Replace The cat with a pronoun. Personal pronouns in English

1. Write personal pronouns (he, she, it, they) replacing nouns.

For example: a strawberry (strawberry) – it; balls (balls) – they.

cheese 11. a fox
stars 12. people
Robert 13. policemen
grandmother 14. a post-office
a newspaper 15. a son
teeth 16. a wife
a tooth 17. weather
petrol 18. a king
Julia 19. animals
toys 20. a horse

2. Fill in the blanks with personal pronouns (I, we, you, he, she, it, they, me, us, him, her, them).

For example: My teacher is very nice. Ilike... (My teacher is very good. I love....) – I like him. (I love him.)

I work for my mother. I help...in the shop. And she gives... some money. (I work with my mother. I help... in the store. And she gives... some money.)
We have two dogs. We often take… for a walk. We also take a ball and our dogs like to play with ... (We have two dogs. We often take ... for a walk. We also take a ball, and our dogs like to play with ...)
My brother works at the hospital . ... is a doctor. (My brother works in a hospital...doctor.)
My favorite subject is History . ... is very exciting. (My favorite subject is history... very exciting.)
Tom is a good lawyer. Do you know...? (Volume - good lawyer. You know … ?)
Look at her. …is so beautiful! (Look at her... so beautiful!)
Where is my notebook? I can't find… . (Where is my laptop? I can't... find it.)
We are going to the beach. You can join... (We're going to the beach. You can join...)
I like Kate's hair. …is so thick and long. (I like Katya’s hair... so thick and long.)
These are my souvenirs. ... bought ... in England. (These are my souvenirs...bought...in England.)

3. Replace the underlined words with personal pronouns.

Example: I saw Bob yesterday, but Bob didn’t see me. – I saw him yesterday, but he didn’t see me. (I saw him yesterday, but he didn't see me.)

Jack and I met Samantha. Samantha gave Jack and me a letter for you. Take the letter.
Den and Mike are leaving for New York. I am driving Den and Mike to the airport.
I'm calling Alex. I haven’t seen Alex for ages. And Alex isn’t at school.
Let's go to the library with Peter and me. Peter and I need some books in Japanese.
Here is our cat Felix. Felix is hungry. I will feed Felix.

Answers:

it (cheese) 11. it (fox)
they (stars) 12. they (people)
he (Robert) 13. they (policemen)
she (grandmother) 14. it (post office)
it (newspaper) 15. he (son)
they (teeth) 16. she (wife)
it (tooth) 17. it (weather)
it (gasoline) 18. he (king)
she (Julia) 19. they (animals)
they (toys) 20. it (horse)

I help her in the shop. And she gives me some money. (I help her in the store. And she gives me some money.)
We often take them for a walk. We also take a ball and our dogs like to play with it. (We often take them for walks. We also take a ball and our dogs love to play with it.)
He is a doctor. (He is a doctor.)
It is very exciting. (She's very exciting.)
Do you know him? (Do you know him ?)
She is so beautiful! (She is so beautiful!)
I can't find it. (I can not find him.)
You can join us. (You are welcome to join us.)
It is so thick and long. (They are so thick and long.) ( hair –exception.)
I bought them in England. (I bought them in England.)

We met Samantha. She gave us a letter for you. Take it. (We met Samantha. She gave us a letter for you. Take it.)
They are leaving for New York. I am driving them to the airport. (They are leaving for New York. I will take them to the airport.)
I'm calling Alex. I haven’t seen him for ages. And he isn’t at school. (I call Alex. I haven't seen him in forever. And he's absent from school.)
Let's go to the library with us. We need some books in Japanese. (Come with us to the library. We are looking for some books in Japanese.)
Here is our cat Felix. It is hungry. I will feed it. (Here is our cat Felix. He is hungry. I will feed him.)

Pronouns replace nouns. The use of a pronoun depends on what noun it replaces and the role that noun plays in the sentence. IN English language pronouns take only the gender form of the noun they replace in the 3rd person singular. Pronouns in the 2nd person plural are identical to pronouns in the 2nd person singular, except for reflexive pronouns. .

