I downloaded an etymological dictionary of the Belarusian language, although the scan is very bad, the very beginning is missing, so I haven’t found out what kind of dictionary it is and whose it is. But there are a lot of interesting things from what we living in Belarus know, in comparison with Polish, Czech and other languages. In addition, I found an interesting site about languages, and it is compared etymologically again.
For example the word coffee, his grammatical gender V different languages does not match.
kava and. | chorna kava (black) |
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kava and. | black kava (black) |
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Serbian | cafe and. | Bela Cafe (with milk) |
Bulgarian | cafe Wed | pure cafe (black) |
Czech | kava and. | rozpustna kava (soluble) |
Slovenian | kava and. | ledena kava (cold) |
Polish | kawa and. | kawa pravdziwa (natural) |
kafija and. | mana kafija (my) |
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kava and. | šviežia kava (fresh) |
Word error Almost every Slavic language has its own sound, and the words come from several stems.
Ukrainian and Belarusian have words abidva And abodwa, which mean "both, two". These words are forms of the dual number, which do not exist in modern Russian. In Ukrainian you can also say in the feminine gender offended. To be honest, I don’t know if it’s possible to say it in the feminine gender in Belarusian.
In modern Russian the words strava no, but it is in Ukrainian and Belarusian.
There is a word in Ukrainian bookstore(white - bookstore), in Russian requires two words - bookstore.
Word Sunday(seventh day) has a basis in almost all Slavic languages weeks’-, A a week(seven days) - thousand(').
Well, and a very interesting meaning-translation of words source And well.
There are coincidences, but more often there is a shift in values. Why, for example, Belarusian krynitsa- this is the source, and the main meaning of the Ukrainian krinitsya- well?
And further, interesting observation on the topic "I can".
I can eat glass, it doesn't harm me. |
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I can eat school without hurting me. |
Sergey Rysev
Belarus
In the past, lands attributed to Rus' were awarded various epithets. The most viable of them turned out to be the definition of “White”, which was enshrined in the name of the now sovereign state of Belarus. Reference books, as a rule, indicate that the origin of the term has not been fully clarified, and the two most popular etymological versions are given. According to the first, this term denoted Western Russian lands that did not depend on either the Mongols or the Lithuanian feudal lords. According to the second, the name is due to the dominant color of clothing and hair of the local residents. Both hypotheses, not supported by facts, raise serious doubts. At the same time, understand why this color designation turned out to be associated specifically with Western Russia, it is quite possible if we consider its use in chronological order.
The first mention of White Rus' in written sources falls on mid-XIV V. At first this designation referred to Eastern Rus' or to lands that belonged to the Moscow principality. On one of European maps of that time (1507) it is even indicated: “White Russia, or Muscovy.” Apparently, the origin of the name is connected with the ancient Russian city of Beloozero, which, according to the Tale of Bygone Years, was ruled by Rurik’s brother Sineus. The city and the lake of the same name, which was depicted as being prohibitively large on maps, were covered in enticing legends. This is what the German diplomat and traveler Sigmund Herberstein, who visited Moscow in 1517 and 1526, reports about him. during the reign of Grand Duke Vasily III:
“The city is not located on the lake itself, as others have claimed, but is surrounded on all sides by swamps to such an extent that it seems impregnable. For this reason, Moscow sovereigns usually keep their treasures there.”
Collocations White Rus' Herberstein does not use it, but notes that “some call the sovereign of Moscow the White Tsar,” although he does not know the origin of the name, only making guesses about this. That is, by that time the reason why eastern Rus' turned out to be painted white was already completely forgotten. She was probably not known and Ivan III, who in his title called the Moscow state White Russia (Karamzin. History of the Russian State, vol. VI, chapter 7). He could simply repeat the label, which was then in wide circulation in the European countries with which he was trying to establish relations. For example, the Venetian diplomat Ambrogio Contarini, who visited Moscow in 1475, calls him the Prince of Great White Russia.
How did it happen that this name shifted over time to westward, while becoming much more local?
Western Russian lands, forming the territory of present-day Belarus, in the XIV-XVI centuries. were part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In Lithuanian legal acts, the inhabitants of these regions were invariably referred to simply as Russians, and their language as Russian. On the title page of the Bible, translated by the enlightener Francis Skaryna into the language now called Old Belarusian, “Bivlia Ruska” also appears. But in 1569 the Union of Lublin was adopted, uniting Poland and Principality of Lithuania into one state - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. And then the Poles began to actively use the term White Rus' in relation to the Russian lands of the principality, which were now under their control.
