I. Development and shifts in the location of the automotive industry in the 20th century.
As in many other countries, in Russia Automotive industry received its development in developed machine-building centers (Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow), where mainly small-scale production of cars for the “elite” was established. After the revolution, the ZIL plant was built in Moscow, which was originally conceived as a plant specializing in the production of trucks, since they were exactly what the country needed, in particular, to raise Agriculture and motorization of the army. But ZIL alone could not provide the entire country with trucks. Therefore, to more fully provide the country with trucks, under the skillful leadership of Stalin and Ford, the GAZ plant was built in record time. The country is more or less emerging from the crisis, the city needs vehicles, production of passenger cars begins at the KIM plant.
The Great Patriotic War played a major role in the shift in the location of the automobile industry. Patriotic War. Because The Germans were bombing, a decision was made to partially move the automobile factories to eastern part In Russia, in order to ensure uninterrupted production of cars, in particular ZIL, part of it was transferred to MIASS (Now UralAZ), and part of it was transferred to Ulyanovsk (UAZ). At that time, spare parts, in particular forged and stamped parts, and blanks were made by the Chelyabinsk Forging and Press Equipment Plant. The Shadrinsky Automotive Unit Plant produced carburetors, radiators and other components of power, cooling and lubrication systems.
The automotive industry of the Russian Federation throughout all post-war years increased both the volume of production and its scientific and technical potential, constantly reducing the gap in the technical level between domestic cars and the best foreign analogues.
However, the general unstable economic and political situation that has developed in the country in last years, led initially to a slowdown in growth rates, and in 1991 - 1994. - and to a significant reduction in the production of automotive equipment, the volume of research and development work performed. This problem has become especially acute in the research institutes of the industry: they have almost completely stopped exploratory research and development of promising concept vehicles, their components and systems, which in the near future will certainly affect the technical level of our cars.
The main reasons for this situation are a significant reduction in government funding for scientific development, as well as the disinterest of enterprises in investing in long-term projects. There was a third reason: a certain confusion among the management of research and development organizations, their unwillingness to look for new forms of work and organization of their activities. True, in Lately many research and production organizations, institutes and factory design departments, together with newly created government and commercial structures, began to adapt to new market conditions. Proof of this is the resumption in 1993 of work on creating programs for the development of the automotive industry in the Russian Federation and a number of other CIS countries, the development of bus manufacturing, etc.
II. The place and importance of the automotive industry in the economy of the Russian Federation.
The state of affairs in the domestic automotive industry is currently unstable in all spheres of public life, especially in industrial production in the country as a whole. According to the State Statistics Committee of Russia, to slow down the decline in production in this year So far it hasn't been possible. In general, for nine months of 1995, the volume industrial production decreased by 17.6%.
Rapid growth prices due to their liberalization in 1992 caused the insolvency of enterprises, led to a lack of working capital, restraining the production process and destabilizing them financial situation. There is a sharp decline in investment activity and the curtailment of long-term construction programs. The deep curtailment of business activity is evidenced, for example, by the fact that out of 393 start-up facilities in the automotive industry financed from the federal budget, only three were put into operation and partial commissioning of capacity was carried out at three facilities.
In the automotive industry, as in all mechanical engineering, centrifugal tendencies in relations between traditional partners are intensifying, and cooperative ties between enterprises that find themselves separated by the borders of newly formed independent states are collapsing.