	Personal pronoun	Object pronoun	Possessive adjective (determinative)	Possessive pronoun	Reflexive and intensifying pronoun
1st person singular	I	me	my	mine	myself
2nd person singular	you	you	your	yours	yourself
3rd person singular, masculine	he	him	his	his	himself
3rd person singular, feminine	she	her	her	hers	herself
3rd person singular, neuter	it	it	its		itself
1st person plural	we	us	our	ours	ourselves
2nd person plural	you	you	your	yours	yourselves
3rd person plural	they	them	their	theirs	themselves

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns replace nouns, which are the subjects of a sentence. Personal pronouns in the 3rd person are often used in a sentence to avoid repetition.

Examples

I am 16.
You seem lost.
Jim is angry, and he wants Sally to apologize.
This table is old. It needs to be repainted.
We aren't coming.
They don't like pancakes.

Object pronouns

Object pronouns replace nouns that are direct or indirect objects in a sentence.

Examples

Give the book to me.
The teacher wants to talk to you.
Jake is hurt because Bill hit him.
Rachid received a letter from her last week.
Mark can't find it.
Don't be angry with us.
Tell them to hurry up!

Possessive adjectives (determinatives)

Possessive adjectives are determiners, not pronouns. It is necessary to master them together with pronouns, since they are similar to the form of possessive pronouns. Possessive adjectives have the same function as adjectives, and they take place before the noun they modify. They do not replace a noun as well as pronouns.

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns replace possessive nouns as well as the subject and object of a sentence. The noun that replaces the pronoun in a sentence must be clear from the context.

Examples

This bag is mine.
Yours is not blue.
That bag looks like his.
These shoes are not hers.
That car is ours.
Theirs is parked in the garage.

Reflexive and intensifying pronouns

Reflexive & Intensive pronouns.

Reflexive and intensifying pronouns are the same group of words, but in a sentence they perform different functions. Reflexive pronouns refer to the subject of a sentence because the subject of the action acts as a direct or indirect object. Only certain types of verbs can be reflexive. You cannot remove a reflexive pronoun from a sentence, otherwise the sentence will become grammatically incorrect.

Examples

I told myself to calm down.
You cut yourself on this nail?
He doesn't hurt himself on the stairs.
She found herself in a dangerous part of town.
The cat threw itself under my car!
We blame ourselves for the fire.
The children can take care of themselves.

Intensifying pronouns highlight the role of the subject in a sentence. They are not the object of the action. Such pronouns can always be removed from a sentence without damaging its meaning; only the emphasis will be removed. Intensifying pronouns can appear immediately after the subject or at the end of the sentence.

Examples

I made these cookies myself.
You yourself asked Jake to come.
The Pope himself pardoned Mr. Brown.
My teacher didn't know the answer herself.
The test itself wasn't scary, but my teacher certainly is.
We would like to finish the renovation before Christmas ourselves.
They themselves told me the lost shoe wasn't a problem.

1. Replace words with personal pronouns.

For example: Bob (Bob) – he (he), books (books) – they (they)

10. Robert and his dog

11. Helen and you

12.Mr. Nelson and I

2. Select in brackets correct option pronouns.

1. Look at your trainers. … (It/He/They) are dirty. (Look at your sneakers... dirty.)

2. Our teacher is old and … (he/she/they) has a beard. (Our teacher is old, and... has a beard.)

3. Don’t sit on that chair. … (He/It/We) is broken. (Don't sit on that chair... it's broken.)

4. I love Anna. … (It/He/She) is my best friend. (I love Anna. ... is my best friend.)

5. Give me some water. … (I/We/You) am thirsty. (Give me some water... I'm thirsty.)

6. Have … (he/you/she) got a car, Sam? (...do you have a car, Sam?)

7. Laura and I play volleyball. … (They/She/We) do it on Sundays. (Laura and I play volleyball... we do it on Sundays.)

3. Replace the highlighted words in the text with suitable personal pronouns (I, we, you, he, she, it, they, me, us, him, her, them).

Lisa and Roger are in Spain now. Lisa and Roger are having their holiday. Lisa and Roger live in a hotel. The hotel is very comfortable. And the beaches are fantastic. The beaches are clean and big. The sea is warm. Roger goes jogging near the sea every morning. Lisa doesn't go with Roger. Lisa wakes up late. Lisa and Roger met their friends there. So Lisa and Roger spend all days with their friends.

