportation! How many people travel in station wagons or minivans with bicycles attached to the roof or back of the car! For Russians, a car is a show-off and an opportunity to stand out on the road.
5. Driving culture. For a week in Germany, not a single bastard is expensive and/or fast car did not honk or blink the headlights from behind. When the road narrowed, we were stuck in a traffic jam for about 20 minutes on the autobahn when three lanes turned into one. Not a single (!!!) car was driving along the side of the road on the right behind solid line! No one honked or cut anyone else off. Everyone drove slowly, but wedged one after another into the bottleneck. There is nothing to write about the driving culture in Russia, because there isn’t much of it. Only yesterday in one right lane they managed to line up in three rows! Land Rover always and everywhere goes where it wants and how it wants, without even turning on the turn signals, lumps on tinted “fives”, “tens” and “gazelles” drive without any rules at all, since in the car they talk to each other with their hands and mobile phone, buses always leave the stops without looking. Driving according to the rules in Germany is considered the norm, but in Russia it is considered normal to drive without any rules at all.
Information for the conference call on measures to improve the condition of regional and municipal roads.
Currently the road network common use V Russian Federation has a total length of 1452.2 thousand km, of which 51.9 thousand km are roads federal significance, 515.8 thousand km – roads regional significance, 884.5 thousand km – roads local significance. There is no hard surface on 8.1% of regional roads and 43.6% of local roads. 64.4% of regional roads and 29% of local roads have improved road pavement capable of passing flows of trucks regardless of weather and climatic conditions.
63.6% of the length of federal roads, 38.8% of the total length of regional roads and 31.6% of the length of local roads meet regulatory requirements.
Currently, nine agreements have been signed in the amount of 3.827 billion rubles ( Bryansk region, Lipetsk region, Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Republic of Chuvashia, Republic of Buryatia, Omsk region, Amur region, Primorsky Krai, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)).
The provision of subsidies and interbudgetary transfers for the implementation of road activities in relation to regional and local roads is currently carried out both targeted - for specific road objects, and in aggregate - for the implementation of activities provided for by regional programs.
According to Rosavtodor, the length of federal roads at the beginning of 2008 was 48.8 thousand km, which is less than 5 percent of the total length road network country, while federal roads account for more than 40 percent of all passenger and freight traffic. Including, the length of main roads was 30 thousand km. At the beginning of 2009, the length of roads was 939,700 km, of which 754,483 km were for public use. Of these, there were 629,373 km with hard surfaces, including federal – 49,694 km, regional and municipal – 455,610 km, local – 124,068 km.
At the beginning of 2010, the length of public federal highways was 50,127 km, including 49,931 km with hard surfaces. With improved coverage – 44,927 km. The length of regional highways was 493,342 km, including 449,859 km with hard surfaces and 309,433 km with improved surfaces. The total length of roads in the Russian Federation as of January 2010 is 983.1 thousand km. At the beginning of 2011 total length highways in Russia increased by 2.1% and reached 1004 thousand km.
Table 1
Length of roads in the Russian Federation, total and by type, thousand km
Source. Rosstat data.
2) Since 2006 - including local roads.
3) Without small businesses.
4) Until 2006 - roads of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Until 2003 inclusive, the length of roads in the Russian Federation practically did not change. Then there was a downward trend: in 2003-2005. this indicator decreased by 4.5%. However, already in 2006 there was an 8% increase. In 2007, the increase in the length of roads continued, but in 2008 due to known reasons there was a decline. In 2009, the quantitative increase was positive, although fewer roads were built during this period than in 2008. The positive increase could have occurred due to the commissioning of completed roads that were started in previous years. In 2010, the total length of roads increased by 21 thousand km.
Rice. 1. The total length of highways in the Russian Federation, divided into public and non-public roads according to the new classification, 2003-2011. (at the beginning of the year, thousand km)
The ratio of public and non-public roads in Russia cannot be called stable, since there is a noticeable steady trend to increase the share of public roads. So, if in 2002 this ratio was 1.9 times, then in 2010 it was 4.6.
Rice. 2. Length of public and non-public roads in the new classification, 2003-2011. (for the beginning of the year, %)
The ratio of public and non-public paved roads has also been increasing in recent years. In 2002, this indicator was 2.5, in 2010 – 5.5.
