Military units of the Siberian military district. Nikolai Kormiltsev, commander of "Sibvo": "The highest level

The value of CHEMICAL AND PETROLEUM ENGINEERING in Bolshoy Soviet encyclopedia, TSB

CHEMICAL AND PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

and petroleum engineering, a branch of mechanical engineering that manufactures technological equipment, as well as complete technological lines and installations for the chemical, petrochemical, petroleum and gas industry. Originated at the end of the 19th century. It was widely developed in the 60-70s. 20th century in many countries due to the accelerated development of chemical, oil and gas production, oil refining, petrochemical and some other industries. Fast development these industries led to an intensive influx of capital investments into them, massive renewal and improvement of the structure of production assets, a sharp increase specific gravity expenses for machinery and equipment.

Qualitative changes in chemistry and petrochemistry have caused a transition to the use of progressive types of raw materials in the production of organic and some inorganic products - oil and its refined products, associated and natural gas. This led to a significant increase in the unit capacity of process equipment (units, installations, etc.). The demand for large machines and apparatus has increased, which has led to the expansion of production of large chemical and petroleum equipment.

In Russia, the production of chemical and petroleum equipment began at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. in Ukraine (for the sugar industry) and in Azerbaijan (for oil production). The simplest products were produced at semi-handicraft enterprises mechanical devices. In the USSR H. and N. m. has received significant development. A number of chemical and petroleum enterprises were created on its basis. chemical industry, but until the mid-60s. it was dispersed across various industries mechanical engineering. In 1965 H. and n. m. has become an independent industry, which is responsible for the development, manufacture and supply of equipment for the chemical, oil refining, petrochemical, oil production, gas, microbiological and pulp and paper industries, as well as for ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, energy, shipbuilding, Food Industry and others. For 1966-76 H. and n. m. has become one of the leading industries of the Soviet Union. mechanical engineering. The largest plants: Uralkhimmash (Sverdlovsk), Dzerzhinskkhimmash (Gorky region), Penzkhimmash, machine-building plant named after. Frunze (Sumy), "Bolshevik" (Kyiv), Volgograd Oil Engineering Plant named after. G.K. Petrova, Petrozavodsk "Tyazhbummash". Most factories of H. and N. m. was completely or partially reconstructed and technically re-equipped, a number of new workshops and enterprises equipped modern technology. Special capacities have been created for the manufacture of large-sized equipment. At the same time, the research and experimental base has been expanded and strengthened.

Modern H. and N. m. includes a number of sub-sectors that develop and produce specialized products (chemical, polymer, oilfield, paper-making equipment, equipment for the oil refining industry) and equipment for general industrial use (compressors and refrigeration units, pumps various types, air separation equipment, gas cleaning equipment and pipeline fittings). During 1966-76, the total volume of production of chemical engineering products increased 2.8 times, including the production chemical equipment- 2.3, papermaking - 3.7, oil field - 2.2, refrigeration units- 3.1 times. The production of oil equipment, compressors, pumps, oxygen plants and other products has also increased. Over the years, over 3 thousand samples of new types of machines, apparatus and instruments have been created, including many large complexes of modern equipment. Industrial enterprises The production of more than 2.7 thousand items of new equipment and devices has been mastered. The ranges of parameters (pressure, temperature, etc.) of the manufactured equipment have been significantly expanded, its productivity, anti-corrosion resistance and operational reliability have been increased. Complex technological lines and installations are produced for the chemical and petrochemical industries: for the production of ammonia, ammonium nitrate, ammophos, nitroammophoska, for primary and secondary oil refining, catalytic cracking and reforming, production of ethylene and polyethylene, protein and vitamin concentrates, molding and vulcanization of tires and etc. For these lines and installations, new types of equipment have been developed and manufactured, characterized by high performance indicators, including automated filter presses FPAKM, licenses for which were acquired by companies in a number of capitalist countries, more advanced heat exchange equipment, enameled steel reactors and containers, vessels from rolled steel, centrifuges, separators, etc.

For the oil and gas industry, equipment is produced for joint and separate exploitation of several oil reservoirs with one well, self-propelled units for overhaul oil wells, gas pumping units with a gas turbine engine, cleaning and insulating machines for main gas pipelines, etc.

The production of paper and cardboard machines of a high technical level, powerful pumps for main canals and irrigation systems, new oxygen plants, absorption refrigeration machines and other types of equipment has been established.

Technological lines, installations and individual species equipment of enlarged unit capacity. During 1971-75, the unit capacity of many manufactured equipment complexes increased by 2-3, and in some cases by 4-5 times. Thus, the annual productivity of ammonia production lines increased from 100 thousand tons to 400-450 thousand tons, ammophos - from 150 thousand tons to 540 thousand tons, ammonium nitrate - from 200 thousand tons to 450-500 thousand tons , nitrophoskas - from 100 thousand tons to 300 thousand tons, nitroammophoskas - from 100 thousand tons to 540 thousand tons. The unit capacity of oil refining plants increased 2 times, machines for producing newsprint - 3 times, plants for production of ethylene and polyethylene - 5 times, etc. An increase in unit capacity of equipment ensures a reduction in unit costs, an increase in labor productivity and a reduction in the cost of products in industries and enterprises using this equipment.