4. Insert a suitable personal pronoun (me, us, you, her, him, it, them).

1. Where is Cindy? I can’t see… . (Where is Cindy? I don't see....)

2. Peter and Anna need your help. Can you help...? (Peter and Anna need your help. Can you help...?)

3. Here is your tomato juice. Drink…. (Here is your tomato juice. Drink....)

4. We are going shopping. Let's go with…. (We are going shopping. We are going with....)

5. Those are my nuts. Don't eat... (There are my nuts. Don't eat....)

6. The rat is under the table. Do you see...? (The rat is under the table. Do you see...?)

7. Robert is ill today. So we shall not see…. (Robert is sick today. So we won't see....)

8. I am very busy. Please don’t disturb… . (I'm very busy. Please don't bother....)

9. Mary and Paul can’t open the door. Go and help…. (Mary and Pavel cannot open the door. Go and help....)

10. It’s my sister’s birthday today. This is a present for…. (Today is my sister's birthday. Here is a gift for....)

Answers:

1. it (carpet)
2. she (Mary)
3. they (Mary and Tim)
4. we (Mary and I)
5. they (carpets)
6. it (tiger)
7. they (tigers)
8. it (milk)
9. he (Robert)
10. they (Robert and his dog)
11. you (Helen and you)
12. we (Mr. Nelson and I)
13. she (Miss Jones)
14. he (waiter)
15. she (waitress)

1. They
2. he
3. It
4. She
5.I
6. you
7.We

Lisa and Roger are in Spain now. They are having their holiday. They live in a hotel. It is very comfortable. And the beaches are fantastic. They are clean and big. The sea is warm. Roger goes jogging near it every morning. Lisa doesn't go with him. She wakes up late. Lisa and Roger met their friends there. So they spend all days with them.

Lisa and Roger are now in Spain. They are on vacation. They live in a hotel. It's very comfortable. And the beaches are fantastic. They are clean and spacious. Sea is warm. Roger goes jogging next to him every morning. Lisa doesn't go with him. She wakes up late. Lisa and Roger met their friends there. That's why they spend all their days with them.

1. her
2. them
3. it
4. us
5. them
6. it
7.him
8. me
9. them
10. her

Here you can take a lesson on the topic: Pronouns in English. English Pronouns.

A pronoun is a part of speech that replaces a noun, adjective, adverb and some other words in sentences. In English, as well as in Russian, there are several types of pronouns. It is this part of speech and its varieties that we will consider in this lesson.

There are 8 main types of pronouns in English and they all have different properties. So, for example, in the sentence “He is a student,” the personal pronoun he replaces someone’s name and is the subject, and in the sentence “Can you give me that book, please?”, the demonstrative pronoun that acts as a complement in a sentence.

In English there are the following: types of pronouns:

Personal pronouns - I, you, he, she, him, them, me, it, etc.
Possessive pronouns - my, his, her, mine, its, ours, etc.
Demonstrative pronouns - this, that, these, those.
Reflexive pronouns (reflexive pronouns) - myself, yourself, himself, themselves, etc.
Relative pronouns - who, which, where, that, etc.
Reciprocal pronouns - one another, each other.
Indefinite pronouns - somebody, anything, nothing, etc.
Interrogative pronouns (interrogative pronouns) - who, whom, why, when, etc.

I. The most important and frequently used pronouns are rightfully personal. These pronouns in sentences can take various shapes and perform several functions. Personal pronouns, in turn, are divided into subjective and objective. Subjective pronouns answer the question who? or what? object pronouns- to questions from whom? what? to whom? what?

1. Subjective pronouns:

I - I
you - you/you
he - he
she - she
it - he/she (inanimate)
we - we
they - they

2. Object pronouns:

me - me, me
you - you, you, you, you
him - to him, him
her - to her, her
it - to him/her, his/her (inanimate)
us - to us, us
them - to them, theirs

Subject and object personal pronouns in sentences can replace nouns and additions. For example:
She is a high school student. - She is a high school student. (noun)
He loves her. - He loves her. (addition)

Personal pronouns are often found in English folk sayings. For example:

After us the deluge. - After us there might be a flood.
As you sow, so shall you reap. - What goes around comes around.
Man can do no more than he can. - A person cannot do Furthermore what he can do./ You can’t jump over your head.
Before you make a friend eat a bushel of salt with him. - Before you make a friend, eat a pound of salt with him. / Don’t recognize a friend in three days, recognize a friend in three years.
We know not what is good until we have lost it. - We learn what is good when we lose it. / What we have, we don’t keep; having lost it, we cry.

