Human behavior as a sociobiological species Homo sapiens is one of the species of the Animal kingdom. As a biological species, he is characterized by all the needs of animals: oxygen, food, water, reproduction, etc. At the same time, as you already know, man has a number of traits that distinguish him from animals. These differences have also given rise to new human needs that are not typical for [...]
Bite is the nature of the closure of the upper and lower incisors and canines. In a situation where lower jaw pushed forward in relation to the upper one, they speak of a pincer bite. When the jaws are closed accurately, the bite is called normal. A scissor bite (as in a normal human) occurs in cases that are the opposite of a pincer bite.
Mental stress, emotional stress, psychological stress- emotional tension, mental tension, a concept reflecting a type of general systemic reaction ( adaptation syndrome) of an individual with characteristic symptoms on the influence of internal and external factors informational nature. The term psychological stress in a person refers to states of anxiety, conflict, emotional distress, experiencing a security threat, failure, annoyance, etc.
Blood pressure is the pressure of blood on the walls of blood vessels created by the contraction of the ventricles of the heart. Difference blood pressure in various parts of the circulatory system ensures continuous blood flow in the vessels. The maximum blood pressure is in the aorta, the minimum is in the vena cava. In humans arterial pressure, which is usually measured in the brachial artery, normally when the heart contracts (systolic pressure) is about 120 […]
Circulation circles are the paths followed by oxygenated and waste blood within the vascular system. There are small and big circle blood circulation The blood, having given up oxygen in the body’s tissues and bound carbon dioxide, a waste product of the tissues, enters through the venous system into the heart, into the right atrium, then into the right ventricle. Powerful contractions of the latter pump blood into the vessels of the small [...]
Negroid (Negro-Australoid) race Characterized by dark color skin and eyes, wavy or curly hair, a wide nose that protrudes little, transverse nostrils, full lips and certain distinct features of the skull. The beard and mustache grow barely noticeable. All of the above characteristics are adaptive in nature. For example, dark skin is less damaged by the sun's rays and prevents penetration ultraviolet rays into the skin, protects it [...]
Races are historically formed groups of people that are characterized by common hereditary and physiological characteristics. At this time, there is only one type of person. Human races are a systematic subdivision within a species Homo sapiens. Each race is characterized by a set of hereditarily predetermined characteristics (skin color, eyes, hair, features soft parts faces, skulls, height, etc.). Modern humanity divided into three or five large [...]
Neanderthal stone tools were more diverse and sophisticated. Among them there were tips, scraping and chopping. With the help of such tools ancient man provided himself with everything necessary. Neanderthals knew how to not only maintain, but also make fire. They settled on river banks, living under natural canopies or in caves. They develop a language. There is an assumption that they took the first […]
Australopithecus - comparatively large organisms(weight about 20-65 kg, height 100-150 cm), who lived on Earth from 8,000,000 to 750,000 years because. Walked on short legs upright position bodies. The brain mass reached 550 g in some species, which is more than in modern anthropoids. Australopithecus lived on open spaces, where they hunted and […]
The formation of man as a biological species passed through four main stages of evolution within the hominid family: the predecessor of man (protoanthropus); the oldest person (archanthrope); ancient man (paleoanthropus); Human modern type(neoanthrope). To date, there is still no paleontological data to reconstruct all the intermediate stages in the development of hominids that led to modern humans. Of course, in general the evolution [...]
Anthropogenesis is the origin of man and his formation as a species in the process of formation of society. A person has a series specific signs that distinguish it from the animal world. Man is a social being and lives not only by biological laws, but also by social ones. A person speaks articulate language and conveys his life experience. A person thinks abstractly, conceptually. […]
Anthropology is the science that studies the origins and evolution of humans. Man, as a biological species, occupies a certain systematic position in the animal world. General plan of the building and characteristic features allow us to classify it as a chordate type: the presence in embryonic development of a notochord, neural tube, and gill slit. It is classified as a mammal due to the following characteristics: intrauterine development, the presence of mammary and sweat glands, [...]
