The peoples of Africa in the Middle Ages. Medieval African art

Slide 3

Repetition of what has been covered

Complete the task.

Slide 4

Lesson assignment

Why did African states lag behind in their development? European countries?

Slide 5

Introduction.

Many historians believed that the peoples of most of Africa, inhabited by blacks, did not create anything valuable in culture and their history began with the advent of Europeans. Studying history African continent, which began relatively recently, disproved this theory.

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1. Peoples of Africa

Peoples of Africa in different parts continents developed unevenly. IN tropical forests Central Africa lived tribes of pygmies, bushmen and others. They were hunters and gatherers. The nomads of Southern Sahara raised livestock and exchanged it for the products and things they needed.
photo. Pygmies

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Peoples of Africa

Other peoples were engaged in agriculture. Mostly millet and rice were sown, beans and vegetables were grown, cotton, sugar cane and coconut palms were planted. Africans have been smelting iron in clay furnaces since ancient times. Craftsmen made tools, weapons, dishes, fabrics, glass and leather items. Africans learned early to tame elephants and used them for different jobs and in battles.
photo. African house

Slide 8

In the vast plains between the Niger and Senegal rivers, in the valleys of these rivers, Western Sudan is located. A lot of gold was mined here. There were legends about the wealth of Sudan in the Middle Ages. One Arab geographer reported that here “gold grows in the sand, just like carrots, and is harvested at sunrise.” The most important trade routes from the Gulf of Guinea to the shores Mediterranean Sea. Farmers traded with nomads who lived on the border of the Sahara: in exchange for salt, hides and livestock, the nomads received grain and handicrafts. The journey through the Sahara Desert was difficult and dangerous. More than a dozen caravans died here from thirst or attacks by nomads.
photo. Port

Slide 9

West Africa

The most ancient state of Sudan was Ghana, which achieved power in the 10th century. The king of Ghana and the family nobility became rich from trading in gold and salt. The king had big army, consisting of detachments of archers and cavalry.
In the capital of Ghana, a special royal quarter with a palace, sanctuary and prison was surrounded by walls. Solemn royal receptions were held here. In another part of the city, mosques and houses of Arab merchants were built.
photo. Warrior Archers

Slide 10

At the end of the 11th century, the Sultan's troops Arab state Morocco (North Africa) captured and destroyed the capital of Ghana. The king undertook to pay tribute to the Sultan and, together with the nobility, converted to Islam. The rebellious population soon expelled the Moroccans, but Ghana's territory was reduced and it submitted to the state of Mali.
photo. Settling in Mali

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The rise of Mali dates back to XIII century, when its rulers conquered neighboring territories where caravan routes passed and gold was mined. The ruler and his entourage converted to Islam. After this, Muslim merchants from North Africa settled in the cities.
rice. Mansa Musa - ruler of Mali

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Later, in the 15th century, the Songhai state strengthened. The expansion of its borders was achieved during the reign of the energetic, warlike Ali Ber (1464-1492). He built a big one river fleet; Severe discipline was introduced in the army. Ali Ber spent almost his entire life hiking. He managed to annex the main cities of Sudan to his possessions. In African tales and legends, Ali Ber appears as a wizard who could fly, become invisible and turn into a snake.
rice. Ali Ber

Slide 13

Rulers and nobles kept 500-1000 dependent people on their lands, who were settled in special villages. Addicted people They paid rent to the owner and taxes to the state. Free community members also depended on the nobility.
WITH mid-16th century century Songhai is rapidly weakening. The ruler's relatives, holding high positions, conspired; the influential Muslim nobility in the cities had little regard for the rulers. Started internecine wars brought the state into decline. IN late XVI century Songhai was defeated by the troops of the Sultan of Morocco.
rice. Work in the field

Slide 14

East Africa

In ancient times, in the north of what is now Ethiopia, there was the state of Aksum, which flourished in the 4th-5th centuries. The coast of South Arabia with caravan routes and part of Eastern Sudan came under the rule of his kings.
photo. Castle in Ethiopia

