Maxim Gorky (real name Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov) was born on March 16 (28), 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod. The persistent legends about his “barefoot” origin, which so impressed the revolutionary-minded intelligentsia, are contradicted by the Brockhaus and Efron Dictionary (which speaks of him as coming from a “completely bourgeois” environment) and facts. Gorky's paternal grandfather was an officer, although demoted for cruel treatment of his subordinates. Father, Maxim Savvateevich Peshkov, being a gifted and lucky man, achieved significant success in life. Some features of his biography will then be repeated by his son, but on a larger scale.
IN three years old The Peshkovs' son Alyosha fell ill with cholera and infected his father. The boy survived, but his father passed away. The mother lost interest in her son, considering him to be the culprit in the death of her beloved husband. Soon his mother gave him to his grandfather and grandmother Kashirin to raise.
Vasily Vasilyevich Kashirin had an explosive, despotic character, and the boy grew up in an atmosphere of constant family scandals. Nevertheless, he was attached to his grandson, taught him at the age of six, first Church Slavonic literacy, and only then modern. At the age of nine, the boy was sent to the Nizhny Novgorod Kunavinsky School, where he completed two classes and was transferred to the third with a diploma of commendation for “excellent success in science and good behavior compared to others.” At this time, my grandfather went bankrupt and, unable to survive the blow of fate and come to terms with poverty, fell ill with mental illness. Eleven-year-old Alyosha was forced to leave school and go “to the people,” that is, to learn some kind of craft.
From 1879 to 1884, he was an apprentice in a shoe shop, in a drawing and icon-painting workshop, in the galley of the steamship "Dobry", where an event took place that can be called the starting point for Alyosha Peshkov on his path to Maxim Gorky - a meeting with a cook named Smury. This remarkable cook, despite his illiteracy, was obsessed with collecting books, mainly in leather bindings, which determined the “range” of his collection - from the Gothic novels of Anna Radcliffe to literature in the Little Russian language. Thanks to this, according to the writer, “the strangest library in the world” (“Autobiography”, 1897), he became addicted to reading and “read everything that came to hand”: Gogol, Dumas, Nekrasov, Scott, Flaubert, Balzac, Dickens , Sovremennik and Iskra magazines, popular print books and Freemasonic literature...
Having felt a taste for knowledge, Alexey Peshkov in 1884 went to Kazan to enter the university, but due to poverty, life became his “university”: settling in a rooming house among his future heroes and, working as a laborer, he began to attend self-education circles, student gatherings, and a library of illegal books and proclamations at Derenkov’s bakery, who hired him as a baker’s assistant. Soon a mentor appeared - one of the first Marxists in Russia, Nikolai Fedoseev...
And suddenly, having already found the “fateful” revolutionary vein, on December 12, 1887, Alexei Peshkov tries to commit suicide (shoots himself in the lung). Some biographers find the reason for this in his unrequited love for Derenkov’s sister Maria, others - in the beginning of repressions against student circles. These explanations seem formal, since they do not at all suit the psychophysical makeup of Alexei Peshkov. By nature he was a fighter, and all the troubles along the way only refreshed his strength.
For attempting suicide, the Kazan Spiritual Consistory excommunicated Peshkov from the church for seven years.
In the summer of 1888, Alexey Peshkov began his famous four-year “walk around Rus'” in order to return from it as Maxim Gorky. Volga region, Don, Ukraine, Crimea, Caucasus, Kharkov, Kursk, Zadonsk (where he visited the Zadonsk Monastery), Voronezh, Poltava, Mirgorod, Kyiv, Nikolaev, Odessa, Bessarabia, Kerch, Taman, Kuban, Tiflis - this is an incomplete list of his routes. During his wanderings, he worked as a loader, a railway watchman, a dishwasher, worked as a laborer in villages, mined salt, was beaten by men and was hospitalized, served in repair shops, and was arrested several times - for vagrancy and for revolutionary propaganda. During these same years, he experienced a passion for populism and Tolstoyism (in 1889 he visited Yasnaya Polyana with the intention of asking Leo Tolstoy for a plot of land for an “agricultural colony,” but their meeting did not take place), and became ill with Nietzsche’s doctrine of the superman, which forever left a mark on his views their “pockmarks”.