II. The following pronouns, which are also often used in English sentences, are possessive, i.e. indicating ownership, and answering the question “whose?” :

my (mine) - mine
your (yours) - yours, yours
his (his) - his
her (hers) - her
its (its) - his/her (inanimate)
our (ours) - ours
their (theirs) - theirs

Indicated in parentheses special kind possessive pronouns. If the words my, your, their are commonly used with nouns, then mine, yours, theirs are used independently. For example:
It"s my pillow. (This is my pillow.) It"s mine. (She is mine.)
Is this your car? (This is your car?). -No, it's his. (-No, it's his.)

Unlike Russian, English possessive pronouns do not change in numbers. For example:
These are my books. - These are my books.
His poems are very interesting. - His poems are very interesting.

Possessive pronouns are also sometimes found in English sayings . For example:

Pleasure has a sting in its tail. - Pleasure has a sting in its tail.
All is fish that comes to his net. - All the fish that come into his net. / He benefits from everything.
Don"t count your chickens before they are hatched. - Don’t count your chickens until they hatch./Chickens are counted in the fall.

III. Another category of frequently used pronouns in English is called demonstrative or index finger. There are only 4 of them and they differ depending on the proximity or distance of objects:

this - this (close)
these - these (close)
that - that (far)
those - those (far)

Demonstrative pronouns do not change according to gender, but vary by numbers and agree with the verb. For example:
This is a table. - It is a table.
These are tables. - These are tables.

In sentences, demonstrative pronouns can serve noun, adjective, or object. For example:
This is my mother. - That's my mom. (noun)
That girl is too rude. - That girl is too rude. (adjective)
I"d like to buy these oranges. - I would like to buy these oranges. (addition)

Demonstrative pronouns are also found in some proverbs:

That "s a horse of another color - That's a horse of a different color. / This is a completely different matter.
That cock won't fight. - This rooster will not fight. / This number will not work.

IV. Reflexive pronouns , or as they are popularly called “mirror” - another category of English pronouns. They are formed by adding the singular suffix "-self" to indicate "on my own, on my own", to possessive pronouns; or the suffix "selves" to plural pronouns:

myself - I myself
yourself - you yourself
himself - himself
herself - she herself
itself - he/she himself/herself (inanimate)
ourselves - ourselves
yourselves - You yourself
themselves - they themselves

Only in reflexive pronouns can you see the difference between the singular and plural of the second person, i.e. between “you” and “You”: yourself - yourselves.

In sentences reflexive pronouns perform the function of additions, and are used after transitive verbs (semantic verbs, related not only to the activity, but also to the recipient). For example:

Be careful! Don"t injure yourself! - Be careful! Don't get hurt!
She bought herself a new skirt. - She bought herself a new skirt.
They can't do it themselves. - They can't do it themselves.

There are a number of set phrases with reflexive pronouns. Here are some of them:
Help yourself! - Help yourself!
Enjoy yourself! - Enjoy the atmosphere!
Behave yourself! - Behave yourself!

There are some verbs after which You should not use reflexive pronouns. This: wash (to wash), dress (to dress), shave (to shave), relax (to relax) and some others. For example:
She dressed and went to work. - She got dressed and went to work.
Tom washed and then shaved. - Tom washed his face and then shaved.

In these sentences there is no need to add the pronouns “herself” or “himself”, because it is already clear that the action is performed independently.

Some reflexive pronouns occur in English folklore:

Give a fool enough, and he will hang himself. -Give a fool a rope and he’ll hang himself./Ask a fool to pray to God, he’ll hurt his forehead.
Don"t keep a dog and bark yourself. - Don’t hold the dog and then bark yourself. / Don’t work for your subordinate. / Because the dog is fed because it barks.
Respect yourself, or no one else will respect you. - Respect yourself, otherwise no one else will respect you. / He who does not respect himself, will not be respected by others either.