At that time, Poland already belonged to one Rus' - Galician, or Chervonnaya. Apparently, this color designation also has a geographical rather than an ethnographic basis (see, for example, Vasmer, vol. 4, art. Chervonnaya Rus). In the "Tale of Bygone Years" under 981 appears Polish city Cherven. From this toponym a whole group of neighboring settlements, known as the Cherven cities, which were located on the border Kievan Rus and Poland and often became the subject of dispute between them.
Thus, the turning point in the new localization of the term White Rus' was the second half of the 16th century, marked by many years Livonian War(1558-83), in which Russia again fought with the Poles and was defeated. The transfer of the title is clearly visible when comparing two editions of the same book, “Chronicle of European Sarmatia,” written by Alexander Guagnini, an Italian who served in the Polish troops. The first edition of the Chronicle (1578), the contents of which he is believed to have borrowed from the Polish-Lithuanian historian Matei Stryjkowski, states the following: “Rus under the Moscow Prince is called White Russia, and that which belongs to Poland is called Black Russia.” But the translation of this book into Polish (1611) states something completely different:
“The Russian land, which has long been called Roxolania, lies from the sunrise near Beloozero...And Rus' is threefold: the first is White, the second is Black, the third is Red. Belaya is located near Kyiv, Mozyr, Mstislavl, Vitebsk, Orsha, Polotsk, Smolensk and the Seversk land, which has long belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Chernaya is located in Moscow land, near Beloozero and from there to Asia. Chervonnaya near the mountains called Beskids..."
Let us note Beloozero, mentioned twice in this passage, which was already mentioned above, and its unnatural combination with Black Russia, a third colored toponym, sometimes used in relation to lands that previously belonged to Kievan Rus. The trinity of toponyms is explained by the fact that for several centuries western part These lands were claimed by three states at once - Russia, Lithuania and Poland. Note also that the color designations in question were used primarily in literature and cartography. For the first time, all three are found on the famous map of the monk Fra Mauro (1459), where White Rus' is adjacent to the same White Lake (sea), and Black Russia is located between it and Red (Chervonnaya) Russia.
The fact regarding the new binding of the toponym Belaya Rus is found in Karamzin’s “History”, in the notes to which it is said that when in 1602 the fugitive monk Grigory Otrepiev, future king False Dmitry, having made his way with his fellow travelers through dense forests, ended up on the Lithuanian side; a local resident they met announced that “this country is Belarusian and King Zhigimont [Sigismund] owns it.” In the same year, George Tektander, secretary of the embassy of Emperor Rudolf II to the Shah of Persia, wrote in his diary that, having left Orsha, they reached the river “which separates White Rus' and the country of the Muscovites.”
In the second half of the 16th century. The ethnonym “Belarusians” also appears. It was first recorded in the chronicle of the previously mentioned Stryikovsky, who was among Slavic peoples singles out “Lithuanian Belarusians”. A new geographical and ethnic definition was taken up in the Russian state. In the questioning speeches of prisoners in the Patriarchal Palace Prikaz for 1623-24. There are such messages: “N got married in Mogilev, crowned by a Belarusian priest,” “Belarusians Mikhail Ivanov, son of Gulyansky... Ondrei Larivonov, son of Shkundekov...”, etc.
The identification of White Rus' with the Western Russian regions did not raise objections in Moscow because its rulers were more impressed by the epithet Great. And they began to divide Rus' into Great and Little based on their relative sizes in the first half of the 14th century, after two dominant centers were formed as a result of the Mongol invasion - the Moscow and Galician-Volyn principalities. Actually, the names White (at the first stage) and Chervonnaya Rus, which appeared later than Great and Little Russia, can be considered as more colorful synonyms of the latter. As for the unstable name Black Rus', at present reference books refers him to western regions present-day Belarus.
In 1654 during another war with Poland, this time successful, part of modern Ukraine, the successor to Little Rus', was annexed to Russia, and the following year Russian troops occupied the eastern Belarusian lands. After this, the title of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was supplemented and began to look like this: “Autocrat of All Great and Little and White Russia.” Another “Russia” appeared at the end of the 18th – beginning of the 19th centuries, when the Northern Black Sea region was conquered from Turkey and this region began to be called Novorossiya.
