Why are electron shells called by the letters s, p, d, f, g, h, i? What do these symbols mean? Why not a, b, c? For a long time I could not find the answer to this question. And this is what it turned out to be.
Historically, the first four designations are derived from spectroscopic terms used in the 1890s to describe the spectra of alkali metals:
0 - s (sharp) - sharp,
1 - p (principal) - main;
2 - d (diffuse) - diffuse;
3 - f (fundamental) - fundamental.
As can be seen from this series, the well-known misconception that these letters are abbreviations for words describing the shape of an orbital is incorrect. It is not the shape of the orbital that is described (how would the chemists of 1890 know it), but the appearance of the lines in the spectral picture of the substance.
Next energy levels are designated g, h, i . It was not possible to find out the reason for these designations. It has been suggested that this designation was made by Latin alphabet after the letter f. And if there was another level, it would be called j.
What do spectral patterns look like?
The emission spectrum of hydrogen H, also known as the atomic emission spectrum of hydrogen:
If you look closely, you can see at least two lines: blue and red. The blue line is barely noticeable, and the purple line is almost invisible. If you play with this picture in graphic editor, you can get something like this:
The same spectrum of hydrogen in contrast:
The atomic emission spectrum of hydrogen is a collection of lines, among which three groups of lines, or series, can be distinguished:
The following figure roughly shows the correspondence between electronic transitions and spectral lines of atomic hydrogen. This figure shows the mappings on the spectrum of transitions from high orbitals to orbital 1:
The answer to the question of why hydrogen has so much energy is now clear. spectral lines, and not one (after all, the hydrogen atom has one electron). Because for that one electron in a hydrogen atom, there are many free energy states that it can be in. All these possible states at the mass of atoms of the substance under study and are visible on the spectral lines.
For comparison, the spectra of other substances. Emissive with helium (He) spectrum:
Emission spectrum of sodium (Na):
And here is how these spectra are drawn in educational materials:
In such a picture it is quite difficult to understand what the spectra really look like; the thickness of the spectral lines is not visible, that is, the physics of the process is not clear. It is not surprising that with such pictures, chemistry becomes an unstudied science for students.
More strictly speaking, the relative arrangement of sublevels is determined not so much by their greater or lesser energy, but by the requirement of a minimum total energy atom
The distribution of electrons over atomic orbitals occurs starting from the orbital that has the lowest energy (minimum energy principle), those. The electron lands in the orbital closest to the nucleus. This means that first those sublevels for which the sum of the values are filled with electrons quantum numbers (n+l) was minimal. So the energy of an electron at the 4s sublevel is less than the energy of an electron located at the 3d sublevel. Consequently, the filling of sublevels with electrons occurs in the following order: 1s< 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 5d ~ 4f < 6p < 7s < 6d ~ 5f < 7p.
Based on this requirement, the minimum energy is achieved for most atoms when their sublevels are filled in the sequence shown above. But there are exceptions that you can find in the Electronic Configurations of Elements tables, but these exceptions rarely need to be taken into account when considering the chemical properties of elements.
Atom chromium It has electronic configuration not 4s 2 3d 4, but 4s 1 3d 5. This is an example of how the stabilization of states with parallel electron spins prevails over the insignificant difference in the energy states of the 3d and 4s sublevels (Hund's rules), that is, the energetically favorable states for the d sublevel are d 5 And d 10. Energy diagrams of the valence sublevels of chromium and copper atoms are presented in Fig. 2.1.1.
A similar transition of one electron from the s-sublevel to the d-sublevel occurs in 8 more elements: Cu, Nb, Mo, Ru, Ag, Pt, Au. At the atom Pd there is a transition of two s-electrons to the d-sublevel: Pd 5s 0 4d 10.
Fig.2.1.1. Energy diagrams of valence sublevels of chromium and copper atoms
Filling rules electronic shells:
1. First, we find out how many electrons the atom of the element of interest to us contains. To do this, it is enough to know the charge of its nucleus, which is always equal to the ordinal number of the element in the Periodic Table D.I. Mendeleev. The atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus) is exactly equal to the number of electrons in the entire atom.
