In 1765, the State Land Survey, begun in 1754 by Elizaveta Petrovna, was continued. To streamline landownership, it was necessary to accurately determine the boundaries of the land holdings of individuals, peasant communities, cities, churches and other land owners. The general survey was caused by frequent land disputes. Verification of ancient ownership rights caused stubborn resistance among the nobility, since by the middle of the 18th century the landowners owned numerous unauthorized government lands. The general survey was preceded by the creation of 03/05. 1765 Commission on general land surveying and then the publication of the Manifesto on September 19. 1765 with the “general rules” attached to it. According to the manifesto, the government presented the landowners with a huge fund of land, numbering about 70 million dessiatines (about 70 million hectares).
The manifesto declared the actual possessions of the landowners as legal in 1765 in the absence of a dispute over them. (The number of disputes about general land surveying is negligible - about 10% of all “dachas”). In 1766, on the basis of the “general rules”, instructions were issued for land surveyors and boundary provincial offices and provincial offices. In the process of general land surveying, lands were assigned not to the owners, but to cities and villages. The instructions regulated in detail the conditions for the allocation of land to various categories of the population and institutions. Plans were drawn up for individual land “dachas” on a scale of 100 fathoms per inch (1:8400), which were then compiled into general district plans on a scale of 1 verst per inch (1:42000). The specificity of general land surveying was that the configuration of a particular property was based on the boundaries of ancient scribe “dachas”. Because of this, within the framework of the “dacha” there were often the possessions of several persons or joint possessions of the landowner and state peasants. The general survey was accompanied by the sale of unoccupied government lands at cheap prices. This took on a particularly large scale in the southern black soil and steppe regions, to the detriment of the nomadic and semi-nomadic population. The typical feudal character of general land surveying manifested itself in relation to urban land ownership and seizures. For each built-up fathom of pasture land, secured by the latest scribal descriptions, the city paid fines.
The general survey was accompanied by a grandiose theft of the lands of single-lords, state peasants, tribute peoples, etc. The general survey was all-imperial and mandatory for landowners. It was accompanied by a study of the economic state of the country. All plans contained “economic notes” (about the number of souls, about quitrent and corvee, about the quality of land and forests, about crafts and industrial enterprises, about memorable places, etc.). The unique collection of general survey plans and maps includes about 200 thousand storage units. The special plans were accompanied by a field note from the surveyor, a field journal and a survey book. The results of general land surveying before the October Revolution remained the basis of civil law relations in the field of land law in Russia. The strengthening of serfdom and prolonged wars placed a heavy burden on the masses, and the growing peasant movement grew into the Peasant War under the leadership of E.I. Pugachev 1773-75
The suppression of the uprising determined the transition of Catherine II to a policy of open reaction. If in the first years of her reign Catherine II pursued a liberal policy, then after the Peasant War a course was taken to strengthen the dictatorship of the nobility. The period of political romance was replaced by a period of political realism. The Russian-Turkish War (1768-76) became a convenient reason for suspending internal reforms, and the Pugachev region had a sobering effect, which made it possible to develop new tactics. The golden age of the Russian nobility begins. Satisfying the interests of the nobility comes to the fore for Catherine II.
Century. The materials of the General Land Survey that have survived to this day are various plans of land plots (both one plot and general ones, for example, of a county), economic notes to the plans (contain information about possessions, lands belonging to individual villages, hamlets, as well as information about the occupations of the population), survey books (contain a description of the boundaries of a particular site), field notes (contain various documents drawn up directly during the survey, for example, survey moves, disputes, announcements of owners, oaths of witnesses), etc.
Examples of General Survey materials
Thaly and the Krutoy ravine (fragment of the General Land Survey plan).jpeg
Fragment of the plan for the General Survey of counties and provinces of the Russian Empire. Bogucharsky district. Scale: 2 versts in inches (1 cm-840m, 1:84000).
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Literature
- Shibanov F. A. General surveying is a new stage in mapping the territory of Russia in the last third of the 18th century. // Vestnik Leningr. un-ta. Geology. Geography. - 1966. - Issue. 4. - pp. 125-128.
