Segmental units of speech flow. Phrase

The meaning of any text is understood by us not from individual words, but from groups of words called speech beats(link, syntagma). Dividing the text into speech beats is necessary to formulate a thought; it is a way of organizing oral speech in which the meaning of the statement is conveyed as much as possible. Words in a sentence are grouped around the subject, predicate, circumstances, etc., forming semantic groups. Speech bars can consist of one or more words that complement or relate to the subject, predicate, etc., and can represent a complete thought or only part of a thought. All words in a speech beat are pronounced together, in one breath. Sometimes a speech beat represents a complete thought. Much more often it is only part of a thought.

Speech beats are separated from each other logical pauses connecting and separating. Usually, punctuation marks indicate the need for a pause, but there can be many more logical pauses in a sentence than punctuation marks. Logical pauses are of great importance for the accuracy of the transmission of thought, and can be expressed in the form of a simple stop - stop pause, and can be expressed as a change in tone of voice - intonation pauses. These changes in voice pitch during the transition from one speech beat to another give intonation variety to speech. When logical analysis of the text, pauses in the letter are indicated:

· / - connecting intonation pause placed between speech bars or sentences closely related in meaning. Requires a raised voice.

“Greenish waves, / running up onto the yellow sand, / threw white foam onto it.”

· // - longer connecting and separating stop pause. Also requires raising your voice.

“Greenish waves, / running up onto the yellow sand, / threw white foam onto it, // it melted with a quiet sound on the hot sand, / moistening it.”

· /// - a dividing pause stop is placed between sentences, semantic and plot pieces. Requires a lower tone.

“With these words, he turned over on one leg and ran out of the room. /// Ibrahim, left alone, hastily opened the letter.”

· ‘ – backlash (air) for air intake. With the help of a backlash, a semantic word is highlighted that they want to pay special attention to.

Mandatory logical pauses not marked with punctuation:

1. A logical pause is placed between the subject group and the predicate group if the subject is not expressed by a pronoun. In simple, uncommon sentences that consist of a subject and a predicate, a pause is not needed.

- “The silent students / listened attentively.”

- “They listened carefully.”

- “The students listened.”

- “It’s raining./ The bell is ringing./ Masha has come.”

2. Between two subjects and two predicates before the connecting conjunction “AND”, “YES”, the separating conjunction “OR”, “EITHER”.

- “Elena opened the letter / and read it.”

- “Complete ruin / and poverty reigned all around.”

- “They had to die / or surrender to the mercy of the winner.”

3. In inverted sentences. In Russian, the usual, direct order of words in a sentence is as follows: subject before the predicate, definition before the word being defined, object after the word to which it refers. Violation of direct word order is called - inversion(in reverse order, rearrangement), and a sentence with a violation of word order - inverted.

In inverted sentences, a different arrangement is required

logical pauses than in sentences with direct word order.

Sentences with direct word order:

1 2 3 4 5

The view of the town / opened beyond the nearest mound.

1 2 3 4 5

The food train / arrived at the end of the week.

A logical pause is placed at the boundary between the groups of subject and predicate. When rearranging the words in these phrases, explanatory words were highlighted with the verb, clarifying the place and time of the action (“behind the open window”), and the subject and predicate were in the same speech beat.

Inverted sentences:

4 5 3 1 2

Behind the nearest mound / a view of the town opened up.

4 5 3 1 2

At the end of the week / the food train arrived.

Sometimes in inverted sentences not only the place of logical pauses changes, but also the need for an additional pause appears.

Sentence with direct word order:

1 2 3 4 5 6

It was not by chance that our fellow traveler / took a seat by the window.

Inverse sentence:

6 1 2 3 4 5

It was no coincidence that / our fellow traveler / took a seat by the window.

4. In place of the missing word, which is implied and can easily be restored, a logical pause is required. This pause is necessary regardless of whether the text contains a dash sign, which usually indicates such an omission. The length of the pause depends on the length of the missing word or words.

- “There is silence throughout the whole house.”

- “He goes to the right - / the song starts,

To the left - / tells a fairy tale.”

5. On explanatory words for verbs. If there are several groups of explanatory words with a verb, specifying the place and time of action, then even in the absence of commas, each such group is separated from the next by a pause.

- “One day in the fall / I was returning from Bakhchisarai / to Yalta / through Ai-Petri.”

- “Hadji Murat / lived a week in the fortification / in the house of Ivan Matveevich.”

