History of the area where the borders pass today municipality Filyovsky Park is ancient. As historians note, at the turn of the 14th – 15th centuries, this land was acquired by the Rostov governor from the boyars of the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily the Dark, a certain Peter Konstantinovich Dobrynsky, who in 1454 assigned his possessions near Moscow to Metropolitan Jonah for the Assumption Cathedral. This was exactly the first written mention Sirloin.
And on topographic maps At that time, the village of Khvili first appeared in the 16th century. One of them clearly indicated its location at the confluence of the Khvilka River with the Moscow River. WITH west side, judging by the same map, Fili was adjacent to the village of Kuntsevo, and to the east – Davydkovo and the village of Shelepikha. From the south, the Fil lands were closed by Poklonnaya Mountain.
Late 1520s Grand Duke Moscow Vasily III granted Fili Fyodor Mikhailovich Mstislavsky, the husband of the sovereign’s niece Anastasia. In 1598, the estate passed to Fyodor Ivanovich Mstislavsky. In 1622 F.I. Mstislavsky dies and the village of Khvili passes to his sister, the nun Irina Mstislavskaya. According to the surviving descriptions of 1627, the Kuntsevo estate of the Mstislavskys was quite a vast and rich possession. Its center was the village of Khvili. There were ponds under the village, and in the village there was a wooden Church of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary with a chapel of the Conception of St. Anna, which was built back in 1619. After the death of Irina Ivanovna in 1639, the Mstislavsky family patrimony was transferred to the palace department due to the lack of heirs. In 1649, Fili had a new owner - boyar Ilya Miloslavsky. By a strange coincidence, after the death of Ilya Miloslavsky, Fili passes not to the rightful owner, but to Ivan Mikhailovich Miloslavsky to a close friend and a relative of Princess Sophia, sister of the reigning Alexei Mikhailovich. And only in 1685 after the death of I.M. Miloslavsky Fili acquires a “legitimate” owner. In 1689, by decree of the young Tsars Ivan and Peter and the ruler Sophia, the village of Fili with all its property was transferred to the family ownership of the boyar Lev Kirillovich Naryshkin. Near the village there was a large grove of linden, birch and aspen trees - which stretched between the villages of Gusarevo, Ipskaya and Mazilovo, today this is the territory of Filevsky Park. In April 1690, Naryshkin bought Fili from A.A. Matveeva is neighboring Kuntsevo and begins to organize the farm. On the site of a dilapidated wooden church, a stone temple is being erected for which funds were allocated from the treason personally by Peter I, which is considered a classic architectural monument built in the “Naryshkin boroque” style. A park with various lawns was laid out around the temple: oval, square, four-petalled, repeating the outlines of the temple itself, cascading ponds were arranged, descending to the Moscow River. Based on the name of the temple, the village of Fili began to be called Fili - Pokrovskoye. Construction of the church began in 1690 and was completed in 1693. In January 1705, Lev Kirillovich died and his estate was distributed among his children. Until the age of majority, all lands and real estate on May 26, 1706, by decree of Peter I, were “in charge of the Local Prikaz.” Only in 1732 did the Naryshkin brothers take over. The last owner of the Fil and Kuntsevo lands was Emmanuel Dmitrievich Naryshkin, the great-grandson of Lev Kirillovich. In general, life in the village flowed smoothly and quietly until 1812. During the stay of Napoleonic troops in Moscow, part of the village of Fili burned down, and part of the church’s decoration was destroyed. In 1850 Restoration and restoration work was carried out in the temple. Since the 60s of the 19th century, E.D. Naryshkin begins to gradually sell off land and property in Fili. The new owners are G.P. Guriev, M.I. Branova, F. Gundarev. The estate itself is acquired by P.G. Shelaputin was a well-known philanthropist and benefactor at that time. With his funds, a hospital, a shelter for 16 terminally ill girls and an almshouse were built in the village. In the village of Fili, in memory of the military council of 1887, the Kutuzov hut, which burned down in 1868, where 4 disabled people were kept, was restored. In 1870 Moskovskaya - Brestskaya passed through Fili Railway and appeared railroad station, which stands as if on the border between the old village of Pokrovsky - Fili and the village of Fili. In the former village, transformed into the village of Fili-Pokrovsky, there was a hospital, a school, a village council and two factories. In the early 1920s, aviation workshops were built on the northwestern outskirts of Fili to assemble aircraft from the German company Junkers. On their basis in the 1930s, a large aircraft factory was created, which was later repurposed to produce missiles and space objects. In 1932 by decision of the Moscow Council it was decided to allocate land for the organization park area. A little later in 1936. By decision of the Moscow City Council, a resolution was signed on the organization of the branch " Playground"at the Filyovsky Park of culture and recreation (now it is the Fili Children's Park, which in 1991 was transferred to the education department). October 29, 1964 By decision of the Moscow Council No. 43/34, PKiO “Fili” was created and registered.
