Modern schoolchildren, in accordance with educational program, study several types of analysis: phonetic, lexical, morphological, morphemic, syntactic and punctuation analysis offers. Each of them has its own distinctive features and difficult to understand moments.
Definition
Many students and their parents wonder what punctuation analysis of a sentence means. It is designed to find and clarify punctuation marks in a sentence. The ability to perform punctuation analysis of a sentence can improve general level student literacy. Analysis of simple (PP) and complex (SP) sentences has its own distinctive features.
Parsing a simple sentence
- Read the text suggested for analysis.
- Assign to everyone present in the text punctuation marks number.
- Indicate the punctogram that completes the sentence and explain the reason for its placement.
- Identify and explain all the signs found in the sentence.
It is according to this plan that punctuation analysis of the sentence is carried out. A sample parsing is presented below.
Analysis examples
Let’s take the punctuation analysis of a sentence as an example:
1. I can trust this secret to a person who knows how to keep his mouth shut.
2.Haven't you seen people running down the street holding flags, posters, Balloons?
Step one. The sentence is interrogative in terms of the purpose of the statement and intonation. That's why it ends with a question mark.
Step two. By assigning a number to punctuation marks, we determine their number in a sentence:
Haven't you seen people running down the street (1), holding flags (2), posters (3), balloons (4)?
Step three. The sentence has one grammatical basis you did not see.
Comma number one highlights the participial phrase. Commas number two and three separate homogeneous members offers flags, posters, balloons, expressed by additions.
Analysis of a complex sentence
Punctuation analysis of a sentence of this kind is somewhat more complicated.
1. Read the sentence.
2. Assign a serial number to all punctuation marks in the sentence.
3. Indicate the paragraph ending the sentence and explain its placement.
4. Indicate punctuation marks at the SP level and explain the reason for their placement.
5. Explain the placement of punctuation marks in parts of the joint venture.
Analysis examples
As an example, we suggest conducting a punctuation analysis of the sentence:
1.We will probably not see Sergei again, since the insult inflicted on him is unlikely to be easily forgotten.
Step one. There is a period at the end of the sentence, because the purpose of the statement is narrative, and the intonation is non-exclamatory.
Step two. The numbering showed the presence of five punctuation marks in the sentence:
Probably (1), we will not see Sergei again (2), since the insult (3) inflicted on him (4) is unlikely to be easily forgotten (5).
Step three. This proposal is complex. Parts complex sentence connected subordinating conjunction because the. A comma stands at the border between the main and subordinate clauses.
Step four. In the main sentence, a comma is used to highlight the introductory word. probably. In the subordinate clause, commas separate the participial phrase inflicted on him.
2. I am sure that you will carry out this assignment because you value my location and want to advance in your career.
Step one. The sentence ends with a period because it is declarative, non-exclamatory.
Step two. There are four punctuation marks in the sentence:
I am sure (1) that you will carry out this assignment (2), because you value my location (3), you want to advance in your career (4).
Step three. This sentence consists of one main clause and two subordinate clauses, which are separated from each other by commas numbered one and two.
Step four. In the main part and first subordinate clause There are no punctuation marks. In the second subordinate clause, a comma at number three separates homogeneous predicates you appreciate And you want to advance.
If the student knows what punctuation analysis of a sentence means, he will not make gross mistakes in the placement of punctuation marks. Thus, he will significantly improve his academic performance and increase the chances of getting a decent grade during the course. final exams. This is important, because how well a student passes them determines his future admission to a university. And even such a small thing as the wrong punctuation mark can deprive him of much-needed points.
What is punctuation analysis and how to do it, believe me, very urgently!?
-
- Perform punctuation analysis - this means explaining the punctogram (graphically + analysis).
An example of parsing a sentence according to the model adopted in school practice:
1. Write a sentence, underline the paragraph.
2. Briefly formulate the punctuation rule for this case(to do this you should run graphic works, characteristic of a punctogram: emphasize grammatical basics, highlight a number of homogeneous members of a sentence, etc.)