Bibliography
Bagrov L. History of Russian cartography. M., 2005.
Barbaro and Contarini about Russia. L., 1971 (translated by E. Ch. Skrzhinskaya).
Barsov N.P. Essays on Russian historical geography. Warsaw, 1885.
Byelorussian SSR. Concise Encyclopedia. T. 1-5. Minsk. 1979-82.
Herberstein S. Notes on Muscovy. M., 1988.
Karamzin N. M. History of the Russian State. T. 1-12. St. Petersburg, 1816-1829.
Karsky E. F. Belarusians. T. 1-3. 1904-1922. T. 1 Introduction to the study of language and folk literature. Vilna, 1904. pp. 114-118.
Lamansky V. “White Rus'”. Living antiquity. Periodical Department of Ethnography of the Russian Geographical Society. St. Petersburg, 1891, issue. 3. pp. 245-250.
Mylnikov A. S. Painting Slavic world: a view from Eastern Europe. Ideas about ethnic nomination and ethnicity of the 16th-18th centuries. St. Petersburg, 1999.
The Tale of Bygone Years. Part 1-2. M.-L., 1950.
Potebnya A. A. Belaya Rus. Living antiquity. St. Petersburg, 1891, issue. 3. pp. 118-119.
Rogov A. I. Russian-Polish cultural connections in the Renaissance (Stryjkovsky and his Chronicle). M., 1966.
Soloviev A. Great, Little and White Rus'. Questions of History, 7, 1947. pp. 24-38.
Vasmer M. Etymological dictionary Russian language. St. Petersburg, 1996.
Origin of the name “Belarus.”
Date: 29-09-10 20:58
Some analogies in this regard are the names of the seas. Sea water everywhere the color and quality are the same, and yet people call it: the White Sea, the Black Sea, the Red Sea, the Yellow Sea. Obviously, the color of the coastal cliffs and hanging thunderclouds contributed to the appearance of these names.
Opinions on the issue of causes different names There are different types of Rus', but the most plausible ones seem to be those that express the following points. “White Rus'” got its name from homemade wool and canvas fabric white, from which local residents have made clothes for themselves since time immemorial. “Black Rus'” is named from the dense and dark forests and forests that once covered vast expanses of this region. The name “Chervonaia Rus” comes from the city of Cherven, which existed since the 10th century.
The city of Kholm, founded in the 13th century by the Galich prince Daniil Romanovich on a high hill in the forest, gave the name “Kholmskaya Rus.” “Galich Rus” is named from the ancient capital city Galich. This region was called Galicia by the Austrians. “Little Rus'” as a name became known for the first time in the 13th century, when the Kholm-Belzh prince Yuri Andreevich, who also owned Galich Russia, called himself the prince of “Little Rus'.”
From here this name spread to Volyn and Kievan Rus. The southeastern regions of Kievan Rus were already called Ukraine from the 12th century. The name “Great Rus'” appeared with the formation of the Moscow State. Thus, all the names of Rus' were formed in ancient times and have a historical tradition behind them.
When Moscow State became known as Russia, then Belarus was called “Belarus.” But White Rus' or Belarus was never called Russia or Russia in historical times. “Belarus” or “Belaya Rus,” and “Belarus” or “ White Russia” the concepts are different and not applicable to the same country.
The indigenous people of White and Black Rus' have always called their homeland “Belarus.” This name is correct, and we use it in this work.
Foreigners mistakenly translate the word “White” into their languages and thus distort given name"Belarus." So, for example, the Poles write “Byalarus,” the Ukrainians “Bilarus,” the Germans “Weissrusland,” the English “Whiterush,” the French “Blanschruss.” However, after the Second World War, this mistake was corrected at the initiative of the United Nations. Following the example of this organization, Belarus began to be called “Belorussia” in international politics. This term is used by newspaper reporters and journalists.
Some Belarusian nationalists of Polish-Catholic orientation tried to rename Belarus to Kryvia. But this artificial name did not take root among the Belarusian masses. It did not find recognition abroad among politicians and scientists from various European countries.
Somewhere in the second half of the nineteenth century. Belarus was called the “North-Western region.” This is the name given by Russian government authorities, was of a purely national-political nature. Everyone followed it Russian historians who wrote about Belarus. After the First World War, it disappeared by itself and was completely forgotten, remaining only in historical literature in Russian.