| Car production in Russia, Ukraine, CIS and Baltics (pieces) | |||||
| For December | In just a year | Tempo (%) | |||
| 1997 | 1996 | 1997 | 1996 | ||
| CARS | |||||
| Total | 81353 | 75691 | 981724 | 874241 | 112.3 |
| OAMO ZIL | - | - | 8 | - | - |
| OJSC GAZ | 10344 | 10378 | 124339 | 124284 | 100.04 |
| OJSC KamAZ | 1755 | 1507 | 17933 | 8935 | 200.7 |
| JSC AvtoVAZ | 60838 | 58662 | 740526 | 680570 | 108.8 |
| JSC Moskvich | 1321 | - | 19920 | 2929 | 680.1 |
| JSC AvtoUAZ | 4925 | 3656 | 51411 | 33701 | 152.6 |
| JSC SeAZ | 820 | 650 | 8302 | 3671 | 226.2 |
| JSC Krasny Aksai (Rostov-on-Don) | 1055 | 40 | 13000 | 4062 | 320.0 |
| Izhmash | 148 | 787 | 5200 | 9149 | 56.8 |
| Ukraine including: | 147 | 11 | 1085 | 6940 | 15.6 |
| AvtoZAZ software | 136 | 11 | 1030 | 6881 | 15.0 |
| LuAZ | 11 | - | 55 | 59 | 93.2 |
| TRUCKS (including chassis) | |||||
| Total | 13704 | 13974 | 162548 | 151146 | 107.5 |
| Russian Federation including: | 12536 | 13333 | 148301 | 138782 | 106.9 |
| OAMO ZIL | 1434 | 1606 | 18281 | 7200 | 253.9 |
| OJSC GAZ | 7497 | 7180 | 87482 | 80375 | 108.8 |
| OJSC KamAZ | 584 | 2542 | 12765 | 20814 | 61.3 |
| JSC UralAZ | 520 | 269 | 5339 | 6522 | 81.9 |
| JSC AvtoUAZ | 2390 | 1262 | 20557 | 14760 | 139.3 |
| JSC OZTP-Sarmat (Orsk) | - | 4 | 55 | 193 | 28.5 |
| CJSC Ural Automotive Plant | 52 | 56 | 973 | 1402 | 69.4 |
| OJSC PSA Bronto | 59 | 53 | 670 | 395 | 169.6 |
| Izhmash | - | 361 | 2171 | 7101 | 30.6 |
| JSC BAZ | - | - | 8 | 20 | 40.0 |
| Ukraine including: | 91 | 234 | 1620 | 1962 | 82.6 |
| AvtoKrAZ software | 91 | 231 | 1610 | 1905 | 84.5 |
| LuAZ | - | 3 | 10 | 57 | 17.5 |
| Belarus including: | 1077 | 407 | 12627 | 10402 | 121.4 |
| MAZ software | 968 | 323 | 11449 | 9266 | 123.6 |
| BelAZ software | 109 | 83 | 1090 | 1047 | 104.1 |
| MOaZ software | - | 1 | 88 | 89 | 98.9 |
| BUSES | |||||
| Total | 4238 | 3566 | 44545 | 37562 | 118.6 |
| Russian Federation including: | 4119 | 3489 | 43079 | 35566 | 121.1 |
| OAMO ZIL | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| OJSC GAZ | 1006 | 534 | 8596 | 4482 | 191.8 |
| JSC NefAZ | 50 | 421 | 600 | 1395 | 43.0 |
| JSC AvtoUAZ | 2296 | 1751 | 24475 | 21084 | 116.1 |
| JSC LiAZ | 43 | 11 | 129 | 234 | 55.1 |
| JSC KavZ | 18 | 11 | 700 | 1078 | 64.9 |
| JSC PAZ | 689 | 760 | 8450 | 7235 | 116.8 |
| JSC GolAZ | 9 | 1 | 100 | 28 | 357.1 |
| JSC Spetsavto (Engels) | 7 | - | 13 | 25 | 52.0 |
| JSC OZTP-Sarmat (Orsk) | 1 | - | 15 | 5 | 300.0 |
| Ukraine | 104 | 74 | 1290 | 880 | 146.6 |
| LAZ | 104 | 74 | 1290 | 880 | 146.6 |
| Latvia | - | - | 66 | 1093 | 6.0 |
| JSC RAF | - | - | 66 | 1093 | 6.0 |
| Belarus | 15 | 3 | 110 | 23 | 478.3 |
| MAZ software | 15 | 3 | 110 | 23 | 478.3 |
| TROLLEYBUSES | |||||
| Total | 16 | 5 | 124 | 126 | 98.4 |
| Russian Federation | |||||
| JSC Trolleybus Plant named after Uritsky | 16 | 5 | 115 | 115 | 100.0 |
| Ukraine | |||||
| LAZ | - | - | 9 | 11 | 81.8 |
(This table is data from Avtoselkhozmash-holding, taken from (4), page 5)
It seems that the automotive industry is gradually emerging from a protracted crisis. If we take 1996 as a starting point, then last year Production of all categories of vehicles generally increased. Not much, of course (cars - plus 7.5%, buses - 18.6%), but still quite noticeable!
