Education SNK. What was the national composition of the first Bolshevik government?

TOO GOOD FAKES

EVIDENCE OF GUILTY

ANYONE CAN OFFEND AN ARTIST

ONE FOR ALL

Baranov had no friends, because friends like to visit without knocking. For suspicious neighbors, he regularly organized a “day open doors" Curious old women who looked into the workshop had a view of the metalworking machine, the enlarger and the developing tanks - Baranov hid all the most interesting things in disassembled form under the shelves. Only a suspicious neighbor-hunter continued to believe that Baranov was pouring shot in the barn at night.

Finally, in 1976, having printed another sample of a fifty-ruble note, he could not find any differences in it from a real fifty-ruble note. The fake was only revealed by the watermark. “I made him fifteen years younger,” explains Baranov. “I didn’t like the old one.” You could start getting rich. But, oddly enough, Baranov did not rush to print suitcases of money. Even the police admit that Baranov used his money machine very modestly. The only serious acquisition in all these years was a car. And then, according to Viktor Ivanovich, the entire amount was paid to him from honest labor savings. “I didn’t go to restaurants, I didn’t smoke, I didn’t drink, I didn’t have girls. And there was no TV, there was only a small refrigerator. I didn’t need to - I was doing work.” All the money was spent on the production of new equipment. He did not give counterfeit bills to his family. “My wife once asked where the money came from,” Baranov recalls. - I said that I offer my inventions to factories. I didn’t give my wife a lot of money - 25, 30, 50 rubles.”

In parallel with his study of coinage, Baranov observed the behavior of sellers in the markets in order to understand how money “moves.” For example, fishmongers always take banknotes wet hands, meat traders often have blood on their hands. Caucasians willingly accept new crisp banknotes. As a result, Baranov added 70 fifty dollars, after which he decided to give up on them. Tired of candy wrappers.

AGAIN TWENTY FIVE

ARREST OF BARANOV

INVENTOR OF THE WHEEL AND GLUE

Viktor Baranov is a criminal legend of the USSR. He can safely be called the king of counterfeiters of all times. No one had ever been able to achieve such quality in counterfeit banknotes before. In 1977, only an accident led the police to the counterfeiter. The meticulous cashier noticed a shift in the wave - the cliché was placed backwards. The state machine shook. An attempt was made on the holy of holies of any power - money!

The future counterfeiter drove Mikhail Gorbachev

Victor's parents were officials in Moscow. When he turned 16, the family moved to Stavropol. Here he attended art school and began to paint professionally. In those years, he did not have any thoughts about counterfeiting money. In the army he was secretary of the Komsomol organization, after demobilization he worked as a driver in the Stavropol regional party committee. I even gave Mikhail Gorbachev a lift a couple of times.

A few years later, Baranov changed jobs - he moved to a winery. They paid more there. At the enterprise, he proposed to the management one of his first inventions - a folding box. Using such boxes, it was possible to increase the machine load 10 times. However, the chief engineer, patting the inventor on the shoulder, said: “Ivanovich, why the hell do you and I need this?..”

Baranov has been preparing the release of the first banknote for 6 years

Ideas were constantly swarming in Viktor Ivanovich’s head, but his brilliant mind demanded real action. And since Baranov read a lot, he knew that Soviet money had one of the highest levels of protection and it was impossible to counterfeit it... But not Baranov. An application for talent has been found!

To issue his first banknote, Baranov mastered 18 specialties. Having 10 years of education, he studied the entire world experience of printing, paint and paper production. According to the master, for nine years (!) he traveled to Moscow, where he did not leave scientific libraries. There Victor studied books on chemistry and printing. It took Baranov three and a half years to develop his paper and technology for making watermarks. He devoted another two and a half years to developing paints and cliches. As a result, Baranov managed to create his own composition for etching copper, with the help of which a matrix was made - the basis for the imprint of the future banknote. Moreover, instead of five hours as at Goznak, Baranovsky etching lasted two minutes!

Viktor Ivanovich ordered all the parts for numerous machines and machines according to his drawings at various factories. He told everyone that they were needed for the production of jewelry. He collected all the machines in his barn on Zheleznodorozhnaya Street (now visitors to the Central Museum of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in Moscow look at these rarities).