The first story, “Makar Chudra,” signed by his new name, Maxim Gorky, was published in 1892 in the Tiflis newspaper “Caucasus” and marked the end of his wanderings. Gorky returned to Nizhny Novgorod. With his literary godfather he considered Vladimir Korolenko. Under his patronage, in 1893 he began publishing essays in Volga newspapers, and a few years later he became a permanent contributor to the Samara Newspaper, where more than two hundred of his feuilletons signed by Yehudiel Chlamida were published, as well as the stories “Song of the Falcon”, “On the Rafts”, “Old Woman Izergil” and others. Here he met the proofreader of the Samara Newspaper, Ekaterina Pavlovna Volzhina, and, having overcome his mother’s resistance to the marriage of his noble daughter with a “Nizhny Novgorod guild,” he married her in 1896.
IN next year, despite worsening tuberculosis and concerns with the birth of his son Maxim, Gorky releases new novels and short stories, most of which will become textbooks: “Konovalov”, “Zazubrina”, “Fair in Goltva”, “The Orlov Spouses”, “Malva”, “ Former people" and others. Gorky's first two-volume book, Essays and Stories (1898), published in St. Petersburg, had unprecedented success both in Russia and abroad. The demand for it was so great that a re-edition was immediately required - released in 1899 in three volumes. Gorky sent his first book to Chekhov, whom he admired, and he responded with a more than generous compliment: “An undoubted talent, and a real, great talent at that.”
Gorky's social position was radical. He was arrested more than once; in 1902, Nicholas II ordered the annulment of his election as an honorary academician in the category of fine literature (in protest, Chekhov and Korolenko left the Academy). In 1905 he joined the ranks of the RSDLP (Bolshevik wing) and met V.I. Lenin. They received serious financial support for the revolution of 1905-07.
Gorky quickly showed himself as a talented organizer literary process. In 1901 he became the head of the publishing house of the Knowledge Partnership and soon began to publish Collections of the Knowledge Partnership, where I. A. Bunin, L. N. Andreev, A. I. Kuprin, V. V. Veresaev, E. N. were published. Chirikov, N. D. Teleshov, A. S. Serafimovich, etc.
Vertex early creativity, the play “At the Lower Depths,” owes its fame to a great extent to the production by K. S. Stanislavsky at the Moscow Art Theater (1902; played by Stanislavsky, V. I. Kachalov, I. M. Moskvin, O. L. Knipper-Chekhova and others .) In 1903, the performance “At the Bottom” with Richard Wallentin in the role of Satin took place at the Berlin Kleines Theater. Gorky's other plays - "The Bourgeois" (1901), "Summer Residents" (1904), "Children of the Sun", "Barbarians" (both 1905), "Enemies" (1906) - did not have such sensational success in Russia and Europe.
After the defeat of the revolution of 1905-07, Gorky emigrated to the island of Capri (Italy). The “Capri” period of creativity forced us to reconsider the idea that had developed in criticism about the “end of Gorky” (D. V. Filosofov), which was caused by his hobbies political struggle and the ideas of socialism, reflected in the story “Mother” (1906; second edition 1907). He creates the stories “The Town of Okurov” (1909), “Childhood” (1913-14), “In People” (1915-16), and the cycle of stories “Across Rus'” (1912-17). The story “Confession” (1908), highly appreciated by A. A. Blok, caused controversy in criticism. In it, for the first time, the theme of god-building was heard, which Gorky preached with A.V. Lunacharsky and A.A. Bogdanov at the Capri party school for workers, which caused his differences with Lenin, who hated “flirting with the little god.”
First World War had a hard impact on state of mind Gorky. It symbolized the beginning of the historical collapse of his idea. collective intelligence”, which he came to after disappointment with Nietzschean individualism (according to T. Mann, Gorky built a bridge from Nietzsche to socialism). Boundless faith in human mind, accepted as the only dogma, was not confirmed by life. The war has become a blatant example collective madness, when Man was reduced to a “trench lice”, “cannon fodder”, when people went wild before our eyes and the human mind was powerless before logic historical events. In Gorky’s poem from 1914 there are the lines: “How will we then live?//What will this horror bring us?//What will now save my soul from hatred of people?”