6. Pauses and emphasis highlight a word pronounced ironically, with the opposite meaning.

- “The day turned out to be / extremely / “successful”.”

7. Pauses and emphasis highlight the quotation or title.

- “On the door / hung a sign / “Office / Horns and hooves.”

If a syllable is an integral part of a speech tact (a phonetic word), then the speech tact is an integral part of a phrase. “Just as a syllable is “supported” by a syllable-forming tonal element, so a phonetic word has its own supporting element, a constructive minimum: this is a stressed syllable.” From the above it follows that tact- This is part of a phrase consisting of several syllables united by one stress. The unity, the integrity of the beat, is thus created by the stress.

Stress is the selection of one of the syllables using various phonetic means. non-monosyllabic words as part of a speech bar or phrase against a background of unstressed syllables.

From the definition it follows that stress presupposes unstress, which means that stress does not belong to a separate syllable, and even more so to a separate vowel of a stressed syllable.” Spreading over the entire length of the word, as if superimposed on it, the stress thereby acts as supersegmental (supersegmental, supralinear) with means of organizing a beat as a phonetic unit.

The concept of speech tact (phonetic word) is built taking into account the so-called clitic, i.e. words that do not have stress and are adjacent to significant words, together with which they make up phonetic word. The clitics most often are words of auxiliary parts of speech - prepositions, postpositions, articles, conjunctions, particles, etc.

Depending on the place of adjacency to the significant word, clitics are divided into proclitics(front connection: sub-window) And enclitics(rear connection: will you come?). Sometimes there are cases of stress shifting within a phonetic word from the significant part to the auxiliary part, as a result of which the significant word takes the place of the clitic, for example, pu-field, zb-back, bz-forest.

There are three main types of stress - dynamic(power, expiratory), quantitative(quantitative) and musical(tonal).

Dynamic stress is characterized by an intensification of the voice in a stressed syllable against the background of a weakening of the voice in unstressed syllables, which can result in not only a quantitative, but also a qualitative reduction, observed, in particular, in the Russian language (see § 18).

Dynamic stress can be:

1. Fixed(permanent), i.e. assigned to the same syllable: in Czech, Hungarian, Latvian languages, the stress is assigned to the first syllable; in Polish – after the last syllable
etc.

2. Unfixed(free), i.e. unfixed to the same syllable, as, for example, in Russian: nest(on the first syllable), nest(on the second syllable), nest(on the third syllable), etc.

If possible, transition from one syllable to another within the same word, i.e. when changing it forms, distinguish movable And motionless dynamic stress. Examples from Russian: head, head, head, But Gulova(movable stress) and slyny, slyny, slyny... slyny, slyny etc. (fixed stress).

Quantitative– this is a quantitative (longitudinal) stress. It is achieved by lengthening the vowel of a stressed syllable and is possible only in those languages in which “there is no phonologically significant difference between vowels in length and shortness.” In its pure form, quantitative stress (as well as other types of stress) is not found in any language. It is predominant in the Indonesian language. Elements of quantitative stress are also inherent in the Russian language, which is why it is more correct to consider it as expiratory-quantitative.

Musical stress is a tonal, melodic stress, characterized by a change in vocal tone in pitch within the same syllable. It was found in many Indo-European languages of the distant past (in Ancient Indian, Ancient Greek). Among modern languages, musical stress is inherent in Chinese, Dungan, Thai, Vietnamese and some other languages. The number of tones varies by language: for example, Chinese has 4 tones, Vietnamese has 6.

Phrase and intonation

Phrase- the largest phonetic unit that cannot be identified with the sentence as the main communicative unit of the syntactic level of language. The following judgments of Prof. are noteworthy in this regard. S.O. Kartsevsky (quoted from the book): “... a phrase does not necessarily have to take the form of a sentence. A phrase has nothing to do with grammar at all... A phrase is a unit of actualized communication. It does not have its own grammatical structure. It has a special phonetic structure, which consists of intonation. It is the intonation that creates the phrase.”

Intonation- a complex phenomenon. It represents a unity of interconnected components: melody, intensity, duration, tempo of speech and a system of pauses. Together with stress, intonation forms prosodic language system is supersegmental agent organizing a phrase, forming a statement and identifying its meaning.

The main component of intonation is melody of speech, i.e. movement of vocal tone in pitch; other signs are accompanying. With this in mind, the phrase can be defined as follows: phrase - This is a segment of speech, united by a special intonation, phrasal stress and concluded between fairly long pauses.