2. We successively fill the orbitals, starting with the 1s orbital, with the available electrons, taking into account the principle of minimum energy. In this case, it is impossible to place more than two electrons with oppositely directed spins in each orbital (Pauli's rule).
3. Write down the electronic formula of the element.
An atom is a complex, dynamically stable microsystem of interacting particles: protons p +, neutrons n 0 and electrons e -.
Fig.2.1.2. Filling energy levels with electrons of the element phosphorus
The electronic structure of the hydrogen atom (z = 1) can be depicted in the following way:
+1 Н 1s 1, n = 1, where the quantum cell (atomic orbital) is denoted as a line or square, and the electrons are denoted as arrows.
Each atom of the subsequent chemical element V periodic table is a multi-electron atom.
The lithium atom, like the hydrogen and helium atoms, has electronic structure s-element, because The last electron of the lithium atom “sits” on the s-sublevel:
+3 Li 1s 2 2s 1 2p 0
The first electron appears in the boron atom in the p-state:
+5 V 1s 2 2s 2 2p 1
It is easier to show the electronic formula notation on specific example. Let's say we need to find out the electronic formula of an element with serial number 7. An atom of such an element must have 7 electrons. Let's fill the orbitals with seven electrons, starting with the bottom 1s orbital.
So, 2 electrons will be located in the 1s orbital, another 2 electrons will be located in the 2s orbital, and the remaining 3 electrons can be located in three 2p orbitals.
The electronic formula of an element with atomic number 7 (this is the element nitrogen, which has the symbol “N”) looks like this:
+7 N 1s 2 2s 2 2p 3
Let's consider the action of Hund's rule using the example of a nitrogen atom: N 1s 2 2s 2 2p 3. There are three identical p-orbitals in the 2nd electron level: 2px, 2py, 2pz. Electrons will populate them so that each of these p-orbitals will have one electron. This is explained by the fact that in neighboring cells electrons repel each other less, like similarly charged particles. Received by us electronic formula carries a lot of nitrogen important information: The 2nd (outer) electron level of nitrogen is not completely filled with electrons (it has 2 + 3 = 5 valence electrons) and three electrons are missing to be completely filled.
The outer level of an atom is the level farthest from the nucleus that contains valence electrons. It is this shell that comes into contact when colliding with the outer levels of other atoms in chemical reactions. When interacting with other atoms, nitrogen is able to accept 3 additional electrons to its external level. In this case, the nitrogen atom will receive a completed, that is, maximally filled, external electronic level, on which 8 electrons will be located.
A completed level is energetically more favorable than an incomplete one, so the nitrogen atom should easily react with any other atom that can provide it with 3 extra electrons to complete its outer level.
An atomic orbital having spherical symmetry (Fig. 3) is usually denoted as s -orbital (s-AO), and the electrons in it are Hows-electrons.
The radius of the atomic s-orbital increases with increasing energy level number; The 1s-AO is located inside the 2s-AO, the latter is located inside the 3s-AO, etc. with a center corresponding to the atomic nucleus. In general, the structure of the electron shell of an atom in the orbital model appears to be layered. Each energy level containing electrons is considered geometrically as electronic layer.
For an abbreviated designation of an electron occupying an atomic s-orbital, the designation of the s-AO itself is used with an upper digital index indicating the number of electrons. For example, 1s is the designation for the only electron in a hydrogen atom.
The energy level number corresponds principal quantum number, and the type of orbital is orbital quantum number.
2s Li=1s 
2s 
,
Be=1s 
2s 
1s H=1s 
, He
Electronic formula combined with energy diagram electron shell of an atom (Fig. 3) reflect it electronic configuration.
An atomic orbital having rotational (axial) symmetry is usually denoted as p-orbital (p -AO)(Fig. 3); the electrons in it are p-electrons.
Each atomic p-orbital can accept (at maximum occupancy) two electrons, like any other AO. These electrons collectively occupy both halves p-orbitals. At each atomic energy level (except the first) there are three atomic orbitals, which correspond to a maximum population of six electrons.