- Smolitskaya G. P. Maps of the General Survey of Russia as a source of toponymic research // Development of methods of toponymic research. - M., 1970.
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An excerpt characterizing the General Survey
“You don’t hold on to a woman’s skirt for not being overdue.” Service comes first. Thank you, thank you! - And he continued to write, so that splashes flew from the crackling pen. - If you need to say something, say it. I can do these two things together,” he added.- About my wife... I’m already ashamed that I’m leaving her in your arms...
- Why are you lying? Say what you need.
- When it’s time for your wife to give birth, send to Moscow for an obstetrician... So that he is here.
The old prince stopped and, as if not understanding, stared with stern eyes at his son.
“I know that no one can help unless nature helps,” said Prince Andrei, apparently embarrassed. – I agree that out of a million cases, one is unfortunate, but this is her and my imagination. They told her, she saw it in a dream, and she is afraid.
“Hm... hm...” the old prince said to himself, continuing to write. - I'll do it.
He drew out the signature, suddenly turned quickly to his son and laughed.
- It's bad, huh?
- What's bad, father?
- Wife! – the old prince said briefly and significantly.
“I don’t understand,” said Prince Andrei.
“There’s nothing to do, my friend,” said the prince, “they’re all like that, you won’t get married.” Do not be afraid; I won't tell anyone; and you know it yourself.
He grabbed his hand with his bony little hand, shook it, looked straight into his son’s face with his quick eyes, which seemed to see right through the man, and laughed again with his cold laugh.
The son sighed, admitting with this sigh that his father understood him. The old man, continuing to fold and print letters, with his usual speed, grabbed and threw sealing wax, seal and paper.
- What to do? Beautiful! I'll do everything. “Be at peace,” he said abruptly while typing.
Andrei was silent: he was both pleased and unpleasant that his father understood him. The old man stood up and handed the letter to his son.
“Listen,” he said, “don’t worry about your wife: what can be done will be done.” Now listen: give the letter to Mikhail Ilarionovich. I am writing to tell him to use you in good places and not keep you as an adjutant for a long time: it’s a bad position! Tell him that I remember him and love him. Yes, write how he will receive you. If you are good, serve. Nikolai Andreich Bolkonsky’s son will not serve anyone out of mercy. Well, now come here.
GENERAL MOUNTING - in the Russian Empire in 1765 - mid-19th century, a set of government measures to describe and map the land fund.
His non-ob-ho-di-mostness would have called you to a non-persistent legal entity. the basis of the land and from the day-st-vi-em of a single state. sis-te-we study the land-but-th background. In practice, the os-no-va-ni-em of the ownership of the land served for her baptism of the land -business, borders of power op-re-de-la-li as borders of economic areas in villages. A significant number of land-spores, a large amount of land, os-false, were associated with this - the traditional right of land-owners to use op-re-de-len-my lands on someone else’s land (right- in “entry-yes”). From-the-sut-st-vieh the precisely designated borders of mass-si-va ka-zen-nyh forests and empty lands at-to-di-lo to their ak -tiv-but-mu for-grab the cha-st-ny-mi of the owners-del-tsa-mi, for-ra-zo-va-niu of “exemplary” lands - for-nya- who arrived in a row, without issuing certificates from the veterinarians.
The beginning of the general land survey was announced by the ma-ni-fest of Empress Eka-te-ri-na II dated September 19 (30), 1765. At the same time with him from-da-ny “Ge-ne-ral-nye pra-vi-la”, on the basis of which Me-same-howl -mis-si-ey dis-ra-bo-ta-ny in-st-ru-tion of land-le-me-ram from 13 (24).02.1766, as well as the inter-same gu-bern to the Kan-tse-la-ri-yam and pro-provincial con-to-rams from 05.25 (06.05).1766. They spoke of the principles of general land surveying, which were essentially based on the principle of checking the authorities. business rights, because of something, on-tal-ki-va-ya with the co-op-tion of the nobility, tolerated I had no luck before trying to establish a common inter-measure.
The government is from the re-instatement of the government from different origins and different periods of time -men-ta-tions, which were previously a legal basis for ownership, and lived in the basis -pro-ve-de-niya of general land surveying, the principle of actual ownership of lands as of 1765. This is the reason for the transfer to the court of the entire fund of “exemplary” lands, amounting to over 70 million dessiatines ( about 76.5 million hectares).