In 1935 Fili was included in Moscow and became a large industrial area. Here are the Western River Port, a railway station, a bus and trolleybus depot, and a plant named after. Khrunichev, a reinforced concrete products plant, the Rubin television plant, a large refrigeration plant, a pipe plant, the Russian Gokhran, several research institutes and design bureaus.
In the period from 1952 to 1962. Part historical names streets were renamed and named after heroes Patriotic War 1812
The name of the Filyovsky Park district comes from the ancient village of Fili near Moscow. Despite the fact that the first documentary mention of this village dates back to 1627, it is known that it existed long before. In papers from 1454 about these places it is said that the Moscow boyar Peter Konstantinovich Dobrynsky gave to Metropolitan Jonah “according to his soul and throughout his family” the monastery of St. that belonged to him. Savva (it was located on the current Devichye Pole), a mill at the mouth of Setun and two villages near the village of Krylatskoye - Olferchikovo and Ipskoye." Later, Ipskoye became part of the Filevsky possessions. It is also known that at the end of the 1520s, the Great Moscow Prince Vasily III granted these lands to Fyodor Mikhailovich Mstislavsky.
Already in 1927, Fili was mentioned as the ancient patrimony of Princess Irina Ivanovna Mstislavskaya, which belonged to her since 1622. Then Fili was a large and rich estate. There was a wooden Church of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary with a chapel of the Conception of St. Anne and a clergy. Next to the church there was a master's yard with extensive mansions. The estate also housed a clerk, two grooms and three working men.
The yard was surrounded by a fence with two gates. Some were located on the city side, and the second - on the field. At the gate there were guard huts. In addition to the boyar mansions, there were numerous outbuildings in the courtyard: a cookhouse, a cellar, a glacier, barns, a drying shed, a bathhouse, a granary, a malt house, a stable, a stall for horses, and a hayloft. Not far from the mansion there was a garden.
As for the village, there were 9 peasant households, three households and three empty households. There were also 48.5 acres of arable land outside the village and 23 acres of abandoned arable land. Along the banks of the Moscow River and the Khvilka River, peasants mowed hay, and from Fili to Mazilov a forest stretched two miles long and half a mile wide. The settlements of Fili included such villages as Gusarevo, Ipskoye, Kuntsevo and the largest - Mazilovo. The estate also included eight heaths.
Mistress Fileya, a nun of the Ascension Monastery, was the last representative of the Mstislavsky family. She rarely visited her possessions. After her death, the estate passed to the palace department as escheat.
During the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the vicinity of Fili was considered an excellent place for hunting, and the Tsar, being an avid hunter, often visited here. In the warm season, falconry took place for birds, and in winter - for wolves and bears. Alexey Mikhailovich took special care of the swamps that surrounded Fili, and where there were many birds, forbidding strangers from poisoning birds with dogs.
Until 1689, Fili was the royal estate, and then Peter I granted the estate to the boyar Lev Kirillovich Naryshkin, brother Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna, to her uncle. By this time, there was no longer a chapel at the Church of the Intercession of the Virgin, but a refectory was added to it. There was also a porch around the church, and a small bell tower with four bells appeared from the west. Like all buildings. The porch was covered with boards, and next to it was the priest's courtyard. By that time the boyar court no longer existed. In Fili there were 17 peasant households, at the mouth of the Khvilka River there was a pond with an old bridge over a dam. There were a variety of fish in the pond. A small lake was also located among the arable land; crucian carp were found in it. Near the village. Between the villages of Gusareva and Ipskaya there grew a vast grove with birch, linden and aspen trees - today this grove has turned into Filevsky Park. Three villages were drawn to Fily: Gusarevo with 3 courtyards, Ipskoye with 3 residential courtyards and one empty, and Mazilovo with 12 courtyards.
In 1690, the new owner Filey also acquired neighboring Kuntsevo and began to actively develop his possessions. First of all, Naryshkin built a new stone church and a wooden manor house with a tower and clock. Near the house he built a large park with ponds and a garden, and a stable yard was also added to the estate.