When performing simple motor reactions nerve impulses, which go to the muscles, are formed by executive nerve cells that lie in the spinal cord. The performance of complex motor acts depends on the work of higher motor centers located in the cerebral cortex. The cork centers direct their influence to the deep parts of the brain, to the cerebellum and to the executive cells of the spinal cord, […]
There are three types of muscle tissue in the human body: skeletal, cardiac and smooth and shiny. Smooth and shiny muscles are found in the walls of blood vessels and in many internal organs. Skeletal muscles are formed big amount muscle fibers and ensure human movement in space. The heart muscle has a large number of weaves and connections between individual fibers, which has a great […]
The skeleton of the free upper limbs consists of the shoulder, forearm and hand. The shoulder has only one humerus. The forearm is formed by two bones: the ulna and the radius. The hand consists of the wrist, metacarpus and fingers. The skeleton of the wrist consists of small bones. The five long bones of the metacarpus build the skeleton of the palm and provide support for the bones of the fingers. The skeleton of the pelvic girdle is formed by two motionless flat pelvic […]
The bony skeleton provides our body with support, ensures that its shape is maintained, and protects internal organs from damage. Bones vary in shape, size and occupy specific positions in the skeleton. Some of the bones are connected to each other by movable joints. They are capable of movement thanks to the muscles attached to them. Skeleton of the head - the skull consists of two sections: the brain and the facial. The main bones of the medulla [...]
After fertilization, the egg begins to move through the fallopian tube; At the same time, the process of cell division occurs, as a result of which the egg turns into a multicellular embryo. Having reached the uterine cavity 4-5 days later, the embryo penetrates its mucous membrane. The placenta is formed from the embryonic membranes and blood vessels of the mucous uterus, through which the embryo receives nutrients from the mother’s body […]
Personality is a specific person with a unique combination of its physical, physiological and psychological qualities and properties. For the formation of personality, its self-education, self-knowledge and self-esteem, communication with the people who surround it and the establishment of personal contacts are extremely important. One of the main characteristics of personality is balance, which allows a person to keep his life attitudes and beliefs. Personality […]
Sleep is important for the body. Depriving a person of sleep has a detrimental effect on her health. Sleep renews the functioning of brain cells. They accumulate necessary energy, thereby preparing a person for active daytime activities. During sleep, despite the immobility of the body, closed eyes, lack of contact with the outside world, etc., active, vital, […]
Man differs from animals in language and verbal thinking which arose thanks to labor activity and life in society. With the help of words, people can exchange opinions, consciously guide their behavior, coordinating it with other people. The first year of a person's life is extremely important for the development of a person's language. Since adults constantly talk to the baby (during feeding, changing clothes and other […]
The importance of an event for us is determined by our internal need, our interest, and our goal. Predominant in this moment need guides all behavior. O. O. Ukhtomsky discovered the principle of behavior control, which he called the principle of dominance. According to this principle, the dominant need, the behavior associated with its satisfaction, and the simultaneous suppression of reflexes that interfere and distract, mobilize all the energy […]
For the normal existence of an organism in a changeable external environment, it is necessary to change its behavior in time and adapt to specific conditions. The ability to manage one’s behavior, change it in time, and sometimes completely restrain certain behavioral reactions is one of the “important features well-mannered person. Distinguish unconditional inhibition(when the unconditioned orienting reflex inhibits the corresponding behavior) and conditioned inhibition […]
Reflex is the main form of activity of the nervous system. The most simple reflexes belong to the innate, or unconditional; they are inherited and ensure the body's adaptation to constant environmental conditions. Unconditioned reflexes refer to specific characteristics of animal behavior. Already in a newborn child the simplest unconditional reactions: sucking (food unconditioned reflex), eye blinking (defensive unconditioned reflex), reflex, “what is it?” […]
Normal functioning of the body is possible only if a constant composition of the internal environment is maintained. The body continuously regulates the lack or excess of nutrients, mineral salts and other compounds. The lack of something necessary to support life and development causes a special state of the body, which is called need. Needs are basic driving force our behavior, these are internal incentives, motives for our activities. There are physiological […]
The main organ of touch in humans is the hand. The fingertips have the greatest sensitivity, which skin receptors have the most. Signals from them are sent along sensory nerves to the spinal cord and brain. The cerebral cortex analyzes the properties of objects that a person touches. The organ of smell is located in the upper part of the nasal cavity and is a cluster of very sensitive olfactory receptors […]
The position of our body is constantly controlled by a special organ of balance - the vestibular apparatus, which is located in the inner ear. He perceives any changes in body position. The vestibular apparatus consists of two small sacs and three semicircular canals, which are located in three mutually perpendicular planes, which correspond to three dimensions of space: height, length and width. The semicircular canals are filled with fluid; in the middle of each [...]