The main condition for the transfer is from disputes with other lands. The land disputes that re-emerged after 1765 were recognized as not being good for the future -the previous frequent debates would have created extremely restrictive conditions - they should have been presented before -ku-men-you have the right to own your lands and te-rya-whether. including “exemplary” lands.
In addition, there was practically a wide-spread pro-da-zha of the ka-zen lands adjacent to their control -de-ni-yam. When intervening lands, they came not to the names of the owners, but to the names of villages and deserts. to-shay; unite-same-in-go description of sta-la da-cha - ter-ri-to-ri-al-but whole-st-complex, group by -se-le-niy, on-se-le-nie or desert with from-but-siv-shi-mi-sya to them lands.
Intermediate workers are or-ga-ni-for-qi-on-but were they from-de-le-ny from the Vo-rank college, re-gu-whether -ro-vav-shay in-pro-sy of the land-le-vla-de-niya, and re-da-na in the ve-de-ness of the creation in 1765 under Se-na-te Me -zhe-howl ex-pe-di-tion (since 1794, Inter-zhe-howl department of Se-na-ta). Not-in-the-middle-st-ven-but or-ga-ni-za-tsi-ey ra-bot ru-ko-vo-di-li Inter-vai can-ce-la-ria (until 1777 Moscow gu-bern inter-country office) and the establishment of inter-territorial offices on the spot.
General surveying is carried out by bri-ga-da-mi lands-le-me-rov, which are in the course of work with plans land ownership (about 200 thousand during the period of general surveying) and “left-hand records”. At the end of the inter-city, they co-created its general plans, re-re-ra -bo-tan-nye then in at-la-sy, as well as their own-about-different land ca-dastre - that-ma “Eco-no-mi-che-skih at -me-cha-niy", in which there was statistical information about the village, land, ho -zya-st-ve, di-koy pri-ro-de (pus-to-shi, le-sa) for each and every district and in general.
Despite the fact that the nobility as a whole was satisfied with the prin-ci-pa-mi of the general land surveying, me- the same caused significant tension in society and pro-in-the-moment at one time, but only in -how many guber-ni-yahs. By the middle of the 19th century it passed to B. part of European Russia, during the general survey there were over 300 million hectares of land. In the vicinity of other provinces with significant special interests in the land, general land surveying is not carried out or -in-di-elk on the basis of special-tsi-al-but-given rules.
Regarding the magnitude of the error allowed during land surveying, there is no indication in the instructions of Catherine II, but subsequently, in the year, a special highest order was given, which was later included in the Land Survey Laws (Article 818), that “when verifying land surveying, when specially, do not consider incorrect those plans for special surveying in which the difference against nature will be in the declination of the line, i.e. in the angle, by one quarter of a degree, and in the measure of the line: up to 50 fathoms - 1/2 fathom, from 50 to 100 fathoms - 1 fathom, from 100 to 250 fathoms - 2 fathoms and further, assuming 1 1/3 fathoms for each verst. Thus, an owner who, according to the G. plan, has land surveying of tithes, in reality can have from 990 to tithes, between However, with the methods of accurate surveying developed by modern science, and assuming an error in measuring the length of lines by 1/5000, the error in determining the same area will be slightly more than 1/3 of a dessiatine. [Methods of land surveying used in Western Europe are far ahead of the primitive method of our land surveying , which has remained unchanged since the year; for example, going around a circumferential or boundary boundary with an astrolabe and measuring it with a chain was prohibited in Prussia already at the beginning of this century.].
Lecture No. 5
GENERAL AND SPECIAL MOUNTING (1766-1882)
Special surveys
The need for general surveying
By the middle of the XVIII century. land relations in Russia were very confused. The landholdings of the nobles with the lands arbitrarily annexed to them were not formalized in a legal manner, and therefore the state did not count very large sums in the treasury. Many estates did not have established boundaries. Easements with an indefinite scope of rights introduced uncertainty into the use of lands such as forests, as well as the use of watering places, driveways, etc. On this basis, misunderstandings and disputes constantly arose. Many properties were located in stripes, had irregular boundaries and other shortcomings. Everything pointed to the need for urgent measures to streamline relations regarding the ownership and use of land. This function was performed by land surveyors. The nobles were especially interested in their implementation, as they sought to secure for themselves all the lands in their actual possession.