All three p-AOs of the same energy level differ from each other in spatial location; their own axes, passing through both halves of the orbital and perpendicular to its nodal plane, form a system of Cartesian coordinates (notations own axes x, y, z). Therefore, at each energy level there is a set of three atomic p-orbitals: p x -, p y - and p z -AO. Letters x, y, z correspond magnetic quantum number, which allows one to judge the influence of an external magnetic field on the electron shell of an atom.
Atomic s-orbitals exist at all energy levels, atomic p-orbitals - at all levels except the first. At the third and subsequent energy levels to one s-AO and three p-AO joins five atomic orbitals, called d -orbitals(Fig. 4), and at the fourth and subsequent levels - seven more atomic orbitals, called f -orbitals.
2.3. Energy sublevels
multielectron atom. principles
building an electron shell
Quantum mechanical calculations show that in multielectron atoms the energy of electrons of one level is not the same; electrons fill atomic orbitals different types and have different energies.
The energy level is characterized principal quantum numbern. For all known elements n values vary from 1 to 7. Electrons in a multi-electron atom located in mostly (unexcited) state, occupy energy levels from the first to the seventh.
The energy sublevel is characterized orbital quantum numberl. For each level (n = const) the quantum number l accepts all integer values from 0 to (n-1), for example, with n=3 values l will be 0, 1 and 2. The orbital quantum number determines geometric shape(symmetry) of orbitals s-, p-, d-, f-sublevel. It is obvious that in all cases n> l; at n=3 maximum value l equals 2.
The existing sublevels for the first four energy levels, the number of atomic orbitals and electrons in them are given in Table 1.
The pattern of filling the electron shells of atoms is determined by the exclusion principle established in 1925 by the Swiss physicist Pauli.
Pauli principle: An atom cannot have two electrons in identical states.
The difference between electrons occupying different atomic orbitals of the same sublevel ( n, l = const), except for the s-sublevel, is characterized magnetic quantum numberm. This number is called magnetic because it characterizes the behavior of electrons in an external magnetic field. If the value l determines the geometric shape of the atomic orbitals of the sublevel, then the value of the quantum number m establishes the relative spatial arrangement of these orbitals.
Table 1
Energy levels, sublevels and orbitals
multi-electron atom
|
Energy level n |
Energy sublevel |
Orbital designation |
Number of orbits n |
Number of electrons 2n |
|
|
type of orbital |
|||||
Magnetic quantum number m l within this sublevel ( n, l = const) accepts all integer values from + l before - l, including zero. For the s-sublevel ( n = const, l = 0 ) only one value is possible m l = 0, which means that the s-sublevel of any (from the first to the seventh) energy level contains one s-AO.
For the p-sublevel ( n> 1, l = 1) m l can take three values +1, 0, -1, therefore, the p-sublevel of any (from the second to the seventh) energy level contains three p-AOs.
For d-sublevel ( n> 2, l = 2) m l has five values +2, +1, 0, -1, -2 and, as a consequence, d- sublevel of any (from the third to the seventh) energy level necessarily contains five d- JSC.
Likewise, for each f- sublevel ( n> 3, l = 3) m has seven values +3, +2, +1, 0, -1, -2, -3 and therefore any f- sublevel contains seven f- JSC.
Thus, Each atomic orbital is uniquely determined by three quantum numbers - the mainn , orbital l and magnetic m l .
At n = const all values related to a given energy level are strictly defined l, and when l = const – all values related to a given energy sublevel m l .
Due to the fact that each orbital can be filled with a maximum of two electrons, the number of electrons that can be accommodated in each energy level and sublevel is doubled more number orbitals per this level or sublevel. Since electrons located in the same atomic orbital have the same quantum numbers n, l And m l, then for two electrons in one orbital the fourth is used, spin quantum numbers, which is determined by the spin of the electron.
According to the Pauli principle, it can be stated that each electron in an atom is unique characterized by its set of four quantum numbers - the mainn , orbitall , magneticm and spins.