With the help of hearing, a person perceives sounds. The organ of hearing is the ear, which is a system of sequentially interconnected sections: the outer, middle and inner ear. The outer ear consists of auricle and the auditory canal, which connects the outer ear to the middle ear. Inside, the ear canal ends at the eardrum, which is stretched tightly and is capable of vibrating from the impact of a sound wave. […]
Human biology (Anatomy) as a science
Definition 1
Anatomy is the science that studies the structure of the human body.
Knowledge of human anatomy allows you to understand all the vital functions of the body. Anatomy is closely related to physiology, cytology and histology. This connection gives rise to the branches of anatomy.
Anatomy sections:
- Osteology – skeletal system;
- Angiology – vascular system;
- Myology – muscular system;
- Neurology – nervous system;
- Splanchnology – digestive, genitourinary, respiratory systems.
Depending on the content, anatomy is distinguished:
- Systematic or descriptive. Study the description of the form and structure of organs;
- Topographical. Studies the totality of organs and systems in a certain part of the body;
- Plastic. Study the external forms of the body.
- Normal. Studies healthy organs and organ systems;
- Pathological. Studies diseased organs and organ systems.
- Comparative. Explores the origins and family ties between humans and animals in the process of evolution.
Biological patterns and biosocial nature of man
The man is social essence. This means that survival ensures, not only biological mechanisms, and mainly, labor, production, society, worldwide and cosmic settlement, as well as human well-being. The acquisition of such a quality as sociality suggests that historical development humanity submits to to a greater extent not to biological laws of development, but to social ones.
Modern man has combined biological and social origin. Biological processes occur in the human body that perform a fundamental function in determining vital factors in the life and development of mankind.
Human biology is the theoretical basis of medicine
Hippocrates, the ancient Greek physician, believed that “every physician is obliged to know and understand nature.” Medical science uses general biological concepts. IN different areas Theoretical research is being carried out in biology. They make it possible to use the obtained theoretical data in practical medicine. Doctors are convinced that the health of humanity depends on the quality of the environment and lifestyle.
Discovery in the 19th century. cell theory gave rise to scientific foundations relationship between biology and medicine. R. Vikhrov combined cell theory with pathology, thereby combining biology with medicine as a theoretical basis. At the beginning of the twentieth century, C. Bernard and I. P. Pavlov discovered a common biological basis physiology and pathology. Scientists, creating the doctrine of infectious pathology, developed surgery. I. I. Mechnikov laid the biological foundations of the doctrine of immunity. Genetics has strengthened the fact about the relationship between biology and medicine. In the 20th century a start was made in the study hereditary pathology person.
Note 1
Therapy and surgery are developed thanks to physiology, anatomy and other biomedical sciences.
The theoretical foundations for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of hereditary diseases are determined by data from anatomy, biochemistry, physiology and general and molecular genetics.
Biological systems
In biological systems, energy processes obey the first two laws of thermodynamics. As a biological system reaches a state of equilibrium, the entropy value becomes maximum, and as living organisms grow and develop, their entropy value becomes low. Living organisms are capable of preserving a certain level energy, which helps resist entropy. At the moment of decrease in entropy, the system is unstable, and its lethal outcome is possible.
The structure of the human body is unique. Harmonious work each organ ensures vital functions. Each area consists of a certain set organs.
Humans are the most complex organism on our planet, capable of performing several functions simultaneously. All organs have their responsibilities and perform their work smoothly: the heart pumps blood, distributing it throughout the body, the lungs process oxygen into carbon dioxide, and the brain processes thought processes, others are responsible for a person’s movement and life activities.
Human structure based on external featuresAnatomy is the science that studies the human structure. She distinguishes between the external (what can be observed visually) and internal (hidden from view) structure of a person.
External structure- these are parts of the body that are open to the human eye and can easily be listed:
- head - the upper round part of the body
- neck - part of the body connecting the head and torso
- chest - front part of the body
- back - back of the body
- torso - human body
- upper limbs - hands
- lower limbs - legs
The internal structure of a person - consists of a number of internal organs that are located inside a person and have their own functions. The internal structure of a person consists of the main, more important organs:
- brain
- lungs
- heart
- liver
- stomach
- intestines
main internal organs of a person More detailed listing internal structure includes blood vessels, glands and other vital organs.