3. Draw an outline of the sentence, including a non-graphic indication of the need for punctuation (or absence).By nature shy and timid, she (subject) was annoyed (predicate) with her shyness.
Scheme: / isolated definition /, subject predicate.
Characteristics: simple, complicated separate definition, referring to the personal pronoun. - Thank you
- Perform punctuation analysis - this means explaining the punctogram (graphically + analysis).
An example of parsing a sentence according to the model adopted in school practice:
1. Write a sentence, underline the paragraph.
2. Briefly formulate the punctuation rule for this case (for this you should perform graphic work characteristic of a punctogram: emphasize grammatical basics, highlight a number of homogeneous parts of the sentence, etc.)
3. Draw an outline of the sentence, including a non-graphic indication of the need for punctuation (or absence).By nature shy and timid, she (subject) was annoyed (predicate) with her shyness.
Scheme: / isolated definition /, subject predicate.
Characteristics: simple, complicated by a separate definition related to the personal pronoun. -
Explanation of punctuation marks
10 a comma separates a separate definition expressed participial phrase and standing after the word being defined
- Punctuation analysis of a sentence
Sentence punctuation scheme
1. Name and explain the punctogram at the end of a sentence (period, question mark, Exclamation point, ellipsis, combination of characters) .2. Name and explain punctograms at the level of a complex sentence (punctuation marks between simple sentences within a complex sentence).
3. Name and explain the punctograms at the level simple sentence.
Sample punctuation analysis of a sentenceHaving asked (which one is more quiet), Pierre climbed onto the horse, grabbed the mane, 4 pressed the heels of his inverted legs to the horse’s belly and, 5 feeling (that his glasses were falling off) and (that he was unable to take his hands off the mane and reins), galloped after the general, 9 exciting the smiles of the staff ^ who were looking at him from the mound. (L. Tolstoy)
Explanation of punctuation marks
1. Period at the end of the sentence; a period is placed at the end of the sentence, since it is a declarative, non-exclamatory sentence that contains a complete message.
2. Punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence; This is a complex sentence with three subordinate clauses:
1 and 2 commas highlight the subordinate clause within the main one;
6 and 8 commas highlight subordinate clauses within the main clause;
7 the comma is not placed, because homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected by a single connecting union And;
3. Punctuation marks between similar parts of a sentence; separation of circumstances and definitions:
3 and 4 commas separate homogeneous predicates connected without a union;
5 comma separates isolated circumstance, expressed by a single gerund;
9, a comma separates a separate circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase;
- Punctuation analysis - explanation of the conditions for placing punctuation marks.
(grammatical, semantic...) - I don't know
- Perform punctuation analysis - this means explaining the punctogram (graphically + analysis).
An example of parsing a sentence according to the model adopted in school practice:
1. Write a sentence, underline the paragraph.
2. Briefly formulate the punctuation rule for this case (for this you should perform graphic work characteristic of a punctogram: emphasize grammatical basics, highlight a number of homogeneous parts of the sentence, etc.)
3. Draw an outline of the sentence, including a non-graphic indication of the need for punctuation (or absence).By nature shy and timid, she (subject) was annoyed (predicate) with her shyness.
Scheme: / isolated definition /, subject predicate.
Characteristics: simple, complicated by a separate definition related to the personal pronoun. - Sample punctuation analysis of a sentence
Having asked (which one is more quiet), Pierre climbed onto the horse, grabbed the mane, 4 pressed the heels of his inverted legs to the horse’s belly and, 5 feeling (that his glasses were falling off) and (that he was unable to take his hands off the mane and reins), galloped after the general, 9 exciting the smiles of the staff ^ who were looking at him from the mound. (L. Tolstoy)
Explanation of punctuation marks
1. Period at the end of the sentence; a period is placed at the end of the sentence, since it is a declarative, non-exclamatory sentence that contains a complete message.
2. Punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence; This is a complex sentence with three subordinate clauses:
1 and 2 commas highlight the subordinate clause within the main one;
6 and 8 commas highlight subordinate clauses within the main clause;
7, a comma is not placed, because homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected by a single connecting conjunction and;
3. Punctuation marks between similar parts of a sentence; separation of circumstances and definitions:
3 and 4 commas separate homogeneous predicates connected without a union;
5 a comma separates a separate circumstance expressed by a single gerund;
9, a comma separates a separate circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase;
10, a comma separates a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase and standing after the word being defined.
- I didn't understand a bit
- Instructions
1
Start analyzing the sentence by explaining why a particular punctuation mark (period, exclamation point, question mark, ellipsis, etc.) was chosen at the end of the sentence. To do this, it is necessary to determine the purpose of the statement in the sentence and its emotional connotation.
2
If a sentence contains a complete message, then it is declarative. If something is asked, then the sentence is interrogative, and if there is an incentive to action, a request or order, then it is motivating. Exclamatory intonations require an exclamation point. When speech is interrupted by a pause or there is an understatement in it, then an ellipsis is added.
3
Next, determine whether the sentence structure is simple or complex. If the sentence is complex, find out how many parts it consists of and what is the connection between them - coordinating, subordinating, conjunction or non-conjunctive. This way you can explain the reason for choosing the characters that separate all these parts.
4
Analyze the functions of punctuation marks in a simple sentence or marks in each part of a complex sentence in turn. Find and explain the highlighting and separating signs in a sentence or its parts.
5
Emitting, or excretory marks(comma, dash, colon, double characters - brackets, quotation marks) are used to highlight components that complicate a simple sentence. These are introductory words, phrases and sentences, addresses, homogeneous members of a sentence, separate definitions or applications, circumstances and additions that clarify and explanatory terms offers.
6
Separating, or separators are used to separate homogeneous members of a sentence in a simple construction or to separate simple sentences into a complex one (comma, semicolon, dash, colon).
7
If the sentence contains direct speech, find and highlight the words of the author and, in fact, the direct speech itself, which can be in any position before the author’s words, after them, or interrupted by them. Remember that if direct speech occurs before or after the author's words, four punctuation marks are placed (to display the construction of direct speech). If direct speech is interrupted by the words of the author, the law of seven is observed, that is, seven punctuation marks in the display of direct speech.
8
To facilitate punctuation analysis of a sentence, complete its punctogram graphically. If your sentence contains several paragraphs, explain each of them separately.
9
Emphasize the grammatical basics, highlight homogeneous parts of the sentence. Draw an outline of the sentence, making a graphic designation of places where punctuation marks are necessary. - Perform punctuation analysis - this means explaining the punctogram (graphically + analysis).
An example of parsing a sentence according to the model adopted in school practice:
1. Write a sentence, underline the paragraph.
2. Briefly formulate the punctuation rule for this case (for this you should perform graphic work characteristic of a punctogram: emphasize grammatical basics, highlight a number of homogeneous parts of the sentence, etc.)
3. Draw an outline of the sentence, including a non-graphic indication of the need for punctuation (or absence).By nature shy and timid, she (subject) was annoyed (predicate) with her shyness.
Scheme: / isolated definition /, subject predicate.
Characteristics: simple, complicated by a separate definition related to the personal pronoun. - parse the proposal
- pygakpgFCPA
- It is necessary to explain why this or that punctuation mark is in this place
For example: I drink. We need to explain why there is a dot there. - It will be easier and clearer to simply underline all commas and periods (exclamation mark! or question mark?).
And that's it.
Punctuation analysis is one of the oral reviews of lessons. This is a test of knowledge of the rules and regulations of punctuation marks. Analysis, by analogy with others, has an order. Complexity depends on intonation features, quantity grammar basics, ways of expression minor members. Let's see how do punctuation analysis of a sentence.
