The textbook is intended for senior students studying at universities in biological specialties. The book may also be of interest to a wide audience of specialists interested in the genetics and ecology of populations, problems of species and speciation. The 16 chapters and hands-on activities cover a wide range of topics in population, evolutionary, and ecological genetics, with examples from a variety of groups of organisms, but primarily marine animals.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL DATING OF EVOLUTION.
With the deciphering of the molecular essence of genes, it became obvious that the evolutionary relationships of organisms can be studied by comparing the nucleotide sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or the amino acid sequences in proteins encoded on the basis of DNA (Crick, 1958). Zuckerkandl and Pauling (1962: 1965) and then Margoliash and Smith (1965) showed that the rate of amino acid substitution in proteins is approximately constant on a time scale measured in years. This discovery provided a new method for constructing phylogenetic trees.
Soon the principle of constancy of mutational substitutions in genes was transferred to DNA and RNA (ribonucleic acid). Many authors have used this method to clarify phylogenetic relationships in various groups of organisms (Dayhoff. 1969: 1972: Ayala et al.. 1974: Brown. 1983). Although evolutionary trees constructed by this method are subject to both large sampling errors and systematic errors, the results obtained are very often quite consistent. Recent evidence suggests that molecular clocks are not as accurate as originally thought, but this does not seriously affect the usefulness of molecular data for phylogenetic purposes, and the dates themselves can be adjusted (see Chapter 14).
One of the advantages of molecular genetic methods is that... that the rate (or pace) of amino acid or nucleotide substitutions varies greatly among different genes. This makes it possible to study evolution both over short time periods and long-term evolution over time using different genes. An analogy can be drawn here with time dating for various radioactive elements with different half-lives. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA) genes evolve very slowly in the nuclear genome, therefore, they have been actively used to study the early stages of biological evolution and radiation on Earth (McLaughlin. Dayhoff. 1970; Kimura. Ohta. 1973: Fox et al. ., 1977: Hoii. Osawa, 1979). Hori and Osawa (1979), for example, examined nucleotide differences in 5S rRNA in different species of eukaryotes and prokaryotes and discovered natural clustering both within these groups and themselves (Fig. 1.3.1).
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- School biological experiment, Educational and methodological manual, Zharikova N.V., 2007
- Methods of teaching biology, Course of lectures, Sharapova I.A., Chobot Zh.P., Gladkaya I.N., Dubovets O.A., 2018
- Biology, grade 10, Basic level, Ponomareva I.N., Kornilova O.A., Loschilina T.E., 2010
The following textbooks and books.
Maksimova N.P.
The collection includes more than 170 tasks and tests on selected sections of molecular genetics and molecular biology of the gene. It is recommended "for conducting seminars and laboratory classes in the courses "Genetics", "Molecular Biology of the Gene", "Molecular Genetics of Pro- and Eukaryotic Organisms", "Structural and Functional Organization of the Genome", as well as for independent work of students. The purpose of the manual is to deepen understanding and mastering the material of these courses, learning to plan an experiment and interpret experimental data.
The textbook is intended for undergraduate, graduate and graduate students of biological specialties.
Introduction
Section 1. Structure of DNA and RNA. Methods for studying nucleic acids
Section 2. Study of the structure and functions of genome regions of proeukaryotes
Section 3. DNA replication and its mechanism
Section 4. Transcription, translation and genetic code
Section 5. Molecular mechanisms of mutations
Section 6. Recombination and complementation analysis
Section 7. Mechanisms of gene expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms
Application
Literature
download electronic medical book Molecular genetics. Collection of tasks and tests Maksimova N.P. download a book for free
General and molecular geneticscourse of lectures for 3rd year students Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Zhimulev Igor Fedorovich
The author apologizes for the fact that this version is very old, there are many inaccuracies in it and the site has been reopened due to numerous requests from applicants. Currently, a book edition of the repeatedly rewritten and improved text of this textbook is being prepared. It is expected to be released during 2001.
I.F. Zhimulev
Chapter 1. General provisions: the subject and history of the development of genetics On the Internet, the genetics course is presented so far only in the form of PDF files, which require an Acrobat reader to view.
In the future, the course may also be presented in HTML format.