It can be noted that the structure of the human body is similar to the structure of representatives of the animal world. This fact is explained by the fact that, according to the theory of evolution, man descended from mammals.
Man developed together with animals, and scientists often notice his similarity with some representatives of the animal world at the cellular and genetic level.
Cell - elementary particle of the human body. A cluster of cells forms textile, which actually makes up the internal organs of a person.
All human organs are united into systems that work in a balanced manner to ensure the full functioning of the body. The human body consists of the following important systems:
- Musculoskeletal system- provides a person with movement and supports the body in the required position. It consists of a skeleton, muscles, ligaments and joints
- Digestive system - the most a complex system V human body, it is responsible for the digestion process, providing a person with energy for life
- Respiratory system - consists of the lungs and airways, which are designed to convert oxygen into carbon dioxide, oxygenating the blood
- The cardiovascular system - has the most important transport function, providing blood to the entire human body
- Nervous system - regulates all functions of the body, consists of two types of brain: the brain and the spinal cord, as well as nerve cells and nerve endings
- Endocrine system regulates nervous and biological processes in the body
- Reproductive and urinary system - a number of organs that differ in structure between men and women. Have important functions: reproductive and excretory
- Integumentary system - provides protection of internal organs from the external environment, represented by the skin
Video: “Human Anatomy. Where is what?
The brain is an important human organ
The brain provides a person with mental activity, distinguishing him from other living organisms. Essentially it is a mass nerve tissue. It consists of two cerebral hemispheres, the pons and the cerebellum.
- Large hemispheres necessary to control all thought processes and provide a person with conscious control of all movements
- At the back of the brain is cerebellum. It is thanks to him that a person is able to control the balance of the entire body. The cerebellum controls muscle reflexes. Even this important action how to pull your hand away from a hot surface so as not to damage the skin - controlled by the cerebellum
- Pons lies below the cerebellum at the base of the skull. Its function is very simple - to receive nerve impulses and transmit them
- The other bridge is oblong, located slightly lower and connects to spinal cord. Its function is to receive and transmit signals from other departments
Video: “Brain, structure and functions”
What organs are inside the chest?
IN chest cavity several vital organs:
- lungs
- heart
- bronchi
- trachea
- esophagus
- diaphragm
- thymus
organ structure chest person Rib cage - complex structure, mostly filled with lungs. It contains the most important muscular organ - the heart and large blood vessels. Diaphragm- a broad flat muscle that separates the chest from abdominal cavity.
Heart - Between the two lungs, in the chest there is this cavity organ-muscle. Its dimensions are not large enough and it does not exceed the volume of a fist. The organ's task is simple but important: to pump blood into the arteries and receive venous blood.
The position of the heart is quite interesting - oblique presentation. The wide part of the organ is directed up, back to the right, and the narrow part is directed down to the left.
detailed structure of the heart organ - The main vessels come from the base of the heart (the wide part). The heart must regularly pump and process blood, distributing fresh blood throughout the body
- The movement of this organ is ensured by two halves: the left and right ventricle
- The left ventricle of the heart is larger than the right
- The pericardium is the tissue covering this muscular organ. The outer part of the pericardium is connected to blood vessels, the inner part grows to the heart
Lungs - the most voluminous paired organ in the human body. This organ occupies most of the chest. These organs are exactly the same, but it is worth noting that they have different functions and structures.
lung structure As you can see in the picture, the right lung has three lobes, compared to the left lung, which has only two. Also, the left lung has a bend on the left side. The task of the lungs is to convert oxygen into carbon dioxide and saturate the blood with oxygen.
Trachea - occupies a position between the bronchi and larynx. The trachea is cartilaginous half-rings and connective ligaments, as well as muscle tissue on the back wall, covered with mucus. Inferiorly, the trachea divides into two bronchus These bronchi go to the left and right lungs. In fact, the bronchus is the most common extension of the trachea. The lung inside consists of many branches of the bronchi. Functions of the bronchi:
- airway - carrying air through the lungs
- protective - cleansing function
trachea and bronchi, structure Esophagus - a long organ that originates in the larynx and passes through aperture(muscular organ) connecting to the stomach. The esophagus has circular muscles that move food to the stomach.
location of the esophagus in the chest Thymus gland - gland, which has found its place under the sternum. It can be considered part of the human immune system.
thymus Video: “Organs of the thoracic cavity”
What organs are included in the abdominal cavity?