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What is punctuation parsing
Punctuation analysis is carried out according to specific algorithm, but you should start by understanding the differences between analyzes that are similar in content:
- punctuation;
- syntactic;
- graphic.
Punctuation studies rules for arranging punctuation symbols in the Russian language. Generally accepted scientific concept- punctuation marks.
Syntax looks inside the semantic unit of the text and involves parsing it into major and minor members. Two branches of linguistics, syntax and punctuation, do not exist separately.
You can understand why there is a period or a comma only by understanding the structure syntactic construction. Graphic analysis shows how words, members of a sentence, their type and method of expression are related to each other.
Performing punctuation parsing is built on the basis of the assignment. Options for tasks that occur more often:
- Parsing the finished text with the signs already placed.
- Explanation of their setting.
Difficulties arise in any variant. Sometimes a task is added: draw a diagram. It helps you spot errors: missing or extra commas. The order of punctuation analysis:
- Number each punctuation character.
- Find a rule that explains the placement of a sign at the end of a sentence.
- Explain the sign that combines parts if you are parsing a complex sentence (SP).
- Find rules for symbols inside a simple sentence (SS).
Punctuation of the end of a speech unit
Punctuation marks that complete the semantic unit of the Russian language, depends on the type of statement:
- narration;
- question;
- exclamation;
- understatement.
In a narrative statement, simple and complex design, there is a dot at the end. In case of reticence, incompleteness of thoughts, understatement - ellipsis. Questions require posing an interrogative?. When an emotional background appears in speech – ! exclamations.
Punctuation at the end of a sentence can be combined:
- ? — !;
- ? — …;
- ! — …
Such variants and combinations are more common in poetic works, art tests.
Punctograms PP and SP
In a simple speech construction there are various signs. You can consider the basic rules for setting them up.
The dash should be placed:
- Between the main members, when they are expressed by one independent part speech: nouns (in the noun), quantitative numerals.
- Between the subject and the predicate, when one member of the sentence is indefinite form, and the other is a noun (in Im.pad.).
- Before the index fingers: this, here.
- Between the subject (noun) and the predicate (cardinal number). And vice versa.
Attention! A dash occurs in incomplete constructions when one of the main members is missing. The missing word can be mentally pronounced from the understanding of the first part.
Punctuation in the presence of homogeneous members
Commas are required:
- between in homogeneous words, if they are listed without conjunctions.
- before adversative conjunctions;
- with repeated conjunctions (after each homogeneous part).
- pair connection (between pairs).
- before the second part of the double conjunctions.
There is no need to put commas, If homogeneous concepts are connected by meaning, are an integral expression or with the following construction:
- [Ο yes (= "and") Ο].
- [Ο and Ο].
Semicolon; is necessary if the homogeneous members are not single words, but common ones, already separated inside by commas.
Sometimes a generalizing concept appears before homogeneous enumerations; then, in addition to commas, you will need to put a colon or a dash, both symbols. You can see in the diagrams how they should be installed:
- [Θ: Ο, Ο, Ο].
- [Ο, Ο, Ο - Θ].
- [Ο, Ο, Ο, Ο, Ο - in a word, Θ].
- [Θ: and Ο, and Ο, and Ο - ...].
Highlighting direct speech in writing
A special spelling of the Russian language is adopted for formatting of the speaker's speech. Direct speech is one of the difficult topics. There is a combination of several characters: quotes, colons, commas, periods and others used to complete speech structures. It all depends on the place of direct speech (P) in relation to the words of the author (A, a):
- At the beginning: A: “P!”; A: “P?”; A: "P".
- At the end: “P” - a.; "P!" - A.; "P?" - A.
- In the center: “P, – a, – p.”
Use in writing quotes are formatted according to the rules established for direct speech.