Rice. 3. Length of public and non-public paved roads in the new classification, 2003-2011. (at the beginning of the year, thousand km)
Source. ABARUS Market Research according to Rosstat data
However, the above figures demonstrate that although public roads are increasing by in quantitative terms, but they grow in to a greater extent due to unpaved roads. If in 2002 the share of paved roads was 91.2%, then in 2010 it was almost 11% less (in the total volume of public roads).
Rice. 4. Share of roads with hard and non-hard surfaces in the total volume of public roads, 2003-2011. (for the beginning of the year, %)
Source. ABARUS Market Research according to Rosstat.
The length of federal roads remained virtually unchanged during 2002-2007. Significant increase in length in 2008-2010. is associated with the inclusion in the federal network of highways “Vilyuy”, from St. Petersburg through Priozersk, Sortavala to Petrozavodsk, and a number of other sections of highways of regional importance.
Rice. 5. Length of local, regional, federal roads with hard surfaces in the new classification, 2003-2011. (at the beginning of the year, thousand km)
Source. ABARUS Market Research according to Rosstat.
The annual reduction in the length of roads of regional importance occurs in connection with the process of redistribution of roads of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities, carried out in accordance with the principles of classification of highways, as well as through the transfer of a number of regional roads to the federal network.
Rice. 6. Share of hard and non-hard surfaces for federal and regional public roads at the beginning of 2011, %
Source. ABARUS Market Research according to Rosavtodor data.
Highways with improved surfaces include roads with the following types coverings: cement concrete, asphalt concrete, crushed stone and gravel, treated with binders. Regional roads are provided with such roads to a lesser extent compared to federal ones.
Public roads are of low quality: 8.1% of roads are unpaved, almost a third of roads have gravel, crushed stone and bridge surfaces. Currently 28.6% of rural settlements The Russian Federation does not have paved roads for connection with the public transport network.
According to the Ministry economic development due to reduction industrial production and depression in the construction sector, the volume of cargo transportation by road transport decreased in 2009 by 24%, and in 2010 by 0.1%. Declines also occurred in the rail transport (17%) and inland water transport (35.7%) segments. Transportation by sea transport, on the contrary, increased by 6.1%. From 2002 to 2008, about 7 billion tons of cargo were transported annually by road. By 2010, cargo transportation decreased to 5 billion tons of cargo.
Rice. 7. Transportation of goods by road, 1992-2011. (million tons)
Source. ABARUS Market Research according to Rosstat.
Freight turnover by road transport follows the dynamics of transportation volumes: a high figure in 1992, a decline by 2000, progressive, but more intensive growth by 2008. In 2009, there was a decline to the level of 2004. Transport freight turnover in 2010 amounted to 4752 .8 billion ton-kilometers (106.9% compared to 2009), including automobile – 199.4 (110.7%)1. In 2011, this figure increased to 229 billion tonne-kilometres2.
Rice. 8. Freight turnover by road transport, 1992-2011. (billion ton-kilometers)
Source. ABARUS Market Research according to Rosstat.
In January-April 2012, transport freight turnover, according to preliminary data, amounted to 1668.5 billion ton-kilometers, including railway - 736.6 billion, road - 70.8 billion, sea - 18.7 billion. , inland water - 2.7 billion, air - 1.6 billion, pipeline - 838.1 billion ton-kilometers.
In commercial cargo turnover (tons per kilometer), excluding pipelines, it is the leader railway transport. But in total volume In terms of cargo transportation, road transport is ahead of it. At the same time, the freight turnover of vehicles, although slowly, is also growing.
Transportation of passengers by road has a negative trend: if in 1995 the volume of passenger transportation by bus was 22.8 billion people, then in 2009 it was only 11.3 billion people. (twice smaller). The volume of transportation by taxi has decreased by almost 10 times. This is due to the active reorientation of the population from commercial transport passengers to individual car owners.
The automobile fleet of the Russian Federation increased by the beginning of 2012 to 35 million cars, the forecast for 2015 is 48-49 million. The number of cars per thousand inhabitants in last years is actively growing. Many families have several cars, all of which creates a burden on the roads.
The provision of roads per thousand inhabitants in the Russian Federation is also increasing, but much slower than the provision of cars. Here are official data on the length of public roads; the low volume before 2005 is due to the peculiarities of statistical recording of roads, and not to their sharp increase after 2006.
It is worth noting that the share of the federal network operating in overload mode increased from 12,349 to 13,379 km (8%) instead of the planned 14,898 km.