The October Revolution confirmed Gorky's fears. Unlike Blok, he heard in it not “music,” but the terrible roar of a hundred million peasant element, breaking out through all social prohibitions and threatening to drown the remaining islands of culture. In “Untimely Thoughts” (a series of articles in the newspaper “ New life"; 1917-18; published in a separate publication in 1918) he accused Lenin of seizing power and unleashing terror in the country. But in the same place he called the Russian people organically cruel, “beastly” and thereby, if not justified, then explained the ferocious treatment of these people by the Bolsheviks. The inconsistency of his position was also reflected in his book “On the Russian Peasantry” (1922).
Gorky’s undoubted merit was his energetic work to save the scientific and artistic intelligentsia from starvation and executions, gratefully appreciated by his contemporaries (E. I. Zamyatin, A. M. Remizov, V. F. Khodasevich, V. B. Shklovsky, etc.) Barely Isn’t it for this reason that such cultural events as the organization of a publishing house were conceived? World literature", the opening of the "House of Scientists" and the "House of Arts" (communes for the creative intelligentsia, described in the novel by O. D. Forsh "The Crazy Ship" and the book by K. A. Fedin "Gorky Among Us"). However, many writers (including Blok, N.S. Gumilyov) could not be saved, which became one of the main reasons for Gorky’s final break with the Bolsheviks.
From 1921 to 1928, Gorky lived in exile, where he went after Lenin’s too persistent advice. Settled in Sorrento (Italy), without breaking ties with his young Soviet literature(L. M. Leonov, V. V. Ivanov, A. A. Fadeev, I. E. Babel, etc.) Wrote the cycle “Stories of 1922-24”, “Notes from the Diary” (1924), the novel “The Case” Artamonov" (1925), began working on the epic novel "The Life of Klim Samgin" (1925-36). Contemporaries noted the experimental nature of Gorky's works of this time, which were created with an undoubted eye on the formal quest of Russian prose of the 20s.
In 1928, Gorky made a “test” trip to the Soviet Union (in connection with the celebration organized on the occasion of his 60th birthday), having previously entered into cautious negotiations with the Stalinist leadership. The apotheosis of the meeting at Belorussky railway station decided the matter; Gorky returned to his homeland. As an artist, he completely immersed himself in creating “The Life of Klim Samgin,” a panoramic picture of Russia over forty years. As a politician, he actually provided Stalin with moral cover in the face of the world community. His numerous articles created an apologetic image of the leader and were silent about the suppression of freedom of thought and art in the country - facts that Gorky could not have been unaware of. He headed the creation of a collective book of writers glorifying the construction by prisoners of the White Sea-Baltic Canal. Stalin. Organized and supported many enterprises: the Academia publishing house, the book series “History of factories and factories”, “History civil war", the magazine "Literary Studies", as well as the Literary Institute, then named after him. In 1934 he headed the Union of Writers of the USSR, created on his initiative.
Gorky's death was surrounded by an atmosphere of mystery, as was the death of his son, Maxim Peshkov. However, versions of the violent death of both have still not found documentary evidence. The urn with Gorky's ashes is placed in the Kremlin wall in Moscow.
Maxim Gorky was born in 1868. The real name of the writer is Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov. This man was not only great Russian poet, but also a famous publicist and public figure.
Maxim was born in the city of Nizhny Novgorod. His father was a cabinetmaker. The writer lost his father in early age, and spent his entire childhood with his grandfather, who owned one of the local dye shops.
Almost all of my conscious life The writer spent his time in poverty and changed many professions. As a young guy, he tried in every possible way to enter one of the universities in Kazan, but Maxim never managed to do this. Over time, he became part of the revolutionary movement and began active educational activities. The famous V.G. helped him get into literary circles. Korolenko. Only in 1892 Maxim published his first story, “Makar Chudra,” which readers liked. It was from that moment that Gorky began active literary activity. His collection “Essays and Stories” achieved enormous popularity. In his novel entitled "Mother" he treated with great sympathy revolutionary movement, which took place in Russia, which is conveyed in the novel.