I would like to tell you more about the new Church of the Intercession, built in the Naryshkin Baroque style. In the basement - the first floor of the church, there was a heated Church of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary, and above it, in the main room, the Church of the Savior Not Made by Hands was built. During construction, Naryshkin received money from the treasury several times. Tsar Peter I not only granted a large sum for the decoration of the temple, but also provided craftsmen from the Order of Stone Affairs and the Armory Chamber. Central and western chapter churches are decorated with a crown and a double-headed eagle, as a symbol of the closeness of the Naryshkin family to royal house. The temple stands on a small, gently sloping hill. The architectural expressiveness and harmony of the composition give it a very solemn and festive look. The interior decoration of the church is also distinguished by its pomp and splendor. After some time, Naryshkin built a regular park with lawns next to the church different shapes, which repeat the silhouette of the temple plan. Cascade ponds from the park descended to the Moscow River.
As part of the organization of his estate, Naryshkin resettled some of the peasants on the Great Mozhaisk Road (about 1.5 km from the church). There he founded a new village with the same name, and in 1704 it had 22 households and 99 inhabitants.
In 1705, Naryshkin’s vast estate was to be divided between the widow Anna Petrovna, eight young children and a niece, but due to the young age of Naryshkin’s children for a long time managed the estate herself. In 1706, the large Naryshkin estate was managed by the Local Prikaz, and in 1708 by the steward Ivan Osipovich Shcherbatov. Orders on this issue were given personally by Peter I himself. In 1732, the adult Naryshkin brothers divided their family estate, after which Fili and Kuntsevo passed to Alexander Lvovich Naryshkin.
During the reign of Anna Ioannovna and Elizaveta Petrovna, Alexander Lvovich lived mainly in St. Petersburg, visiting his estate near Moscow only occasionally. However, in Kuntsevo the new owner built a stone Church of the Sign of the Virgin Mary, a large beautiful manor house, and built gardens and greenhouses. Naryshkin's career was successful, he became a senator, received the rank of actual privy councilor and knight of the most high awards Andrew the First-Called and Alexander Nevsky.
He died in St. Petersburg in January 1746, leaving behind three daughters and two sons - Alexander and Lev. Pokrovskoe-Fili (as the village began to be called after the new church) went to the elder Alexander, and Kuntsevo went to Lev, youngest son.
Alexander Alexandrovich, like all the Naryshkins, was among those especially close to the royal court under Catherine II. His wife, Anna Nikitichna, also enjoyed the trust of the empress. She was a lady of state, and under Paul I she was a chamberlain. Anna Nikitichna died in 1820 at a ripe old age.
During the coronation ceremony, on June 7, 1763, Catherine II visited Fili and Kuntsevo. The memories of an eyewitness to this have survived to this day. significant event: “Exhibiting her highest and most merciful favor to the Obershenk Alexander Alexandrovich and the horse-master Lev Alexandrovich Naryshkin, the empress deigned to honor their houses near Moscow with her court retinue with her highest presence. From Moscow to the transportation near Shelepikha, the empress rode in a carriage, and crossed the river on Alexander Alexandrovich Naryshkin's own magnificently decorated ferry. The imperial train headed first of all to the village of Pokrovskoe-Fili and was greeted by the ringing of the bells by the priest of the village with a cross and all the clergy, and cannon fire was carried out. The Empress venerated the life-giving cross, deigned to go to the church where the There was a prayer service, then she deigned to enter the owner's chambers, where a luxurious table was prepared. The Empress ate with gentlemen, ladies and ladies-in-waiting, numbering 26 persons, and other persons were treated at a special table on 24 couverts. During the table, with cannon fire, a drink was given for health Her Majesty, then the Tsarevich, then all Her Majesty’s faithful slaves and, finally, for the health of the householder with his last name. At the end of dinner, the empress walked in the garden and from there came to look at the yacht, which was made before the Russian fleet began and was stored in a specially arranged place." Near Fili, military exercises were held in honor of the empress; the gate, the church and the manor house were generously illuminated.
In 1795, Alexander Alexandrovich Naryshkin died without leaving heirs. Fili thus passed to Lev Naryshkin, and then to his son Alexander Lvovich. Alexander Lvovich conducted most time in St. Petersburg and abroad, and he entered the history of Filey as its owner during the Patriotic War of 1812. It was here that the famous historical council took place in Fili, after which Moscow was abandoned, but the Russian army was preserved. After this advice, Kutuzov said: “With the loss of Moscow, Russia is not lost! My first duty is to preserve the army and get closer to the troops coming to reinforce us. By the very concession of Moscow we have prepared the death of the enemy. From Moscow I intend to go along the Ryazan road. I know the responsibility will fall on me, but I sacrifice myself for the good of the Fatherland."