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Aksum maintained close ties with the Roman Empire and later with Byzantium. The king and his entourage accepted the Christian faith. Writing was created in the country. In the 7th century, the Arabs took possession of Aksum in southern Arabia and then attacked it. The state collapsed into separate principalities; the princes waged a fierce struggle for the throne. In the 10th century, Aksum ceased to exist.
photo:
Christian manuscript from Ethiopia
Ethiopian Orthodox Church clergy

Slide 16

City-states grew on the eastern coast of Africa. Arabs, Iranians, and Indians willingly settled in them. They built here big ships, there were many experienced sailors. Merchants from these cities sailed their ships along Indian Ocean, traded with India, Iran and other Asian countries.
rice. Trade routes

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African culture

The peoples of Africa have preserved ancient legends, traditions and fairy tales, where real events the past are mixed with fiction. Storytellers carefully preserved these legends and passed them on from generation to generation.
photo. African man in national clothes

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The most significant achievements were medieval culture among the peoples of Western Sudan. After the spread of Islam, Arab architects built mosques, palaces, and public buildings there.
photo. Mosque in Mali

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Muslim schools arose, and in the city of Timbuktu - higher school, where they studied theology, history, law, mathematics, and astronomy. Scientists created writing based on local languages. Libraries were founded where many handwritten books were stored. Books were sold in shops, and, according to a contemporary, they received “more profit than from other goods.”
photo. Entrance to the mosque in Timbuktu
rice. Tombuktu

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When Moroccan troops conquered Timbuktu and other cities of Sudan, architectural structures and libraries were destroyed. Scientists and artisans were taken into slavery, and almost all of them died on the way through the desert.
rice. Sudan. At the destroyed temple

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Africans had considerable achievements in art. Ancient wooden and bronze sculptures and masks amaze with their expressiveness. IN royal palace Bronze plaques with bas-reliefs (convex images) of kings and nobles, scenes of hunting, war and court life were found in Benin.
photo.Ritual mask

Consolidation

Complete the task.

Slide 25

Used materials

• Agibalova E.V., Donskoy G.M. History of the Middle Ages 6th grade / textbook for secondary schools. - M.: Education, 2008.
• Illustrations: Devyataikina N.I. History of the Middle Ages: Tutorial. 6th grade. Part 1 / Devyataikina N. I. - M.: OLMAPRESS, 2008.

Slide 26

Kanku Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca

Kanku Musa was the most famous ruler of Mali. His pilgrimage (hajj) to holy places in 1324 became known throughout the Muslim world. On the way he was accompanied by a retinue of 8 thousand warriors and smaller number slaves; The camels were loaded with up to one hundred packs of gold weighing about 12 tons. In every city where Kanku Musa arrived on Friday, he ordered the construction of a mosque. Even in the center of the Sahara, he feasted on fresh fish, which messengers brought him, and to bathe his beloved wife, they dug a huge pool and filled it with water from wineskins.
Arriving in Cairo, Kanku Musa, without bargaining, paid any price for goods and distributed alms in huge sums. In Mecca, he bought houses and plots of land for black pilgrims. In the end, Musa ran out of money accumulated by generations of subjects, but they trusted him so much that a Cairo merchant lent a large amount. The Hajj to Mecca strengthened the authority of the ruler of Mali among Muslims.

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Lesson assignmentWhy African
states lagged behind
its development from
European countries?

Introduction.

1. Peoples of Africa

1. Peoples of Africa

1. Peoples of Africa

2. West Africa

10. 2. West Africa

11. 2. West Africa

12. 2. West Africa

13. 2. West Africa

14. 3. East Africa

15. 3. East Africa

16. 3. East Africa

17. 4. African culture

18. 4. African culture

19. 4. African culture

20. 4. African culture

21. 4. African culture

22. 4. African culture

23. 4. African culture

24. Materials used

25.