The busiest part of a phrase is its end, where it usually concentrates phrasal stress, For example: Before-nbmi was highhump/ We-we had torest/before we startascend e .

When it is necessary to particularly highlight or emphasize one or another part of a statement, they use the possibilities logical stress, which represents displaced phrasal stress. Examples:

1) My brotheryesterdayreturned from a business trip.2) My brother returned yesterdayfrom a business trip. 3) My brotherI returned from a business trip yesterday.

Summarizing the information related to the phonological aspect of phonetics, we present the division of phonology for better perception and consolidation in memory in the form of the following diagram:

conclusions

Phonetics is the study of the sound structure of language. It is an independent branch of linguistics that studies the material side of units of expression. It is divided into general and private. The course “Introduction to Linguistics” examines the basic issues of general phonetics.

Within the framework of phonetics, phonetics proper (phonetics in the narrow sense of the word) and phonology are distinguished. The subject of phonetics proper is the area of prelinguistics, which studies the sound matter of language in the articulatory-acoustic aspect. The subject of phonology is the study of the structural and functional patterns of the sound structure of a language.

Phonology is divided into phonemics and prosody. Phonemics is the study of the theory and description of phonemes, revealing the unique structure and functioning of phonological units of the segmental (linear) level of language. Prosodics is a section of phonology that studies the structure and functions of stress and intonation as supersegmental (nonlinear) means of organizing phonetic units that exceed the length of phonemes (syllables, speech beats, phrases).

General phonetics covers a wide range of issues related to the conditions of sound formation, based on the capabilities of the human pronunciation apparatus; universal classifications of vowels and consonants are constructed; the patterns of sound combinations, their combinatorial-positional and proper-positional changes in the flow of speech (assimilation, accommodation, reduction, etc.) are studied. Despite the importance of studying speech sounds in articulatory and acoustic aspects, the main task of phonetics is the study of the sound structure of a language in the phonological dimension. For, in fact, “linguistic research begins from the moment when those that represent the basic elements of communication are identified from physical and physiological phenomena... In other words, only elements that carry information are essential in linguistics.”

It is no coincidence that phonology is called functional phonetics. She evaluates all information about sound material from the point of view of the functions performed by the elements of the sound structure of the language in the process of its “work”. The main ones of these functions are distinctive(distinctive) and identifying(identifying). Based on these functions, a definition of a phoneme is constructed as the minimum unit of the sound structure of a language, which serves to delimit and identify symbolic (bilateral) units of language - morphemes and words in their forms.

Modern phonology has a good methodology for studying the sound structure of a language in its analytical and dynamic aspects. Here, rules have been developed for identifying phonemes and determining the range of their variation depending on the specific positional structure of the sound level of specific languages. Finding themselves in various positional conditions in the process of language functioning, phonemes are subject to various modifications, including cases of neutralization - positional removal of the opposition of elements of the linguistic structure. Depending on the possibility or impossibility of subsuming sounds of weak positions under strong ones, solvable and insoluble neutralization are distinguished. In the first case, sounds of weak positions act as variants of the corresponding phonemes ([^] – variant of the phoneme<О>in the presence of living positional alternation in root allomorphs <вод>a: [vΛdb] // [woods]); in the second case ([ sΛbbka]) if it is impossible to check with a strong position, the sound [ Λ ] must be qualified as a representative of a hyperphoneme<о\а>.

Phonological phenomena that extend to speech segments that exceed the length of phonemes and syllables as minimal non-sign units are the subject of prosody. As a section of phonology, it covers the area of supersegmental overlays of two varieties - accentological and intonation in their interrelation, which involves the study of the patterns of functioning of sound objects at the level of speech beats and phonetic phrases.

Main literature

1. Kodukhov V.I. Introduction to linguistics. Chapter “Phonetics and Phonology” for any edition of the textbook.

2. Kochergina V.A. Introduction to linguistics. – 2nd ed. – M.: Publishing house Moskovsk. University, 1991. – P.10-71.

3. Golovin B.N. Introduction to linguistics. Section “Phonetics” for any edition of the textbook.

additional literature

1. Kuznetsov P.S. On the issue of stress phonology // Reformatsky A.A. From the history of Russian phonology. – M.: Nauka, 1970. – P.360-367

2. Reformatsky A.A. Language, structure and phonology // Reformatsky A.A. From the history of Russian phonology. – M.: Nauka, 1970. – P.516-523.

3. Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary / Ch. Ed. V.N. Yartseva. – M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1991. – Article “Phonology” (p. 555-557).

CHAPTER 5. LEXICOLOGY

A speech beat is a word or group of words united by one main stress. Between speech beats in the flow of speech there are necessarily pauses. The alternation of speech beats forms the rhythm of speech . The wind is driving / along remote roads / yellow / autumn melancholy.

The largest phonetic segment in dividing the speech flow is the phrase. According to A.A. Reformatsky, “In no case should a grammatical unit (sentence) be identified with a phonetic unit (phrase). Since one phrase can cover several sentences and a sentence can split into several phrases.” A phrase is a phonetic unit complete in meaning. The separation of one phrase from another is characterized by a longer pause . Morning came / we set off.

INTONATION

The selection of a phrase in a stream of speech is associated with such a distinctive feature as intonation. Intonation is one of the most important means of formalizing a statement and identifying its meaning. Intonation is a set of rhythmic and melodic components of speech.

Intonation consists of the melody of speech, the rhythm of speech, the intensity of speech, the tempo of speech, and the tempo of speech. The melody of speech is the rise and fall of speech within a phrase (for example, the pronunciation of interrogative and declarative sentences). The rhythm of speech is the regular repetition of stressed and unstressed syllables. The rhythm of speech serves as the basis for the aesthetic organization of a literary text. The intensity of speech is the degree of its volume (compare: the intensity of speech in a room and at a rally). Speech tempo is the duration of speech over time (for example, more significant sections of speech are pronounced more slowly, less significant parts are pronounced faster). Speech timbre is the sound coloring of speech. It should not be confused with the timbre of the voice (for example, intonation of distrust, irony).

Thus, intonation has the most important functions in language: it indicates the boundaries of sentences and differentiates their main types.

All information about intonation is usually based on the facts of languages with a dynamic type of stress. Scientists have expressed doubts about the existence of intonation in languages with musical stress. Usually it was reduced to raising and lowering the voice. However, as further research has shown, intonation is not reduced to a simple sequence of syllabic tones. Based on the syllabic tones, a very complex melodic pattern, characteristic of the entire sentence as a whole, is formed.

Lecture No. 6

LEXICAL LEVEL OF LANGUAGE

Our speech consists of statements. Statements, in turn, consist of words.

Man has found a word for everything he has discovered in the universe. He named every action and state. He defined in words the properties and qualities of everything that surrounded him. In words he captured the experience and wisdom of centuries. He can call any thing a word and has the means to express the most abstract ideas and concepts.

The word is the central unit of language, since, firstly, it reflects the phenomena of the world around us, secondly, it reflects a person’s attitude to the world, thirdly, it is the word that reflects the national vision of the world, fourthly, the word is the unit of all linguistic levels. At the phonetic level, a phonetic word is distinguished, the unit of the lexical level is a word with a lexical meaning, the unit of the grammatical level is a word with a grammatical meaning. However, it is very difficult to give an exact definition of the word. Many linguists were ready to abandon this concept. In modern linguistics, the question of the word has been resolved in different ways. According to scientists, a word is not always correlated with a concept. Most words are aimed at denoting concepts, but there are words in the language (and they are considered words) that do not denote any concepts: conjunctions, prepositions, particles. Many concepts are denoted not by a word, but by a whole construction, for example, phraseological units (“do nothing” - kick back).

Thus, the place of the word as a unit of language is defined as the place intermediate between morphemes and sentences.

Since it is really very difficult to define a word, when talking about a word, we list its main features.

Signs of a word

1. Phonetic design. Each word is a complex of sounds. There are no silent words. Distortion of the sound shell can lead to the destruction of the meaning of a word or the emergence of a new word.

2.Nominative function. The word is used to name objects in the surrounding world. Thanks to this function of the word, human communication is possible.

3. Complete design. The word has an impenetrable structure in the form of a complex of morphemes. It is not possible to insert additional morphemes into this structure or remove any morphemes. Otherwise the word will be destroyed or another word will appear

4.Reproducibility. The word is used by the speaker in a ready-made form, in contrast to sentences that are produced in a speech act.