After passing through this area French army, Fili was partially burned. Napoleonic soldiers placed a stable in the lower part of the church. After the victory of the Russian army, the burned part of the village was rebuilt. In subsequent years, the estate belonged to various representatives of the Naryshkin family, and all of them, like their predecessors, visited here infrequently, devoting themselves to public service.
At the end of the 19th century, the borders of Moscow were almost right next to the village. Local residents were engaged in vegetable gardening and gardening, kept cows, and sold dairy products in Moscow. The Naryshkins were no longer the owners of Fili; it is known that in 1890 there were several estates here that belonged to different owners. Near the village there was a large dyeing and printing factory of merchant Sergei Dmitrievich Kuzmichev, which employed 589 workers. Fili had 313 inhabitants. At the expense of Pavel Grigorievich Shelaputin, one of local landowners, a hospital was opened in the village, a shelter for 16 terminally ill girls and an almshouse for 16 old women. In honor of the military council held here in 1812 in Fili, the hut in which it was held, which burned down in 1868, was restored. 4 military invalids lived in it.
When the Moscow-Brest Railway passed through Fili in 1870, the established railway connection with Moscow facilitated the sale of agricultural products. Besides. Many local residents began to travel to Moscow to work.
According to the population census of the year in Fili in 1926, there were 396 households, and only 126 of them were engaged in agriculture. In the neighboring village of Fili-Pokrovskoye, which received the status of a village, 1,484 people lived. In addition, there was a hospital, a school, a village council and two factories.
In the early 1920s, several aircraft factories of the German company Junkers opened in the vicinity of Fili. In the 1930s, an aviation plant began operating on their base, later specializing in the production of rockets and space objects.
In 1935, Fili entered the city limits and became a large industrial area cities. Today, on the territory of the Filevsky Park district there is the Western River Port, a railway station, a bus and trolleybus depot, a Khrunichev plant, a reinforced concrete products plant, a large refrigeration plant, a pipe plant, the Russian Gokhran, several research institutes and design bureaus.
The main attraction of the area is the Filevsky Park of Culture and Recreation. It has the status of a natural historical and cultural complex, a monument of landscape gardening art of the 17th-19th centuries. Now this is one of the most popular holiday destinations for Moscow residents, with more than 3 million visitors every year. The park stretches along the Moscow River for 5 kilometers, its total area is 280 hectares.
Historical reference:
1454 - it is said about these lands that the Moscow boyar Peter Konstantinovich Dobrynsky gave them to Metropolitan Jonah1520 - the Great Moscow Prince Vasily III granted these lands to Fyodor Mikhailovich Mstislavsky
1927 - Fili is mentioned as the patrimony of Princess Irina Ivanovna Mstislavskaya
1689 - Peter I granted the estate to boyar Lev Kirillovich Naryshkin
1690 - the new owner of Filey also acquired neighboring Kuntsevo
1704 - the village of Pokrovskoe-Fili was founded near the Mozhaisk road
1763 - Catherine II visited Fili and Kuntsevo
1795 - Alexander Alexandrovich Naryshkin died without leaving heirs, and Fili passed to Lev Naryshkin
1812 - the famous historical council in Fili was held here
1890 - in Fili there are several estates that belonged to different owners
1870 - the Moscow-Brest Railway passed through Fili
1920 - several aircraft factories of the German company Junkers opened in the vicinity of Fili
1935 - Fili entered the city limits
1991 – a temporary administrative District Filevsky Park
In the place where the Western Administrative District of the capital is located today, there is an area where the fate of the Fatherland was determined, where the great people of that time made significant decisions, where you can still find traces of those historical events. But first things first.
The Fili district is located on the site of the village of the same name, which was first mentioned in 1454. The Filka River flowed nearby, thanks to which this area got its name. The village has had many owners from the noble families of Dmitry Donskoy, Ivan the Terrible and others. However, the most noticeable influence on this territory, which has survived to this day, was exerted by the noble boyar Lev Naryshkin, to whom Emperor Peter I granted these lands at the end of the 17th century.