The history of the peoples of Africa goes back to ancient times. In the 60-80s. 20th century On the territory of Southern and Eastern Africa, scientists found the remains of human ancestors - Australopithecus monkeys, which allowed them to suggest that Africa could be the ancestral home of humanity (see The Formation of Humanity). In the north of the continent, about 4 thousand years ago, one of the ancient civilizations- Ancient Egyptian, which left numerous archaeological and written monuments (see. The Ancient East). One of the most populated areas Ancient Africa There was a Sahara with abundant vegetation and a varied animal life.

Starting from the 3rd century. BC e. There was an active process of migration of Negroid tribes to the south of the continent, associated with the advance of the desert into the Sahara. In the 8th century. BC e. - 4th century n. e. in northeast Africa there were the states of Kush and Meroe, associated in many ways with culture Ancient Egypt. Ancient Greek geographers and historians called Africa Libya. The name "Africa" ​​appeared at the end of the 4th century. BC e. from the Romans. After the fall of Carthage, the Romans founded the province of Africa on the territory adjacent to Carthage, then this name spread to the entire continent. North Africa met the early Middle Ages under the rule of barbarians (Berbers, Goths, Vandals). In 533-534. it was conquered by the Byzantines (see Byzantium). In the 7th century they were replaced by Arabs, which led to the Arabization of the population, the spread of Islam, the formation of new state and social relations, creation of new cultural values.

Left: the head of the "Queen Mother". Benin. 1515-1550.

In ancient times and early middle ages In West Africa, three large states arose, replacing each other. Their formation is associated with the expansion of intercity trade in the Niger River basin, pastoral agriculture, and the widespread use of iron.

Written sources about the first of them - the state of Ghana - appear in the 8th century. with the arrival of the Arabs in sub-Saharan Africa, and oral traditions date back to the 4th century. Its heyday dates back to the 8th-11th centuries. Arab travelers called Ghana the country of gold: it was the largest supplier of gold to the Maghreb countries. Here, crossing the Sahara, caravan routes passed to the north and south. By its nature, it was an early class state, whose rulers controlled the transit trade in gold and salt and imposed high duties on it. In 1076, the capital of Ghana, the city of Kumbi-Sale, was captured by newcomers from Morocco - the Almoravids, who laid the foundation for the spread of Islam. In 1240, King Malinke from the state of Mali Sundiata subjugated Ghana.

In the 14th century (the time of its greatest prosperity), the huge state of Mali stretched from the Sahara to the edge of the forest in the south of Western Sudan and from the Atlantic Ocean to the city of Gao; its ethnic basis was the Malinke people. The cities of Timbuktu, Djenne, and Gao became important centers of Muslim culture. Early feudal forms of exploitation spread within Malian society. The well-being of the state was based on income from caravan trade, agriculture along the banks of the Niger, and cattle breeding in the savannah. Mali was repeatedly invaded by nomads and neighboring peoples; dynastic feuds led to its demise.

The state of Songhai (the capital of Gao), which came to the fore in this part of Africa after the fall of Mali, continued the development of the civilization of Western Sudan. Its main population was the Songhai people, who still live along the banks of the middle reaches of the Niger River. By the 2nd half of the 16th century. an early feudal society developed in Songhai; at the end of the 16th century. it was captured by the Moroccans.

In the Lake Chad region in the early Middle Ages there were the states of Kanem and Bbrnu (9th-18th centuries). The normal development of the states of Western Sudan was put an end to the European slave trade (see Slavery, Slave Trade). Meroe and Aksum - the most significant states of North-East Africa in the period between the 4th century. BC e. and 6th century n. e. The kingdoms of Kush (Napata) and Meroe were located in the north of modern Sudan, the state of Aksum was on the Ethiopian Highlands. Kush and Meroe represented the late phase of ancient Eastern society.