First batch

The master took the first batch of his masterpieces - seventy fifty-ruble bills - to Krasnodar, exchanged them and did not make them again. They were too simple to make. The most difficult note to execute was the 25 ruble banknote. She became the pinnacle of Baranov’s creation...

At this very time, hundreds of artists, chemists, printers and photographers were working in the fifteen-story building of the Goznak Research Institute. And then, out of the blue, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the KGB fell on printing specialists - counterfeit “quarters” began to circulate around the country.

Experts who conducted a scientific examination of the fakes stated that creating such technology using a homemade method is impossible. The Ministry of Internal Affairs investigators had two options: either financial sabotage was carried out by some foreign power, or the matrices and technologies were stolen from the Goznak plant.

For a whole year, there were inquiries about how and who managed to take possession of the matrices. The result is zero. Only a year later, experts erased upper layer paint and found under it, on the bill, a small inappropriate stroke. The factory breathed a sigh of relief - the matrices are not ours! The version of the organs was collapsing before our eyes. Then the EMVA officers took on the regions.

He was detained with a suitcase of money

Gradually, counterintelligence officers and the police reached the Stavropol Territory - it was here that counterfeit, and at the same time practically real, banknotes had the greatest circulation. Special squads checked all people, without exception, exchanging twenty-five ruble bills. All sellers of markets and shops were warned: if suspicion arises, contact the police.

On his fateful day, April 12, 1977, Viktor Ivanovich arrived in the city of Cherkessk with a whole suitcase of money. At the market, he offered an elderly Adyghe man to exchange two twenty-five ruble bills. The elder turned out to be vigilant and reported Baranov’s request to the police.

The protocol stated that the detained Viktor Baranov, a resident of the city of Stavropol, had with him a large amount of money in 25 ruble bills... It is noteworthy that Baranov drove the outfit to the Circassian police department in his car.

At the police station, the detainee himself admitted to the pale investigator: “I am the one you are looking for!” Soon, an escort of five cars with sirens and flashing lights turned on was rushing towards Stavropol. And on the desks of Secretary General Leonid Brezhnev and Minister of Internal Affairs Shchelokov, reports were laid that the counterfeiter had been caught.

At first, no one could believe that some self-taught artisan in a barn could make real money. The highest officials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs flocked to Stavropol for the investigative experiment. And only when the machine produced a twenty-five-ruble bill printed on plain paper did they finally believe it was him.

A “socially dangerous” genius was jailed for 12 years

In the Butyrka prison, the “Stavropol printer” was in great demand. A general from the Ministry of Internal Affairs came to him and took consultations. He brought a whole bunch of counterfeit banknotes and asked how they were made and how to get on the trail of the counterfeiters. However, these crude fakes could not be compared with Baranov’s works.

The chief technologist of Goznak communicated most with the master. It was to him that Baranov revealed the secret of copper etching and his “handicraft technology.”

Baranov answered questions honestly and even offered the technologist his development of a pencil, the stroke of which would identify a fake. He was told that there was a special machine and the state would somehow manage without his ideas (exactly three months later, the Americans released their own similar identification pencil. - V.V.).

Conversations with the chief technologist ended with the resolution: “... very smart and very dangerous for society.” Science officials did not need a person who could replace an entire institute. The verdict was delivered: Viktor Ivanovich was given 12 years in prison.

In the zone, the king of counterfeits was almost killed

Once in the Pyatigorsk distribution center, Baranov almost said goodbye to his life. The wolf's law ruled here. For several days the masters beat me just like that, because there was nothing to do.

But Viktor Ivanovich remembers with pride the seven years spent in the ITK of the city of Dimitrovgrad, in the Ulyanovsk region. He pulled all the artistic activities on himself. The management of the ITK was delighted with Baranov’s presentation. At a performance, a giant painted barge could float onto the stage, pulled by ropes by prison barge haulers, and behind the stage the choir would say, “Oh, little club, let’s whoop!”

After serving most of his sentence, Baranov was exiled to a settlement in the Ural village of Kolva, not far from Solikamsk. Here, too, he never ceased to amaze people. The maestro painted a huge portrait of Lenin assembled from fragments. Each shield, and there were 18 of them, barely fit in his wretched little room. Residents of the village did not believe that when they collected the “pieces of the leader”, the mosaic would match. However, Ilyich coincided to within a millimeter! Soon a portrait measuring four by nine meters towered over Kolva and was visible from several kilometers away.