A large number of writers' works created a great sensation and became a real sensation. The play “Yegor Bulychev and Others” alone deserves enormous attention and reverence, not to mention his other masterpieces, such as “Childhood”, “My Universities” and much more.
Being outside the homeland, and these were 1921-1931, and after returning to native Russia, Maxim had a huge influence on the formation of ideological and aesthetic principles of literature Soviet Union. This also applies to the generally accepted theory of socialist realism.
The writer died in 1936.
3, 7, 8 grade
Biography of Maxim Gorky about the main thing
Maxim Gorky was born in 1868 in the city of Kanavino. Father - Maxim Peshkov, mother - Varvara Peshkova (nee Kashirina). My father is a carpenter by profession. When Maxim was 3 years old, his father became seriously ill with cholera and subsequently died. Interestingly, Maxim caught the disease from his son. Gorky's real name is Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov. The pseudonym was probably taken in honor of his deceased father. 8 years after the death of his father, his mother also dies of consumption. Thus, at the age of 11 the boy becomes an orphan. Alexey's grandmother replaces his parents. Having been orphaned, Gorky has to go to work. Trying to study in parish school However, having contracted smallpox, he stopped studying. Later he spends 2 years at the Kanavinskaya school. According to teachers, he was a problem student at school. During his studies, he lives with his mother and stepfather, the relationship with the latter does not work out, and after another strong quarrel he returns to his grandfather.
Life for his grandfather did not go well; Kashirin was poor and could not provide constant supervision for young Alexei. As a result, Gorky spent a lot of time on the street, unattended, in the company of street children like him. For some time he studied at a parish school for the poor. Bad Company and need had a strong influence on Alexei, he stole and collected. Such behavior did not go unnoticed by other students, and Gorky was subjected to ridicule and bullying. For this reason, Alexey leaves school. Despite such problems, Alexey knew how to learn. He read a lot and had an extraordinary memory, but was also illiterate.
In 1884, Gorky left for Kazan and attempted to enter the university. The attempt ends in failure; this is not surprising, because Alexey did not even have a secondary education. Decides to stay in Kazan. He works and at the same time gets acquainted with Marxism. In 1887, he learns about the death of his grandparents. In the same year he tries to commit suicide twice, but fails both times.
In 1888 he was engaged in propaganda and was arrested. It is under constant police surveillance. He continues to travel and do odd jobs. The first publication appears on September 12, 1892. A year later, he continues to publish and marries for the first time. The marriage did not last long and after 2 years the writer left Kamenskaya. In 1896 he married Ekaterina Volzhina.
At the beginning of the 20th century, he became interested in drama and wrote plays. In marriage, the writer has two children. In 1902, he settled in Nizhny Novgorod with his wife and children. By that time, Maxim was already a fairly famous publisher and playwright. Here he is finishing the play “At the Lower Depths,” which is very well received in Russia and Europe.
In 1903, the writer met actress Maria Andreeva. Leaves his family and leaves Nizhny Novgorod. In 1905 he was arrested again, but a little later he was released on bail. Persecuted, Gorky leaves Russia and goes to the USA. There, on behalf of Lenin, he is collecting money for the needs of the revolution. In 1906 he settled in Italy and for 7 years lived and worked on the island of Capri.
Returns to Russia, continues to write for some time, studies publishing activities. He did not accept the revolution and went into exile in 1921. He continues to create far from his homeland. 7 years later he visits the USSR for the first time. Soon, he finally returns to his homeland. In recent years he has been writing “The Life of Klim Samgin”; work on the work has been ongoing for 11 years. In 1934, Gorky’s son Maxim died, but the father’s reaction to his son’s death was very sluggish, if not indifferent.
In May 1936 he fell ill with the flu. The disease progresses and by mid-June it becomes clear that the poet cannot cope with it; on June 18 he dies. At the time of his death, Gorky was 69 years old.