The population of energy levels, sublevels and atomic orbitals by electrons is subject to the following rule (principle of minimum energy): in an unexcited state, all electrons have the lowest energy.
This means that each of the electrons filling the shell of an atom occupies such an orbital that the atom as a whole has a minimum energy. Consistent quantum increase in the energy of sublevels occurs in the following order:
1s – 2s – 2p – 3s – 3p – 4s – 3d – 4p – 5s - …..
The filling of atomic orbitals within one energy sublevel occurs in accordance with the rule formulated by the German physicist F. Hund (1927).
Hund's rule: atomic orbitals belonging to the same sublevel are each filled first with one electron, and then they are filled with second electrons.
Hund's rule is also called the principle of maximum multiplicity, i.e. the maximum possible parallel direction of the spins of electrons of one energy sublevel.
A free atom can have no more than eight electrons at its highest energy level.
Electrons located at the highest energy level of an atom (in the outer electron layer) are called external; The number of outer electrons in an atom of any element is never more than eight. For many elements, it is the number of external electrons (with filled internal sublevels) that largely determines their chemical properties. For other electrons whose atoms have an unfilled internal sublevel, for example 3 d- sublevel of atoms of elements such as Sc, Ti, Cr, Mn, etc., Chemical properties depend on the number of both internal and external electrons. All these electrons are called valence; in abbreviated electronic formulas of atoms they are written after the symbol of the atomic skeleton, that is, after the expression in square brackets.
In the world of Naruto, two years flew by unnoticed. Former newcomers joined the ranks of experienced shinobi at the rank of chunin and jonin. The main characters did not sit still - each became a student of one of the legendary Sannin - the three great ninjas of Konoha. The guy in orange continued his training with the wise but eccentric Jiraiya, gradually ascending to a new level of combat skill. Sakura was promoted to assistant and proxies healer Tsunade, the new leader of the Leaf Village. Well, Sasuke, whose pride led to his expulsion from Konoha, entered into a temporary alliance with the sinister Orochimaru, and each believes that they are only using the other for the time being.
The brief respite ended, and events in Once again rushed with hurricane speed. In Konoha, the seeds of old strife sown by the first Hokage are sprouting again. The mysterious Akatsuki leader has set in motion a plan for world domination. Troubles in the Sand Village and neighboring countries, old secrets are resurfacing everywhere, and it's clear that bills will have to be paid someday. The long-awaited continuation of the manga inspired new life into the series and new hope into the hearts of countless fans!
© Hollow, World Art
Swordsman Tatsumi, a simple boy from rural areas goes to the Capital to earn money for his starving village.
And when he gets there, he soon finds out that the great and beautiful capital it's just an appearance. The city is mired in corruption, cruelty and lawlessness that comes from the Prime Minister, who rules the country from behind the scenes.
But as everyone knows, “Alone in the field is no warrior,” and nothing can be done about it, especially when your enemy is the head of state, or rather the one who hides behind him.
Will Tatsumi find like-minded people and be able to change something? Watch and find out for yourself.
Fairy Tail is a Guild of Hired Wizards, famous throughout the world for its crazy antics. The young sorceress Lucy was sure that, having become one of its members, she had found herself in the most wonderful Guild in the world... until she met her comrades - the explosive fire-breathing and sweeping away everything in his path Natsu, the flying talking cat Happy, the exhibitionist Gray , the boring berserker Elsa, the glamorous and loving Loki... Together they will have to defeat many enemies and experience many unforgettable adventures!
18-year-old Sora and 11-year-old Shiro are half-brother and sister, complete recluses and gambling addicts. When two loneliness met, an indestructible union was born " Empty place», terrifying for all eastern gamers. Although in public the boys are shaken and distorted in ways that are not childish, on the Internet little Shiro is a genius of logic, and Sora is a monster of psychology who cannot be fooled. Alas, worthy opponents soon ran out, which is why Shiro was so happy chess game, where the master’s handwriting was visible from the first moves. Having won to the limit of their strength, the heroes received an interesting offer - to move to another world, where their talents will be understood and appreciated!