The communist government that took over Belarus in 1918 called it “Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic“,” abbreviated as “BSSR.” Supreme power of this republic was located in Moscow. After the Second World War, the Soviet communist government introduced a separate delegate from Belarus to the United Nations, who began to sit there on an equal basis with other delegates of this international organization. In this form, Belarus entered the arena of world political life.
The word “Rus.”
The origin of this word is not precisely established historical science. Scientists have differing opinions on this issue. Some produce it from the Varangian tribe, from which came the first princes in Rus': Rurik and Oleg. This opinion is confirmed in the ancient Ipatiev Chronicle XIV century, where it says: “And they drove the Varangians overseas and did not give them tribute, and they began to fight in themselves, and there was no truth in them, and generation after generation arose and there was civil strife among them, and they themselves fought against each other, often and often: let us look for ourselves in A prince like himself would rule over us and order us in line, by right. Going across the sea to the Varangians to Rus', here you are called Varangians Rus.” Here we are talking about the Pskov and Novgorod Slavs. Other historians prove Slavic origin the words “Rus.”
Wherever this word came from, but at the dawn historical life the Russian people already knew it. In an ancient document from the time of the Kyiv prince Oleg, in his agreement with the Greeks in 911, it is written: “If Rusin steals something from a peasant or from a peasant from Rusin.” In the contract book. Igor with the Greeks in 944 it is said: “If a Christian Rusin kills a Christian or a Christian Rusin... let them kill him too.” (Ibid.) By “Christian” or “peasant” we mean an Orthodox Greek. The Greeks at that time were Christians, and the Rusyns were still pagan. In “Omilia” 51 and 52 of Patriarch Photius of Constantinople (878-886) it is said: “The Dews are a Scythian and rude people.” The above chronicle evidence confirms that the words “Rus” and “Rusyn” arose very early in the life of the Slavic tribes, which were nicknamed Rus.
Photius was one of the most educated people of his time. His encyclopedia is of considerable importance for biblical scholarship. the work “Miriobiblion” (“Many Books”), which contains a review of 280 manuscripts (in the 19th century the book was translated into Russian by priest N. Nadezhdin, but the translation was not published). Among them are the lost works of the Jewish historian Justus of Tiberias, a contemporary of Flavius, and a number of early Christians. writers (Hegesippus, Saint Justin, etc.). F. compiled catenas on the Psalter and the epistles of the Apostle Paul. In addition, in his book “Answers to Amphilochius,” he examined many difficult passages of the Bible and explained a number of biblical “contradictions” found in it. “Answers” also contains discussions about the literary character of Hebrew. and Greek sacred texts books. In a polemical work directed against the Byzantines. Paulicianism (a type of Manichaeism), F. pointed to the spiritual unity of the Bible, which was denied by these heretics. Note ed.
This name first appeared in Kyiv with the arrival here during the reign of Oleg (d. 912). The chronicle legend attributes to him the saying about Kyiv with the following content: “Behold, be the mother of the Russian city.” From the Ipatiev Chronicle it is known that the following served in Oleg’s squad: “Slovenes, and Varangians, and others nicknamed Rus.” From this it is clear that the entire multi-tribal squad of the prince. Oleg was called “Rus.” This name also existed under his successors. IN Laurentian Chronicle It says: “Volodimer went to the Poles and seized their cities of Przemysl, Cherven and other cities, which to this day are under Russia.” This evidence indicates that the word “Rus” spread from Kyiv to all Slavic tribes that came under the authority of the Kyiv princes.
Initially, the Principality of Kiev was called the Russian Land. So, for example, Grand Duke Mstislav Vladimirovich wrote about himself: “Behold, I am Mstislav Volodemer’s son, holding the land of Russia.”
Kievan influence especially strengthened after the baptism of Rus in 988. The preaching of the Christian Orthodox faith was carried to all ends of the vast Great Principality of Kyiv. Together with Christianity, the name “Rus” was consolidated among the Slavic tribes, united by the church and princely center in Kyiv.
The name “Russia” appeared among the Greeks. It was easier for the Greeks to pronounce the word “ros” than “rus.” From this “ros” they produced “Russia.” Greek monks who corrected church liturgical books in Moscow in the first half of the 17th century spread this name throughout Rus'. Following the example of the Greeks, Kyiv theologians of the 17th century began to write the word “Russia”. in church books. They also formed the name “Russians,” modeled on the Greek “ros” instead of the native “Rusin” or “Rus,” which had been used since the 9th century in Rus'. When imp. Peter the Great “Russia” became the commonly used official name. Since that time, this name has been established for the Russian state, for a long time called Moscow.