3rd grade, 7th grade, 8th grade for children
Interesting Facts and dates from life
Years of life: from 03/28/1868 to 06/18/1936
Russian writer, playwright, public figure. One of the most popular authors turn of the XIX century and XX centuries.
Maxim Gorky (real name - Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov) was born (16) March 28, 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod. Father, Maxim Savvatievich Peshkov (1840-71) - the son of a soldier, demoted from the officers, a cabinetmaker. IN last years worked as a manager of a shipping office, died of cholera. Mother, Varvara Vasilyevna Kashirina (1842-79) - from a bourgeois family; Having become a widow at an early age, she remarried and died of consumption. The writer spent his childhood in the house of his grandfather Vasily Vasilyevich Kashirin, who in his youth was a barracks worker, then became rich, became the owner of a dyeing establishment, and went bankrupt in his old age. The grandfather taught the boy from church books, grandmother Akulina Ivanovna introduced her grandson to folk songs and fairy tales, but most importantly, she replaced the mother, “saturating,” in Gorky’s own words, “with strong strength for a difficult life.”
Gorky did not receive a real education, having only completed vocational school. His thirst for knowledge was quenched independently; he grew up “self-taught.” Hard work (a cook on a ship, a “boy” in a store, a student in an icon-painting workshop, a foreman at fair buildings, etc.) and early hardships taught good knowledge life and inspired dreams of reorganizing the world. Participated in illegal populist circles. After his arrest in 1889, he was under police surveillance.
In the world great literature turned out to be with the help of V.G. Korolenko. In 1892, Maxim Gorky published his first story, “Makar Chudra,” and in 1899-1900 he met L.N. Tolstoy and A.P. Chekhov, gets closer to the Moscow Art Theater, which staged his plays “The Bourgeois” and “At the Depths”.
The next period of Gorky's life is associated with revolutionary activity. He joined the Bolshevik Party, later, however, disagreeing with it on the issue of timeliness socialist revolution in Russia. He took part in the organization of the first Bolshevik legal newspaper, Novaya Zhizn. During the December armed uprising of 1905 in Moscow, he supplied workers' squads with weapons and money.
In 1906, on behalf of the party, Maxim Gorky illegally traveled to America, where he campaigned in support of the revolution in Russia. Among the Americans who ensured Gorky's reception in the United States was Mark Twain.
Upon returning to Russia, he wrote the play "Enemies" and the novel "Mother" (1906). In the same year, Gorky travels to Italy, to Capri, where he lives until 1913, giving all his strength literary creativity. During these years, the plays “The Last” (1908), “Vassa Zheleznova” (1910), the stories “Summer”, “Okurov Town” (1909), and the novel “The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin” (1910 - 11) were written.
Taking advantage of the amnesty, he returned to St. Petersburg in 1913 and collaborated with the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda. In 1915 he founded the magazine "Letopis", headed the literary department of the magazine, uniting around him such writers as Shishkov, Prishvin, Trenev, Gladkov and others.
Gorky greeted the February Revolution of 1917 with enthusiasm. He was a member of the “Special Meeting on Arts” and was the chairman of the Commission on Arts under the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Council of the RSD. After the revolution, Gorky participated in the publication of the newspaper Novaya Zhizn, which was the organ of the Social Democrats, where he published articles under common name"Untimely Thoughts"
In the fall of 1921, due to an exacerbation of the tuberculosis process, he went abroad for treatment. At first he lived in resorts in Germany and Czechoslovakia, then moved to Italy in Sorrento. He continues to work a lot: he completes the trilogy - "My Universities" ("Childhood" and "In People" were published in 1913 - 16), writes the novel "The Artamonov Case" (1925). Begins work on the book “The Life of Klim Samgin,” which he continued to write until the end of his life. In 1931 Gorky returned to his homeland. In the 1930s he again turned to drama: “Egor Bulychev and others” (1932), “Dostigaev and others” (1933).
Summing up his acquaintance and communication with the great people of his time, Gorky writes literary portraits L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov, V. Korolenko, essay "V.I. Lenin". In 1934, through the efforts of M. Gorky, the 1st All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers was prepared and held.