1.1. Subject of genetics
1.2. A brief history of the development of ideas about heredity
1.3. Brief outline of the history of genetics in Russia
1.4. Information about the Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS
Chapter 2. Genetic analysis
2.1. Goals and objectives of genetic analysis
2.2. Monohybrid cross
2.2.1. Mendelian dominance
2.2.2. Analysis cross
2.2.3. Incomplete dominance and co-dominance
2.2.4. Deviations from expected splitting
2.3. Dihybrid cross
2.4. Genetic analysis of gene interactions
2.4.1. Complementary action of genes
2.4.2. Epistasis
2.4.3. Polymerism
2.5. Quantitative characteristics
2.6. Inheritance of sex-linked traits
2.7. Nondisjunction of sex chromosomes
Chapter 3. Chained inheritance and crossing over
3.1. Chained inheritance
3.2. Crossing over
3.2.1. Genetic evidence of chromosome crossing
3.2.2. Crossing-over frequency and linear arrangement of genes on a chromosome
3.2.3. Single and multiple chromosome crossings
3.2.4. Interference
3.2.5. Cytological evidence of crossing over
3.2.6. Unequal crossing over
3.2.7. Mitotic (somatic) crossing over
3.2.8. Factors influencing crossing over
Chapter 4. Variability of hereditary material
4.1 Mutation theory and classification of mutations
4.1.1. The law of homological series of hereditary variability N.I. Vavilova
4.1.2. Classification of mutations by G. Möller
4.1.3. Generative and somatic mutations
4.1.4. Forward and reverse mutations
4.1.5. Pleiotropic effect of mutations
4.1.6. Expressivity and penetrance of mutations
4.1.7. Multiple alleles
4.1.8. Conditional mutations
4.2. Spontaneous and induced mutations
4.2.1. Methods for accounting for mutations
4.2.2. Spontaneous mutations
4.2.3. Induced mutations
4.3. Chromosomal rearrangements
4.3.1. Deletions
4.3.2. Duplications
4.3.3. Inversions
4.3.4. Translocations
4.4. Polyploidy
4.4.1. Autopolyploidy
4.4.2. Allopolyploidy (amphipolyploidy)
4.4.3. Artificial production of polyploids
4.4.4. Aneuploidy
4.4.5. Segmental aneuploidy in Drosophila
4.4.6. Haploidy
4.5. Systemic mutations
4.6. Non-hereditary variability
4.7. Twins
Chapter 5. Genetic Analysis: Gene Mapping
5.1. Getting mutations
5.2. Mutation test for allelism
5.3. Interallelic complementation
5.4. Definition of clutch group
5.4.1. Gene mapping using recessive markers
5.4.2. Gene mapping using dominant markers
5.5. Localization of the gene in the linkage group
5.5.1. Classic method
5.5.2. Mapping lethal mutations
5.5.3. Selective crossing schemes
5.5.4. Correlation between crossover and molecular gene maps
5.5.5. Mapping genes using chromosomal rearrangements
5.5.6. Gene mapping using somatic crossing over
5.6. Aneuploid test method
5.6.1. Nullisomia
5.6.2. Monosomy
5.7. Cell Biology Methods
5.8. Gene localization using nucleic acid in situ hybridization
5.9. Genealogical method
5.10. Transformation in bacteria
5.11. Transduction
5.12. Conjugation
Chapter 6. Genome structure and organization
6.1. The role of DNA in heredity
6.2. DNA structure
6.3. DNA replication
6.4. Genetic code
6.5. Eukaryotic genome structure
6.6. Mobile elements of the genome 6.6.1. Transposable elements of plant genomes
6.6.2. Transposable elements in Drosophila
6.6.3. Ty elements in yeast
6.6.4. Mammalian transposons
6.6.5. Functional significance of mobile elements
6.7. Mobile elements of prokaryotes
6.7.1. IS elements
6.7.2. Transposons
6.7.3. IS elements and transposons in plasmids
6.7.4. Bacteriophage Mu
Chapter 7. Gene structure
7.1. Development of ideas about the gene
7.2. Overlapping genes in viruses and prokaryotes
7.3. Operon principle of gene organization in prokaryotes
7.4. Chemical gene synthesis
7.5. DNA cloning and analysis
7.5.1. Restriction enzymes
7.5.2. Vectors for molecular cloning
7.5.3. Creation of genomic libraries
7.5.4. ¦Chromosomal walking |
7.5.5. Southern blot and Northern blot analyzes
7.5.6. Polymerase chain reaction
7.5.7. Determination of nucleotide sequence (sequencing)
7.5.8 Determining the position of a gene on the physical map of DNA
7.5.9. Transformation in eukaryotes
7.6. Location of genes on eukaryotic chromosomes
7.7. Structural and regulatory parts of genes
7.7.1. Structural part of the gene: introns and exons
7.7.2. Alternative splicing
7.7.3. Localization of genes in introns
7.7.4. Gene regulatory region