The unsettled nature of land relations and unsuccessful attempts at land surveying during the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna, according to the instructions of 1754, forced the government to change its approach to the matter. Therefore, during the reign of Catherine II (1762-1796), new work began on the delimitation of Russian lands.
Land survey institutions were the first to be transformed. By decree of October 16, 1762, the Main Land Survey Office was closed and moved to Moscow, and the cases on Ingermanland in the Main Land Survey Office were transferred to St. Petersburg to the Patrimonial Office."
From now on The Land Survey Office - the main Russian land survey state institution - began to be located in Moscow on the territory of the Kremlin government offices. All Russian monarchs understood the inviolability and importance of land management in the country. Due to this The boundary office existed almost unchanged from the mid-18th century to the beginning of the 20th century, that is, almost 150 years.
On December 15, 1763, it was decided to close the Moscow Boundary Office and transfer all affairs to the Patrimonial Collegium and its departments. Thus, by 1765, the organization of state surveying became the following.
At the head Senate , then second instance Patrimonial Collegium , then provincial and city surveyors who carried out surveys in connection with the instructions of the Senate and instructions 1754
Catherine II, by decree of February 20, 1765, approved a commission for state land surveying. The commission was instructed prepare, based on a study of the shortcomings of land surveying according to the instructions of 1754, a draft of the basic rules of state land surveying. IN Russia began land reform, called "General survey" and lasted almost 100 years (from 1765 to 1861).
The legal basis for the general survey was the government manifesto published on September 19, 1765, as well as the “General Rules given by the Land Survey Commission published on the same day.
The manifesto announced that all borders on September 19, 1765 should be considered indisputable. This meant that landowners were recognized as the owners of all approximate lands that were within the boundaries of their possessions.
The principle of “amicable withdrawal” of borders by the landowners themselves was put forward, instead of the previous principle of “revision and reduction”. The main task of the general survey was to survey the lands and approve the boundaries of land ownership.
To encourage landowners to make such a delimitation of land, the government deprived the disputants of benefits for the approximate lands that they might have. They could receive no more than 10 quarters of the approximate land out of 100; the rest was taken to the treasury.
In 1766, two survey instructions were created that determined the organization and procedure for general surveying: for land surveyors and for survey agencies. Catherine’s boundary motto, engraved on the drawing of the boundary stamp, sounded: "Each to his own."
The land surveyor of Catherine’s land survey is not a judge and investigator who punishes the guilty and suppresses resistance to land survey by force (as under Elizabeth), he is primarily only an executor and conciliator of those warring over land ownership.”
Since the time of Catherine II, society has realized that land wealth is the future of the country. Therefore, land surveying was considered sacred (state surveyors (surveyors) began to take an oath.
General survey procedure
The task of the General Land Survey: taking measurements and establishing indisputable boundaries between adjacent owners by consent or by amicable divorce. These were the boundaries of the dachas of the general survey , from which it was subsequently possible to move on to a detailed “special” delimitation.
For general surveying, they represented large plots of land, within which there could be lands of a general, interstitial and even controversial nature, or lands of one large estate, lands gravitating towards one or several villages, lands of different ownership (landowner, church, etc. .)
Dachas were not identified by owner, since land rights were not checked , and by the names of the area: villages, hamlets, wastelands, etc. Borders were indicated by the following boundary signs: 1) intersections or clearings; 2) a pillar at the turn and 3) a hole. .
During the general survey, the following documents were drawn up: 1) field journal, where all the data obtained from field measurements were recorded 2 ) daily log it described his work and served as a reporting tool for the land surveyor 3) in economic journal , a description was made in a certain form of all the economic properties of the bordered dacha.
At the end of the survey, for each dacha, the general survey was drawn up boundary documents: 1) plan and 2) boundary book. Shooting during general surveying was carried out astrolabe and chain, plans general surveying were compiled according to magnetic meridian, according to bearings, indicating the declination of the magnetic needle, and the directions, angles and measures of lines were inscribed on them. The entire plan and all its digital data were described in words in a special survey book; If the plan was lost, it could be restored using this book.