Punctograms of the Russian language
The most common punctuation symbol in Russian linguistics is the comma. What rules will have to be explained during punctuation analysis:
- isolation of minor members: additions, definitions, applications, circumstances;
- clarifying members;
- highlighting comparisons and phrases;
- constructions with the conjunction “how”;
- addresses, introductory words, interjection expressions.
Punctuation analysis a complex expression begins with a clarification of the form:
- coordinating connection of parts;
- subordinate;
- without the help of unions.
Punctuation analysis of a sentence diagram and example
[Pierre, 1 (who knew), 2 that she was very stupid, 3 with strange feeling bewilderment and fear were sometimes present at her evenings and dinners, 4 where politics, 5 poetry and 6 philosophy were discussed.7]. (L. Tolstoy)
Explanation of the rules for placing signs complex sentence:
7 – Point. The purpose of the statement is narrative, non-exclamatory in intonation and represents a complete thought. The explanation excludes the possibility of others: ?, …, !
1,2 – a comma connects parts of a complex structure: type – complex. Three subordinate clauses: who knew that she was very stupid, where it was said.
1 – a comma separates the subordinate clause “who knew”.
2 – completes the subordinate clause.
3 – continuation of the main main part.
4 – beginning of the third subordinate clause.
5 - comma for homogeneous additions “about politics, poetry and philosophy.”
6 – no emphasis required: there is a conjunction “and”.
[But before, in all acts of self-sacrifice, she joyfully realized 1 that she, 2 sacrificing herself, 3 thereby raised her worth in the eyes of herself and others and became more worthy of Nicolas, 4 (whom she loved most in life); 5 but now her sacrifice had to consist in 6 giving up that 7 which for her was the whole reward of the sacrifice, 8 the whole meaning of life]. 9 (L. Tolstoy)
A period is the end of a declarative sentence.
The beginning of the subordinate clause. There are 4 subordinate clauses in total.
2, 3. Participial phrase.
3.Continuation of the subordinate clause.
Beginning of the second clause.
5.Semicolon. A combination of two sentences, the first part of which has a large number of punctuation marks.
The beginning of the subordinate clause.
The beginning and end of the subordinate clause.
Clarification.
Attention! An example analysis shows that one sign can be explained by several rules, but some of them are applied only under one specific condition.
The order of punctuation analysis of a simple sentence
You can perform punctuation analysis as follows:
The student loved everything academic subjects: 1 mathematics, 2 literature, 3 history.4
Explanation:
4 – Point. The statement is narrative.
1 – Colon. A generalizing phrase comes before a group of homogeneous additions.
2-3 – Commas. Homogeneous additions connected using intonation, without conjunctions.
Sample analysis plan:
- Write out a proposal.
- Explain the ending sign.
- Find and highlight the grammatical basis.
- Explain the reasons for setting the symbols.
- Make a diagram.
How to disassemble complex design:
- Write out a proposal.
- Explain the final sign.
- Highlight grammatical basics.
- Explain the reasons for the need for signs between parts.
- Explain each sign in the PP.
- Create a graphic diagram.
Examples of how to do punctuation analysis of a sentence:
I rang the bell, 1 the door opened, 2 but no one was visible behind it.3
Explanations:
3 – Period, narrative sentence.
1 – comma between PP.
2 – comma before adversarial union“but”, between two primes.
The teacher gave instructions to Andrey, 1 because he was sure 2 that he could do such a thing, 3 he would do an excellent job 4 and 4 present the result, 5 without violating the deadlines. 6
6 is a period, because the purpose of the statement is storytelling.
1 – beginning of the first subordinate clause.
2 - the beginning of the second subordinate clause.
3 – differentiation of homogeneous subordinate clauses.
4 – signs are not needed, homogeneous predicates are connected by the conjunction “and”.
Example of punctuation analysis of a sentence
Punctuation, what it is, how to do punctuation work
Conclusion
Punctuation analysis requires knowledge of the rules and the ability to see the structure of the text. Each character needs to be explained from a structural perspective speech unit. What does it mean to perform punctuation analysis? Explain to yourself and the examiner the correctness of the choice of punctogram.