Few archaeological sites have survived to this day. In temples and on steles near Napata, several inscriptions in Egyptian have been preserved, which make it possible to judge the political life of the state. The tombs of the rulers of Napata and Meroe were built in the form of pyramids, although they were significantly smaller in size than the Egyptian ones (see Seven Wonders of the World). The transfer of the capital from Napata to Meroe (Meroe was located about 160 km north of modern Khartoum) was obviously associated with the need to reduce the danger from invasions by the Egyptians and Persians. Meroe was an important center of trade between Egypt, the Red Sea states and Ethiopia. A center for processing iron ore arose near Meroe; iron from Meroe was exported to many African countries.

The heyday of Meroe spans Sv. BC. - 1st century n. e. Slavery here, as in Egypt, was not the main thing in the system of exploitation; the main hardships were borne by village community members - plowmen and cattle breeders. The community paid taxes and supplied labor for the construction of pyramids and irrigation systems. The Meroe civilization remains underexplored - we still know little about Everyday life state, its relations with the outside world.

The state religion followed Egyptian models: Amon, Isis, Osiris - the gods of the Egyptians - were also gods of the Meroites, but along with this, purely Meroitic cults arose. The Meroites had their own written language, the alphabet contained 23 letters, and although its study began back in 1910, the Meroe language still remains difficult to access, making it impossible to decipher the surviving written monuments. In the middle of the 4th century. King Ezana of Aksum inflicted a decisive defeat on the Meroitic state.

Aksum is the forerunner of the Ethiopian state; its history shows the beginning of the struggle waged by the peoples of the Ethiopian Highlands to preserve their independence, religion and culture in a hostile environment. The emergence of the Aksumite kingdom dates back to the end of the 1st century. BC e., and its heyday - by the 4th-6th centuries. In the 4th century state religion became Christianity; Monasteries arose throughout the country, providing great economic and political influence. The population of Aksum led a sedentary lifestyle, engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding. The most important crop was wheat. Irrigation and terrace farming developed successfully. Aksum was important shopping center, connecting Africa with Arabian Peninsula, where in 517-572. South Yemen belonged to him, but the powerful Persian power ousted Aksum from the south of Arabia. In the 4th century Aksum established connections with Byzantium and controlled the caravan routes from Adulis along the Atbara River to the middle reaches of the Nile. The Aksumite civilization has brought cultural monuments to this day - the remains of palaces, epigraphic monuments, steles, the largest of which reached a height of 23 m.

In the 7th century n. e., with the beginning Arab conquests in Asia and Africa, Aksum lost its power. Period from 8th to 13th centuries. characterized by the deep isolation of the Christian state, and only in 1270 did its new rise begin. At this time, Aksum loses its significance as the political center of the country, and the city of Gondar becomes it ( north of the lake Tana). Simultaneously with the strengthening of central power, the role of the Christian Church increased; monasteries concentrated large land holdings in their hands. Slave labor began to be widely used in the country's economy; Corvee labor and natural supplies are being developed.

Leader statue. Ife culture. 12-15

The rise touched and cultural life countries. Such monuments are being created as chronicles of the lives of kings and church history; The works of Copts (Egyptians professing Christianity) on the history of Christianity and world history are translated. One of the outstanding Ethiopian emperors, Zera-Yakob (1434 - 1468), is known as the author of works on theology and ethics. He advocated strengthening ties with the Pope, and in 1439 the Ethiopian delegation took part in the Council of Florence. In the 15th century The embassy of the King of Portugal visited Ethiopia. Portuguese at the beginning of the 16th century. assisted the Ethiopians in the fight against Muslim Sultan Adal, hoping to then infiltrate the country and take it over, but failed.

In the 16th century The decline of the medieval Ethiopian state began, torn apart by feudal contradictions and subjected to raids by nomads. A serious obstacle successful development Ethiopia had its isolation from the centers trade relations on the Red Sea. The process of centralization of the Ethiopian state began only in the 19th century. On the east coast of Africa, the trading city-states of Kilwa, Mombasa, and Mogadishu grew in the Middle Ages. They had extensive connections with the states of the Arabian Peninsula, Western Asia and India.