The abdominal organs are the organs of the digestive tract, as well as the pancreas along with the liver and kidneys. The spleen, kidneys, stomach and genitals are also located here. The abdominal organs are covered with peritoneum.
internal organs of the human abdominal cavity Stomach - one of the main organs digestive system. Essentially, it is a continuation of the esophagus, separated by a valve that covers the entrance to the stomach.
The stomach is shaped like a bag. Its walls are capable of producing special mucus (juice), the enzymes of which break down food.
structure of the stomach - Intestines - the longest and most voluminous part gastric tract. The intestines begin immediately after the outlet of the stomach. It is built in a loop shape and ends with an outlet. The intestines have thick, small intestines and direct
- The small intestine (duodenum and ileum) passes into the large intestine, the colon into the rectum
- The task of the intestines is to digest and remove leftover food from the body
detailed structure of the human intestine Liver - the largest gland in the human body. It is also involved in the digestion process. Its task is to ensure metabolism and participate in the blood circulation process.
It is located directly under the diaphragm and is divided into two lobes. A vein connects the liver to the duodenum. The liver is closely related and functions with the gallbladder.
liver structure Kidneys - a paired organ located in the lumbar region. They perform an important chemical function- regulation of homeostasis and urination.
The kidneys are bean-shaped and are part of the urinary organs. Directly above the kidneys are adrenal glands
kidney structure Bladder - a kind of bag for collecting urine. It is located just behind the pubic bone in the groin area.
structure of the bladder Spleen - located above the diaphragm. Has a number of important functions:
- hemorrhage
- body protection
The spleen has the ability to change in size depending on the accumulation of blood.
structure of the spleen How are the pelvic organs located?
These organs are located in the space limited by the pelvic bone. It is worth noting that female and male pelvic organs are different.
- Rectum - a similar organ in both men and women. This is the final part of the intestine. Digestive products are removed through it. The length of the rectum should be about fifteen centimeters
- Bladder differs in location, female and male placement in the cavity. In women, it is in contact with the walls of the vagina, as well as the uterus; in men, it is adjacent to the seminal vesicles and streams that remove the seed, as well as to the rectum
female pelvic (genital) organs - Vagina - a hollow tubular organ that is located from the genital slit to the uterus. It is about 10 centimeters long and is adjacent to the cervix, the organ passes through the genitourinary diaphragm
- Uterus - an organ made up of muscles. It is pear-shaped and is located behind the bladder but in front of the rectum. The organ is usually divided into: fundus, body and neck. Performs reproductive function
- Ovary - paired organ ovoid in shape. This is a female gland that produces hormones. The maturation of eggs occurs in them. The ovary is connected to the uterus by the fallopian tubes
male pelvic (genital) organs - Seminal vesicle - is located behind the bladder and looks like a paired organ. This is a secretory male organ. Its size is approximately five centimeters in diameter. It consists of bubbles connected to each other. The function of the organ is to produce seed for fertilization
- Prostate - an organ consisting of muscles and glands. It is located directly on the urogenital diaphragm. The base of the organ is the urinary and seminal canal
Video: “Human Anatomy. Abdominal organs"
During this lesson we will become familiar with the main parts of our body. We will also learn about the proportions established by ancient sculptors and artists.
Topic: General overview of the human body
Lesson: Human Body Structure
The main parts of our body are: face, neck, torso, arms and legs.
Rice. 1. Parts of the human body ()
Each of these parts consists of smaller ones: face highlight the mouth, nose, eyes, forehead, cheeks.
Hand consists of the shoulder, forearm and hand (what we usually call the shoulder is called the girdle).
Rice. 2. Hand parts ()
Leg consists of the thigh, lower leg and foot.
Torso divided into chest and abdomen. The thoracic part is protected by the ribs, the sternum, and behind by the thoracic part of the spine. The abdomen consists only of soft tissue.
The human body is covered with skin. Beneath it are muscles and bones.
Rice. 3. Human muscles ()
Rice. 4. Human bones ()
The body is internally divided into the thoracic and abdominal cavities by muscle diaphragm, it is also called the thoraco-abdominal septum.
Rice. 5. Aperture()
In the chest cavity are the heart and lungs, pass through the esophagus and respiratory tract.