On May 11, 1934, Gorky’s son, Maxim Peshkov, unexpectedly dies. The writer himself died on June 18, 1936 in the town of Gorki, near Moscow, having outlived his son by a little more than two years. After his death he was cremated, the ashes were placed in an urn in Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow. Before cremation, A. M. Gorky's brain was removed and taken to the Moscow Brain Institute for further study. There is still a lot of uncertainty around his death, like the death of his son Maxim.
Gorky began as a provincial newspaperman (published under the name Yehudiel Chlamida). Pseudonym M. Gorky (signed letters and documents real name- A. Peshkov) appeared in 1892 in the Tiflis newspaper “Caucasus”, where the first story “Makar Chudra” was published.
The circumstances of the death of Gorky and his son are considered “suspicious” by many. There were rumors about poisoning, which, however, were not confirmed. According to the interrogations of Genrikh Yagoda (one of the main leaders of the state security agencies), Maxim Gorky was killed on Trotsky's orders, and the murder of Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, was his personal initiative. Some publications blame Stalin for Gorky's death.
Bibliography
Stories
1908 - “Life unnecessary person».
1908 - “Confession”
1909 - "", "".
1913-1914- " "
1915-1916- " "
1923 - ""
Stories, essays
1892 - “Makar Chudra”
1895 - “Chelkash”, “Old Woman Izergil”.
1897 - “Former People”, “The Orlov Spouses”, “Malva”, “Konovalov”.
1898 - “Essays and Stories” (collection)
1899 - “Song of the Falcon” (prose poem), “Twenty-six and one”
1901 - “Song of the Petrel” (prose poem)
1903 - “Man” (prose poem)
1913 - “Egor Bulychov and others (1953)
Egor Bulychov and others (1971)
Life of the Baron (1917) - based on the play "At the Lower Depths"
The Life of Klim Samgin (TV series, 1986)
The Life of Klim Samgin (film, 1986)
The Well (2003) - based on the story by A.M. Gorky "Gubin"
Summer People (1995) - based on the play "Summer Residents"
Mallow (1956) - based on the stories
Mother (1926)
Mother (1955)
Mother (1990)
Bourgeois (1971)
My Universities (1939)
At the Bottom (1952)
At the Bottom (1957)
At the Bottom (1972)
Washed in Blood (1917) - based on M. Gorky’s story “Konovalov”
Premature Man (1971) - based on the play “Yakov Bogomolov” by Maxim Gorky
Across Rus' (1968) - based on early stories
For the sake of boredom (1967)
Tabor goes to heaven (1975)
Three (1918)
Foma Gordeev (1959)
Name: Maxim Gorkiy
Age: 68 years old
Place of Birth: Nizhny Novgorod
A place of death: Gorki-10, Moscow region
Activity: writer, playwright
Family status: was divorced
Maxim Gorky - biography
The famous Russian writer Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov is known to everyone under his literary pseudonym"Maksim Gorky". He was awarded Nobel Prize in literature 5 times.
Childhood, family
Gorky's biography originates from Nizhny Novgorod from his grandfather Kashirin, who was a very cruel officer, for which he was demoted. He was sent into exile, and then acquired his own dyeing workshop. Little Alyosha was born in Nizhny Novgorod, where Kashirin’s daughter went. A boy somewhere caught cholera at the age of 4, his father, while caring for him, became infected and died, but little Alyosha managed to recover.
The mother gave birth to her second child and decided to return to her parents’ house. On the way, the baby died. Back in hometown, the significantly thinned Peshkov family began to live in Kashirin’s house. The boy was taught at home: his mother - reading, and his grandfather - literacy. Old Kashirin often went to church, forced his grandson to pray, which later aroused extreme feelings in him. negative attitude to religion.
Studies
Maxim began his studies at a parish school, but illness prevented him from receiving elementary education. Later, Gorky studied at the settlement school for two years. Gorky lacked education; there were errors in his manuscripts. Maxim's mother remarried and left with her son to join her husband. The relationship didn't work out new husband He often beat his wife, and Alyosha saw this. Having severely beaten his stepfather, he ran away to his grandfather. Hard life was with a teenager, he often stole firewood and food, collected abandoned clothes, and he always smelled bad. He had to quit school, which is where Gorky’s education ended.