The situation at “passenger” factories, based on the table, looks like this. With the exception of the lagging behind Izhmash and AvtoZAZ, almost all enterprises have improved their performance: here are the reanimated AZLK, AvtoVAZ, and Krasny Aksai (Daewoo assembly), which earned on full power. Brand new Volgas roll off the assembly line without stopping (in the new year, passenger cars are assembled at GAZ six days a week in three shifts, and sometimes on Sundays). In total, in 1997, the Gorky Automobile Plant produced 220,417 cars (an increase of 5.4% compared to 1996). Truck production is doing best (96,078 vehicles - an increase of 13.2%). Oka's little ones are selling well.
The situation with trucks is somewhat worse. ZIL is getting out of the debt hole at the expense of a bull, Gazelle is still popular (92,958 trucks, vans and minibuses were produced - an increase of 23.1% compared to last year; a variant with a Steyr diesel engine is about to appear on the market), things are going well in Ulyanovsk , increases production of MAZ. But KamAZ was caught in a fever: production volume fell almost four times!
As for buses, then Russian statistics The rescuers are mainly minibus manufacturers - UAZ and GAZ; PAZ is doing well. But there weren’t any good and mass-produced large buses (the Ikarus screwdriver assembly doesn’t count)…
Born on September 21, 1951 in the village of Shakai, Kazakh SSR, into a family of deported Chechens.
Since 1972 he graduated from Tbilisi Higher artillery school. In 1981 he graduated with honors from the Leningrad Higher Artillery School. M.I. Kalinina.
From 1972 to 1978 he commanded a platoon, then was a battery commander, chief of staff of a division at Far East. In 1981 - 86 he served in the Southern Group of Forces in Hungary (Szeged), then from 1986 - in the Baltic Military District. In January 1991 he took part in the Vilnius events (the capture of the TV tower by Soviet troops).
He was the chairman of the division's officers' meeting. In the fall of 1992, he submitted his resignation. He retired with the rank of colonel.
From late 1992 to March 1994 - Head of Civil Defense Chechen Republic- Deputy Chief of the Main Staff of the Armed Forces of the Chechen Republic.
In the summer of 1993 he took part in raids against the anti-Dudaev opposition. Since November 1993 - and. O. Chief of the General Staff, since March 1994 - Chief of the General Staff.
In December 1994 - January 1995 he headed the defense of the Presidential Palace in Grozny.
Since June 1995, he took part in negotiations on the peaceful resolution of the crisis in the Chechen Republic in Grozny, and since June 1996 - head of the working commission on military issues.
In June 1996, at negotiations in Nazran, on behalf of the leadership of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, he signed the minutes of the meeting of the Commission for negotiations on a ceasefire, hostilities and measures to resolve the armed conflict on the territory of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.
On August 31, 1996, he held negotiations with Alexander Lebed, which led to the signing of the Khasavyurt Agreements.
From October 17, 1996 to January 2, 1997 - Prime Minister of Ichkeria. At the same time he held the posts of Minister of Defense and Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces.
On January 26, 1997 he won the presidential elections in Ichkeria. Since February 12, 1997 - Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers.
In January 1997 he changed his name Aslan on Khalid.
On February 3, 1999, by his decree he introduced “full Sharia rule” on the territory of the Chechen Republic of Ichryssia, suspended the legislative activity of the parliament, and abolished the post of vice president. Created state commission on the development of the Shariah Constitution.
February 9, 1999 at its first meeting State Council ChRI confirmed the powers of A. Maskhadova as head of state and elected him as its chairman.
March 21 and April 10, 1999 for the life of A. Maskhadova were produced failed assassination attempts using anti-tank shells and high-explosive bombs.
Author of the book "Honor" more valuable than life"(Grozny, February 1997).
Married. His wife, Kusama, is a teacher by training and heads the Marsho charity foundation. Son Anzor and daughter Fatima. Has a grandson and granddaughter. Son Anzor took part in hostilities and works in the administration of the President of Ichkeria.