Why not? In our world, nothing holds Sora and Shiro, but cheerful world Disboard is ruled by the Ten Commandments, the essence of which boils down to one thing: no violence and cruelty, all disagreements are resolved in fair play. IN game world There are 16 races, of which the human race is considered the weakest and most untalented. But the miracle guys are already here, in their hands is the crown of Elquia - the only country people, and we believe that the success of Sora and Shiro will not be limited to this. The Earth's envoys just need to unite all the races of Disbord - and then they will be able to challenge the god Tet - by the way, an old friend of theirs. But if you think about it, is it worth doing?
© Hollow, World Art
Fairy Tail is a Guild of Hired Wizards, famous throughout the world for its crazy antics. The young sorceress Lucy was sure that, having become one of its members, she had found herself in the most wonderful Guild in the world... until she met her comrades - the explosive fire-breathing and sweeping away everything in his path Natsu, the flying talking cat Happy, the exhibitionist Gray , the boring berserker Elsa, the glamorous and loving Loki... Together they will have to defeat many enemies and experience many unforgettable adventures!
University student Kaneki Ken ends up in a hospital as a result of an accident, where he is mistakenly transplanted with the organs of one of the ghouls - monsters that feed on human flesh. Now he himself becomes one of them, and for people he turns into an outcast subject to destruction. But can he become one of the other ghouls? Or is there no more room for him in the world now? This anime will tell about the fate of Kaneki and the impact he will have on the future of Tokyo, where there is a continuous war between two species.
The continent that lies in the center of the Ignola ocean is the large central one and four more - Southern, Northern, Eastern and Western, and the gods themselves look after it, and it is called Ente Isla.
And there is a name that plunges anyone on Ente Isla into Horror - the Lord of Darkness Mao.
He's the boss other world where all the dark creatures live.
He is the embodiment of fear and horror.
The Lord of Darkness Mao declared war on the human race and sowed death and destruction throughout the continent of Ente Isla.
The Lord of Darkness was served by 4 powerful generals.
Adramelech, Lucifer, Alciel and Malacoda.
The four Demon Generals led the attack on the 4 parts of the continent. However, a hero appeared and spoke out against the army of the underworld. The hero and his comrades defeated the troops of the Lord of Darkness in the west, then Adramelech in the north and Malacoda in the south. The hero led the united army of the human race and launched an attack on the central continent where the castle of the Lord of Darkness stood...
Yato is a wandering Japanese god in the form of a thin, blue-eyed youth in a tracksuit. In Shintoism, the power of a deity is determined by the number of believers, but our hero has no temple, no priests, all donations fit into a sake bottle. The guy in the neckerchief works as a handyman, painting advertisements on the walls, but things are going very badly. Even the tongue-in-cheek Mayu, who worked as a shinki—Yato’s Sacred Weapon—for many years, left her master. And without weapons, the younger god is no stronger than an ordinary mortal magician; he has to (what a shame!) hide from evil spirits. And who needs such a celestial being anyway?
One day, a pretty high school girl, Hiyori Iki, threw herself under a truck to save some guy in black. It ended badly - the girl did not die, but gained the ability to “leave” her body and walk on the “other side.” Having met Yato there and recognizing the culprit of her troubles, Hiyori convinced the homeless god to heal her, for he himself admitted that no one can live long between worlds. But, having gotten to know each other better, Iki realized that the current Yato did not have enough strength to solve her problem. Well, you need to take matters into your own hands and personally guide the tramp on the right path: first, find a weapon for the unlucky one, then help him earn money, and then, you see, what happens. It’s not for nothing that they say: what a woman wants, God wants!
© Hollow, World Art
IN high school Suimei University of Arts has many dormitories, and there are apartment building"Sakura". If hostels have strict rules, then at Sakura everything is possible, it’s not for nothing that its local nickname is “ madhouse" Since in art genius and madness are always somewhere nearby, the inhabitants of the “cherry orchard” are talented and interesting guys who are too far out of the “swamp”. Take the noisy Misaki, who sells to major studios own anime, her friend and screenwriter playboy Jin or the reclusive programmer Ryunosuke, who communicates with the world only via the Internet and telephone. Compared to them, the main character Sorata Kanda is a simpleton who ended up in a “psychiatric hospital” just for... loving cats!
