CONSONANT SOUNDS
Undoubtedly, most of sounds of the Russian language - consonants. Their ratio with vowels is 37/6. For comparison, we present data from A.A. Leontiev’s book “A Journey through the Map of the World’s Languages”: in Armenian language There are 40 consonants, in Sami there are 53, and in the languages of the Polynesian family, the Maori language is the “richest” in consonants, which has only 10 consonant sounds.
Thus, the Russian language can be called moderately consonantal.
Of course, the more sounds of any type in a language, the more features there should be by which they are distinguished. Therefore, if no more than three characteristics are needed to “identify” the vowels of the Russian language, then the consonants are characterized according to five main characteristics:
1) noise level;
H) place of formation of the barrier;
4) the method of sound formation, that is, the method of continuing the air barrier
Jet;
5) hardness/softness.
1. By noise level (degree of its intensity) allocate noisy consonants and sonorous . Noisy - [p], [b], [s], [zh], etc. - pronounced with b O greater
tension of the speech organs: a stream of air overcomes a rather narrow barrier with greater force, as a result of which the degree of noise intensity is much greater than that of sonorant sounds. Sonorants - [r], [l], [m], [ j ], etc. - are pronounced with less tension, the width of the passage for the air stream during the articulation of sonorants is greater, therefore the noise level is lower than when articulating noisy ones.
2. By participation/non-participation of votes distinguish between consonants pronounced with voice and consonants pronounced only with noise. The first group, in turn, is divided into sonorous , in which tone predominates over noise, and voiced , in which noise prevails over voice. Second group - deaf consonants pronounced only with noise. According to deafness/voicedness, consonants form pairs: [b] - [p], [d] - [t], [zh] - [w], etc. Sounds, which in school we call unpaired (sonorant, [x], [ts], [h’]), in the flow of speech have pairs of deafness/voice. So, at the end of a word before a pause or before a voiceless noisy voiced sonorant change to voiced sonorant; Deafening is especially pronounced after voiceless consonants: Kpa[j], va[l ̭̭ ], vop[l ’ ], rit[m], Pet[r]. The voiceless fricative [x] before voiced consonants changes to a voiced fricative [γ]: my[γ] children, mo[γ] green, two[γ]year old. Moreover, this sound is spelling norm in some words: bu[γ]alter, [γ]Lord, for God's sake. The voiceless [ts] before the voiced noisy ones changes to a voiced [dz]: pla[d]darm, horse[d] of the year, ote[d] kind. The voiceless [h’] before the voiced noisy one changes to [d’ and’ ] : but[d ’ and ’ ] white, up[d ’ w ’] brother.
IN general view These two classifications can be represented in the form of a diagram:
Note: longitude (indicated by signs: or ¯) or consonant brevity in Russian literary language is not a basis for classification, therefore in contemporary works According to phonetics, the designations [zh] are more common’ ] and [ w’ ].
3. At the location of the barrier formation the classification of consonants is based on two factors: active (movable) and passive (immobile) organs speech apparatus, the interaction of which creates the barrier necessary for pronouncing a consonant sound:
Thus, the consonants differ:
4. Method of consonant formation characterizes how the air stream overcomes an obstacle in its path. If the obstacle is formed by incomplete closure of the active and passive organs, then the air stream passes through the resulting gap; in this case, a characteristic noise of friction of the air stream against the edges of the gap is formed. This is how they are formed slotted consonants. If the obstacle is formed by a tight closure of the active and passive organs, then the air stream overcomes the obstacle in ways characteristic of stops consonants.
Fricatives (fricatives)
1) median are formed in the middle between those close together in narrow gap organs: [in], [in’ ], [f], [f’ ], [z], [z’ ] [s], [s’ ], [f], [f’ ], [t], [t’ ], [x], [x’ ], [ j ] ;
2) lateral are formed by passing an air stream along the tongue, on its sides: [l], [l’ ].
Occlusive
1) explosive (sharp opening of the sealed seal and breakthrough of the air stream) [b],[b’ ],[ p ], [ p’ ], [d], [d’ ],[ t ], [ t’ ], [g ], [g’ ],[To],
[ To’ ] ;
2) affricates (or fused, closed-slotted) are formed in the following way: at first the organs close tightly, but the sealed closure does not “explode, but smoothly opens into a gap: [ts], [h’ ]. Sometimes the signs [t] are used to denote these consonants͡ s], [t’͡ w’ ], but [t] is not equal to [t͡ s], and [h’ ] - [T’ ͡ w’ ], compare: o target – from saline;
3) nasal (or closure-passage) characterized by complete closure oral cavity and simultaneous lowering of the palatal curtain, as a result the air stream passes freely through the nasal cavity: [m], [m’ ], [n], [n’ ] ;
4) trembling (vibrants) are formed by vibration - multiple closing and opening of the tip of the tongue with the alveoli - tubercles above the upper teeth: [p], [p’ ].
5) implosives constitute a special type of stop consonants. They are pronounced in place of plosives before plosives and affricates of the same place of formation and in place of affricates before affricates:
dressed-o[d’ ate, department-o[d’҅ d’]ate, to the cat - [to] the cat, to the cat - [to҅ to]to, the father of the king - father[ts҅ tsar, the oven is clean-oven"҅ h"]pure.