President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (elected on January 27, 1997, the formal presidential term expired on January 25, 2001); born in 1951 in Kazakhstan; graduated from the Tbilisi Higher Artillery School in 1972; served as platoon commander, company commander in the Far East, division commander, regiment commander in the Southern Group of Soviet Forces (Hungary), then in the Baltic Military District: commander of a self-propelled regiment artillery installations; since 1990 - chief of staff missile forces and artillery of the Vilnius garrison and deputy division commander, chairman of the division officers' meeting; resigned from Russian army in 1991 with the rank of colonel; 1992-1996 - in service in the armed forces of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria: chief of staff civil defense Republic, Deputy Chief of the Main Staff, and since 1993 - Chief of the Main Staff of the Chechen armed formations; since 1994 - chief of counterintelligence of the main headquarters of the armed forces of Chechnya, chief of the defense staff of the city of Grozny, chief of the main headquarters of the armed forces of Chechnya, minister of defense of the Chechen Republic; in December 1994 - January 1995, he headed the defense of the presidential palace in Grozny; from October 1995 to January 1997 - Prime Minister of the coalition government of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria; during the period of service in Soviet army was awarded two orders "For Service to the Motherland"; married, has a son and daughter. In January 1991, as part of Soviet troops participated in the events in Vilnius, took part in the seizure of the Vilnius television center, after which he received military rank colonel.
Among active supporters of D. Dudayev, he organized raids against the anti-Dudaev opposition in a number of regions of Chechnya. He headed the defense of the Presidential Palace against Russian troops in Grozny in December 1994 - January 1995. In February 1995, D. Dudayev awarded A. Maskhadov the rank of general.
In fact, he commanded the Chechen armed formations throughout the entire period of hostilities.
He took part in negotiations on the peaceful settlement of the Chechen crisis in June 1995. In August 1995, he held negotiations with the Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation A. Lebed and signed the Khasavyurt Agreement, which put an end to hostilities in Chechnya. At the same time he became prime minister of the new government of the Chechen Republic.
The federal authorities signed with him long-term plan Russian-Chechen cooperation, thus indicating their support for Maskhadov as a candidate for the presidency of Chechnya. On the eve of the presidential elections on January 27, A. Maskhadov, in an interview with the Argumenty i Fakty newspaper, emphasized: “We must think not about who will win, but about what will happen next.
If they elect me, the first thing I will do is try to restore order so that people are not killed, kidnapped or sold. It is possible that units that participated in the war will be used for this. The recent unrest in Chechnya (the murder of Red Cross workers, the kidnapping of ORT journalists, clergy and construction workers - Ed.) was to some extent influenced by the pre-election situation.
I think that after the end of the elections these provocations will stop.
This is the first.
Secondly, I will try to find internal reserves to help those who suffered greatly during the war, we will pay pensions, compensation, help restore housing, resolve refugee issues." At his first press conference after winning the elections, A. Maskhadov announced his commitment to Chechen independence, declared by D. Dudayev.
Thus, he actually canceled his signature on the Khasavyurt Treaty, according to which all talk about the political status of Chechnya was postponed until 2001.
Chechen separatist and terrorist. In the 1990s, he participated in the creation of Chechen armed forces; during the First Chechen War, chief of staff of Chechen formations; from January 1997 to March 2005 - president of the self-proclaimed ChRI. Killed on March 8, 2005 by FSB special forces.
Born in the village of Shakai, Osakarovsky district, Karaganda region, Kazakh SSR, where his family was deported in 1944. A native of the Alleroy teip.
In 1957, he and his family returned to Chechnya, to the village of Zebir-Yurt, Nadterechny District, Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1968 he graduated from 10th grade high school in the village Nadterechnoye.
Military career before the start of the Chechen conflict
In 1969 he entered the Tbilisi Higher Artillery School (graduated in 1972). In 1972-1978 he served in the Far Eastern Military District near Ussuriysk. He held the positions of fire platoon commander, battery commander, and chief of staff of an artillery battalion.
In 1978 he entered the Leningrad Military Artillery Academy named after. M.I. Kalinin, from which he graduated with honors in 1981 (according to other sources, he graduated from the Moscow Higher Artillery School. He was sent to the Southern Group of Forces (Tata, Hungary), where he successively held the positions of division commander, chief of staff of the regiment, and then - commander of the 198th self-propelled artillery regiment.
Since 1986 - commander of the 379th self-propelled artillery regiment of the 107th motorized rifle division of the Baltic Military District (Vilnius, Lithuania).
In 1989, the unit under the command of Maskhadov became the first in the division, and in 1990 it was recognized as the best in the Baltic Military District in combat and political training.