Therefore, Chihiro-sensei, the head of the dormitory, instructed Sorata, as the only sane guest, to meet her cousin Mashiro, who was transferring to their school from distant Britain. The fragile blonde seemed like a real bright angel to Kanda. True, at a party with new neighbors, the guest behaved stiffly and said little, but the newly minted admirer attributed everything to understandable stress and fatigue from the road. Only real stress awaited Sorata in the morning when he went to wake up Mashiro. The hero realized with horror that his new friend, a great artist, was absolutely out of this world, that is, she was not even able to dress herself! And the insidious Chihiro is right there - from now on, Kanda will forever look after her sister, because the guy has already practiced on cats!
© Hollow, World Art
in the 21st world community finally managed to systematize the art of magic and raise it to new level. Those who are able to use magic after completing the ninth grade in Japan are now welcome in magic schools - but only if applicants pass the exam. The quota for admission to the First School (Hachioji, Tokyo) is 200 students, the best hundred are enrolled in the first department, the rest are in the reserve, in the second, and teachers are assigned only to the first hundred, “Flowers”. The rest, the “Weeds,” learn on their own. At the same time, there is always an atmosphere of discrimination in the school, because even the forms of both departments are different.
Shiba Tatsuya and Miyuki were born 11 months apart, making them the same year in school. Upon entering the First School, the sister finds herself among the Flowers, and the brother among the Weeds: despite the excellent theoretical knowledge, practical part it's not easy for him.
In general, we are waiting for the study of a mediocre brother and an exemplary sister, as well as their new friends - Chiba Erika, Saijo Leonhart (or just Leo) and Shibata Mizuki - at the school of magic, the quantum physics, Tournament of Nine Schools and much more...
© Sa4ko aka Kiyoso
The "Seven Deadly Sins", once great warriors revered by the British. But one day, they are accused of trying to overthrow the monarchs and killing a warrior from the Holy Knights. In the future, the Holy Knights arrange coup d'etat, and seize power into their own hands. And the “Seven Deadly Sins”, now outcasts, scattered throughout the kingdom, in all directions. Princess Elizabeth was able to escape from the castle. She decides to go in search of Meliodas, the leader of the Seven Sins. Now all seven must unite again to prove their innocence and avenge their expulsion.
2021 An unknown virus "Gastrea" came to earth and destroyed almost all of humanity in a matter of days. But this is not just a virus like some kind of Ebola or Plague. He doesn't kill a person. Gastrea is an intelligent infection that rearranges DNA turning the host into scary monster.
The war began and eventually 10 years passed. People have found a way to isolate themselves from the infection. The only thing that Gastrea cannot tolerate is a special metal - Varanium. It was from this that people built huge monoliths and surrounded Tokyo with them. It seemed that now the few survivors could live behind the monoliths in peace, but alas, the threat has not gone away. Gastrea is still waiting for the right moment to infiltrate Tokyo and destroy the few remnants of humanity. There is no hope. The extermination of people is only a matter of time. But terrible virus there was another effect. There are those who are already born with this virus in their blood. These children, the "Cursed Children" (Exclusively girls) have superhuman strength and regeneration. In their bodies, the spread of the virus is many times slower than in the body ordinary person. Only they can resist the creatures of "Gastrea" and more to humanity there is nothing to count on. Will our heroes be able to save the remaining living people and find a cure for the terrifying virus? Watch and find out for yourself.
The story in Steins,Gate takes place a year after the events of Chaos,Head.
The intense plot of the game partly takes place in a realistically recreated area of Akahibara, in famous place shopping otaku in Tokyo. The plot of the plot is as follows: a group of friends installs a certain device in Akihibara for sending text messages to the past. A mysterious organization called SERN is interested in the experiments of the game's heroes, which is also engaged in its own research in the field of time travel. And now friends have to make enormous efforts to avoid being captured by SERN.