V. Pronouns called relative outwardly very similar to question words, but have a different meaning. They are used to determine the preceding noun. Although relative pronouns do not vary by gender or number, they depend on the object being defined. So, for example, if we want define a person, then we use the pronoun "who". Here is a more complete list of relative pronouns and examples of use:

who - who, which (person)
which/that - what, which (inanimate object, thing)
where - where, in which (place)
when - when, at which (time)
whose - whose, which (belonging)

He is the man who saved me. - He is the man who saved me.
This is the pen which (that) I found. - This is the pen I found.
This is the place where I was born. - This is the place where (in which) I was born.
This is the month when they go on holiday. - This is the month when (in which) they go on vacation.
She is the woman whose son is a burglar. - She is the woman whose son is a thief.

Now let's see how variously relative pronouns are used in proverbs:

He who likes borrowing dislikes paying. - He who likes to borrow does not like to pay back./ When borrowing, he is a friend, when giving, he is an enemy.
He knows much who knows how to hold his tongue. - He who knows how to hold his tongue knows a lot./ A wise man does not throw words to the wind.
He who hesitates is lost. - Who hesitates? he dies. Delay is like death.
That "s where the shoe pinches! - That's where the shoes pinches! / That's where the dog is buried.
He who would search for pearls must dive below. - He who looks for pearls must dive deep. / He who wants to eat fish must go into the water.
That which one least anticipates soonest comes to pass. - What you least expect happens.

VI. The smallest group of pronouns in English is reciprocal pronouns. There are only 2 of them and they can be interchangeable:

each other - each other (refers to two persons)
one another - one to another (may imply large quantity persons)

In sentences, these pronouns are placed in the middle or at the end, and, as a rule, serve as a complement. For example:

They have known each other for many years. - They have known each other for many years.
They love each other. - They love each other.
The staff always help one another. - The staff always helps each other (one another).
The students spoke to one another in a quiet voice. - The students spoke to each other (one to another) in a quiet voice.

Reciprocal pronouns are often found in various legends, quotes, proverbs and other phrases. Thus, Joseph Addison once said:

Health and cheerfulness mutually beget each other. - Health and cheerfulness go hand in hand.

And another thing English saying reads:

Families with babies and families without babies are sorry for each other. - Families with children and families without children sympathize with each other.

VII. One of the largest groups of English pronouns is indefinite pronouns. In sentences they can serve replacing adjectives, And replacing nouns. For example:

They have some problems. - They have some problems. (adjective replacement)
Are there any books there? - There are some on that shelf. - Are there any books there? -There are several on that shelf. (noun replacement)

Indefinite pronouns are conventionally divided into pronouns starting with the words “some” (a little, several), “any” (a little, several, any) and “no” (not at all, not at all).

1. Indefinite pronouns with the word "some":

some - a little, several
someone/somebody - someone/someone
something - anything
somewhere - somewhere
somehow - somehow/somehow
some time/some day - someday/someday

Note that the words "somebody" and "someone" are the same. All indefinite pronouns beginning with the word "some" are used in ordinary affirmative sentences, as well as in questions and requests And questions and suggestions. For example:

(+) * There is someone in the house. - There is someone in the house.
(+) There are some guests in the hotel.- There are several guests in the hotel.
(?) Can you give me some water, please? - Could you give me some water? (question-request)
(?) Would you like some cookies? - Would you like some cookies? (question-suggestion)

2. Indefinite pronouns with the word "any":

any - no, a little, several, any
anyone/anybody - anyone/anybody, anyone
anything - something/anything, anything
anywhere - anywhere/anywhere, anywhere/somewhere
anyhow - somehow/somehow, whatever
any day/any time - whenever

These pronouns are used either in negative and interrogative sentences , or in affirmatives with the meaning "any, whatever". For example:

(-) There isn’t any sugar in my coffee. - There is no sugar in my coffee.
(?) Is there anything interesting on TV? - Is there anything interesting on TV?
(+) I like any kind of fish. - I like any kind of fish.

3. Indefinite pronouns with the word "no":

no - no, not at all
noone/nobody - no one
nothing - nothing
nowhere - nowhere

Unlike Russian, English sentences can only contain one negative word. For example:

There is noone in the room.=There isn't anyone in the room. (There is no one in the room.)
There are no pictures on the wall.=There aren't any pictures on the wall.(There are no pictures on the walls.)

In many English sayings Indefinite pronouns are used:

By doing nothing we learn to do ill. - Without doing anything, we learn to do evil./ Idleness is the mother of all vices.
There is no rose without a thorn. - There is no rose without thorns.
To know everything is to know nothing. - To know everything means to know nothing.
To put a spoke in somebody's wheel. - Insert a spoke into someone's wheel. / Insert spokes into wheels.
Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. - Nothing is impossible for a loving heart.