The Swahili civilization arose here, absorbing African and Arabic culture. Since the 10th century. the Arabs played everything big role in relations between the east coast of Africa and a large number Muslim states of the Middle East and South Asia. The appearance of the Portuguese at the end of the 15th century. disrupted the traditional ties of the east coast of Africa: a period of long struggle of African peoples against European conquerors began. The history of the interior of this region of Africa is not well known due to the lack historical sources. Arabic sources of the 10th century. reported that between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers there was large state, which had a large number of gold mines. The Zimbabwean civilization (its heyday dates back to the early 15th century) is best known during the period of the Monomotapa state; Numerous public and religious buildings have survived to this day, indicating a high level of construction culture. The collapse of the Monomotapa empire occurred at the end of the 17th century. due to the expansion of the Portuguese slave trade.

In the Middle Ages (12th-17th centuries) in the south West Africa there was a developed culture of the Yoruba city-states - Ife, Oyo, Benin, etc. Crafts, agriculture, and trade reached a high level of development in them. In the 16th-18th centuries. these states took part in the European slave trade, which led to their decline at the end of the 18th century.

The major state of the Gold Coast was the confederation of Amanti states. This is the most developed feudal formation in West Africa in the 17th and 18th centuries. In the Congo River basin in the 13th-16th centuries. there were early class states of Congo, Lunda, Luba, Bushongo, etc. However, with the advent of the 16th century. Their development was also interrupted by the Portuguese. Historical documents There is practically no information about the early period of development of these states.

Africa in antiquity and the Middle Ages Warriors in national clothes. Burundi. Modern photo.

Madagascar in the 1st-10th centuries. developed in isolation from the mainland. The Malagasy people who inhabited it were formed as a result of the mixing of newcomers from Southeast Asia and Negroid peoples; the island's population consisted of several ethnic groups- gelding, sokalava, betzimisaraka. In the Middle Ages, the kingdom of Imerina arose in the mountains of Madagascar. Development of the medieval Tropical Africa due to natural and demographic conditions, as well as due to its relative isolation, it lagged behind North Africa.

Penetration of Europeans at the end of the 15th century. became the beginning of the transatlantic slave trade, which, like the Arab slave trade on the east coast, delayed the development of the peoples of Tropical Africa and caused them irreparable moral and material damage. On the threshold of modern times, Tropical Africa found itself defenseless against the colonial conquests of Europeans.

1. Peoples of Africa In the vast plains between the Niger and Senegal rivers, in the valleys of these rivers, Western Sudan is located. A lot of gold was mined here. There were legends about the wealth of Sudan in the Middle Ages. One Arab geographer reported that here “gold grows in the sand, just like carrots, and is harvested at sunrise.” The most important trade routes from the Gulf of Guinea to the shores of the Mediterranean Sea passed through Western Sudan. Farmers traded with nomads who lived on the border of the Sahara: in exchange for salt, hides and livestock, the nomads received grain and handicrafts. The journey through the Sahara Desert was difficult and dangerous. More than a dozen caravans died here from thirst or attacks by nomads.

2. West Africa The most ancient state of Sudan was Ghana, which achieved power in the 10th century. The king of Ghana and the family nobility became rich from trading in gold and salt. The king had a large army, consisting of detachments of archers and cavalry. In the capital of Ghana, a special royal quarter with a palace, sanctuary and prison was surrounded by walls. Solemn royal receptions were held here. In another part of the city, mosques and houses of Arab merchants were built.

2. West Africa At the end of the 11th century, the troops of the Sultan of the Arab state of Morocco (North Africa) captured and destroyed the capital of Ghana. The king undertook to pay tribute to the Sultan and, together with the nobility, converted to Islam. The rebellious population soon expelled the Moroccans, but Ghana's territory was reduced and it submitted to the state of Mali.