Moscow River
Photo © Sergey Avduevsky / Moscow is changing
Naryshkin loved his property, therefore, like a good owner, he took up landscaping and construction. He built a house here, laid out a park with ponds, and built a bridge across the Filka River. But most importantly, Naryshkin built the famous Church of the Intercession in his own architectural style, which later became known as “Naryshkin Baroque.”
This church survived and now stands near the Fili metro station, striking with the beauty of the white stone lace on the facade. After construction was completed, the village began to be called Pokrovsky. Later, after the death of Lev Naryshkin, the Church of the Intercession was visited by Empress Catherine II herself.
Photo © Sergey Avduevsky / Moscow is changing
Where did the famous village of Fili go? Due to Naryshkin’s transfer of peasant households away from the boyar’s house, the village of Fili shifted to the current Kutuzovsky Avenue, which was then called Mozhaiskaya Road.
In 1812, the war with Napoleon broke out. Many people are familiar with the name “Fili” precisely in connection with the events of that war. The story goes that on September 13, 1812, in the strictest secrecy, the commander of the Russian army, Mikhail Kutuzov, gathered a council of military leaders in one of the huts in the village of Fili. Here a fateful decision was made about the course of the battle for Moscow with Napoleon’s army: to leave the city and retreat.
History has shown that this decision was strategically correct. This event had great value for the further course of the war with the French and the victory of the Russian army. The council in Fili is reflected in art. Famous artist Alexey Kivshenko painted a painting of the same name, which is presented in the exhibition of the State Russian Museum. The artist Alexey Savrasov immortalized in his landscape “Council House in Fili” the very hut in which Kutuzov secretly met with officers.
Photo © Sergey Avduevsky / Moscow is changing
In 1854, the village of Fili was again moved closer to the village of Pokrovskoye, but the hut where the council was held remained in the same place. Later it burned down, then it was restored and now it is a branch of the museum panorama “Battle of Borodino”.
In the second half of the 19th century, a railway was laid here and the Fili railway station was built, and by the end of the century Moscow came close to the borders of the village. In the first half of the 1900s, the “First State Armored Tank and Automobile Plant” will be built on this territory, which will later become known to the current generation as the Khrunichev plant.
It is interesting that at the beginning of the 20th century this plant was called “Russo-Balt” in Fili; later, in 1933, it was named after S.P. Gorbunova. However, in the fall of 1941, Plant No. 22 was completely relocated to Kazan, and Plant No. 23 was established in its place. This plant in Fili has been named after M.V. since 1961. Khrunicheva. Note that in 1931 the village of Fili became part of Moscow.
Photo © Sergey Avduevsky / Moscow is changing
The division of Aircraft Plant No. 23, created during the war, was engaged in the production of aircraft for Soviet army during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. In the early 60s of the 20th century, it was repurposed for the development of rocket and space technology, and the division became the Khrunichev Machine-Building Plant, which currently produces rocket engines.
In addition, on the territory of the current Fili district, an ice cream factory (the current Ice-Fili) and a Rubin television factory were located.
Photo © Sergey Avduevsky / Moscow is changing
Near the area there is tourist place, which Muscovites are proud of - Victory Park. This memorial Complex on Poklonnaya Hill, with an area of more than 135 hectares, is dedicated to the victory in the Great Patriotic War and the memory of those who died for their Motherland.
Photo © Sergey Avduevsky / Moscow is changing
On Kutuzovsky Prospekt installed Triumphal Arch in honor of the victory in the war with Napoleon in 1812. Also, the Moscow River passes through Fili, on the banks of which the Filevsky Park is located - nature reserve for lovers of walks with children fresh air, adherents active rest and sports and water activities.
Photo © Sergey Avduevsky / Moscow is changing
The current Fili district is a picturesque green area in the west of Moscow, carefully preserving the history of generations in street names, museums and architectural objects.
Photo © Sergey Avduevsky / Moscow is changing
Fili is a village near Moscow (now the Western Administrative District of Moscow), located near Poklonnaya Gora, behind the Great Road, four miles from the Dorogomilovskaya outpost. Known since 1454.
I. E. Zabelin believed that in the 14th century, Prince Vladimir Andreevich the Brave owned the Filevsky lands - cousin Grand Duke of Moscow Dmitry Donskoy. Prince Vladimir Andreevich bequeathed the Filevsko-Kuntsevo lands to the Novinsky Monastery for the funeral of his soul and the entire grand-ducal family, from where these lands came into the possession of the Rostov archbishop, Bishop Gregory, the builder of the Dorogomilovsky bishop's court in Moscow. At the end of the 1520s, Filevskaya estate was granted by the Great Moscow Prince Vasily III Fedor Mikhailovich Mstislavsky, who in 1525 came to his service from Lithuania. In 1572, Tsar Ivan the Terrible in his spiritual will confirmed the patrimonial possessions, including Fili and Kuntsevo, to the son of Fyodor Mikhailovich, Prince Ivan Fedorovich Mstislavsky.