VIII. The final group of pronouns is interrogative pronouns. They are very similar in appearance to relatives, but they perform different functions in English sentences. These pronouns are also known as "question words":

who? - Who?
whom? - whom? to whom?
which? - which?
what? - What?
where? - Where?
when? - When?
whose? - whose?
why? - Why?

Interrogative pronouns most often appear in sentences as subject, adjective, or as an addition with a preposition at the end. For example:

Who is your brother? - Who is your brother? (subject)
Which seat is yours? - What is your place? (adjective)
What is the book about? - What is this book about? (addition)

Sometimes interrogative pronouns serve nominal part predicate, as, for example, in famous proverb:
Tell me who your friends are and I "ll tell you who you are. - Tell me who your friend is, and I’ll tell you who you are. (literal translation). / Tell me who your friend is, and I’ll tell you who you are. (literary translation).

Thus, in this lesson we became familiar with pronouns in English, their varieties and functions in sentences. We also learned useful proverbs and sayings. The following lessons will cover personal, possessive, and demonstrative pronouns in a little more detail.

To make your speech in a foreign language expressive, correct and varied, and also to learn to understand what other people say (write), you need to know English pronouns. The table (and more than one) will be presented in this article with the necessary explanations to facilitate the assimilation of grammatical material.

What is a pronoun and what is it for?

This part of speech is used in any language to avoid tautology, enliven dry statements, and also make them more logical. Pronouns in English are called Pronouns, which translates as “instead of nouns.”

This service component functions as a substitute for those parts of speech that have already been mentioned in spoken or written text. Nouns and adjectives can be replaced, and a little less often - adverbs and numerals. Pronouns help us maintain consistency and clarity in the presentation of thoughts, but at the same time not repeat ourselves, naming the same people, objects, phenomena, signs, etc. again.

What are the pronouns in English?

English pronouns, like Russian ones, change according to person, gender and number. In addition, they must be consistent with the part of speech that they replace. For example, agreement based on gender: girl (girl) - she (she). In the same way, agreement is carried out in numbers: boys (boys) - they (they).

Now let's take a closer look at what each variety is and how this functional part of speech manages to simplify English.

Personal Pronouns

They get their name because they replace nouns - animate and inanimate. There are seven of them in total.

I - I;
you - you (you);
he - he;
she - she;
it - it;
we - we;
they - they.

Please note the following features:

1. You is used in both singular and plural. It is translated accordingly: “you”, “You” (addressing one person) or “you” (addressing a group of people).

2. It means not only inanimate objects, but also animals.

The above personal pronouns are given in the nominative case. But what if you need to say: “to you”, “me”, “about us”, etc.? What is conveyed in Russian by other cases (dative, genitive, prepositional, etc.), in English is called in one word - the subject case. Such pronouns replace words that are not the subject of a sentence. The correspondence table is presented below.

Who? What?	Whom? What? To whom? Why? By whom? How? About whom? About what?
	me - me, me, me, etc.
	you - you (you), by you (you), etc.
	him - to him, him, etc.
	her - to her, her, etc.
	it - to him, his, etc.
	us - us, us, etc.
	them - theirs, them, etc.

Start practicing using the subject case once you thoroughly understand and learn the nominative forms. Otherwise, you simply risk getting confused. In general, remembering pronouns is quite simple, and the more often you practice foreign language, the more confident you will become in speaking.

Possessive Pronouns

This group is the second most frequently used. But don't be afraid when you see new English pronouns. The table below shows the correspondence between personal and possessive types.

Personal pronoun	Possessive pronoun

you - you (you)	your - yours (yours)

As you can see, almost all pronouns have the same base, and the differences are most often only in one letter.

It is recommended to learn and practice in exercises first personal pronouns, then possessive ones, and then practice in mixed tests, where you need to choose the option that is appropriate in meaning and grammar: you or your, etc. This way you will firmly understand everything and will never confuse these two superficially similar groups.

Demonstrative Pronouns

We continue to study pronouns in English and now move on to the variety that helps to navigate in space, to show a certain object, direction and place. They do not change according to persons and genders, but they have singular and forms. Further in the table you will see English demonstrative pronouns with translation.