Housework

Upon returning to Stavropol, Viktor Ivanovich organized his own company. He began producing women's perfumes and linen fragrances made from natural oils. However, when the market was filled with Chinese consumer goods, the work withered. Then he introduced the world to fire-resistant car paint, which retained its color even in acid, but again brilliant inventions Nobody was interested in Baranov...

Knowing about Baranov’s past, he is occasionally approached with a request to forge a seal or ID. However, Baranov gave up crime. To my question, which modern banknotes are the most secure, he answered this way:

– All banknotes are ours and state ones – aerobatics! But everything that is created by a person can be repeated by another person.

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King of counterfeiters Soviet Union often called Viktor Ivanovich Baranov. It stands apart among well-known manufacturers in Russia counterfeit money.

Experienced police officers admit that “there are no more artists of this level,” although experts have to deal with much more advanced fakes. IN Central Museum The Ministry of Internal Affairs even equipped a special stand dedicated to the activities of Viktor Baranov.
He grew up in the Moscow region, in a wealthy family. Mom is a sales worker, father is an employee of the prosecutor's office. As a child, Victor looked at the banknotes of Tsarist Russia with admiration. He was sixteen when the family moved to the Stavropol region. Victor studied at art school. “After all, the blood of an artist flows in me,” says Baranov. “My uncle, who was burned in a tank at the front, was an artist. And before the army I painted pictures - “Alyonushka”, “Three Hunters”, went out into the open air, painted from life.” After serving in the army, Victor got a job as a freight forwarder in the Stavropol Regional Party Committee, which was headed by the future President of the USSR Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev.
The work did not bring Baranov creative satisfaction - his extraordinary inventive abilities were not used. He proposed to the Committee on Inventions under the Council of Ministers of the USSR original solution potato sorting problems. He was refused under a far-fetched pretext, saying that the application was completed incorrectly. Baranov tried to introduce folding boxes for transporting glass containers at the winery, but the chief engineer dismissed the inventor as if he were an annoying fly.
What prompted him to take up the production of counterfeit money? Many researchers of the Baranov Case believe that it was a thirst for profit, easy enrichment. Viktor Ivanovich himself says that he wanted to challenge Goznak and did not intend to flood the country with fakes.
From Baranov’s testimony: “At first I decided to penetrate the secret of printing - both high and intaglio. I went to the regional library named after. M.Yu. Lermontov, where he was registered, and began to take for reading, or rather, viewing, various books on printing. But I didn’t find anything I needed. Then the book “Entertaining Electroplating Engineering” fell into my hands. In this book, a description of a photosensitive solution was made. This was around 1971. Due to the nature of my work, I had to visit the printing house of the publishing house of the newspaper “Stavropolskaya Pravda”, where I had the opportunity to see letterpress clichés. While visiting the printing house, I began collecting various papers there, believing that they could serve as samples for research. I understood that a primitive approach to solving this problem would not yield results. Therefore, I soon went to Moscow to the Library. Lenin for the study of printed literature."
Baranov set up a workshop in a barn next to his house. He understood what difficult task put it in front of me. But he had plenty of wit. Eg, printed forms he tried to engrave using... a dental drill.
The work was in full swing when Baranov was suddenly called to the police! Has he been exposed?