In the name “Russia” it is customary to write a double “s.” The famous Russian scientist and publisher of the explanatory dictionary V. Dal wrote the following in his essay (volume X) on this matter: “Why, fellow countryman, do you write Russian, and not just Russian? If you are confused by the words: Russia, Russian of Catherine’s times, then, firstly, the word itself is a pompous composition of amateurs high words instead of Rus' and Russian; secondly, the double letter “s” wandered into the word Russia from the Germans... In ancient times they wrote “Russian” and to this day in all Slavic dialects as well.”
From the word “Russia” the following words are derived: “Russian,” “Russians,” “Russian.” If Russia, then “Russian language,” “ Russian state,” “Russian people,” and from the word “Rus” - Russian language, Russian people, Russian history, etc. If we stick to the name Russia, then all other names should be derived from it.
Belarus - an old name
Russian academician V.I. Lamansky points to the antiquity of the name “White Rus'.” He refers to a German poet of the late 14th - early 15th centuries. Petra Suchenvoort, who in his poems mentions White Rus', calling it “Weissen Reuzzen.” (V.I. Lamansky, “Living Antiquity,” 1891, issue III, pp. 245-250.)
The 14th-century Polish writer Jan Czarnkowski, who wrote interesting notes about his time, says that the Lithuanian prince Jagiello was imprisoned with his mother “in guodam Castro Albae Russiae Polozk diсto,” i.e. to the castle under arrest in White Rus'. Similar indications about the name of Belarus were in the letters of Vytautas of 1413-1442. “In all the places listed,” says Karsky, “White Rus' is spoken of as something well-known and understandable to everyone. From here it naturally follows that this name was a well-known, living, popular expression that has long been in use.” Academician Lamansky confirms that with high probability one can believe that it is “ancient than the century of Olgerd and even Gedimino, that it existed already at the end and even in the middle of the 13th century.”
Vitovt - son of Keistut, great Prince of Lithuania, in Orthodox and second Catholic baptism - Alexander, first Catholic - Wigand (1350-1430). He took part in his father’s campaigns against Moscow (1368 and 1372), Poland and Prussia. After the death of Olgerd (1377), Vytautas fought with his heir Jagiel, first (1381-82) as his father’s assistant, and then independently (1382-84). When, lacking the means to protect his power in Lithuania, Jagiello decided to unite Lithuania with the Kingdom of Poland through marriage with Jadwiga, Vytautas reconciled with him and, as the regional prince of Lithuania, participated in Jagiello’s government activities (1384-90). As Jagiello's position strengthened, he became Polish king and introduced Lithuania into the Polish crown (1386), his attitude towards Vytautas changed; contrary to his promise, he did not give Trok to Vytautas. For Vytautas's opposition, built on Lithuanian nationalist soil, suitable elements were found without difficulty. In 1390, Vytautas, with the help of the Teutonic Order, began to conquer Lithuania. At the same time (1390), Vytautas’s rapprochement with Moscow took place: Grand Duke Vasily I married his daughter Sophia. Peace was concluded in 1392; Vitovt received all of his father's inheritance and was recognized as the Grand Duke of Lithuania for life. In 1395, Vytautas annexed Smolensk, which was relatively weak and territorially connected with it, to Lithuania; in 1395-96 he successfully fought against Ryazan; in 1397-98 Vytautas successfully fought with the Tatars; in 1398 Tokhtamysh asked him for help. In 1399, with minor help from the order and Poland, Vytautas organized big hike against the Tatars in the steppe, which ended unsuccessfully on August 12 of the same year with the Battle of the Vorskla River. In 1415-16, the Western Russian bishoprics were separated from the all-Russian metropolis; Gregory Tsamblak was elected metropolitan. The division continued until 1419, when Vitovt apparently reconciled with Photius of Moscow. Tsamblak went to the Council of Constance on the matter of uniting churches, but to no avail (1418). Friendly, and since 1423, patronizing relations towards Moscow, alliance treaty with Tver (August 3, 1427), the dependence of the Ryazan (1427) and other Upper Oka princes, peace with Novgorod (except for the disagreements of 1412-14 and the war of 1428) and Pskov (except for the war of 1426-27) - characterize Russian relations Vytautas. In the Tatar East, Vytautas diligently intervened in troubles and victoriously repelled raids (especially in 1416, 21 and 25). The entire right-bank steppe to the Black Sea recognized his power. Died October 27, 1430. Approx. ed.