Princess Irina was the last owner of the village of Khvili from the Mstislavsky family. She died on November 15, 1639 in the Ascension Monastery.
IN early XVII, instead of the Church of the Intercession destroyed by the Poles in the Kuntsevo settlement, a wooden Church of the Intercession is being built in a new place. After the end of the Mstislavsky family, the Filevskaya estate passed to the Miloslavskys. In 1649, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov granted these lands to Ilya Danilovich Miloslavsky, the father of Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavsky. On June 11, 1689, the palace village of Khvili with the villages of Mazilovo, Ipskoye, Gusarovo was granted by Tsar Peter I as an patrimony to boyar Lev Kirillovich Naryshkin, the brother of Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna - the mother of Peter I.
In Fili (Former village of Pokrovskoye - 2 km on northwest from the village of Fili) there is an outstanding monument of Russian architecture - the Church of the Intercession in Fili (1690-93; Naryshkin style). A centric temple of the “bell-shaped” type (when the building is completed by a bell tower) is located on a high basement, surrounded by an open walkway on arcades with three staircases. The quadrangle, which carries 2 tiers of octagons and an octagonal dome drum, is adjacent to the semicircular volumes of the vestibules and the altar. The slender composition and lush white stone decor give the building a solemn, elegant appearance.
On September 1 (13), during the Patriotic War of 1812, a military council convened by M. I. Kutuzov took place to decide the question: whether to give a battle near Moscow or leave the city without a fight. The council was attended by generals M. B. Barclay de Tolly, L. L. Bennigsen, D. S. Dokhturov, A. P. Ermolov, P. P. Konovnitsyn, L. I. Osterman-Tolstoy, N. N. Raevsky, K. F. Tol, F. S. Uvarov. After listening to various opinions of the generals, Kutuzov, based on the fact that the army was weakened in the Battle of Borodino in 1812, and the position chosen by Bennigsen near Moscow was unsuccessful, made the decision: without giving battle, leave Moscow (for, in his words, “with the loss of Moscow, also Russia") in order to preserve the army for the continuation of the war and to draw closer to suitable reserves. The hut of the peasant A. Frolov, in which the council took place, burned down in 1868, was restored in 1887, and since 1962 - a branch of the Battle of Borodino Panorama Museum.
In 1854, E.D. Naryshkin moved the village of Fili closer to the village of Pokrovskoye, in the old place only the Frolovs’ hut remained in which the famous council in Fili was held. By the middle of the 19th century, the Naryshkin family lost its possessions in Fili and the Kuntsevo area. In 1865, part of the estate was sold to the wealthy businessman Kuzma Terentyevich Soldatenkov, part - to the former manager G. Guryev and Shelaputin Pavel Grigorievich.
In 1870, the Moscow-Brest Railway passed through Fili and the Fili railway station was built, which stands as if on the border between the old village of Pokrovskoe-Khvili and the village of Fili. IN late XIX centuries, the village was already closely adjacent to Moscow. The majority of the population was engaged in vegetable gardening and horticulture, aimed at marketing in the city. In Fili there was a large dyeing and printing factory of the merchant Sergei Dmitrievich Kuzmichev with 589 workers. According to the 1926 census, there were 396 households in the village and 1,342 people lived. In 1916, on the northwestern outskirts of Fili, the Russo-Balt plant was built, evacuated from Riga. After the revolution, it was transferred into concession to the German company Junkers. On its basis, in the 30s, a large aircraft plant was created, which was later repurposed for the production of rockets and space objects. In 1935, Fili became part of Moscow.
Already in the 16th century, in the west of Moscow, at the confluence of the Khvyli River (from which, presumably, “Khvili” - Fili got its name) into the Moscow River, in a forested swampy area, on its right bank lay the village of Fili, part of Setunsky mill. The village and the vast lands around it with mid-16th century centuries under the Grand Duke Vasily III belonged to Prince Fyodor Mikhailovich Mstislavsky (?–1537 or 1540), then the estate passed to his son Prince Ivan Fedorovich (?–1586), who was the first governor under Ivan IV during the campaign against Kazan and in Livonian War. Prince Ivan Mstislavsky and his daughter Irina were involved in a boyar conspiracy against Boris Godunov. Having this time gained the upper hand over the boyars who were intriguing against him, Tsar Boris exiled Ivan Fedorovich Mstislavsky to the Kirillov Monastery, where he died, and his daughter Irina was tonsured as a nun. Ivan Fedorovich’s son, Prince Fedor Ivanovich (?–1624), escaped disgrace by playing last role during the Troubles.