Baranov came to the Stavropol police department expecting the worst. But he was worried in vain. The head of the personnel department invited him to drive the general, the head of the Internal Affairs Directorate of the Stavropol Territory. Baranov at that time worked as a driver at the motor depot of the Stavropol Regional Committee of the CPSU, among his responsible “clients” was First Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev. Viktor Ivanovich refused the flattering offer.
After a visit to the police, Baranov realized that his secluded lifestyle could arouse suspicion among his comrades. He began to visit friends more often and relax more.
It took him four years to learn how to make watermarks and paper similar to Gosznak’s, two and a half years to select ink for intaglio printing, and another year to prepare the ink composition for letterpress printing. He ordered parts for the equipment piece by piece from friends at Stavropol enterprises. I bought chemicals secondhand at a transformer plant.
It was believed that it was almost impossible to reproduce the security grid on banknotes - complex patterns superimposed on each other. Externally, the patterns looked like faded stains. Baranov, having “disassembled” the protective mesh layer by layer, was surprised to discover images of lions and mythical animals. He invented an installation for applying watermarks, a ball mill for finely grinding dyes, designed a printing press, and came up with a unique composition for etching copper. “Several of my shirts simply rotted during these twelve years of searching,” says the king of counterfeiters. “I could sit in the barn for a day or two.” Baranov went to work at the fire department to be on duty every other day. The first bill printed by Baranov was in denomination of fifty rubles. The banknote turned out very similar to the original, only Lenin was young. He went to Krasnodar, where he exchanged 70 counterfeit bills without any problems. When the technology for making fifty-ruble notes was brought to perfection, the counterfeiter decided to start counterfeiting the most popular and complex banknote - 25 rubles. “If the ruble were the most difficult, I would make the ruble,” says Baranov. “I was absolutely not interested in money, I was looking for an opportunity to prove myself.”
Protection Soviet money was carried out at a high technical level. If Baranov failed to achieve some technical nuances, for example, the number was not printed, he burned the bill. It was painstaking work, multiplied by the talent of the inventor. Only in 1974 did the counterfeiter manage to start issuing 25-ruble banknotes...
Baranov exchanged counterfeit bills at markets in nearby cities, but not in Stavropol. Life was getting better. He paid off his debts, bought a car, bought jewelry for his wife. According to Baranov, he constantly felt remorse for deceiving the state. The idea of ​​sending his preparations to the police more than once occurred to him. But the counterfeiter was afraid that he would be immediately arrested and sent to prison for a long time.
One day it happened to him funny case. Baranov with another batch of money (according to investigators, about 5,000 rubles) went to sell them in Crimea. Having bought tomatoes on the street from some grandmother in Simferopol, he headed to telephone booth, having forgotten the briefcase with money. Having already moved a decent distance, he grabbed the money and rushed back. But neither the grandmother, nor even the briefcase was there. Thus, trading tomatoes brought the nimble resident of Simferopol 5,000 rubles of pure profit.
Baranov did not suspect that with his fakes he had caused a real stir among the employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the KGB. Still would! In the period from 1974 to 1977 in Moscow, Kyiv, Chisinau, Riga, Vilnius, Yerevan, Tashkent, when opening collection bags in banks, 46 counterfeit 50-ruble notes and 415 counterfeit 25-ruble notes were discovered. Experts from Goznak and State Bank came to the conclusion that the banknotes were printed in one place, and it is impossible to produce counterfeits of this level using a homemade method. They suspected insidious capitalists who, by injecting counterfeit rubles, intended to undermine the economic power of the Soviet Union. Another version was also developed: one of the Goznak employees sold the technology for making money “outside.”
There were all sorts of rumors about how Baranov screwed up. In fact, it was simple negligence that ruined him. While securing the cliche to create a protective net, the counterfeiter did not pay attention to the fact that the cliche was turned upside down, and in the place where the wave should have risen, there was a descent. Baranov did not reject the batch. However, in one of the banks the cashier noticed this discrepancy.
The bulk of counterfeits with similar printing defects were discovered in the Stavropol region. Orientations were sent throughout the region. Hundreds of police officers took part in the operation. On April 12, 1977, Baranov was detained at the collective farm market in the city of Cherkessk while selling another batch of counterfeits. The vigilant merchant, to whom he offered to exchange two banknotes, immediately let the operative on duty know. During a personal search, 77 counterfeit banknotes worth 1,925 rubles were seized from Baranov. His sincere confession allowed the investigative department of the Internal Affairs Directorate of the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region of the Stavropol Territory to add to case No. 193 another hundred criminal cases opened on the facts of discovery in different cities counterfeit money...
At Baranov’s home they found a counterfeit 50-ruble bill, more than three hundred 25-ruble bills, and about nine hundred blanks. In addition, cliches, homemade printing presses, a set of devices for making paper, equipment for applying watermarks, a whole library of literature on printing and electrical engineering. “By the time of my arrest, all my equipment had been dismantled,” says Baranov. “I was going to drive through ponds and lakes and scatter it there piece by piece.” I didn’t throw it away only because it’s April and it’s muddy and you can’t get through it. And thank God. Otherwise, divers would have to look for these parts at the bottom of reservoirs.”
Baranov spent the first ten days after his arrest in the Stavropol bullpen, then he was transferred to a pre-trial detention center. The report on the long-awaited capture of the counterfeiter landed on the desk of the Minister of Internal Affairs Shchelokov. Higher ranks they refused to believe that one person at home could organize the production of counterfeits of such quality. At the Stavropol Department of Internal Affairs, Baranov was asked to demonstrate his abilities. According to the counterfeiter, during his “work” they constantly tried to “catch” him. Instead of the requested solution, they brought another one. But when the officers saw the appearance of the watermark with their own eyes, doubts disappeared: it was him!
From the Stavropol pre-trial detention center, Baranov was transported to Moscow, to Butyrka. Every day he was visited by specialists, to whom he demonstrated his inventions. A Goznak technologist wrote: “Manufactured by V.I. Baranov. counterfeit banknotes in denominations of 25 and 50 rubles are close in appearance to genuine banknotes and are difficult to identify in circulation. That is why this counterfeit was very dangerous and could cause distrust of the population in genuine banknotes.”
Viktor Baranov revealed the secret of a solution that etched copper much faster than it was done in the Goznak printing house (under the name “Baranovsky solvent” it will be used in production for fifteen years). In a letter addressed to the Minister of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Shchelokov, the counterfeiter outlined recommendations on ten pages for improving the protection of rubles from counterfeiting...
Probably, Viktor Ivanovich told the competent authorities a lot of useful things if the execution sentence was replaced with a colony. On March 10, 1978, the Stavropol Regional Court sentenced Baranov to 12 years in prison for producing about 1,300 units of counterfeit banknotes. The number 12 miraculously haunted him for many years: on April 12, 1977, he was arrested, worked on forgeries for 12 years, lived before in apartment 12 square meters. After serving his sentence, Baranov returned to Stavropol. Knowing about Viktor Ivanovich’s talent, they reached out to him various kinds « business people" They proposed issuing counterfeit excise stamps, seals, and false documents. But Baranov was completely done with his past; he wanted to engage in legal developments. “The meaning of human life is creative work,” he believes. “What was given to me, I realized, even if I had to endure a lot of suffering and serve time.”