Unlike other stops, implosives have only a stop phase, which is not followed by an explosion or gap, but is immediately followed by the stop phase of the next consonant. Implosives are considered independent phonetic units, corresponding to certain phonemes.
5. Hardness of sound or softness of sound is determined by the nature of additional articulation, “additional” to the main method of consonant formation. If, during the formation of a sound, there is a lifting of the anterior-middle part of the tongue towards the hard (middle) palate, then it is pronounced soft (palatalized) sound (from lat. palatum "palate")
To pronounce hard (velarized- from lat. velum palati “velum palatine”)) consonants are characterized by additional articulation in the form of raising the back of the tongue to the posterior soft palate.
The differences between the articulation of hard and soft consonants can be traced if you smoothly move from pronouncing [l] to [l’ ], for example, or from [s] to [s’ ]. Compare: dust - drank; small - crumpled, bow - hatch.
Consonants form pairs based on hardness/softness. This means that paired sounds differ only in the nature of additional articulation: [b]-[b’ ], [p]-[p’ ], [in]-[in’ ] etc.
Often schoolchildren and students say that the sound [h’ ] in Russian is always soft, and [ts] is always hard. This is wrong. In a stream of continuous speech there is [h] hard - before [t]: better, it’s come [h]. [ts] has a soft pair [ts’ ] in place [t’ ] or [ts] before [s’ ]: hare ’ ] gray, don't bother - tra[ts ’ ]I, toss - me[ts ’ ] I.
There are soft pairs, most often long, at [w] - [w’ :]: [sh]it - [sh ’ :]And; y [f] soft pair [f’ :] - in [w] ’ :]And- is not implemented in the speech of many speakers of the Russian literary language.
The only sound that, in principle, cannot have a hard/soft pair is soft [j]. This is explained by the fact that palatalization, which is additional for all other soft consonants (remember that this is the raising of the middle part of the tongue to the middle, hard palate), for [j] is the main articulation - after all, it is the only middle-tongue consonant. Without this articulation [j] is impossible to pronounce, so this sound is called palatal, and not palatalized (i.e. “palatated”).
Thus, the total articulatory classification consonant sounds can be presented in the form of a table (see below).
|
Level noise |
Method of education |
Place of education |
|||||||
|
Labial |
front-lingual |
Average lingual |
Rear lingual |
||||||
|
Labialial |
Labiodental |
dental |
anteriorly palatal |
average palatal |
average palatal |
rear palatal |
|||
|
noisy |
slotted |
median |
F, V, F', V' |
N, W S', Z' |
Sh, F, Ш', Ж' |
|
X' |
X, Υ |
|
|
sonorous |
|
|
|
J |
|
|
|||
|
lateral |
|
L, L ̭ |
L', L ̭ ’ |
|
|
|
|||
|
stops |
nasal |
MM', M ̭, M̭ ’ |
N, N ̭ |
N' , N ̭ ’ |
|||||
|
trembling |
R, R ̭ , R', R ̭ ’ |
||||||||
|
noisy |
explosive |
P, B, P', B' |
T, T', D, D'
|
|
TO', G' |
K, G |
|||
|
affricates |
C, C', D ⁀ Z |
Ch, Ch', D' ⁀ AND' |
|||||||
|
implosive |
P ҅, B҅ P' ҅ ,Б’҅ |
T ҅, Д҅, T ҅ ’, Д҅ ’ |
TO' ҅ , Г’҅ |
TO ҅ , Г҅ |
|||||
The table, of course, does not show all the features of consonants in the Russian language. Consonants can acquire additional articulation in the form of rounding (labialization) - stretching of the lips when pronouncing even non-labial consonants. This occurs before the rounded vowels [o] and [u]. Such consonants are usually designated [O]. For example, [s]ad - [s o ]ud, [d]am - [d O ]om, [wool] - [sh o ]ok. There are quite rare nasal back-lingual [ŋ] and [ŋ’ ], which are pronounced in place of [n] and [n’ ] before [k] and [g] : p[ŋ]ktir, co[ŋ]gress, pe[ŋ ’ ] rotten etc.
So, so that when performing the second stage phonetic analysis to characterize consonant sounds, it is necessary to indicate the type of each consonant by:
b) place of education
c) method of education
d) the presence of additional articulation
The consonants of the English language are classified according to the following principles:
- place and active organ of articulation
- type of obstacle
- noise generation method
- number of noise-generating barriers
- vocal cord work
- the power of utterance.
Labial consonants
Depending on which mobile and fixed organs of speech are involved in the articulation of speech sounds, consonants are divided into labial, lingual and laryngeal.
Labial consonants can be
- labiolabial, articulated by both lips – [w], [m], [p], [b] and
- labiodental pronounced with the lower lip and upper teeth – [f], [v].
Linguistic consonants
Lingual consonants are divided into anterior, midlingual and posterior lingual.
Forelingual consonants can be
- interdental (predorsal-dental)– [θ], [ð] (the surface of the front part of the tongue forms an incomplete barrier with the upper teeth);
- apical-alveolar– [t], [d], [n], [l], [s], [z], [∫], [ʒ], , (the anterior edge of the tongue is raised to the alveolar arch);
- cacuminal-retroalveolar– [r] (the anterior edge of the tongue is raised up and slightly bent towards the posterior slope of the alveoli).