At the beginning of the 17th century, this name was common in Moscow. There, the inhabitants of Belarus were called Belarusians. Moscow Patriarch Filaret, who returned from Polish captivity, spoke at the Moscow Council in 1620: “When I was in the Polish and Lithuanian state, I saw many church disagreements among the Orthodox Christians themselves, who are called Belarusians there.” With Patriarch Nikon, in his monastery “ New Jerusalem“Not far from Moscow, there were Belarusian artisans. An ancient description of the life of this saint says: “There were many foreigners: Greeks, Poles, Circassians, Belarusians, baptized and unbaptized, Germans and Jews, in the monastic rank and in the laity.”
This name came to Moscow from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In documents of the 17th century the word “Belarusians” is often found. In the acts of 1648, published in 1954 in Moscow under the title “Unsubscribes,” there are the following phrases: “Lithuania and Belarusians do not go to the kingdom,” “Belarusian Ivashko,” “about accepting Belarusians from abroad,” “now Many Belarusians and Cherkassy people live in Putivl.” These data indicate that Belarusians in the 17th century were called Belarusians.
Belarus as a country had important for Russian tsars. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, who temporarily occupied the city of Vilna in the war with Lithuania in 1655, annexed it to his royal title the word “Belarus.” His title was: “Autocrat of Great, Little and White Rus'.” His sons John and Peter Alekseevich, who sat on the royal throne after their father, had the same title. All subsequent tsars, empresses and emperors of Russia were crowned with this title.
Orthodox bishops of Mogilev in the 18th-19th centuries. were titled Belarusian bishops. During the reign of the church union in Belarus, all Polotsk Uniate bishops and the Uniate metropolitan were called Belarusian. IN Imperial Russia one of the dragoon regiments was called Belarusian. This indicates that the name “Belarus” existed for a long time and was important in those times.
Belarusian language
Belarusians have their own spoken language. From time immemorial they spoke this language among their family and friends, composed songs and epics, told fairy tales and legends, wrote chronicles and legends, drew up legal acts and state charters, composed poems and stories. This language united them into one Belarusian people.
History marks a long, centuries-long period when Belarusian language was state in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. All acts were written on it of national importance, administrative and military orders, court records and sentences, deeds of gift, spiritual wills and trade agreements. On it, ambassadors and senators made their speeches in the diets, boyars and princes held conversations and argued among themselves. He was family to them. All segments of the population, from princes to simple townspeople and peasants, spoke their native Belarusian language. Grand Duke Lithuanian and his entire grand-ducal court used Belarusian as their native language. This is the historical past of the Belarusian language.
Many historical monuments of that time, written in the Belarusian language, have been preserved. The most important of them: “The Statute of Casimer Jagiellon” 1492; “Lithuanian Statute” 1521-1529-1564-1566 and 1588, “Tribunal Vel. book Lithuanian” 1581; “Bible” by F. Skorina 1517-1519, his “Apostle” 1515, his “Psalter” and “Akathists” ed. 1517-1522; “Chronicle” of Bykhovets, ed. Narbut in 1846; “Lithuanian and Russian Chronicler,” ed. Danilovich 1827; “The Chronicler” by Theodore Evlashevsky 1546-1604; “Charter for Portages” by Sigismund Augustus, 1557; “Catechism” of Simon Budny and his “Justification of a Sinful Man” 1562; “Gospel” by Tyapinsky, 1580; “Indication on the Osma of the Article of Faith and the Antichrist” by Stefan Zizaniy; “Apocrisis or rebuke to the books about the Council of Beresteysky in the name of people of the old-time Greek religion”, 1597, etc. Literature on this topic is listed in “ Encyclopedic Dictionary"Brockhaus and Efron and in the "Big Encyclopedia."
Old Belarusian language differs from modern Belarusian spoken language. Old language was influenced by the Church Slavonic language. An example of the old Belarusian language can be the following excerpt from the “Lithuanian Statute” of 1529: “The zemstvo clerk wrote in Russian letters and words in Russian on all sheets, extracts and orders to write, and not in another language and words. And to swear an oath to your little clerk in these words: I, n. [aime], swear to Pan God, in the One Trinity, on that which is fair to God and that written law and to the movements and disputes of the parties, without applying anything.”