April 12, 1977. Cherkessk. Kolkhoz market. The Adyghe salesman had just told the police how a few minutes ago a buyer had approached him with a request to exchange twenty-five-ruble notes. Traders were asked to pay attention if someone offered quarter or fifty dollars on the market? So he converted. Yes, of course, he will show the buyer. This is the one with the briefcase.

The documents of the suspicious buyer turned out to be in order: Viktor Ivanovich Baranov, a resident of Stavropol. But the police couldn’t even dream of how he ended up with cash in order. Viktor Ivanovich had 1,925 rubles in quarter notes in his briefcase. These 77 banknotes became for Baranov what 33 irons were for Professor Pleischner - a sign of failure.

So who are you? - the investigator asked him when the police brought the owner of the suspicious money to the police station.

“I am a counterfeiter,” answered the king of counterfeiters.

“When they brought me to the investigator, I immediately examined everything - I wanted to jump out of the window. But it was low, second floor. If only there was a fourth..."

We are sitting with Viktor Ivanovich Baranov in a Stavropol teahouse. Here he usually makes appointments with people, since the small apartment in the hostel, where, in addition to 64-year-old Baranov, his 32-year-old wife and two-and-a-half-year-old heir live, is not suitable for meeting with journalists.

In front of Viktor Ivanovich, strange objects are laid out on the table: a brick, a sliver of wood glued to glass, a bottle with the inscription “Vostorg glue paste.” These are Baranov's latest inventions. But first, we ask you to tell the main story - how he became the most famous counterfeiter in the USSR.

Too good fakes

From point of view law enforcement, this story began in the mid-70s. By 1977, in 76 regions of the USSR, from Vilnius to Tashkent, 46 counterfeit banknotes of the fifty-ruble denomination and 415 of the twenty-five-ruble denomination were identified, which, according to experts, had a single source of origin. The exceptionally high quality of the counterfeits made counterintelligence suspect the CIA, which, of course, could easily print rubles in a factory way in the USA and then distribute them through agents to the USSR. Along with the spy version, the traditional version was also checked - it was assumed that the counterfeiters received technology directly from Goznak. More than five hundred employees of the enterprise were under round-the-clock surveillance by the KGB for almost a year, until a repeated examination established that Goznak had nothing to do with it, just someone in the country was too well versed in the process of printing money.