IN middle-language The consonant barrier is formed by raising the middle part of the tongue to the hard palate. This is how the only one is articulated in English dorsal palatal sound [j].
Rear lingual consonants are articulated by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate - [k], [g], [ŋ]. This dorsal-velar sounds.
Glottal consonant
The only one in English language the guttural sound [h] is formed in the larynx: the exhaled air flow with a slight friction noise passes through the narrowed glottis, vocal cords do not vibrate, the speech organs in the supraglottic cavities occupy the position necessary to pronounce the vowel sound following the laryngeal consonant.
Stop/Friction Consonants
According to the type of noise-producing barrier, consonants are divided into stops, when pronounced in the oral cavity, a complete barrier is formed, and fricative, when articulated in the oral cavity, an incomplete barrier is formed.
Stop consonants: [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g], [m], [n], [ŋ], , .
Friction consonants: [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [∫], [ʒ], [h], [w], [l], [r] ,[j].
Noisy consonants
Both stop and fricative consonants can be noisy and sonant.
Stop noisy consonants are divided into explosive And affricates. When pronouncing plosive consonants, the complete barrier opens, air leaves the oral cavity, producing the sound of an explosion: [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g]. Affricates are sounds in which there is a close fusion of a stop with a fricative indentation. The opening of the speech organs, forming a complete barrier, occurs smoothly, sounds are articulated with 1 effort: , .
Fricative consonants
When articulating fricative noisy consonants (fricatives), air escapes through a narrow gap, creating friction noise. The shape of the slit can be flat, as in [f], [v], or round, as in [s], [z]. Fricative consonants: [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [∫], [ʒ], [h].
Nasal sonants
Stop sonants are nasal. A complete obstruction forms in the oral cavity, the soft palate descends, and air escapes through the nasal cavity. Nasal sonants: [m], [n], [ŋ].
Mouth sonants
Slit sonants are oral. They are divided into median sonants, during the formation of which the lateral edges of the tongue are raised and touch the lateral teeth, and the air exits along the central part of the tongue - [w], [r], [j], and lateral, when pronounced, the front edge of the tongue is raised to the alveoli and touches them, and the side edges are lowered, the air exits through the side passages - [l].
1/2 focal consonants
Most English consonants are 1-focal, as they have one place of formation, i.e. 1 noise-generating focus. However, in some cases, in addition to the main, noise-generating barrier, a second barrier is observed, giving the sound an additional shade. Such consonants are 2-focal. A secondary or additional obstruction can be formed by raising the middle part of the tongue towards the hard palate. In this case, the sound takes on a soft tone. This is the second middle focus in the sounds [∫], [ʒ], and in the so-called “light” version of the sound [l]. If a secondary obstruction is formed by raising the back of the tongue towards the soft palate, then an acoustic velarization effect is created, the sound acquires a hard, unsoftened hue. This is the second back focus, observed in the sounds [w], [r] and in the so-called “dark” version of the sound [ł].
Voiced/voiceless consonants
Based on the presence/absence of vibrations of the vocal cords, consonants are voiced, accompanied by vibrations of the vocal cords, and voiceless, during the pronunciation of which the vocal cords are passive and do not vibrate. The first includes voiced noisy consonants and sonants, the second includes voiceless noisy consonants.
Strong/weak consonants
In English voiceless consonants pronounced energetically, they are called strong. Voiced English consonants are accompanied by weak muscle tension, they are called weak. In Russian these differences are insignificant.
English Joke
Mrs. Herman from London was visiting some friends in Florida when she saw a little old man rocking merrily away on his front porch. He had a lovely smile on his face. She just had to go over to him.
"I couldn't help noticing how happy you look. I would love to know your secret for a long and happy life."
“I smoke four packets of cigarettes a day, drink five bottles of scotch whiskey a week, eat lots and lots of fatty food and I never, I mean never exercise.”
“Why, that’s absolutely amazing. I've never heard anything like this before. How old are you?"
"I'm twenty six," he replied.
Consonants
Consonant sounds: classification features
When classifying consonants, it is customary to take into account a number of features:
1) the ratio of noise and tone (noisiness / sonority),
3) hardness / softness,
4) place of education,
5) method of education.
The properties of pairing in deafness/voice and pairing in hardness/softness are specifically discussed.
Noisy and sonorant, voiceless and voiced consonants
Noisy and sonorant consonants differ in the ratio of noise and tone.
Nine sounds are sonorant in the Russian language: [m], [m’], [n], [n’], [l], [l’], [r], [r’], [j]. As with all consonants, when articulating sonorants, an obstacle is created in the oral cavity. However, the frictional force of the air stream on the close/closed organs of speech is minimal: the air stream finds a relatively free exit to the outside and no noise is generated. The air rushes either through the nose ([m], [m’], [n], [n’]), or into the passage between the lateral edges of the tongue and the cheeks ([l], [l’]). The absence of noise may be due to the immediacy of the obstacle ([р], [р’]) or due to sufficient broad character the gap itself ([j]). In any case, no noise is created and the main source of sound is the tone (voice) created by the vibration of the vocal cords.