Rice. 6. Contents of the chest cavity
In the abdominal cavity there are the stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, numerous vessels and nerves. The female genitals are also located here.
Rice. 7. Abdominal contents
In men, the genital organs are located outside the abdominal cavity, since the development of male reproductive cells - sperm - requires a lower temperature.
There are certain relationships or proportions between different parts of the body. For example, for many people, the length of the nose is equal to the length of the ear, and the length of the forearm is equal to the length of the foot.
The doctrine of proportions bodies arose during the heyday of the Egyptian state. The Egyptians found that the length of the human body is 19 times longer than the length of the middle finger. They followed this rule when creating statues.
Rice. 8. Ancient Egyptian statues
Ancient Greek sculptors proposed using the width of the palm as a unit of measurement; They expressed body proportions like this:
· two palm widths - face height,
· three palm widths - foot length,
· four palm widths - the distance from the shoulder joint to the elbow.
Rice. 9. Ancient Greek statues
With the development of science and art, anatomists and artists established a number of similar ratios, for example: the length of the spine is equal to the length of the arm, the foot fits seven times in the length of the body, and the head eight times. Three lengths of the head are equal to the length of the body, three lengths of the hand are equal to the length of the arm, three lengths of the foot are equal to the length of the leg, and the span of the arms equal to length torso.
Despite overall plan structure and the presence of certain patterns in the figure, each person is individual.
1. Kolesov D.V., Mash R.D., Belyaev I.N. Biology 8 M.: Bustard
2. Pasechnik V.V., Kamensky A.A., Shvetsov G.G. / Ed. Pasechnik V.V. Biology 8 M.: Bustard.
3. Dragomilov A.G., Mash R.D. Biology 8 M.: VENTANA-GRAF
1. Kolesov D.V., Mash R.D., Belyaev I.N. Biology 8 M.: Bustard - p. 56, tasks and question 2!
2. What parts of the human body are there?
3. Tell us about the doctrine of proportions?
4. Prepare a message about the attitude to the proportions of the human body of an ancient culture of your choice.
Human biology is the science of the structure, life processes, development, origin, evolution and geographic distribution of people.
The sciences that study human biology can be divided into two groups: theoretical and applied.
Theoretical biological sciences: cytology, histology, anatomy, physiology, genetics, biochemistry, biophysics.
Applied: medicine, hygiene, valeology, ecology.
Anatomy is the science of the structure of the body and all its organs. The term anatomy comes from the ancient Greek anatomo – dissection. This is explained by the fact that the first and main method of human research was the method of autopsy of corpses.
Physiology is the science of the functions and vital processes of the organism as a whole, its organs, tissues, cells, discovers causes, mechanisms and patterns
vital activity of the body.
Genetics is a science that studies the processes of heredity and variability of organisms, in particular transmission mechanisms hereditary information, developmental defects
person caused by its violations.
Anthropology – scientific discipline, which explores the origin and evolution of man as a special socio-biological species, the formation of human races.
Human ecology is the study of the influence of natural and social factors environment.
Hygiene is the science of health and its preservation.
Hygiene is a branch of medicine that develops and implements methods for preventing disease, studies the influence of various environmental and industrial factors on human health.
The term hygiene comes from the Greek hygienos - healing, one that brings health.
Knowledge of hygiene and the practical application of this knowledge helps a person strengthen his body, harden it, protect it from various diseases, become physically developed, healthy, capable of any work.
The human body is affected by continuously changing environmental factors. However, these changes do not cause disease because the human body adapts to them. There is a functional balance between the body and the external environment. Disease occurs only when this balance is disturbed, that is, a person is affected by environmental factors that are unusual in strength and quality.
A person is not only susceptible to influential factors and environmental conditions. She is capable of influencing him in order to improve working conditions, nutrition, living conditions and create appropriate conditions for maintaining health.
CONCEPT OF HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES.
Health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being, high performance And social activity person.
Health is physical, mental and spiritual. Every person, if she wants to be healthy, must remember these rules healthy image life: eat right, constantly train your body, adhere to certain hygiene standards, be on duty between work and rest, avoid different bad habits(smoking, alcohol, drugs).
The state of health is determined by a person’s good health (subjective criterion). There are also objective health criteria. These are anthropometric indicators: normal height, normal and proportional body structure, anatomical, physiological, biochemical. What meets the norm not only under conditions of physical rest, but also during periods of certain physical or mental stress, change climatic conditions accommodation.