Counterintelligence regretfully abandoned the idea of ​​finding American sowers scattering banknotes in the USSR, and the KGB and the Ministry of Internal Affairs focused on searching for a group of counterfeiters within the country. Gradually, it was possible to determine that in the south of Russia, high-quality counterfeits appear more often than in other regions. Then the circle of searches narrowed to the Stavropol region, where in three months of 1977 86 counterfeit twenty-five-ruble bills were immediately identified. And finally, thanks to the vigilance of the Adyghe salesman, the first, as the security forces believed, member of the criminal group was captured.

Proof of guilt

“I decided for myself a long time ago,” says Baranov, “if they catch me, I won’t twist and turn. I never lied to the police." The police did not know about this then, however, and considered Viktor Ivanovich a courier for counterfeiters, who decided to take all the blame on himself in order to shield his accomplices. Because one person cannot produce counterfeit money of such impeccable quality!

“I was taken to Stavropol as a general,” recalls Baranov. “There were two traffic police cars with flashing lights ahead.” There he immediately led the police to his barn, where a search revealed a compact printing press, stacks of printed money and five notebooks describing many years of research. On the same day, a report was placed on the desk of Minister of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Shchelokov, and the very next morning a group of Moscow experts flew to Stavropol.

During the investigative experiment, Viktor Ivanovich, in front of distinguished guests, created watermarks on paper, rolled letterpress and intaglio seals, cut the sheet and applied the treasury number with a numberer. By the end of the performance, there were no longer any skeptics left in the room. Everyone believed in a miracle and that the wizard needed to serve a decent amount of time.

After which, by decision of the Main Investigation Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, a hundred more similar cases were added to criminal case No. 193 on the discovery of counterfeit banknotes of twenty-five rubles in denomination, where it all began. In the USSR people were also sentenced to death for lesser crimes.

Anyone can offend an artist

From the point of view of Viktor Ivanovich Baranov, this story began in childhood, when for the first time he looked at the banknotes of Tsarist Russia with admiration. “After all, the blood of an artist flows in me,” explains Viktor Ivanovich. - My uncle, who burned in a tank at the front, was an artist. And before the army I painted pictures - “Alyonushka”, “Three Hunters”, went out into the open air, painted from life.”

But Baranov’s artistic talent was not as terrible for Goznak as his talent for invention. Before taking up the money, he had already tried to offer the Committee on Inventions under the Council of Ministers of the USSR an elegant solution to the problem of sorting potatoes. He was refused on the pretext of filling out the form incorrectly. Then he tried to introduce folding boxes for transporting glass containers at the winery, but the chief engineer directly told the inventor: “I don’t need this. And you don’t have to.”

Then Baranov came up with a one-wheeled car, the construction of which, according to his calculations, required 30,000 rubles. According to his other calculations, it turned out that he would have to collect this amount until old age. Unless, of course, you start printing them yourself. “I was sure that I wouldn’t succeed. But still I decided to try.” That's how it all started. We asked Baranov whether he would make money if the state immediately appreciated his inventions. “If they had supported me right away, perhaps I wouldn’t have done it,” he answered without much confidence.

One for all

Viktor Ivanovich began his path to the high rank of the king of Soviet counterfeiters by dipping a nickel in ink and applying it to paper. This was in 1965. After thinking about the resulting print, he went to the regional library named after. M. Yu. Lermontov, thinking to find books on printing that interested him there. Neither there, nor in used bookstores, nor in conversations with employees of the printing house of the Stavropolskaya Pravda newspaper, did Baranov, alas, acquire secret knowledge of the mint. And then Viktor Ivanovich took a vacation and flew to Moscow.

In those days, the Library named after. Lenina hospitably opened her doors to any Soviet citizen who sought knowledge, and very soon Baranov was already taking notes on books on printing. There were a lot of books, little time, so the guest of the capital stole several rare publications. “I couldn’t resist, sinner,” Viktor Ivanovich explains his immoral act. “It was the only theft in my life.” Then he went to second-hand bookstores and enriched himself with the books of the German author Ginaks “Fundamentals of Modern Zincography”, Goznakizdat employee Krylov’s “Making Clichés” from 1921 and “Fundamentals of Reproductive Technology” by Schultz. With these precious finds, Baranov returned home.