In the formation of noisy consonants ([b], [v], [d], [d], [zh], [z], etc.), on the contrary, noise plays the main role. It occurs as a result of an air stream overcoming an obstacle. The tone component of the sound is minor and can either be absent altogether (for voiceless consonants) or complement the main one (for voiced consonants).
Voiced and voiceless consonants differ in the participation/non-participation of the tone (voice) in the formation of the consonant sound.
Tone (voice) is characteristic of the pronunciation of voiced sounds, their articulation suggests compulsory work vocal cords. Therefore, all sonorants are voiced: [m], [m’], [n], [n’], [l], [l’], [p], [p’], [j]. Among noisy consonants, voiced ones include the following sounds: [b], [b'], [c], [c'], [g], [g'], [d], [d'], [g], [g:'], [h] , [z'].
Voiceless consonants are pronounced without voice when the vocal cords remain relaxed. To the sounds specified type include only noisy ones: [p], [p'], [f], [f'], [t], [t'], [s], [s'], [sh], [sh:'], [k], [k'], [ts], [h'], [x], [x'].
[b] - [p] [b’] - [p’]
[v] - [f] [v’] - [f’]
[d] - [t] [d’] - [t’]
[z] - [s] [z’] - [s’]
[w] - [w] [w:’] - [w:’]
[g] - [k] [g’] - [k’]
The listed sounds are respectively either voiced doubles, or deaf pairs. The remaining consonants are characterized as unpaired. TO voiced unpaired All sonorants are classified as unpaired voiceless sounds [ts], [ch’], [x], [x’].
Phonetic alternations of consonants according to deafness / voicedness. Indication of deafness/voicing of consonants in writing
Voicelessness/voice of consonants remains an independent feature that does not depend on anything in the following positions:
1) before vowels: [su]d court - [zu]d itch, [ta]m there - [da]m dam;
2) before sonorants: [layer] layer - [evil] oh evil, [tl’]ya aphid - [dl’]ya for;
3) before [in], [v’]: [sw’]ver ver - [beast’]beast beast.
In these positions, both voiceless and voiced consonants are found, and these sounds are used to distinguish words (morphemes). The listed positions are called strong in deafness/voicedness.
In other cases, the appearance of a dull/voiced sound is predetermined by its position in a word or the proximity of a particular sound. Such deafness/voiceness turns out to be dependent, “forced”. Positions in which this occurs are considered weak according to the specified criterion.
In the Russian language there is a law according to which voiced noisy stunned at the end of a word, cf.: du[b]a oak - du[n] oak, má[z']i ointment - ma[s'] ointment. In the given examples it is fixed phonetic alternation deafness/voicing consonants: [b] // [p] and [z’] // [s’].
In addition, positional changes concern situations when voiceless and voiced consonants are nearby. In this case, the subsequent sound affects the previous one. Voiced consonants in front of the deaf ones are necessarily likened to them in terms of deafness, as a result a sequence of voiceless sounds arises, cf.: ló[d]ochka boat - ló[tk]a boat (i.e. [d] // [t] before the deaf), ready[v']it prepares – ready[f't']e prepare (i.e. [v'] // [f'] before the deaf).
Voiceless consonants standing in front of voiced noisy ones (except for [в], [в’]) change to voiced ones, it happens resemblance by voicing, cf.: molo[t']i´t to thresh – molo[d'b]á threshing ([t'] // [d'] before the voiced), pro[s']i´t to ask – pro[z 'b]a request (i.e. [s'] // [z'] before the voiced one).
The articulatory assimilation of sounds of the same nature, that is, two consonants (or two vowels), is called assimilation (from the Latin assimilatio ‘likeness’). Thus, it was described above assimilation by deafness And assimilation by voicing.
The designation of deafness/voicing of consonants in writing is associated with the use of the corresponding letters: t or d, p or b, etc. However, only independent, independent deafness / voicedness is indicated in writing. Sound features that turn out to be “forced”, positionally conditioned, are not indicated in writing. Thus, phonetically alternating sounds are written with one letter, the morphematic principle of spelling operates: in the word du[n ] du b the letter b is written, as in the test du [b ]a du b a .
An exception will be the spelling of some borrowed words (transcription[p]transcription in the presence of transcribe[b']transcribe transcribe) and prefixes in s/z (and[s]use used in the presence and[learn] study ). The graphic appearance of such examples is subject to phonetic principle spelling. True, in the case of prefixes, it does not work completely, being combined with the traditional one: ra[sh:]evelit = ra[sh]raise stir up.
The traditional principle of spelling is based on the choice of letter in vocabulary words like a train station hall, and [z]best asbestos. Their writing does not depend either on verification (it is impossible) or on pronunciation.
Hard and soft consonants
Hard and soft consonants differ in the position of the tongue.
When pronouncing soft consonants ([b’], [v’], [d’], [z’], etc.), the entire body of the tongue moves forward, and the middle part of the back of the tongue rises towards the hard palate. This movement of the tongue is called palatalization. Palatalization is considered an additional articulation: it is superimposed on the main one associated with the formation of an obstruction.
When pronouncing hard consonants ([b], [v], [d], [z], etc.), the tongue does not move forward and its middle part does not rise.