7.7.5. Reporter genes
7.7.6. Use of heat shock gene promoters
7.7.7. Method for searching for enhancers in Drosophila
7.8. Gene fusion
7.9. Gene homology
7.10. Pseudogenes
Chapter 9. Structure and functioning of chromosomes
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Chromosomes of viruses, cellular organelles and prokaryotes
9.3. Mitotic chromosomes
9.4. Eu- and heterochromatin in mitotic chromosomes
9.4.1. Chromatin compaction
9.4.2. Differential stainability
9.4.3. Conjugation of heterochromatic regions
9.4.4. Contacts of heterochromatin with the nuclear envelope
9.4.5. Heterochromatin and chromosomal rearrangements
9.4.6. Late replication
9.4.7. Variation in the amount of heterochromatin
9.4.8. Formation of heterochromatic regions of chromosomes in ontogenesis
9.4.9. Repeated sequences
9.4.10. Genetic content of heterochromatic regions of chromosomes
9.5. Telomeres and telomeric heterochromatin
9.5.1. Telomere concept
9.5.2. Telomere structure
9.6. Diminution of chromatin and chromosomes
9.6.1. Chromatin diminution in roundworms
9.6.2. Chromatin diminution in Cyclops
9.6.3. Elimination of chromatin in ciliates
9.6.4. Elimination of chromosomes in dipteran insects
9.6.5. Physiological significance of chromatin and chromosome diminution
9.7. Centromere structure
9.8. B chromosomes
9.9. Genetic chromosome inactivation in D. miranda
9.10. Facultative and constitutive heterochromatin
9.11. Heterochromatin and germ cells
Chapter 10. Mosaic effect of gene position
10.1. Gene structure with position effect
10.2. Spread of inactivation
10.3. Types of tessellation
10.4. Gene inactivation levels
10.5. Position effect modifiers
Chapter 11. DNA packaging in chromosomes
11.1. Nucleosomes
11.2. Degrees of DNA folding
11.3. Chromomeric organization of chromosomes
11.4. Chromosomes like “lamp brushes”
Chapter 12. Polytene chromosomes
12.1. Morphological characteristics of polytene chromosomes
12.1.1. Multistranded polytene chromosomes
12.1.2. Classical and hidden polytene chromosomes
12.1.3. Occurrence of polytene chromosomes in nature
12.1.4. Synapsis and asynapsis of homologues
12.1.5. Chromomeric pattern in polytene chromosomes
2.1.6. Functional significance of polythenia
12.1.7. Core architecture
12.2. Genetic organization of morphological structures of polytene chromosomes
12.2.1. Discs
12.2.2. Between disks
12.2.3. Poufs
12.2.4. Balbiani rings
12.2.5. Nucleoli
12.3. Hormonal control of puffs
12.4. Heat shock poufs
12.5. Pericentromeric heterochromatin in polytene chromosomes
12.6. Intercalary heterochromatin in polytene chromosomes
12.7. DNA replication in polytene chromosomes
Chapter 13. Genetics of sex determination
13.1. Gynandromorphs, intersexes, hermaphrodites and other sexual deviations
13.2. Balance theory of sex determination in Drosophila
13.3. Action of genes in determining sex in Drosophila
13.4. Sex Determination in Mammals
13.5. Gene dosage compensation
13.5.1. Gene dosage compensation in Drosophila
13.5.2. Gene dosage compensation in mammals
Chapter 14. Developmental genetics
14.1. The role of the cell nucleus in development
14.2. Totipotency of the genome
14.3. Determination
14.4. Early embryonic development of Drosophila
14.5. Homology of genes controlling early development
14.6. Apoptosis (Genetically programmed cell death)
14.7. Genetic control of metamorphosis in insects
Chapter 17. Behavioral Genetics
17.1. Genetics of Drosophila behavior
17.1.1. Genes of the visual system
17.1.2. Function of smell
17.1.3. Genes that control learning ability
17.1.4. Mating behavior
17.1.5. Genes affecting biorhythms
Chapter 18. Genetics of intelligence
18.1. The concept of eugenics
18.2. Definition of the concepts of intelligence, intelligence quotient (IQ), twin method
18.2.1. Intelligence
18.2.2. Intelligence Quotient (I.Q.)
18.3. Genetic control of intelligence development
18.4. The concept of intellectual elites
18.5. Psychometric techniques
18.6. Analysis and classification of body types
18.7. Criminal behavior
18.8. Predisposition to alcoholism
Chapter 20. Basics of oncogenetics
20.1. Characteristics of tumor formation
20.2. Causes of tumors
20.3. Oncogenes
20.4. Antioncogenes or tumor suppressors
20.5. Genetic control of metastasis
20.6. Multistage tumor formation
Name: Molecular genetics. Collection of tasks and tests.