In 1624, after the death of Prince Fyodor Ivanovich Mstislavsky, the estate on the Khvylya River passed to the only representative of the Mstislavsky family at that time, the elder of the Ascension Monastery, Princess Irina Ivanovna, after whose death the estate was taken into the treasury. The first mention of the village of Fili in censuses dates back to 1627. In the boyar estates on the banks of the Filka River at that time there were mansions, a wooden Church of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary (1619) with a chapel of the Conception of St. Anna, outbuildings. Several villages and wastelands were assigned to the village.
Since 1646, the village of Fili and the surrounding lands, including the village of Kuntsevo, was owned by the father-in-law of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, boyar Ilya Danilovich Miloslavsky. Then Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich gave Kuntsevo to his second father-in-law, boyar Kirill Poluektovich Naryshkin. Tsar Alexei himself, who came to hunt in these places, ordered to protect the “Khvilsky swamps” and not let anyone there. After the death of Ilya Danilovich in 1668, the village and surrounding lands went to the treasury, and in 1689, Tsar Peter Alekseevich granted the village of Fili to his uncle Lev Kirillovich Naryshkin, brother of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich’s second wife, Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna, mother of Peter I. In 1690, Lev Kirillovich buys the neighboring village of Kuntsevo from Andrei Artamonovich Matveev and begins to improve his vast property: builds a manorial wooden house with a tower and a clock in Fili, lays out a park with a system of three ponds along the Filka River, arranges a ferry crossing across the Moscow River (approximately in that place , where the Shelepikhinsky Bridge is now spanned). In the early 90s, by order of the Naryshkins, a magnificent Church of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary was built in the village, which marked the beginning of a special “Naryshkin” style in architecture, the so-called “Naryshkin” baroque. Exact time its buildings, as well as the name of the architect, are not known, however, on the surviving lamps, made especially for the new temple, it was possible to read the date - “1694”. It can be assumed that the church itself was built no later than this year. The treasury repeatedly allocated money for the construction of the church, and Tsar Peter himself donated four hundred chervonets - a huge amount for that time. Tradition says that Pyotr Alekseevich Romanov himself sang in the church choir. After the construction of the temple, the village began to officially be called Pokrovsky. Around 1704, shortly before his death, Lev Kirillovich Naryshkin suffered peasant yards a mile away former place, away from the master’s home, and placed them along the Mozhaisk road, near Poklonnaya Gora, where new village With former name Fili and stood for about 150 years until the middle of the 19th century.
After the death of Lev Kirillovich Naryshkin, extensive land holdings on the banks of the Filka went to his son Alexander Lvovich (1694–1745). The sons of the latter divided their father’s estate: Alexander Alexandrovich inherited Pokrovskoye and Fili, and Lev Alexandrovich (1733–1799) inherited Kuntsevo. Catherine II herself honored Alexander Alexandrovich and his wife Anna Ivanovna (née Rumyantseva) with a visit to Pokrovskoye. The Empress and her retinue arrived from Moscow, crossed the Moscow River on her own Naryshkin ferry and, to the ringing of bells and cannon fire, visited the Church of the Intercession, then a gala dinner was given in the manor house, after which the highest guest deigned to walk around the garden and inspect the yacht, “which before we start yet Russian fleet made and kept in the house of His Excellency in a specially arranged place.” After this excursion, Catherine II left for a camp “consisting of army regiments.”<…>watch the exercises in those military exercise regiments.” From Pokrovsky, the Empress went to Kuntsevo, to the estate of Lev Alexandrovich Naryshkin, in memory of which a linden alley from Pokrovsky to Kuntsevo, which has not survived to this day, was built (now Bolshaya Filevskaya Street runs here). Then, from the childless Alexander Alexandrovich (1726–1795), the estate in Fili passed to the youngest son of Lev Alexandrovich Naryshkin, Dmitry Lvovich (1764–1838).