Consonants form 15 pairs of sounds contrasted in hardness/softness. All of them are or hard doubles, or soft paired:
TO hard unpaired include consonants [ts], [sh], [z], and soft unpaired consonants include [ch’], [sh:’], [zh:’] and [j].
The consonants [w] and [sh:’], [zh] and [zh:’] do not form pairs, since they differ in two characteristics at once: hardness/softness and brevity/longitude.
It should be noted that the sound [zh:’] is rare. It is possible only in a limited range of words: I ride, reins, yeast, splashes, later and some others. At the same time, [zh:’] is increasingly being replaced by [zh:].
The sound [j] occupies a very special position among soft consonants. For the remaining soft consonants, the raising of the middle part of the back of the tongue to the hard palate is, as noted above, additional articulation. The consonant [j] has the indicated articulation as the main one, because There are no other barriers when pronouncing [j]. Therefore, the sound [j] is, in principle, not capable of having a paired solid.
Phonetic alternations of consonants according to hardness/softness. Indication of hardness/softness of consonants in writing. Letters b and b
The hardness/softness of consonants as an independent feature, and not one arising due to positional changes, is recorded in the following strong positions:
1) before vowels, including [e]: [lu]k bow - [l'u]k hatch, [but]s nose - [n'o]s carried, pas[t e´]l pastel - post[t 'e´]l bed;
Paired soft consonants before [e] are pronounced in native Russian words, paired hard ones - in borrowed ones. However, many of these borrowings are no longer recognized as rare: antenna, cafe, sausage, stress, mashed potatoes, prosthesis, etc. As a result, common words it became possible both solid and soft pronunciation consonant before [e].
2) at the end of the word: ko[n] kon - ko[n’] horse, zha[r] heat - zha[r’] fry;
3) for the sounds [l], [l’], regardless of their position: vo[l]ná wave - vo[l’]ná is free;
4) for consonants [c], [s'], [z], [z'], [t], [t'], [d], [d'], [n], [n'], [ р], [р'] (in front-lingual speakers)
– in the position before [k], [k'], [g], [g'], [x], [x'] (before the back-lingual ones): gó[r]ka gorka - gó[r']ko bitterly, bá[n]ka bank - bá[n']ka bathhouse;
– in the position before [b], [b’], [p], [p’], [m], [m’] (before labials): i[z]bá izba - re[z’]bá carving;
In other cases, the hardness or softness of a consonant will not be independent, but caused by the influence of sounds on each other.
Hardness comparison observed, for example, in the case of connecting a soft [n'] with a hard [s], cf.: kó[n'] horse – kó[ns]ky horse, Spain [n']ia Spain – Spanish [ns]ky (t .e. [n'] // [n] before solid). The pair ju[n’] June – ju’[n’s]ky June does not obey the indicated pattern. But this exception is the only one.
Likening by softness is carried out inconsistently in relation to different groups consonants and is not observed by all speakers. The only exception is the replacement of [n] with [n'] before [h'] and [w:'], cf: drum [n] drum - drum [n'ch']ik drum, go[n]ok races – gó[n' w:']ik racer (i.e. [n] // [n'] before soft).
In accordance with the old norms, one should say: l ya´[m’k’]and straps, [v’b’]it to drive in; [d'v']open the door; [s’j]eat; [s’t’]ena wall. IN modern pronunciation There is no mandatory softening of the first sound in these cases. Thus, the word la´[mk’]i straps (similar to trya´[pk’]i rags, lá[fk’] and benches) is pronounced only with a hard word, other sound combinations allow for variability in pronunciation.
The designation on the letter applies only to cases of independent, and not positionally determined hardness/softness of paired consonants. At the letter level, the soft quality of the sound [n’] in the words drum and racer is not recorded graphically.
In contrast to deafness/voicedness, the independent softness of paired consonants is conveyed not by the letter corresponding to the consonant sound, but by the letter following it:
letters i, e, yu, i: l i k, l e d, l u k, l i zg;
IN modern language the letter e no longer denotes the softness of the preceding consonant. The combination of letters ... te ... cannot be read if you do not see which word it belongs to - te hundred or te st.
2) at the end of a word with a letter soft sign: horse, heat, dust;
3) in the middle of the word, before the consonant, there is a soft sign: ty ma, ve s ma, ba n ka.
The independent hardness of paired consonants is conveyed by the following means:
letters s, o, u, a, e: ly ko, lodka, lu k, la ska, kara te;
at the end of the word there is no soft sign: ko n_, zha r_, dust_ l;
in the middle of a word before a consonant there is no soft sign:
t_ min, s_ looks, ba n_ ka.
The hardness/softness of unpaired consonants does not require a separate designation. The spelling i/y, e/o, yu/u, ya/a after the letters w, zh, h, shch, ts, corresponding to unpaired ones, is dictated by tradition: life, number, tsy films, burn, o zho g, shu weave, brochure, cup. The same applies to the use/non-use of the letter soft sign in a series grammatical forms: rye, married w_, you sh_, little w_, thing, comrade_, can, brick_.
Please note that the names of the letters b and b are insidious. Letter " solid sign" never denotes hardness, its use is associated with the dividing function, i.e. indicating the presence of [j] before the next vowel sound: st will eat, a[d’ju]tant adjutant.