For example, if there is a picture hanging on the wall in the distance, then they say about it: That is a picture. And if there are pencils on the table nearby, it can be indicated as follows: These are pencils.

This group of auxiliary parts of speech has another function. They can replace individual words or even entire expressions. This is done to avoid repetitions. For example: Air quality in the village is better than that in the city - Air quality in the village is better than (air quality) in the city.

Relative Pronouns

This variety can often be found in complex sentences to connect the main and subordinate parts. Such an English pronoun with translation and understanding of foreign speech can create difficulties. Therefore, you need to understand this issue well. The following relative pronouns exist:

that - that, which (used to denote both animate and inanimate objects);
which - which (only to designate objects or phenomena);
who - who, which (indicates only people);
whom - to whom, who, whom (in spoken language not found, used only in official speech as a speech cliche).

Interrogative Pronouns

As you might guess, this type is used in interrogative sentences. If you are already familiar with the topic “Special Questions,” then you know these English pronouns well. All of them are notable for the fact that they begin with the letter wh:

what? - What? Which? which?
which? - Which? which (of the two)?
who? - Who?
whom? - to whom? whom?
whose? - whose?

Sometimes the suffix -ever can be added to them, and then the combinations whatever (any, whatever), whoever (any, anyone), etc. are obtained.

Please pay Special attention for the following features.

Who is singular and assumes the verb form is as well as the ending -s in the present simple tense.

Who is there? Who likes this film?

The exception is when a plural personal pronoun is used (you, we, they), if the answer involves naming several people, objects, phenomena, etc.

Who of you live in this house? - We do. (Which of you lives in this house? - We.)

(Indefinite Pronouns)

Situations often arise when information is not entirely clear, or the speaker is not sure of its veracity. For such cases, there is a special group of function words. Next you can see all the indefinite English pronouns with translation.

Animate objects	Inanimate objects
anybody, anyone - anyone, anyone	anything - anything, anything
everybody, everyone - everyone, everyone	everything - everything
no one, nobody - no one	nothing - nothing, nothing
someone - someone	something - something
other - different either - any (when choosing from two) neither - not one (when choosing from two) each - each

Please note that all pronouns listed in the table refer to the singular (even if translated into Russian they mean many objects or people).

Plural indefinite pronouns represented by the following words:

any - any;
both - both;
several - several;
others - others, the rest;
many - few;
few - few.

Reflexive Pronouns

Used to denote actions that are performed on oneself. These English pronouns are related to the varieties you already know - personal and possessive. Only in in this case the particle -self (singular) or -selves (plural) is added.

(I) I - myself;
(you) you - yourself;
(he) he - himself;
(she) she - herself;
(it) it - itself (about animals and inanimate objects);
(we) we - ourselves;
(you) you - yourselves;
(they) they - themselves.

How to translate This is most clear with examples.

Sometimes it can be translated as “yourself”, “yourself”, etc.

“Why?”, she asked herself - “Why?” - she asked herself.

We arranged a great holiday for ourselves - We arranged a great vacation for ourselves.

In some cases, it is possible to translate such pronouns with reflexive particles -sya and -sya.

A cat washed itself - The cat washed itself.

Where are you hiding yourself? -Where are you hiding?

In cases where the fact that the action was performed by someone independently is emphasized, reflexive pronouns can be translated with the words “himself”, “herself”, etc.

He has built this house himself - He built this house himself.

Reciprocal Pronouns

This variety includes only two representatives: each other and one another. They are synonyms.

Such pronouns are used in cases where two objects perform the same action directed at each other.

We love each other - We love each other.

They hugged and kissed one another - They hugged and kissed.

On Christmas day the friends gave each other presents - On Christmas, friends gave each other gifts.

In cases where it is necessary to designate a group of people performing the same action in relation to each other, it is necessary to use the form one another. For example:

We are a united family and always help one another. - We are a friendly family and always help each other.

People of different generations have difficulties in understanding one another - People of different generations have difficulty understanding each other.

This is what the pronoun system looks like in English. There is nothing complicated in it, since some groups of function words are formed from others: reflexive and possessive - from personal, reciprocal - from indefinite, etc.

Once you have studied and understood the theory, start practicing different types of exercises. The more often you do this, the sooner you will achieve a noticeable result: you will begin to use English pronouns in your speech without hesitation.