In 1990, he was appointed chief of the division's artillery, elected secretary of the party committee and chairman of the officers' meeting. Since 1991, he commanded the Headquarters of the Missile Forces and Artillery of the Vilnius Garrison. He served as deputy commander of the 7th Division.
He was awarded two orders “For Service to the Motherland.” At the time of dismissal from Armed Forces USSR had the rank of colonel.
Chief of Staff of Dudayev
In December 1992, after the aggravation of the situation on the border between Chechnya and Ingushetia, Maskhadov resigned and arrived in Grozny, where, by order of Dzhokhar Dudayev, he was appointed head of the Civil Defense of Chechnya, and soon - first deputy chief of the Main Staff of the Armed Forces of the ChRI.
In 1993-1994 he led military operations against the anti-Dudaev opposition in the Urus-Martan, Nadterechny and Gudermes regions. In March 1994, by decree of Dudayev, he was appointed chief of the Main Staff of the Armed Forces of the ChRI.
During the First Chechen War 1994-1996, he planned and led the majority of major combat and sabotage operations of Chechen militants.
From December 1994 to January 1995, he headed the defense of the Presidential Palace in Grozny. According to Maskhadov’s plan, the Chechens allowed Russian tanks into the city center, after which they struck in such a way that the damaged combat vehicles blocked the escape routes for the rest, and then from the upper floors of the houses they shot at the tanks that could not maneuver on narrow streets. In February 1995, Dudayev awarded Maskhadov the non-existent rank of division general.
In August-October 1995, he led a group of military representatives of the separatist delegation in negotiations with the federal authorities. In accordance with the agreements reached, Maskhadov was appointed co-chairman of the special supervisory commission.
Under the leadership of Maskhadov, an attack by militants on Grozny, Argun and Gudermes on August 6, 1996 (Operation Jihad) was developed and carried out. According to his statement, the operation was undertaken in order to “show the whole world and, above all, Russia, the combat potential of the Armed Forces of the ChRI.”
In March 1995, the prosecutor's office of the Russian Federation opened a criminal case against Maskhadov and put him on the wanted list. Despite this, in 1995 and 1996 he repeatedly participated in negotiations with the Russian authorities, and on August 31, 1996 he signed the Khasavyurt Agreements on behalf of Chechnya.
Perhaps after the death of Dudayev on April 21, 1996 top management Russia considered Maskhadov the most acceptable candidate among the contenders for the post of head of Chechnya. Alexander Lebed, who participated in the negotiations in Khasavyurt from the Russian side, gave Maskhadov flattering characteristics. As a result, it turned out that Maskhadov “outplayed” Russian side and received everything that Chechnya sought, with the exception of immediate independence.
At the head of Chechnya
On November 23, 1996, he signed an agreement with Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Viktor Chernomyrdin on the principles of relations between federal center and the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.
On November 27, 1996, he announced his decision to run for the post of President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. At Maskhadov's initiative, all candidates had to publicly swear that they would not allow any provocations or offensive methods towards their rivals.
On January 27, 1997, he was elected president of Chechnya, gaining 59.3 percent of the vote (he ran together with Vice President Vakha Arsanov). Since February, he simultaneously took up the post of Prime Minister.
On May 12, 1997, in Moscow, Maskhadov and Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed the “Treaty on Peace and Principles of Relations between Russian Federation and the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria"
As historian Zh. Gakaev writes, Maskhadov was unable to consolidate Chechen society, supporting the armed minority and rejecting cooperation with centrist political forces and a modernized part of the population loyal to Russia.
In September 1998, Raduev, Basaev and Israpilov accused Maskhadov of colluding with Moscow, demanding his resignation. In response, Maskhadov dismissed the government of terrorist Shamil Basayev. As a result of the conflict with field commanders, Maskhadov lost control of for the most part territories outside Grozny. February 3, 1999. Maskhadov signs a decree introducing Sharia rule in Chechnya “in full.”
Underground
After the entry of Russian troops into Chechnya, Maskhadov led the armed resistance. On March 10, 2000, he was again put on the federal wanted list by the Russian authorities, and in 2002, on the international wanted list.