The functions of the letter "soft sign" are broader. Firstly, it can also be used in separation function, but not after the prefixes: [вjý]ga blizzard, bu[l’jó]n broth. In this case, the letter ь does not indicate the softness of the consonant. Secondly, the soft sign can traditionally be written in a number of grammatical forms after letters corresponding to unpaired consonants (see above). When used in this way, the letter ь again does not convey the softness of sounds. And finally, in a number of situations the letter ь indicates the softness of consonants in a letter. This function extends to examples with independent softness of paired consonants at the end of a word and in the middle of a word before a consonant (see above).
Place and method of formation of consonants
Place of education consonant sound - a sign showing where in the oral cavity the air stream meets an obstacle.
This characteristic is given with the obligatory indication of the active (moving) and passive (stationary) organs. Thus, consonants whose articulation is associated with movement lower lip, are labio-labial ([p], [p'], [b], [b'], [m], [m']) and labiodental ([f], [f'], [v] , [V']). Consonants formed with the active participation of the tongue are divided into anterior lingual dental ones ([s], [s'], [z], [z'], [t], [t'], [d], [d'], [ ts], [l], [l'], [n], [n']), anterior lingual anteropalatal([w], [w’], [w], [w’], [h’], [r], [r’]), midlingual midpalatal([j]), posterior lingual midpalatal([k’], [g’], [x’]) and posterior lingual posterior palatal([k], [g], [x]). All of the listed sound groups are reflected in the table of consonants (see below).
When looking at the table (Appendix to the publication), be sure to pronounce the sounds given in it. The work of your own speech organs will help you understand why each sound is placed in a particular cell.
Method of consonant formation- this is a characteristic that simultaneously indicates the type of obstacle in the oral cavity and the method of overcoming it.
There are two main ways to form an obstruction - either complete closure of the speech organs, or their bringing together to the distance of the gap. This is how stop and fricative consonants are distinguished.
When articulating slots, a stream of exhaled air exits in the middle of the oral cavity, producing friction against the adjacent organs of speech: [f], [f'], [v], [v'], [s], [s'], [z], [ z'], [w], [w¯'], [zh], [zh¯'], [j], [x], [x'].
The pronunciation of stop consonants includes the moment of complete shutdown of the speech organs, when the exit of the air stream to the outside is blocked. The method of overcoming the bow may be different, depending on which further division into classes is carried out.
Stop plosives involve eliminating an obstacle with a strong and short push of air that quickly comes out: [p], [p'], [b], [b'], [t], [t'], [d], [d'], [k], [k'], [g], [g'].
U stop affricates The organs of speech that are tightly adjacent to each other do not abruptly open, but only open slightly, forming a gap for air to escape: [ts], [h’].
Stop nasals do not require breaking the stop at all. Thanks to the lowered palatine curtain, the air does not rush to the place of the shutter, but freely exits through the nasal cavity: [m], [m’], [n], [n’].
When the closing lateral [l] and [l’] are formed, the air also does not come into contact with the obstacle, bypassing it along its trajectory - between the lowered side of the tongue and the cheeks.
In some textbooks nasal and lateral sounds are described as transitive closures.
Stop tremors characterized by periodic closing and opening of the speech organs, that is, their vibration: [р], [р’].
Sometimes tremors are considered not as a type of stop, but as a separate, third type of consonant along with stops and fricatives.
Phonetic alternations of consonants according to place and method of formation. Phonetic alternations of consonants with zero sound
The place and method of formation of consonants can only change as a result of the influence of sounds on each other.
Before the anterior palatal noisy ones, the dental ones are replaced by the anterior palatal ones. Happening positional assimilation by place of education: [with] game with game – [w sh]uba with fur coat (i.e. [s] // [w] before anteropalatal), [with] game with game – [w:' h']championat with championship ( i.e. [s] // [w:'] before the anteropalatal).
Plosives before fricatives and affricates alternate with affricates, i.e. with sounds that are closer in articulation. The assimilation is carried out according to the method of formation: o[t]ygárátávát – o[tss]ypát pourátá (i.e. [t] // [ts] before the fricative).
In many cases positional change is exposed to several signs of consonants at once. Thus, in the above example with the championship, the assimilation affected not only the sign of the place of formation, but also the sign of softness. And in the case of po[d] playing under the game - po[h' w:']koy under the cheek ([d] // [h'] before the voiceless, soft, anterior palatal, fricative [w:']) a similarity occurred according to all four characteristics - deafness, softness, place and method of formation.
In the examples, light[g]ok is light - light[x'k']y light, soft´[g]ok is soft – soft´[x'k']y soft, where [g] alternates with [x'], and not with [k'] before [k'], there is a dissimilarity (dissimilation) of sounds according to the method of formation. At the same time, dissimilation (dissimilation) on this basis is combined with assimilation (assimilation) on deafness and softness.
In addition to the phenomena described above, phonetic alternation of consonants with zero sound.