© Hollow, World Art
Added series 23β, which is alternative ending and leading to continuation in SG0.
Thirty thousand players from Japan and many more from around the world suddenly found themselves locked in a massively multiplayer role-playing game. online game"Legend of the Ancients". On the one hand, gamers were transported to new world physically, the illusion of reality turned out to be almost flawless. On the other hand, the “fallen people” retained their previous avatars and acquired skills, user interface and leveling system, and death in the game only led to resurrection in the cathedral of the nearest large city. Realizing that great goal no, and no one named the price for exit, the players began to flock together - some to live and rule according to the law of the jungle, others - to resist lawlessness.
Shiroe and Naotsugu, in the world a student and a clerk, in the game - a cunning magician and a powerful warrior, have known each other for a long time from the legendary “Mad Tea Party” guild. Alas, those days are gone forever, but also in new reality you can meet old acquaintances and just good guys with whom you won’t be bored. And most importantly, “Legends” appeared in the world indigenous people, which considers aliens to be great and immortal heroes. Involuntarily you want to become a kind of knight Round Table slaying dragons and saving girls. Well, there are plenty of girls around, monsters and robbers too, and for relaxation there are cities like hospitable Akiba. The main thing is that you shouldn’t die in the game, it’s much more correct to live like a human being!
© Hollow, World Art
The ghoul race has existed since time immemorial. Its representatives are not at all against people, they even love them - mainly in their raw form. Lovers of human flesh are outwardly indistinguishable from us, strong, fast and tenacious - but there are few of them, so ghouls have developed strict rules for hunting and camouflage, and violators are punished themselves or quietly handed over to fighters against evil spirits. In the age of science, people know about ghouls, but as they say, they are used to it. The authorities do not consider cannibals a threat; moreover, they view them as an ideal basis for creating super-soldiers. Experiments have been going on for a long time...
The main character Ken Kaneki faces a painful search for a new path, because he realized that people and ghouls are similar: they just eat each other in literally, others - figuratively. The truth of life is cruel, it cannot be changed, and the one who does not turn away is strong. And then somehow!
In the world of Hunter x Hunter, there is a class of people called Hunters who, using psychic powers and trained in all manner of fighting, explore the wild corners of the mostly civilized world. Main character, a young man named Gon (Gun), the son of the great Hunter himself. His father mysteriously disappeared many years ago, and now, having grown up, Gon (Gong) decides to follow in his footsteps. Along the way he finds several companions: Leorio, an ambitious doctor medical sciences whose goal is enrichment. Kurapika is the only survivor of his clan, whose goal is revenge. Killua is the heir of the family assassins, whose goal is training. Together they achieve their goal and become Hunters, but this is only the first step on their long journey... And ahead is the story of Killua and his family, the story of Kurapika’s revenge and, of course, training, new tasks and adventures! The series stopped with Kurapika's revenge... What awaits us next after all these years?
The action takes place in an alternate reality where the existence of demons has long been recognized; V Pacific Ocean there is even an island - “Itogamijima”, where demons are full citizens and have equal rights with people. However, there are also human magicians who hunt them, in particular, vampires. An ordinary Japanese schoolboy named Akatsuki Kojou for some unknown reason turned into a “purebred vampire”, the fourth in number. He begins to be followed by a young girl, Himeraki Yukina, or "blade shaman", who is supposed to monitor Akatsuki and kill him if he gets out of control.
The story tells of a young man named Saitama, who lives in a world ironically similar to ours. He is 25, bald and handsome, and, moreover, so strong that with one blow he can annihilate all dangers to humanity. He is looking for himself in a difficult way life path, simultaneously handing out slaps to monsters and villains.
Now you have to play the game. What kind of game it will be will be decided by roulette. The bet in the game will be your life. After death, people who died at the same time go to Queen Decim, where they have to play a game. But in fact, what is happening to them here is the Heavenly Judgment.