Maxim's youth
The writer's biography is full of sad moments. Alyosha was soon left without his mother, who died of consumption, his grandfather went bankrupt, and the orphan had to go earn a living. Since the age of 11, Alyosha has been working as a laborer in a shop, washing dishes on a ship, and working as an apprentice in an icon painting workshop. At the age of 16, the young man was unable to enter the University of Kazan due to lack of a certificate and money.
Alexey works at the pier and makes acquaintances with young revolutionary-minded people. My grandparents died, and the young man, in a fit of depression, tried to kill himself with a gun. Help arrived quickly in the person of a watchman, an operation was performed in the hospital, but the lungs were still affected.
Books and meetings with writers
Alexey begins to be monitored for his connections with revolutionaries, and he is subjected to short-term arrest. He works as a farm laborer, guards the station and works as a fisherman. At one of the stations he fell in love, but he was refused, then he takes a trip to Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich in Yasnaya Polyana. But the meeting did not take place. Gorky decides to show one of his manuscripts to Korolenko, who harshly criticized the creation of the aspiring writer.
The life story of Maxim Gorky often refers to prison dungeons, where he again and again ends up behind bars for his views, and after leaving prison, he travels around Russia on passing carts and freight trains. During these trips, the idea of “Makar Chudra” was born, which is published under the name of Maxim Gorky. Maxim is like a father, Gorky because of his complex biography.
But real glory the writer felt after the story “Chelkash”. Not everyone accepted the work of the new talent, and the authorities even placed him in one of the castles in Georgia. Alexey Maksimovich moved to St. Petersburg after he was released, and in northern capital he writes the famous plays “At the Lower Depths” and “The Bourgeois”.
Writer's talent
Even the emperor recognized the courage and directness of Gorky’s statements. He did not even notice the negative attitude of writers towards the autocratic system of Russia. Alexey Maksimovich does not pay attention to police prohibitions and continues to distribute revolutionary literature. Leo Tolstoy and Maxim Gorky became great friends. In an apartment in the center of Nizhny Novgorod there was always a lot of famous people, contemporaries of the owner of the house. Writers, directors, artists and musicians held conversations and talked about their works.
Gorky joined the Bolshevik Party in 1904 and met the leader of the proletariat, Lenin. This acquaintance became the reason for another arrest and a cell in the Peter and Paul Fortress. The public demanded the writer's release, after which he left the country for America. He was tormented by tuberculosis for a long time, and he decided to move to Italy.
Because of my revolutionary activities he was disliked by the authorities. Gorky settled for seven years on the island of Capri. In 1913, Alexey Maksimovich returned to his homeland, lived in the northern capital for 5 years, then went abroad again, and only in 1933 finally moved to Russia. When he visited his sick grandchildren who lived in Moscow, he caught a cold and was no longer able to recover, he fell ill and died.
Maxim Gorky - biography of personal life
Gorky's chronic illness did not prevent him from being full of energy and energy. The writer’s first marriage was an unofficial relationship with Olga Kamenskaya, an ordinary woman midwife. Their union did not last long. For the second time, the writer decided to marry his second chosen one.
Born March 28 (March 16, old style) 1868 in Kunavino Nizhny Novgorod province Russian Empire(since 1919 the city of Kanavino, since 1928 it became part of Nizhny Novgorod). Maxim Gorky is the writer’s pseudonym, real name Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov.
Father - Maxim Savvatyevich Peshkov (1840-1871) a carpenter, the last years of his life - the manager of a shipping company.
Mother - Varvara Vasilievna Kashirina (1842-1879) from a bourgeois family.
Alexey Maksimovich was orphaned early. In 1871 he fell ill with cholera, the father was able to nurse his son, but he himself became infected and died. After the death of his father, Alexey moves with his mother from Astrakhan to Nizhny Novgorod. The mother took little care of her son and the grandmother, Akulina Ivanovna, replaced Alexei’s parents. At this time, Alexey did not attend school for long, and entered the third grade with a certificate of merit. In 1879, after the death of Varvara Vasilievna, his grandfather sent Alexei “to the people” - to earn his living. He worked as a “boy” in a store, as a pantry cook on a ship, as a baker, studied in an icon-painting workshop, etc. You can read more about the writer’s childhood and youth in his autobiographical stories “Childhood” and “In People.”