Usually [t] / [t'] and [d] / [d'] are not pronounced between teeth, between [r] and [h'], between [r] and [ts], and [l] does not sound before [ nc]. So, the deletion of a consonant is presented in the following combinations:
stl: happy happiness – happy happy, i.e. [T'] // ;
stn: place [t]o place – local local, i.e. [T] // ;
zdn: uez[d]a district – uezny uezdny, i.e. [d] // ;
zdts: bridle[d]á bridle – under the bridle´ under the bridle, i.e. [d] // ;Dutch [d’]dutch Dutch – Dutch are Dutch, i.e. [d’] // ;
rdts: heart [d’]échka heart – heart heart, i.e. [d’] // ;
rdch: heart [d’]échka heart – serchishko little heart, i.e. [d’] // ;
sun: só[l]sunny sun – sun sun, i.e. [l] // .
Akin this phenomenon and dropping [j]. It occurs when the iota is preceded by a vowel, and followed by [i] or [b]: mo moya - [mai´] mine, i.e. [j] // .
Please note that not a single phonetic phenomenon associated with the similarity of consonants in place/method of formation or with the fact of their replacement by a zero sound is indicated in writing. According to the morphematic (phonological) principle of Russian spelling, positionally alternating sounds are written with one letter in accordance with the test. Example [w] fur coat is written as with a fur coat, because. there is [with] a game with a game. The unpronounceable consonant in happy happy is graphically restored on the basis of the test happiness, etc.
Page 6 - 6 of 10
Home | Prev. | 6 | Track. | End | All
© All rights reserved
The Russian language has 21 consonants and 36 consonant sounds. Consonant letters and their corresponding consonant sounds:
b - [b], c - [c], g - [g], d - [d], g - [g], j - [th], z - [z], k - [k], l - [l], m - [m], n - [n], p - [p], p - [p], s - [s], t - [t], f - [f], x - [x ], c - [c], ch - [ch], sh - [sh], sch - [sch].
Consonant sounds are divided into voiced and voiceless, hard and soft. They are paired and unpaired. There are a total of 36 different combinations of consonants by pairing and unpairing, hard and soft, voiceless and voiced: voiceless - 16 (8 soft and 8 hard), voiced - 20 (10 soft and 10 hard).
Scheme 1. Consonants and consonant sounds of the Russian language.
Hard and soft consonants
Consonants are hard and soft. They are divided into paired and unpaired. Paired hard and paired soft consonants help us distinguish between words. Compare: horse [kon’] - kon [kon], bow [bow] - hatch [l’uk].
For understanding, let’s explain it “on the fingers”. If the consonant is in in different words means either soft or solid sound, then the sound belongs to pairs. For example, in the word cat the letter k denotes the hard sound [k], in the word whale the letter k denotes soft sound[To']. We get: [k] - [k’] form a pair according to hardness and softness. Sounds for different consonants cannot be classified as a pair, for example [v] and [k’] do not form a pair in terms of hardness-softness, but they do form a pair [v]-[v’]. If a consonant sound is always hard or always soft, then it belongs to unpaired consonants. For example, the sound [zh] is always hard. There are no words in the Russian language where it would be soft [zh’]. Since there is no pair [zh]-[zh’], it is classified as unpaired.
Voiced and voiceless consonants
Consonant sounds are voiced and unvoiced. Thanks to voiced and voiceless consonants, we distinguish words. Compare: ball - heat, count - goal, house - volume. Voiceless consonants are pronounced with the mouth almost closed; when pronouncing them, the vocal cords do not work. Voiced consonants require more air, the vocal cords work.
Some consonant sounds have a similar sound in the way they are pronounced, but are pronounced with different tonality - dull or voiced. Such sounds are combined in pairs and form a group of paired consonants. Accordingly, paired consonants are a pair of a voiceless and a voiced consonant.
- paired consonants: b-p, v-f, g-k, d-t, z-s, zh-sh.
- unpaired consonants: l, m, n, r, y, c, x, h, shch.
Sonorant, noisy and sibilant consonants
Sonorants are voiced unpaired consonant sounds. There are 9 sonorant sounds: [y’], [l], [l’], [m], [m’], [n], [n’], [r], [r’].
Noisy consonant sounds are voiced and voiceless:
- Noisy voiceless consonants (16): [k], [k"], [p], [p"], [s], [s"], [t], [t"], [f], [f "], [x], [x'], [ts], [h'], [w], [w'];
- Noisy voiced consonant sounds (11): [b], [b'], [v], [v'], [g], [g'], [d], [d'], [g], [z ], [z'].
Hissing consonant sounds (4): [zh], [ch’], [sh], [sch’].
Paired and unpaired consonants
Consonant sounds (soft and hard, voiceless and voiced) are divided into paired and unpaired. The tables above show the division. Let's summarize everything with a diagram:
Scheme 2. Paired and unpaired consonant sounds. To be able to do phonetic analysis, in addition to consonant sounds, you need to know
In Russian, consonants are divided into hard and soft, voiced and voiceless. For example, sounds have no soft pair, and y and – solid. Find consonant sounds that sound before voiced paired consonants. 5 letters, 6 sounds). Many Russian consonants form pairs based on hardness and softness: –, – and others. According to the ratio of noise and voice, consonants are divided into voiced and voiceless. In a word, vowels can be in stressed and unstressed syllables.