This pattern characterizes the Belarusian language of the 14th-16th centuries.
When Belarus was annexed to Poland after the Union of Lublin in 1569, the Belarusian language began to be cluttered with Polish and in Latin words, especially in writing government acts.
Union of Lublin June 28, 1569, an agreement to unite Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into one state - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Established a uniform government system, general diet, monetary system. The remnants of the statehood of Lithuania (courts, treasury, army, etc.) were liquidated on the Third of May 1791 by the constitution, which was adopted by the Four-Year Sejm of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Introduced a hereditary monarchy, strengthened central government, liquidated the confederation, liberum veto, the remnants of Lithuanian statehood. Abolished after the 2nd section (1793) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Note ed.
The Polished gentry ceased to understand their Belarusian language in orders and courts, because they spoke only Polish. This reason prompted the Lithuanian-Belarusian ambassadors to the Sejm in 1696 to make a proposal to replace the Belarusian language with Polish in state use in Belarus. The proposal was accepted unanimously by all ambassadors. Not a single voice was heard in defense of the Belarusian language. Thus, in the 18th century, the language that had been in Belarus for four centuries as a national and state language was replaced Polish language, which became dominant in all government institutions and in the highest strata of society.
After the partition of Poland at the end of the 18th century, Belarus was annexed to Russia. The Russian or Russian language took the place of Polish. The Russian language was introduced in all government institutions. He soon took pride of place in educated society population of Belarus. Poles and non-Polished sections of the population used the Polish language. Two languages - Polish and Russian - competed with each other in Belarus. The Belarusian language remained the property of only rural common people or the Belarusian peasantry, and even some of the philistinism. Only after the communist takeover in Russia and the creation of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic was the Belarusian language introduced in schools and government institutions.
Based on Internet materials
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Question about correct naming Belarusian state in the Russian language, outwardly exclusively linguistic, but defining the current historical space, appeared back in the 1990s. Disputes between philologists and patriots do not subside to this day, almost thirty years after the official renaming of the former Soviet republic. But still, Belarus or Belarus, which is correct? Authoritative sources express directly opposite opinions, backing them up with almost indisputable evidence.
Historical name of the territories of modern Belarus
How to say it correctly - Belarus or Belarus? Initially, the territories of the modern Republic of Belarus, the name of which is officially enshrined in the constitution of the state in this form, were called White Russia in Western European sources. With the spread of the Russian-language education system to these lands, the ethnonym “Belarusians” and the corresponding name of the territories became entrenched among local population and neighboring peoples.
It is believed that the western part of Rus' began to be called “white”, because for some time the territories did not depend on the Mongol-Tatar yoke; the adjective in this case was used as a synonym for the word “free”. According to another version, White Russia was the land whose population professed Christianity, while Black Rus' preserved pagan traditions. Some sources also put forward another assumption: the name was fixed only for the reason that the inhabitants of the lands wore white clothes and were predominantly fair-haired.
There are several other versions of the origin of the toponym:
- For example, N. Karamzin believed that White means bright, pure, with an ancient history.
- According to the color scheme for parts of the world, which is mentioned among some Slavic peoples, white was called the west, blue was the east, black was the north, and red was the south.
- By analogy with this hypothesis, the following explanation is applied (according to Fra Mauro’s world map): the part of Rus' that passes by White Sea It is called White, near the Black River - Black, near the Red River - Red.
Chronologies of state names until 1991
Republic of Belarus or Belarus - which is correct? The correct spelling and pronunciation depends on chronological period, which is in question. IN The final stage During the First World War, in 1918, the territories of modern Belarus were called Belarusian People's Republic. Later, from February to June next year, already Soviet Belarus and Lithuania united into the Lithuanian-Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (other options: LitBel, Soviet Socialist Republic of Lithuania and Belarus).
The union of Belarus and Lithuania lasted only a few months, then the territories were renamed respectively into the Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus and the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. This formation (if we talk about Belarusian lands) was renamed again a month later. This time, finally, the name Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic was preserved until the collapse of the USSR. So, before 1991, the question: “Belarus or Belarus: which is correct?” simply did not exist - the Soviet republic was Belarus.
By the way, it was with the name Belarusian SSR (or Belarus) that the state became one of the original members of the United Nations. In 1945, the Ukrainian and Belarusian Republics were admitted to the UN along with the USSR for their significant contribution to the victory over Nazi Germany.