Surveys, plans and survey books of the general survey were compiled by trained surveyors; they created valuable material on land surveying, which was used even in the 20th century. Catherine's boundary law made a revolution. In one summer it was demarcated 2710 dachas with a total area of 1,020,153 acres, that is almost 18 times more than during 10 years under Elizabeth. In general, the general survey lasted almost 100 years. It was held in 35 provinces of Russia.
By the end of the 70s of the XVIII century. land affairs were under the jurisdiction of various government and management bodies. On the highest level These were Governing Senate , Boundary department and Boundary office . At the local level, boundary issues were resolved by provincial drawing offices (at the provincial level), intermediary offices in charge of producing regional land surveys (in Transcaucasia, Little Russia, Bashkiria).
General survey was carried out at the initiative of the state and was obligatory for all landowners.
During the reign of Paul 1 (1796-1801), the Land Survey Office, like all other institutions, ceased to be collegial. In 1796, the composition of surveyors, surveyor students and clerical ranks of the Land Survey Office was strengthened, the positions of two directors were introduced to manage the archive and the drawing room . In 1797, the office of a prosecutor was established at the chancellery, who oversaw the performance of their duties by officials
In 1835, the Code of Land Survey Laws, published in 1832, came into force g (report). He determined the composition of the Land Survey Office, the subject of its jurisdiction, its place in the system of judicial and survey authorities, the procedure for appointing the head-director, members of the presence and other officials.
At the beginning of the 19th century. The survey office and survey offices formed a single whole - the survey department, called the Survey Corps, supervision over the activities of survey institutions was transferred to it. The Land Survey Office was entrusted with completing the work on general and cost (at its own expense) land surveying. The archives of the Land Survey Office were responsible for issuing copies of plans and survey books to landowners and institutions. The volume of work was very large, with an average of 6,000 to 6,300 copies issued per year.
By decree of June 17, 1836, administrative power for the land survey department was concentrated in a separate Office of the Chief Director of the Land Survey Corps under the management and supervision of the Ministry of Justice
On May 14, 1779, the Konstantinovsky Land Surveying School was opened, which gave rise to two currently known universities: the State University of Land Management (GUZ) and MGUGiK (MIGAiK).
Since 1870, the position of manager of the Mezhevoy part was filled by such famous people as Sergei Ivanovich Rozhnov, Mikhail Ivanovich Muravyov (brother of the Decembrist Alexander Muravyov, he himself was a member of the early Decembrist societies, was involved in the investigation, but was acquitted), senator Vladimir Konstantinovich Rzhevsky, who came from the nobility Oryol province.
Very enlightened people also served in the Boundary Office. In the funds of the Boundary Chancellery, the original petition has been preserved in the name of Empress Catherine II (1779) for the enrollment of retired artillery lieutenant Pyotr Yuryevich Lermontov, the grandfather of the great Russian poet, into the service of the Boundary Chancellery. He was enlisted as a land surveyor at the age of 22 and sent to the disposal of the Kostroma Land Survey Office
The following people served in the Boundary Office: a famous Russian poet, a close friend of A.S. Pushkin, Pyotr Andreevich Vyazemsky (1807), poet E. A. Baratynsky, father of the Russian mathematician N. I. Lobachevsky I. M. Lobachevsky, served from 1777 to 1779 as a provincial registrar, son of the poet F. I. Tyutchev D. F. Tyutchev, worked from 1865 to 1873 in the chancellery, N. I. Yudenich - the father of the famous general, hero of the First World War N. N. Yudenich, served as a court adviser, teacher of mathematics at the Konstantinovsky Land Survey Institute.
The Land Survey Corps united extraordinary people who contributed to the glory of the country and brought considerable benefits to Russia, both in terms of land surveying and in other areas of public activity.
The emergence of the provincial Boundary Section dates back to 1775, when, according to the “Institution on the Governorates,” a provincial surveyor was appointed to each province, and a district surveyor to each district. All of them were members of the provincial boards, and initially they were not allowed to carry out survey work performed by survey offices. Only in 1806, when the rules for special land surveying were established, did they receive such a right.