After studying the literature, Baranov realized that he would have to thoroughly master almost 20 specialties. In fact, the task was impossible: he had to repeat alone what an entire production had created, which had at its disposal classified technologies, hard-to-find materials and unique human resources. But for some reason Baranov did not attach any importance to this, locked himself in the barn and began experimenting.

It took him four years to learn how to make watermarks and paper of the required quality, two and a half to make intaglio ink, and a year for letterpress ink. He ordered parts for the equipment piece by piece from craftsmen at various Stavropol factories. I bought chemicals secondhand at a transformer plant. Over the years of experiments in the barn, he studied etching and photography, mastered copying on albumen, gelatin, PVA and PVA, and learned how to make wooden and rubber clichés. This was done by Baranov the technician. Baranov the artist was engaged in reproducing the protective mesh on banknotes - fancy ornaments superimposed on each other (the result of the ingenious work of artists, engravers and guilloche masters of Goznak). To an outside eye they looked like faded stains, but Baranov “dismantled” the protective mesh layer by layer, with surprise discovering images of lion faces and mythical animals. “Several of my shirts simply rotted during these 12 years of searching,” says the king of counterfeiters. “I could sit in the barn for a day or two.” He quit his job as a driver for the regional committee and went to work as a fireman, so that he could be on duty for three days.

Baranov had no friends, because friends like to visit without knocking. He regularly organized “open days” for suspicious neighbors. Curious old women who looked into the workshop had a view of the metalworking machine, enlarger and developing tanks. Baranov hid all the most interesting things in disassembled form under the shelves. Only a suspicious neighbor-hunter continued to believe that Baranov was pouring shot in the barn at night.

Finally, in 1976, having printed another sample of a fifty-ruble note, he could not find any differences in it from a real fifty-ruble note. Only Lenin on the watermark gave away the fake. “I made him fifteen years younger,” explains Baranov. “I didn’t like the old one.” You could start getting rich. But, oddly enough, Baranov did not rush to print suitcases of money. Even the police admit that Baranov used his money machine very modestly. The only serious acquisition in all these years was a car. And then, according to Viktor Ivanovich, the entire amount was paid to him from honest labor savings. “I didn’t go to restaurants, I didn’t smoke, I didn’t drink, I didn’t have girls. And there was no TV, there was only a small refrigerator. I didn’t need to, I was doing work.” All the money was spent on the production of new equipment. He did not give counterfeit bills to his family. “My wife once asked where the money came from,” Baranov recalls. - I said that I offer my inventions to factories. I didn’t give my wife a lot of money: 25, 30, 50 rubles.”

In parallel with his study of coinage, Baranov observed the behavior of sellers in the markets in order to understand how money “moves.” For example, fishmongers always take banknotes with wet hands, and meatmongers often have blood on their hands. Caucasians willingly accept new crisp banknotes. As a result, Baranov added 70 fifty dollars, after which he decided to give up on them. Tired of candy wrappers.

Twenty five again

The king of counterfeiters decided to take a swing at the quarter note - the most secure and, according to Baranov, the most beautiful treasury note of the USSR. “If the ruble were the most secure, I would make a ruble,” says Viktor Ivanovich, and we believe him. It was not greed that destroyed the king of counterfeiters, but pride. Using already familiar technology, he skillfully recreated the bill and, having printed a sufficient amount of money (according to the police, about 5,000 rubles), he went to sell it in Crimea. And then an incident happened. Having bought tomatoes on the street from some grandmother in Simferopol, he went to a telephone booth to call, forgetting his briefcase with money. Having already moved a decent distance away, he realized what had happened and rushed back. But neither the grandmother, nor even the briefcase was there. Thus, selling tomatoes that day brought the nimble resident of Simferopol 5,000 rubles of pure profit. And heartbroken Baranov went back to Stavropol to start the machine again.

It was when creating a new batch of quarter notes that the maestro made a fatal mistake. While securing the cliche to create a protective net, Baranov did not pay attention to the fact that the cliche was upside down. As a result, after printing the money, he discovered that in the place where the wave should have risen, there was a descent. Considering that no one would notice this, he decided not to reject the batch. However, in one of the banks where such a bill eventually ended up, an eagle-eyed cashier noticed the difference and raised the alarm. From that moment on, as they say in thrillers, Baranov had only a few months left to live in freedom.