The state of road infrastructure in Russia
The situation in the Russian road sector has only gotten worse in recent years, despite the positive quantitative increases in road length reported annually official statistics, and constant growth financing.
Indeed, over the past ten years (from 2001 to 2011), the total length of roads in Russia has increased by less than 125 thousand km (i.e. by 13-14%). But if in 2009 about 40% of federal roads corresponded regulatory requirements to transport and operational indicators, then at the end of 2011 the share of such roads, according to the expectations of the Avtodor Group of Companies, should have been only 33%. Judging by the fact that as of June 2012, officials were in no hurry to report on achievements, the set goal was not achieved. It is worth noting that the length of the federal roads themselves has changed little over the specified period, increasing only from 47 to 50 thousand km, and has remained unchanged for the last four years.
But the share of public roads is actively increasing - the growth was 42% for the period from 2006 to 2011 - from 581 thousand km to 825 thousand km. But it would be more correct to call this growth fictitious, since the mileage is mainly growing not due to new construction (no more than 2.5-3 thousand km of roads are built in the country annually), but due to the transfer of existing roads from one official category to another. IN in this case new public roads are regularly “cut out” from non-public roads, the “non-publicness” of which in most cases is difficult to fit into clear criteria.
At the same time, the content of the Federal Target Program “Development transport system Russia for 2010-2015." promises that by 2015, the share of the length of public highways of federal significance that meet regulatory requirements for transport and operational indicators will be 27.18 thousand km, that is, close to 50% compared to the current 33%. How the authors of the program are going to achieve this is unclear, because over the past 5 years the quantitative increase in the road surface in Russia has been replenished by roads Low quality(in the language of road workers - those without hard surfaces). If in 2002 the share of roads without paved surface was 8.8%, then at the beginning of 20011 it was already 19.4% (in the total volume of public roads), that is, it more than doubled and now amounts to almost 1/5 the length of all Russian roads.
It is worth recalling that the truck fleet has grown by more than 10% over five years, and the passenger fleet by more than 30%. And the potential of the Russian automobile market will allow it to grow at an equally active pace in the coming years. This means that the load on the roads will continue to increase.
To improve the quality of the most actively used roads to an acceptable level, in Russia it is necessary to annually build and reconstruct at least 2.5 thousand km of federal roads, and not 0.8-1.2 thousand km per year, as now. But find necessary funds It is not easy to implement this plan, especially in conditions when the importance of this or that construction in Russia is determined not so much by economic as by political reasons.
In 2011, the planned costs for road construction, provided for by the 2010-2015 Program, were adjusted, as a result of which the financing of road construction in the European part of the country, such as M-5 "Ural", M-6 "Caspian", M-7 " Volga", M-9 "Baltia" and some others, was quite significantly reduced (2-3 times). IN positive side funding has increased for strategic construction projects in the south - M-27 "Dzhugba", M-29 "Caucasus", in the north and west - M-8 "Kholmogory", M-10 "Scandinavia", M-11 "Narva", as well as remote Baikal highways and M-56 "Lena-Kolyma".
In 2011 most of objects of the Federal target program was a long-term construction project - areas that were unfinished in 2010 continued to be financed throughout the year. In some cases, less funds were allocated for them than in the previous year, but in most cases the amounts increased.
The activities of the largest road construction companies in Russia also show that they need more time to complete projects under construction and construction. Almost 70% of all facilities that were scheduled to be commissioned in 2011 continue to be in operation in 2012. This also applies to market leaders such as Mostotrest OJSC, Transstroy OJSC and other companies.
The general conclusion is that infrastructure facilities in Russia are being built slowly, with big amount amendments and changes made during the work process, which as a result, as a rule, changes the estimate upward. Annual expenses for current and major renovation Russian highways in terms of one kilometer range from 27 thousand to 55 thousand dollars.
But with increasing financial investments, quality guarantees do not increase. Problems do not bypass even those objects to which the attention of the state is riveted. So, in 2011 new route 5.4 km long leading to innovation center Skolkovo, built for 6 billion rubles modern technologies, just a year later it was covered in cracks and was already in need of repair. In June 2012, a few months before the start of the APEC Summit in Primorye, the Sedanka-Patroclus highway (the road that will connect Vladivostok airport with the bridge to Russky Island) was washed out due to a drainage system not built by the contractor.
1 Statistical review in the Russian Federation for 2010
2 Statistical review of the Russian Federation for 2011.