From the time the new church was built in the village of Pokrovskoye until 1783, the upper church (Spassky) was used by the Naryshkins as a house church. A supernumerary clergy was established there, receiving payment from the owners of the estate for the services they performed there. The lower temple, which inherited its dedication in honor of the Intercession Mother of God from a wooden church that was previously on this site, it was also a parish church for the peasants of the village of Fili near Poklonnaya Gora.
In the second half of the 18th century, large surveying and surveying work began in Russia, among which work on general survey, announced by the manifesto of Catherine II. First, the land of the county town was surveyed, then the lands of villages and hamlets adjacent to the city lands. It was decided to begin land surveying in the Moscow province. To directly supervise these works, the Moscow Land Survey Office was formed in January 1766.
In 1773, the land surveying of the Moscow province was completed, and based on the results of this work, in 1774, “ Geographic map Moscow province". The map was printed on two sheets of copper engraving using the same color on a scale of 7 versts per inch. It was interesting to find on this map near the Dorogomilovskaya outpost the villages of Pokrovskoye and Fili. The village of Pokrovskoye is indeed on this map, there is also the village of Kuntsevo, but difficulties arose with the village of Fili. In the place, next to the Great Road, where the village of Fili should have been, we find a village called Filino. The nearby village of Davydkovo is named Davydovo on this map. Unfortunately, the quality of the facsimile playback unique card, undertaken in the series “Rarities of Russian Cartography” in 1995, leaves much to be desired, but the fact that the village of Fili on official map has a slightly different name, there is no doubt about it. Is this a cartographer's mistake? late XVIII centuries, or did the village actually officially bear a changed name for some time? In the history of Russia, this village will forever remain under the name Fili, but the events thanks to which descendants will remember this name will occur in the next century. It is also interesting that the “Plan of Moscow with the surrounding area” of 1763 shows two Fili villages: one near the Church of the Intercession on the left bank near the mouth of the Filka River, the other near Poklonnaya Gora.
The village of Fili, which at that time belonged to the chamberlain of his court Imperial Majesty Dmitry Lvovich Naryshkin and consisted of several peasant households, was located near Poklonnaya Gora, behind the Bolshaya Road, four miles from the Dorogomilovskaya outpost. Here, on September 1, 1812, on the edge of the village, in the house of the peasant Andrei Frolov, son of Sevastyanov, after our army abandoned the Borodino position, its main apartment was located. In the same hut, the commander-in-chief, Prince M.I. Kutuzov, convened the Military Council, which decided the fate of Moscow and predetermined the outcome of the Patriotic War of 1812. After listening to the opinion of the assembled generals, Kutuzov gave the order to the troops to leave Moscow without a fight and leave in two columns across the Dorogomilovsky Bridge and Zamoskvorechye to the Ryazan road.
On September 2, having pushed back Miloradovich’s rearguard, the main forces of the French took a position at Fili, the same one that the Russian army had occupied the day before. The advanced units of the French tried to quickly break into the city. Kutuzov set the head of the Russian rearguard, Infantry General Mikhail Andreevich Miloradovich, with the task of stopping the enemy by any means necessary. Through the envoy of the headquarters captain Akinfor, Miloradovich proposed to Murat - the commander of the vanguard of the Napoleonic army - to conclude a truce for four hours and warned that if the French want to occupy Moscow unharmed, they must stop the offensive and allow the Russian army to leave the city without interference, otherwise the Russians will defend every home and fight to the last. Murat accepted the offer.
Russian troops and numerous convoys with wounded continued to move through Moscow in a continuous stream. There were especially many of them near the Yauzsky Bridge. And again Miloradovich sent a parliamentarian to Murat with a proposal to extend the truce until 7 a.m. on September 3. The French command agreed this time too: they hoped that in this way Moscow would be occupied faster and without losses. Together with the army, its inhabitants left the city: out of more than 275,000 residents, about 6,000 remained in Moscow.
Having unsuccessfully waited on Poklonnaya Hill for a deputation of Muscovites with the conditions for the surrender of the city, Napoleon moved with his retinue to the Dorogomilovskaya outpost and spent the night there in the house of a local innkeeper. Only the next day, September 3, 1812, the French emperor, guarded by the guard, proceeded through empty Moscow to the Kremlin...
The Church of the Intercession in the village of Pokrovskoye did not suffer significant damage from the French invasion. The adversaries set up a stable in the lower church, and a trash can in the upper one. The church utensils were saved through the efforts of the merchant and antique dealer Shukhov: a hiding place was built in the wall of the northern chapter; the masons who carried out this secret work were sent home to the Vladimir province upon completion. In 1813 the church was consecrated again.