“By the time of my arrest, all my equipment had been dismantled,” he says. - I was going to drive through ponds and lakes and scatter it there in parts. I didn’t throw it away only because it’s April and it’s muddy and you can’t get through it. And thank God. Otherwise, divers would have to look for these parts at the bottom of reservoirs.”

From the Stavropol pre-trial detention center, Baranov was transported to Moscow, to Butyrka. Every day he was visited by specialists, to whom, over the course of twelve investigative experiments, he demonstrated the victory of the human mind over Goznak.

The Goznak technologist wrote in his conclusion: “The counterfeit banknotes of 25 and 50 rubles produced by V. I. Baranov are externally close to genuine banknotes and are difficult to identify in circulation. That is why this counterfeit was very dangerous and could cause distrust of the population in genuine banknotes.”

Viktor Ivanovich willingly shared his work. For twelve years he hid, and finally people appeared who were able to appreciate his talent and titanic work. The king of counterfeiters happily gave out the recipe for his solution, which etched copper several times faster than it was done in Goznak (under the name “Baranovsky solvent” it was used in production for the next 15 years).

For the Minister of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Shchelokov, Baranov outlined recommendations on ten pages for improving the protection of rubles from counterfeiting... Viktor Ivanovich probably told the competent authorities a lot of other useful things, considering that the execution sentence was replaced with a colony, and he was given three years less than the maximum sentence . “I printed little money,” Baranov offers his explanation of the court’s humanity. - Otherwise they would have shot you. But you know what I’ll tell you: it would be better if they shot him. I wouldn’t suffer for eleven years, with my hands shaking from hunger, snow, wet feet and ten cars with concrete that need to be shoveled. Every day". In fact, Baranov published a lot. about 30,000 rubles, but he put only a small fraction of this money into circulation; most of it remained in the barn.

Baranov served his sentence in a special regime colony in Dimitrovgrad, Ulyanovsk region. Like a true passionary, he showed his talents there too: “I wrote for the newspaper. I once won a competition for the best article on all ITK. Then they sent me a bonus - 10 rubles. He was also a director - he headed amateur performances. We had more than three hundred people in the choir, and took first place for seven years in a row.” Baranov also made the scenery for his productions, be it the Maxim machine gun or the coat of arms of the USSR, blinking lights in time with the recited poems.

Inventor of the wheel and glue

Returning to Stavropol after imprisonment in 1990, Baranov again began to invent. “The meaning of a person’s life is creative work,” he believes, having been a Kyle for eleven years. “What was given to me, I realized, even if I had to endure a lot of suffering and serve time.”

He still had no friends, his first wife divorced him in the ninth year of imprisonment, all that was left was to invent. At the Analogue plant, where he soon got a job, Baranov proposed a new method for growing nickel mesh in batteries. “They told me then: “Who are you? Experts from Germany came here, but they didn’t come up with anything new!” And I promised them that they would supply me with more cognac. And so it happened.”

Then Baranov opened the Franza company to produce perfumes. I made six barrels of perfume, 200 liters each. But a few years later the company closed, unable to withstand the competition with the wave of cheap foreign perfumes. “Their boxes were beautiful, but inside was bullshit.”

Then followed a series of new inventions: ceramic car paint, resistant to acids and alkalis, furniture made from paper waste, water-based furniture varnish, adhesive paste, lightweight brick, healing balm. Some of the inventions were successfully implemented, some received royalties... This is how Viktor Ivanovich lives today - in a hostel with his young wife and child. Modestly, but with the hope of recognition.

Wait, we say. - Where is the legendary one-wheeled car? Show me what it looks like. “It’s a secret,” Baranov answers. - Tai-na! There is one wheel, taller than a person, and two or four people can sit there. The fuel is ordinary. And there is one more special device. It was not possible to find out the details.

This is what I wanted to talk to you about. - Viktor Ivanovich looks at us seriously. “Perhaps I could involve you in my latest invention?” In department stores they take out things and food. Stores are suffering huge losses. There are systems with magnets that make a jingling sound, but they can be easily fooled. They won't be able to handle anything with my system. To get started, you need 300,000 rubles. You give money - we patent the system and sign documents.

We believe in Baranov’s talent, and so do you. There is no stand dedicated to mediocrity in the Ministry of Internal Affairs museum. The second, by the way, is the largest. Only Chikatilo has more.