In each case there are consonants that have a pair, as well as consonants that do not have a pair. Let's look at paired and unpaired consonants, and in what words they occur. In the following lessons we will look at other words that are used in Russian. Consonants cannot be sung. They are pronounced with noise and voice: B, Zh, Z. Or only with noise: P, T, F. Consonants are voiced, voiceless paired unpaired.
The voiced “Zh” will be paired with the unvoiced “Sh”. For example: heat - ball. “I understand,” said Zubok. A dull sound is the same as a voiced sound, but said quietly, without a voice. However, not all consonants are paired. Paired consonants will live in one, and unpaired consonants will live in the other. Each consonant has characteristics that distinguish it from other consonant sounds. In speech, sounds can be replaced under the influence of neighboring sounds in a word. It is important to know the strong and weak positions of consonant sounds in a word in order to spell them correctly.
Feature 6. There are two letters in the Russian language that do not make any sounds. Nine sounds are sonorant in the Russian language: , . As with all consonants, when articulating sonorants, an obstacle is created in the oral cavity. In the formation of noisy consonants (, etc.), on the contrary, noise plays the main role. It occurs as a result of an air stream overcoming an obstacle.
The listed sounds are, respectively, either voiced paired or voiceless paired. This replacement is called voicing of the consonant. Do not forget that paired voiced consonants in weak position at the end of a word or before a voiceless consonant they are always deafened, and voiceless ones before a voiced consonant are sometimes voiced. When letters that usually denote voiceless consonants, when voiced, denote ringing sounds, this seems so unusual that it may lead to transcription errors.
In tasks related to comparing the number of letters and sounds in a word, there may be “traps” that provoke errors. Let’s agree: dull sounds will live on the first floor, and voiced sounds will live on the second floor. But not all consonant sounds and letters form pairs. Those consonants that do not have pairs are called unpaired. Let's put unpaired consonant sounds in our houses.
The sounds of the second house are also called sonorous, because they are formed with the help of the voice and almost without noise, they are very sonorous. In this case, pairs of sounds are distinguished by voicedness and deafness, always voiced (the term “sonorant” is not introduced) and always voiceless.
Observations convince students that the consonant sounds l, m, n, r are pronounced with voice and noise, that is, they are voiced, and they do not have a paired dull sound (unpaired voiced sounds). Similarly, students come to the conclusion that the consonants x, c, ch are unpaired voiceless.
PART ONE: ABOUT HARD AND SOFT consonants. This is one pair: and! Only we are accustomed to the fact that all consonants turn from hard to soft if they are followed by ь or an iotized vowel. These sounds exist, for example, in the Ukrainian language. As for the sound, I have more than once heard the opinion that it is not a consonant sound at all, but a semivowel. Thus, we see that the sounds and are unpaired voiced, and the sounds and are unpaired voiceless.
Right, . Yes, and if you pronounce it and pull it, you will hear that it is nothing more than, and these sounds are paired. Therefore, there must be sound. But the deaf, apparently, do not exist at all. Thus, we see that the most commonly used consonant sounds in the Russian language are not 36, but 39, or 38 consonants and one semivowel, depending on who you like)).
In the Russian language there are many more consonants than vowels. There are two types of obstruents in the Russian language: gap and stop - these are the two main ways of forming consonants. Let's compare the words: house and cat. Each word has 1 vowel sound and 2 consonants.
2) before them there is no voicing of paired voiceless consonants (i.e. the position before them is strong in voicelessness-voicing, as before vowels). School textbooks say that and are unpaired in hardness and softness. The confusion arises because school books They don’t take into account that the sound is also long, but not hard. Pairs are sounds that differ in only one attribute.
Encourage the achievement of competence in any worthy endeavor. Praise and reward competence whenever you encounter it. Demand High Quality in any matter. The criterion for judging a society is whether you, your family and friends can live in it safely.
Noisy and sonorant, voiceless and voiced consonants
Step by step, we will analyze all the basic words, and you will understand a lot about this subject, and it will no longer be something confusing and complex. The presenter Vasilisa asked to repeat everything that the students had learned about consonants.
How are these paired? The thing is that you missed the previous lesson, where we studied paired consonants,” Vasilisa explained. And they will give examples. It is enough to change the word so that after an incomprehensible consonant there is a vowel. And then we will understand exactly what letter needs to be written. Let's find these loners together in the Russian alphabet. Paired Unpaired F - Sh M, N Z - S X, Ts K - G R, L And now let's make up a story from words that contain only unpaired consonants.
He didn't notice it because he was looking at the moon. And then his faithful knight entered. And scared away the fly. Well done! Either loud, or quieter, Cat - cat, year - year. We can easily distinguish them. And at the end we will write the letter correctly. Comparison with vowel sounds. These changes in sounds are usually not reflected in writing. Dear colleagues and graduates! I welcome you to my blog)) I would like to inform you that the blog “Up to your ears in the OGE and the Unified State Exam!” has expanded the scope of its content.
Sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. They have different nature. Pay attention to consonant sounds at the end of words and before voiceless consonants. Even though these consonants are paired, they are still very different. But there are sounds that do not have a pair on the basis of hardness and softness. The tone component of the sound is minor and can either be absent altogether (for voiceless consonants) or complement the main one (for voiced consonants).