In 1884, Alexey went to Kazan, hoping to enter Kazan University. But he didn’t have money to study and had to go to work. The Kazan period was the most difficult in Gorky's life. Here he experienced acute need and hunger. In Kazan, he gets acquainted with Marxist literature and tries himself in the role of an educator and propagandist. In 1888, he was arrested for connections with revolutionaries and was soon released, but continued to be under constant police surveillance. In 1891 he went on a journey and even reached the Caucasus. During this period, he made many acquaintances among the intelligentsia.
In 1892, his work “Makar Chudra” was published for the first time.
In 1896 he married Ekaterina Pavlovna Volzhina (1876-1965). From the marriage there was a son, Maxim (1897-1934), and a daughter, Ekaterina (1898-1903).
1897-1898 lived in the village of Kamenka (now the village of Kuvshinovo in the Tver region Russian Federation) from a friend Vasiliev. This period of his life served as material for his novel “The Life of Klim Samgin.”
In 1902, Gorky was elected honorary academician Imperial Academy sciences in the category of fine literature. But due to the fact that he was under police surveillance, his election was annulled. In this regard, Chekhov and Korolenko refused membership in the Academy.
By 1902, Gorky gained worldwide fame. In 1902, 260 newspaper and 50 magazine articles were published about Gorky, and more than 100 monographs were published.
In 1903, after the death of their daughter, Alexey Maksimovich and Ekaterina Pavlovna decided to separate, but not to formalize a divorce. At that time, divorce was possible only through the church, and Gorky was excommunicated from the church. In 1903 he married Maria Fedorovna Andreeva(1868-1953), whom he had known since 1900.
After " Bloody Sunday” (shooting down of a workers’ march on January 9, 1905) issued a revolutionary proclamation, for which he was arrested and imprisoned Peter and Paul Fortress. Many famous European representatives of creative and scientific world. Under their pressure, Gorky was released on February 14, 1905 on bail.
From 1906 to 1913, together with Maria Andreeva, he lived abroad in Italy, first in Naples, and then on the island of Capri. By official version due to tuberculosis. There is also a version that due to political persecution.
In 1907, he took part in the V Congress of the RSDLP (Russian Social Democratic Party) workers' party), which took place in London as a delegate with an advisory vote.
At the end of 1913, on the occasion of the three hundredth anniversary of the House of Romanov, a general amnesty was declared. After this, Gorky returns to Russia to St. Petersburg.
From 1917 to 1919 he was active in social and political activities. In 1919 he separated from Maria Andreeva and in 1920 he began to live with Maria Ignatievna Budberg (1892-1974). In 1921, at the insistence of Lenin, he went abroad. One version is due to the resumption of the disease. According to another version, due to the aggravation of ideological differences with the Bolsheviks. Since 1924 he lived in Sorrento in Italy.
In 1928, at the invitation of the Soviet government and Stalin personally, he came to the USSR for the first time. But he doesn’t stay and leaves for Italy. In 1929, on his second visit to the Union, he visited Solovetsky camp special purpose and writes positive feedback about his regime. In October 1929 he returned to Italy. And in 1932 he finally returned to the Soviet Union.
In 1934, with the help of Gorky, the Union of Writers of the USSR was organized. The Charter of the Writers' Union was adopted at the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers, at which Gorky made the main report.
In 1934, Gorky's son Maxim died.
At the end of May 1936, Gorky caught a cold and after three weeks of illness, he died on June 18, 1936. After cremation, his ashes were placed in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow.
There are many rumors associated with the death of Gorky and his son. There were rumors of poisoning. According to Yagoda's interrogations, Gorky was killed on Trotsky's orders. Some blame Stalin for the death. In 1938, three doctors were involved in the “Doctors' Case” and were accused of murdering Gorky.
Now the circumstances and causes of death of Gorky and his son Maxim remain the subject of debate.