Health is a state when, in response to the action of various stimuli, appropriate reactions arise in the body, which, due to the nature and strength at times and duration, are characteristic of most people of this age and gender.
Disease is the life and functioning of the body in anatomical and functional disorders cells, tissues, organs and systems. Diseases can be acquired, hereditary and congenital.
Diseases occur under the influence harmful factors when their strength exceeds the zahisno-pristosuvalni capabilities of the body. Sometimes just a one-time action of such an agent is enough. Diseases also develop with prolonged exposure to harmful factors. Increased harmful effect on the human body radioactive radiation, chemical and dust pollution of the environment, various bacteria and viruses; violation of the rules of a healthy lifestyle, violation of hygiene standards.
Consequently, a disease is a disruption of the vital functions of the body, its relationship with environment, which leads to temporary or permanent decrease or loss of performance. Overcome illnesses can be latent, acute, or chronic. The disease can result in recovery, disability or death. A sick person needs treatment, sympathy and concern.
Disease is the unity of two opposing tendencies - destructive and protective, which are in constant struggle.
THE HUMAN BODY AS AN INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM.
The human body consists of cells and intercellular substances that form tissues, organs and organ systems. These components are combined into a single organism that functions under the influence of the nervous and endocrine systems. The organism is biological system, which has the following properties: self-renewal, self-reproduction, self-regulation.
An organ is a part of the body that has a certain form, structure, location and performs one or more special functions. Each organ is formed by several tissues, but one of them always predominates and determines its main function. Every organ must have blood vessels and nerves. Some organs are located in body cavities, which is why they are called internal.
Anatomical or functional grouping of organs that perform in the body general function, constitutes a physiological organ system. The following physiological systems are distinguished: musculoskeletal, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, genitourinary, sensory system.
Organ systems do not work in isolation, but combine to achieve a result beneficial to the body. Such a temporary association of organs and organ systems is called functional system. For example, running may be supported by a functional system that includes: nervous system, organs of movement, breathing, blood circulation, sweating.
HOMEOSTASIS, WAYS TO PROVIDE IT.
The main condition for the existence of any creature is the preservation of constancy of structure and functions, that is, the state of the internal environment under any circumstances.
The constancy of the internal environment of the body at any level - molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, systemic - is called homeostasis. It primarily depends on the constancy of the chemical composition of the blood, blood circulation, gas exchange, digestion, body temperature, and the immune system.
BUFFER SYSTEMS
Homeostasis is the constancy of the internal environment of the body. This constancy is maintained by buffer systems. These include: chemical - these are blood buffer systems, and physiological: lungs, kidneys, liver, bone tissue, sweat glands.
IN biological environment The acid-base state is understood as the ratio of the concentrations of hydrogen H+ and hydroxyl OH– ions. Hydrogen ions form an acidic reaction of the medium, OH– ions and other components biological fluids– alkaline. The liquid environment of the body has a certain pH and only at its normal level is optimal metabolism possible.
Blood has a slightly alkaline reaction. arterial blood pH 7.4. and venous – 7.35. A long-term shift in a person's pH by even 0.1-0.2 can be fatal. Venous blood pH is 7.35 as a result. Inside the cell the pH is somewhat lower (7.0-7.2), which depends
from the formation of acidic products in them during metabolism.
During the metabolic process, carbon dioxide, milk and other metabolic products constantly enter the blood. However, blood pH remains constant. Which is determined by the buffering properties of the blood, the activity of the lungs and excretory organs.
Blood buffer systems:
Hemoglobin buffer system.
Carbonate buffer system.
Phosphate buffer system.
Buffer system of blood plasma proteins.
There are two ways to regulate the functions of organs and systems aimed at maintaining homeostasis - nervous and humoral.
Nervous regulation – with the participation of the nervous system.
Humoral - with the participation of humoral factors (hormones, Ca, CO2...), tissue fluid.
Humoral regulation is carried out by substances that enter the internal environment of the body in very small doses, but can cause significant changes in the functions of individual organs and the body as a whole. The chemical that enters the circulatory system acts at the same time on all cells of the body. But only those that have the corresponding receptor will be sensitive to it. Besides, humoral regulation characterized by slow action and duration of influence.