Work on general surveying in Russia revealed a shortage of land management personnel. The preparation of land surveyors fell to the survey institutions - the Survey Expedition of the Governing Senate and the Survey Office. By decree of April 23, 1779, the Land Survey Expedition ordered the Land Survey Office to establish a Land Surveying School. The school was opened on May 27, 1779, as the date coincided with the celebrations of the birth of Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich; therefore it was called Konstantinovskaya.
1779 Konstantinovsky Land Surveying School, 1819 renamed into a school, 1916 into the Konstantinovsky Land Survey Institute, 1918 into the Moscow Land Survey Institute.
In 1930, the Moscow Land Survey Institute was divided into two independent higher educational institutions: the Moscow Institute of Land Management (since 1945 - MIIZ, since 1992 - GUZ (State University for Land Management) and the Moscow Geodetic Institute (later MIG AiK).
Special surveys
The main goal of the General Land Survey of the late 18th century. in Russia consisted of covering the country with a network of general dachas (districts) with firmly fortified legal and technical boundaries. Dachas, as a rule, included the lands of not one, but several landowners and land users. Land surveying almost did not concern the relations between landowners within the boundaries of land use. The separation of owners was allowed only in rare cases when all owners of the land agreed to divorce amicably. They had the right to “voluntarily divorce their neighbors within the borders” by inviting a “kosht” land surveyor for these purposes at their own expense. These actions are called "your own cost survey ».
The land survey proceeded very slowly, as agreements between the parties were difficult to reach. The owner, who invited a land surveyor at his own expense, was often accused by neighbors of dishonesty and partiality. Therefore, the government itself was forced to begin delimiting the properties located within the boundaries of the dachas of the general survey, “that is, to begin the so-called special surveying. As the number of generally demarcated dachas increased, the question of special demarcation became more and more urgent.
For this reason, on October 2, 1806, the Highest approved Rules on the special demarcation of general dachas through district land surveyors (PSZ, No. 22305), whose positions were introduced back in 1775, were issued. The procedure established by this law for individual land surveys in generally demarcated areas was confirmed when publication of the instructions to provincial and district land surveyors approved on July 31, 1828 (PSZ, No. 2203).
According to the rules, provincial and especially district land surveyors had to do everything possible to facilitate the delimitation of common dachas for general surveying. This stage of special land surveying work, which lasted about 30 years, was called land surveying through county surveyors. In this procedure, landowners who shared a common dacha drew up an agreement, called a “love story,” in the form of a written legal act. In it they set out the conditions for demarcating their lands, that is, they actually agreed on their borders.
According to the rules of 1806, the love story was transferred to the district court, which considered the conditions of demarcation and, after their approval, asked the provincial government to send a land surveyor. Land surveyors also carried out work in kind and drew up land survey documents; they were required to design boundaries on a copy of the master plan. After checking and certifying their work by the district court, the Land Survey Office issued landowners with documents for separate ownership
Special land surveying through county surveyors was designed for private initiative. It was carried out subject to the general consent of all owners to demarcate the lands. This was quite difficult to do due to the strong cross-strip and complex economic and legal relationships between the co-owners. Therefore, special land surveying occurred rather slowly.
The legislative act that served as the basis for accelerating special land surveying was a personal decree of June 12, 1850
The district courts had to establish through judicial proceedings the rights of those landowners who could not agree on the establishment of boundary lines. This stage of land surveying lasted until 1913.
The first interfarm land management projects began to appear. Taking into account the fact that many landowners, having accurate information about the location of their lands on plans in a graphical representation, information about their qualitative condition, asked to send commissions for the indisputable division of lands and the compilation of a love story.
Such projects were called cutting plans . The demarcation project was approved and transferred to reality.
From the second half of the 18th century. and before the reform of 1861, the land arrangement of peasants assigned to various departments took place, and land surveying of the most remote areas of Russia continued. The essence of the land structure of peasants was to equalize the allotments of rural societies to a set size (8 dessiatines per capita in low-land districts and up to 15 in large-land districts) and to establish the size of quitrents to the state treasury.