Maksimova N.P.
The year of publishing: 2003
Size: 2.03 MB
Format: djvu
Language: Russian
The presented collection, which examines such sections as “Genetics”, “Molecular genetics of pro- and eukaryotic organisms”, “Molecular biology of the gene”, “Structural and functional organization of the genome”, presents more than 170 tests and tasks. The book is aimed at undergraduate and graduate students in biomedical fields.
Name: Human genetics with the basics of general genetics. Self Study Guide
Kurchanov N.A.
The year of publishing: 2009
Size: 0.74 MB
Format: fb2
Language: Russian
Description: Self-study guide “Human Genetics with the Fundamentals of General Genetics”, edited by N.A. Kurchanova, is a basic book for self-preparation for a seminar lesson and considers op... Download the book for free
Name: Human genetics with basics of general genetics
Kurchanov N.A.
The year of publishing: 2005
Size: 3.21 MB
Format: fb2
Language: Russian
Description: The educational manual “Human Genetics with the Fundamentals of General Genetics”, edited by N.A. Kurchanova, examines the historical stages of the development of genetics as a science. The definition of concepts hereditarily is presented... Download the book for free
Name: Stem cell biology and cell technology. Volume 2
Paltsev M.A.
The year of publishing: 2009
Size: 72.12 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: Download the book for free
Name: Stem cell biology and cell technology. Volume 1
Paltsev M.A.
The year of publishing: 2009
Size: 40.8 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: The book “Biology of Stem Cells and Cell Technologies”, edited by M.A. Paltsev, consists of two volumes. Fundamental applied materials covering the use of stem cells in medicine are presented... Download the book for free
Name: Introduction to molecular diagnostics and gene therapy of hereditary diseases
Gorbunova V.N., Baranov V.S.
The year of publishing: 1997
Size: 2.85 MB
Format: djvu
Language: Russian
Description: The textbook “Introduction to Molecular Diagnostics and Gene Therapy of Hereditary Diseases,” edited by V.N. Gorbunov, et al., discusses issues related to the genome and methods of studying it. Oh... Download the book for free
Name: Medical genetics
Berdyshev G.D., Krivoruchko I.F.
The year of publishing: 1990
Size: 10.09 MB
Format: djvu
Language: Russian
Description: The textbook "Medical Genetics", edited by G.D. Berdyshev, et al., discusses the use of genetic diagnostic methods in clinical practice. The clinical picture is described... Download the book for free
Name: Medical genetics of childhood.
Smiyan I.S., Banadiga N.V., Bagiryan I.O.
The year of publishing: 2003
Size: 1.36 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Ukrainian
Description: The presented manual “Medical genetics of the child’s age” by Smiyan I.S. and co-authors covers the general principles of medical genetics, characterizes chromosomal diseases, primary immunodeficiencies, presents... Download the book for free
Name: Molecular biology.
Sivolob A.V.
The year of publishing: 2008
Size: 33.84 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Ukrainian
Description: Textbook by A.V. Sivoloba "Molecular Biology" examines the main issues of the subject, in particular, the physicochemical foundations of molecular biology, proteins, DNA (genomes, transcription in p...
Available in formats: EPUB | PDF | FB2
Pages: 480
The year of publishing: 2007
This book is a textbook for a new generation that reflects the current state of genetics and the level of its teaching. In terms of the breadth of coverage of current areas of general and molecular genetics and the saturation of the latest factual material, it compares favorably with previous educational publications on genetics. The manual details modern information on biotechnology, molecular genetics and genetic engineering, and presents the latest data obtained using the methods of gene cloning, polymerase chain reaction, and transformation in eukaryotes. The issues of genetics of sex determination, genetics of individual development, organization of chromosomes and extrachromosomal DNA are covered in a new way. Modern methods of molecular genetics are considered. For undergraduates, graduate students and teachers of universities, medical, pedagogical and agricultural universities.
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