When writing various kinds texts, many of us are acutely faced with the problem of correct use of punctuation marks. There are often situations when the author of a text misses necessary commas, does not work correctly with direct speech, or allows other punctuation errors. For correction the mentioned shortcomings and improvements general work with speech it is recommended to use punctuation parsing of sentences, which is an important tool parsing text.
Working with punctuation analysis of a sentence allows you to “hone” correct use punctogram ( specific cases application of punctuation rules), learn to determine the boundaries of semantic segments in a sentence, and use the rules of punctuation in practice.
When conducting punctuation analysis, they analyze the structure of the sentence, the presence of main and minor members, the number of parts of the sentence, its intonation features, the order of the members of the sentence, and so on.
The procedure for punctuation analysis of the text
Let's move on to the direct algorithm for punctuation parsing of sentences. It usually looks like this:
Explanations for punctuation marks
If the sentence we are analyzing contains a complete message talking about some action, event, or fact that is affirmed or denied, such a sentence is declarative. If a sentence contains a question, it is interrogative, and if a sentence contains an order or request, then such a sentence is motivating. When there is an understatement in a sentence, or speech is interrupted by pauses, you should use an ellipsis at the end.
When analyzing a complex sentence, decide on the number of its parts, and the characteristics of the connection between these parts (conjunctive or non-conjunctive, subordinating, coordinating). Having decided on the specifics of the connection, you will be able to understand the need to use one or another sign between the parts of the sentence in question.
Emphasizing marks(comma, dash, parentheses, quotation marks, colon) are used to highlight particularly significant parts of a sentence. Such significant elements can be introductory words, addresses, phrases, sentences, circumstances and additions, homogeneous members of the sentence, clarifying and explanatory members of the sentence.
Dividing marks(comma, semicolon, dash, colon) in a simple sentence indicate boundaries between homogeneous members (usually a comma and a semicolon are used). In a complex sentence, they help to separate the simple sentences that are part of the specified complex sentence.
When analyzing direct speech, determine where the author’s words are located and where direct speech is located. If direct speech occurs before the words of the author or after the words of the author, then use rule of four punctuation marks, but if direct speech is interrupted by the words of the author, then apply the rule of seven punctuation marks.
Examples of using punctuation analysis of written speech
Let's look at examples of punctuation analysis of simple and complex sentences.
Example of a simple sentence
As an example of a simple sentence, let's take the sentence:
“The words “language” and “speech” for a person who is not involved in linguistics usually mean the same thing.”
Let us denote those available in this proposal punctograms in numbers:
The words “language” and “speech” for a person (1) not involved in linguistics, (2) usually mean the same thing. (3)
Let's look at the proposal:
Example of a complex sentence
As an example of a complex sentence, take the sentence:
“Of course, the modern Russian language is different from the one in which Pushkin, Gogol, Karamzin and Turgenev spoke and wrote.”
Let's designate each available paragraph in the sentence with numbers:
Of course, (1) the modern Russian language is different from the one (2) spoken and written by Pushkin, (3) Gogol, (4) Karamzin and Turgenev. (5).
Let's look at the proposal:
- First, we explain the punctogram at the end of the sentence. Since we are dealing with declarative sentence, where there is a complete thought, then there should be a point (5).
- Comma (2) separates subordinate clause complex sentence from the main one;
- Comma (1) is used for separation introductory word from the rest of the sentence;
- Commas (3) and (4) separate homogeneous members of the sentence.
Conclusion
Punctuation analysis of the text consists of a consistent explanation of the punctuation diagrams used in the sentence under consideration. Its implementation requires knowledge necessary rules of the Russian language in terms of the use of punctuation marks in a given sentence. I recommend using the tips given in this article to perform punctuation analysis of the text you need.