Title enshrined in the modern constitution
Belarus or Belarus - what was the correct name for the Belarusian SSR after the collapse of the USSR? In 1991, with the adoption of the constitution of independent Belarus, the state informed the world community about the name change. The Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic became known as the Republic of Belarus (RB), or Belarus for short. Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka), Bengal (Bangladesh), Persia (Iran), Northern Rhodesia (Zambia), Burma (Myanmar) and some others took a similar path.
How to write correctly - Belarus or Belorussia, if we're talking about not about the name of the state, but about the traditional use of the toponym in everyday speech? Together with official change The names of the state in Belarus were also changed in traditional names. For example, central print media RB" Soviet Belarus" on this moment renamed "Belarus Today".
The problem of correct naming in Russian
And yet, what is the correct way to write Belarus or Belarus today? The problem of the correct name of the ex Byelorussian SSR in the Russian language arose immediately after the republics gained independence. Whereas in Belarus itself it is already at the highest level state level decided on the correct name, in Russia both the population and the leading media, news agencies and even high-ranking officials continued to call the mentioned territories either Belarus or Belarus.
Recommendations from IRYa RAS (Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences)
Belarus or Belarus, how to speak and write correctly in accordance with documents adopted at the state level? In 1995, Russia adopted the Order “On the Writing of Names former republics USSR". According to this document at the official level and in business correspondence the name "Belarus" or "Republic of Belarus" should be used. However, according to the same paper, when signing international treaties or any other interaction, the wishes of the counterparties regarding the correct spelling of the state should be taken into account.
Belarus or Belarus? What is the right way to turn to other authoritative sources? Many sources allow both spellings of the name of the state. At the same time, it is still preferable to write “Belarus, Republic of Belarus”, while “Belarus” is listed as an “unofficial name”. The Russian Language Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences also promotes "Belorussia".
The most accurate directory of state names
What is the correct spelling - Belarus or Belorussia? Classifier OKSM (Official Classifier of Countries of the World), which is intended to identify states, and is a kind of truth in last resort. So, in this document under the international index BY, Belarus (abbreviated name) or the Republic of Belarus (full name) is listed.
By the way, despite the fact that it would seem that the Republic of Belarus itself had long ago decided on the name, in 2014, Alexander Lukashenko at a meeting of the CSTO member states sat at a table with a sign “Belarus”. This fact was later discussed in the press.
Political correctness and historical naming
And yet Belarus or Belarus? What is the correct name for the territories that have long been called White Russia? On the one hand, political correctness recommends adopting a name that corresponds to the constitution of the state, on the other hand, historical justice, which the media is so fond of remembering lately, is literally imposing the familiar on Belarus.
Point at this issue was put forward by the board of the Ministries of Justice of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus, during which it was recommended to use the name “Belarus”. The Belarusian Foreign Ministry later supported the same proposal. At the same time, the traditional “Belarus” is not at all a disdain for brotherly people, but only a historical habit, therefore, at the everyday level the use this option State name is acceptable.
BELARUSIAN, adjective. Related to Belarus or Belarusians
BELARUSIAN, adjective. Substantivir. same as Belarusian language
BELARUSIAN LANGUAGE, Stable combination. The language of the Belarusians, one of the East Slavic languages, official language Belarus
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
BELARUSIAN (USK), Belarusian, Belarusian. Adj. to Belarusians and to Belarus. Belarusian language.
Modern explanatory dictionary
BELARUSIAN BOLD OPERA AND BALLET THEATER, opened in Minsk in 1933, academic since 1964. Performances in Belarusian and Russian languages.
BELARUSIAN POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Minsk, founded in 1933. It trains specialists in mechanical engineering, instrument making and robotic systems, thermal power engineering, architectural construction etc. In 1991 approx. 24 thousand students.
BELARUSIAN THEATER named after. Yakub Kolas, dramatic, founded in Vitebsk in 1926 (Belarusian 2nd State Theater).
BELARUSIAN THEATER named after. Yanka Kupala, dramatic, founded in Minsk in 1920, academic since 1955.
BELARUSIAN UNIVERSITY, Minsk, founded in 1921. It trains specialists in physical and mathematical, chemical, biological, geographical, historical, legal, philological sciences, electronics, journalism, etc. In 1991, approx. 17 thousand students.
BELARUSIAN LANGUAGE, refers to Slavic languages(East Slavic group), included in Indo-European family languages. Official language Belarus. Writing based on the Cyrillic alphabet (civil script).