5. Semantic valence. A word can be combined in meaning with a certain range of other words. This compatibility may vary for different words: from very narrow to relatively wide. This reveals the semantic possibilities of the word. For example, the noun “car” is combined with words such as “blue”, “dear”, “beloved”, “bought”, “broke”, “riding”, etc. And the adjective “pitch” can only be used with the words “hell” or “darkness.” In the Russian language there are several words to denote the color brown, but all of them, despite the common lexical meaning, have different compatibility: “coat - brown”. “eyes are brown”, “hair is brown”, “bear is brown”, “horse is bay”.

6. Lexico-grammatical correlation. Each word, based on its lexical meaning and a set of grammatical features, belongs to a specific part of speech (functional or significant). There are no words outside the part-sentence.

Functions of the word.

The word has two functions. The first function, the main one, is nominative. The word names objects in the surrounding world.

The second function is generalizing. The word contains not only the name of a specific object, but also a generalization that allows the word to be applied to a whole range of homogeneous objects.

For example, in the word “dress” a generalization function is presented, because Each person, having heard this word, imagines the dress in his own way: different colors, styles, sizes. In the combination “fashionable burgundy dress,” the item is seen more clearly and specifically. Thus, in an isolated word the generalization is represented to a greater extent, and the context gives the nominative function of the word. However, in pronouns, generalization dominates over nomination, and in proper names, nomination dominates over generalization.

Based on the listed characteristics, the word can be defined as a significant independent unit of language, the main function of which is nomination. Unlike morphemes, minimal meaningful units, a word is independent, grammatically formed according to the laws of a given language and has a lexical meaning.

The question of the nature of lexical meaning is one of the main ones in lexicology. The essence of the lexical meaning of a word was most accurately formulated by academician Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov: “Lexical meaning is an objective-material content, formalized according to the laws of the grammar of a given language and is an element of the general semantic system of a given language.”

Most researchers recognize the concept as the core of lexical meaning. A concept is a thought about an object that identifies its essential features. The concept of an object, phenomenon, state or action is a kind of generalized reflection in the minds of people of basic ideas about the properties of the real world. The concept does not reflect all the qualities and characteristics inherent in a particular object, but only the basic, most essential ones, which make it possible to distinguish one object from another. The lexical meaning of a word and the concept are not identical to each other. In the lexical meaning, the concept is reflected in the form significative component . For example, the sun is a daylight.

Realized in speech denotative side lexical meaning of a word. It reflects the connection of lexical meaning with the idea of a specific extra-linguistic object. For example, the “white sun of the desert” is scorching, white-hot.

The significative component (significat) is the possible meaning of a word that can and should appear.

The denotative component (denotation) is the updated meaning of the word, which is important at the moment.

In addition to significative and denotation, a word may contain connotative component (connotation) . Through connotation, the speaker expresses his attitude towards the signified. For example, the sun. Connotation can manifest itself in a word through evaluation, emotionality, intensity, imagery and stylistic coloring. A connotative element is an optional element that may not be present in the word.

In linguistics, in relation to the lexical meaning of a word, the term is used semantics. During the historical development of a language, the semantics of a word can undergo various changes:

· Expansion of meaning. Over time, a word can cover a wider range of concepts. For example, the word “old age” in the 18th century. had the meaning of “horror”, after the 18th century. the meaning of the word expanded to a strong feeling.

· Narrowing of meaning. This is the reverse process of expansion. It comes down to reducing the range of concepts that can be called by a given word. For example, in Ancient Rus' the word “beer” was used to describe any drink, since this word came from the verb “to drink”; In modern language, the word “beer” denotes a special type of low-alcohol drink. Also in Ancient Rus', the word “nephew” meant any relative (a person of the same tribe); in modern language the meaning has narrowed to the son of a brother or sister.

· Enantiosemy. Over the course of the history of a language, a word can develop its meaning to the complete opposite of its original meaning. For example, the first meaning of the word “notorious” is illustrious; modern meaning - having a well-known bad reputation. Many words that have undergone enantiosemy, as a rule, lose their primary meanings. Some words retain two opposite meanings in their semantic structure. For example, the verb “to lend” retains two meanings in modern language: 1) to lend; 2) borrow.

In a language, words with their lexical meanings represent a specially organized system. This system is characterized by a certain integrity and is ordered on the basis of two types of relationships: syntagmatic and paradigmatic.