Since the 60s The supply of equipment with complete technological lines and installations of maximum factory readiness began with supervision of installation at construction sites. Complete deliveries large complexes equipment contribute to reducing installation time on construction sites, speeding up the commissioning of new facilities and increasing the efficiency of capital investments. For 1971-75, the volume of complete deliveries of chemical and chemical equipment. m increased by 2 times and amounted to over 1 billion rubles, which made it possible to accelerate the expansion of capacity in chemistry, petrochemistry and other industries.

Enterprises and organizations of H. and N. m. USSR design, manufacture and supply equipment for the rapidly developing mineral fertilizer industry. production of such equipment increased almost 4 times between 1971 and 1975. The main place in the supply of this equipment is occupied by complete technological lines, on the basis of which highly efficient large-scale production of mineral fertilizers and raw materials for them is created.

Thanks to the improvement in the technical level of equipment and the growth of its output, the export of chemical and chemical products is increasing. m. Overall volume export deliveries in 1971-75 increased by 40%. Equipment was supplied abroad to more than 250 facilities, including plants for the production of isoprene rubber and cyclohexanone in Romania, thermal phosphoric acid plants in Czechoslovakia, the Birach alumina plant in Yugoslavia, nuclear power plant Lovisa in Finland, an oil refinery in France, etc. The USSR acted as the general supplier of equipment for a number of facilities being built and reconstructed abroad with its technical assistance, including gas processing plants in Hungary, a chemical fiber plant in the DPRK, the Planta Mecanica engineering plant in Cuba, and air separation plants at the plant " Leinaverke" in the GDR, oxygen shops at a metallurgical plant in Romania and a chemical plant in Pulawy in Poland, drainage and irrigation stations in Iraq, etc.

In the 60-70s. H. and N. m has also occupied an important place in the industry of other socialist countries. Greatest development it received in the GDR, Czechoslovakia and Romania; its importance is also growing in Hungary, Poland and Bulgaria.

In the CMEA member countries, H. and N. m. develops in accordance with Comprehensive program socialist economic integration (1971), providing for the coordination of national economic plans, mutually beneficial specialization and cooperation of these countries in development and production certain types equipment. On multilaterally carried out, for example, design and production of complete technological lines for the production of phosphoric, nitric and sulfuric acids, installations for drilling wells for various purposes, equipment for plastic processing, paper production, etc.

Between the CMEA member countries received wide use also bilateral scientific, technical and production cooperation in the field of chemical engineering. m. Mechanical engineers of the USSR and Czechoslovakia are jointly developing and manufacturing equipment for large-scale production of ammonia, ethylene and synthetic rubber. In collaboration with specialists from the USSR and the GDR, it was developed technological process and equipment for a large-scale installation was created for the production of polyethylene using the high pressure(“Polymir-50”), etc.

Scientific, technical and industrial cooperation provides socialist countries with accelerating the development of chemical engineering. m. and an increase in mutual supplies of its products. Thus, in 1976-80 the volume of these supplies between the USSR and other CMEA member countries will increase by 2.5 times compared to 1971-75.

In capitalist countries, H. and N. m. concentrated mainly in a small group of industrial developed countries: USA, Germany, Japan, Great Britain, France and Italy. The share of each of these countries in total volume The equipment they produced for the chemical industry and related industries was (in%):

Great Britain

The largest manufacturer of chemical and related types of equipment in the capitalist world is the USA. In 1974, the production volume of equipment for the chemical and related industries here reached $2,800 million. Western Europe The leading manufacturer of chemical equipment is the Federal Republic of Germany, which in 1974 produced equipment for the chemical and related industries worth $620 million. Chemical engineering has been widely developed. m in Japan, where in 1974 such equipment was produced for $660 million. In France in 1974, equipment for the chemical and related industries was produced for $400 million.

Lit.: Palterovich D. M., Development of chemical engineering in the USSR and the main capitalist countries. (1958-1964), M., 1965; Brekhov K.I., Chemical and petroleum engineering in the eighth five-year plan, M., 1971; Economics of chemical engineering, M., 1971; Kasatkin A. G., Basic processes and devices chemical technology, M., 1973.

F. M. Morozov.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB. 2012

Military units of the Siberian military district. Nikolai Kormiltsev, commander of "Sibvo": "The highest level

The value of CHEMICAL AND PETROLEUM ENGINEERING in Bolshoy Soviet encyclopedia, TSB

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