2. West Africa The heyday of Mali dates back to the 13th century, when its rulers conquered neighboring territories where caravan routes passed and gold was mined. The ruler and his entourage converted to Islam. After this, Muslim merchants from North Africa settled in the cities.

2. West Africa Later, in the 15th century, the Songhai state strengthened. The expansion of its borders was achieved during the reign of the energetic, warlike Ali Ber (1464-1492). He built a large river fleet; Severe discipline was introduced in the army. Ali Ber spent almost his entire life hiking. He managed to annex the main cities of Sudan to his possessions. In African tales and legends, Ali Ber appears as a wizard who could fly, become invisible and turn into a snake.

2. West Africa Rulers and nobles kept 500-1000 dependent people on their lands, who were settled in special villages. Dependent people paid rent to the owner and taxes to the state. Free community members also depended on the nobility. Since the middle of the 16th century, Songhai has been rapidly weakening. The ruler's relatives, holding high positions, conspired; the influential Muslim nobility in the cities had little regard for the rulers. The outbreak of internecine wars led the state into decline. At the end of the 16th century, Songhai was defeated by the troops of the Sultan of Morocco.

3. East Africa Aksum maintained close ties with the Roman Empire and later with Byzantium. The king and his entourage accepted the Christian faith. Writing was created in the country. In the 7th century, the Arabs took possession of Aksum in southern Arabia and then attacked it. The state broke up into separate principalities; the princes waged a fierce struggle for the throne. In the 10th century, Aksum ceased to exist.

3. East Africa City-states grew on the eastern coast of Africa. Arabs, Iranians, and Indians willingly settled in them. Large ships were built here, and there were many experienced sailors. Merchants from these cities sailed their ships across the Indian Ocean and traded with India, Iran and other Asian countries.

4. African culture Muslim schools arose, and in the city of Timbuktu - a higher school where they studied theology, history, law, mathematics, and astronomy. Scientists created writing based on local languages. Libraries were founded where many handwritten books were stored. Books were sold in shops, and, according to a contemporary, they received “more profit than from other goods.”

4. African culture Africans had considerable achievements in art. Ancient wooden and bronze sculptures and masks amaze with their expressiveness. Bronze plaques with bas-reliefs (convex images) of kings and nobles, scenes of hunting, war and court life were found in the royal palace in Benin.

4. African culture Europeans began to explore Africa back in ancient times. In the 14th century, they sailed freely along its northwestern coast, exchanging knives, glass beads and other products of European artisans for gold, ivory, which was very valuable in Europe, and rhinoceros horns, which were attributed to medicinal properties, parrots for noble ladies.

Materials used Agibalova E.V., Donskoy G.M. History of the Middle Ages 6th grade / textbook for secondary schools. - M.: Education, 2008. Illustrations: - Devyataikina N.I. History of the Middle Ages: Textbook. 6th grade. Part 1 / Devyataikina N. I. - M.: OLMAPRESS, 2008.

Kanku Musa was the most famous ruler of Mali. His pilgrimage (hajj) to holy places in 1324 became known throughout the Muslim world. On the way, he was accompanied by a retinue of 8 thousand warriors and no less number of slaves; The camels were loaded with up to one hundred packs of gold weighing about 12 tons. In every city where Kanku Musa arrived on Friday, he ordered the construction of a mosque. Even in the center of the Sahara, he feasted on fresh fish, which messengers brought him, and to bathe his beloved wife, they dug a huge pool and filled it with water from wineskins. Arriving in Cairo, Kanku Musa, without bargaining, paid any price for goods and distributed alms in huge sums. In Mecca, he bought houses and plots of land for black pilgrims. Eventually, Musa's money, accumulated by generations of subjects, ran out, but he was so trusted that a Cairo merchant lent a large sum. The Hajj to Mecca strengthened the authority of the ruler of Mali among Muslims.

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