Syntagmatic relationships are most clearly expressed in the linear correlation of elements. They manifest themselves in the semantic and grammatical compatibility of lexical units in sentences. For example, the noun “road” can be combined with verbs (“they are building”, “crossing”, “asphalting”), with adjectives (“wide”, “country”, “repaired”), with nouns (“in the village”, “to home", "to the forest"). The collision of words that are incompatible in meaning in one row can lead to a violation of syntagmatic relationships. In speech, this happens due to the speaker’s carelessness, inattention to the form of expression. For example, “play a big role” instead of “play a big role”, “raise a toast” instead of “raise a glass”, “pay attention” instead of “pay attention”). However, the assessment of the compatibility of lexical units in literary works cannot be approached with the usual criteria. Many authors deliberately collide semantically incompatible words. This is how figurative (metaphorical) word usages are born - “eyes are burning”, “dark thoughts”; oxymoron (combination of logically incompatible concepts in one series) - “ordinary miracle”, “living corpse”, “optimistic tragedy”.

Over time, the syntagmatic possibilities of a word can change and expand. For example, for a long time the word “state” was associated in meaning only with the word “state”, that is, “the political organization of society headed by the government and its bodies.” Being a relative adjective, it was combined with a certain range of words such as: system, border, institution, employee. Then its syntagmatic relations expanded: it began to be used in combination with words - thinking, mind, person, action, deed. At the same time, it acquired a qualitative and evaluative meaning - “imbued with the ideas and interests of the state, capable of thinking and acting broadly and wisely.” This, in turn, created the conditions for the formation of new grammatical meanings and forms: from an already qualitative adjective, the formation of abstract nouns (statehood), qualitative adverbs (statehood), and antonyms (non-state, anti-state) became possible.

The basis of the paradigmatic relations of linguistic units is the similarity of units belonging to the same level of the language system and in this sense of the same type. According to one of the founders of the systematic study of vocabulary, N.M. Pokrovsky, “Words and their meanings do not live a life separate from each other, but are combined into different groups, and the basis for grouping is similarity or direct opposition in basic meaning.”

Paradigmatic connections between words are based on the fact that the same components (semes) are present in the meanings of different words. The presence of common semes and their repetition in the semantics of different words makes the corresponding words paradigmatically correlated. Paradigms of words are formed on the basis of common (integral) semantic features and are distinguished by differential features that the members of the paradigm oppose to each other. A striking example of paradigmatic relations in vocabulary are such phenomena as synonymy, homonymy, and antonymy.

The meaning of SPEECH TACT in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms

SPEECH TACT

(speech link). Part of a phrase (a group of words, less often one word), highlighted by rhythmic and intonation means. When dividing a phrase into segments, a speech tact, an expiratory group and a syntagma may coincide, but they represent phenomena of a different order: a speech tact is an intonational concept, an expiratory group is a physiological concept, syntagma is a semantic-syntactic concept.

Dictionary of linguistic terms. 2012

2.3. Phonetic word

A speech beat can consist of one or more phonetic words.

Phonetic word- this is a segment of a sound chain united by one verbal stress.

Word stress- this is the selection of one of the syllables of a non-monosyllabic word.

A phonetic word may include unstressed words.

An unstressed word that comes before the stressed word to which it is adjacent is called proclitic. Proclitics are usually monosyllabic prepositions, conjunctions and some particles:

on ̮ grief

co ̮ me;

proclitics sister│ And ̮ brother

said│ to ̮ sent

Not ̮ I know.

An unstressed word that comes after the stressed word to which it is adjacent is called enclitic. Enclitics are usually monosyllabic particles:

I'll tell you ̮ ka

encliticshe ̮ same

will come ̮ whether

Some monosyllabic prepositions and particles can take on stress, and then the independent word following them turns out to be an enclitic: na ̮ back, under ̮ hands, uz ̮ forest, without ̮ lead, not ̮ was.

A phonetic word can correspond to one or more lexical words.

For example, phrase IN ̮ that ̮ same night │ the wide boat │ set sail from ̮ hotels consists of 3 speech beats, each of which consists of 2 phonetic words.

Thus, a phonetic word can include two or more lexical words.

║ It was snowing hard║ his cannons flew steadily behind him ̮ window║ A ̮ branches of the stock ̮ sidewalk│ in summer the darkened windows of the Turbins│ became more and more sagging in ̮ your snow scallops║ (M. Bulgakov)

Segmental units of speech flow. Phrase

The meaning of SPEECH TACT in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what SPEECH TACT is in the Russian language in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

2.3. Phonetic word