Until 2002, Maskhadov with a small detachment was located mainly in the mountainous part of Chechnya. In 2002, on general meeting everyone field commanders(“Great Majlis”), the separatists agreed on a unified command, and units of the previously opposition terrorist organization “Majlisul Shura” Shamil Basayev and Khattab came under the command of Maskhadov (a new collegial body “State Defense Committee - Majlisul Shura” was formed, to which, according to adopted amendments to the constitution of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, full power was transferred for the duration of the war).
In recent years, Maskhadov has lost his support among the population and militants, formally remaining elected leader separatist Chechnya, with which, in the opinion of the foreign public, Russian leadership could negotiate political settlement in the republic. Many of his comrades, unable to withstand the hardships guerrilla warfare, surrendered to the authorities and stopped open resistance. At the same time, there were periodic reports of disagreements regarding methods armed struggle between Maskhadov and the leaders of the radical wing (Shamil Basayev, Doku Umarov). Maskhadov allegedly did not support hostage-taking actions and bombings of residential buildings, which led to mass death peaceful Russian citizens.
In November 2002, Maskhadov, although after some pause, condemned the terrorist attack on Dubrovka and announced the initiation of a criminal case against Basayev for it, threatening to remove Basayev from office. However, did not accept any meaningful action. Basayev himself resigned as soon as he took responsibility for Nord-Ost. and continued to remain in Chechnya with the tacit consent of Maskhadov. After the terrorist attack, the Russian leadership announced its refusal to hold any negotiations with Maskhadov, accusing him of involvement in organizing this action.
During terrorist attack in Beslan, for which Basayev took responsibility, Maskhadov (through Akhmed Zakayev) was asked for help by the president North Ossetia Alexander Dzasokhov. On the evening of September 2, 2004, Zakayev, on behalf of Maskhadov, told AFP that Maskhadov was ready to fly to Beslan and take measures to free the hostages if Maskhadov was given guarantees of personal integrity. On the morning of September 3, Maskhadov’s personal statement condemning the terrorist attack appeared on the Chechen.org website. At 12:00 an agreement was reached with Dzasokhov to fly Maskhadov on the same day if guarantees of immunity were provided to Maskhadov. At 13:05, after two explosions at the school, the assault began. 5 months after the terrorist attack, Maskhadov restored Basayev to the post of Military Amir of the State Defense Committee-Majlisul Shura of the ChRI. In 2006, Maskhadov was recognized by the Supreme Court of North Ossetia as one of the masterminds of the terrorist attack in Beslan.
On September 8, 2004, the FSB announced that it would pay 300 million rubles for information that would “neutralize the leaders of gangs” Shamil Basayev and Aslan Maskhadov.
On September 17, 2004, Deputy Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation Vladimir Kolesnikov stated that the Prosecutor General’s Office has evidence of Maskhadov’s involvement in the terrorist attack in Beslan. “The investigation objectively confirms the role of this subhuman [Basayev] and the so-called president in this crime. This has been proven,” Kolesnikov announced.
November 25, 2004 Russian authorities stated that a special team was involved in the capture of Maskhadov and Basayev intelligence service, which operates as part of a counter-terrorist group of troops in the North Caucasus; this service combines the efforts of the FSB, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and military intelligence - the GRU.
On January 14, 2005, Maskhadov, making another attempt at a peaceful settlement Chechen conflict, signed the order “On the unilateral suspension of offensive military operations throughout the CRI territory and beyond for the month of February,” which was first published in the media on February 3. In pursuance of Maskhadov's order, Basayev also ordered his subordinate units to cease offensive fighting valid until February 22.
Death
Awards, publications
He was awarded the orders “For Service to the Motherland in the USSR Armed Forces” of the second and third degrees, the highest order of Ichkeria “Honor of the Nation” (Chechen “Koman Siy”).
Family
He left behind a widow, son Anzor and daughter Fatima, living abroad. According to the website kavkaz-uzel.ru, rumors circulated in Chechnya that the kidnapped relatives of Aslan Maskhadov were kept at one of the bases of the Security Service of the President of Chechnya, headed by Ramzan Kadyrov, in his ancestral village of Khosi-Yurt (Tsentoroy) in the south-east of Chechnya.
Aslan Maskhadov was directly involved in organizing armed groups in the 1990s. During the 1st Chechen War, he headed the headquarters of these formations. In 1997-2005 he was president of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. Killed by FSB special forces on March 8, 2005.
Beginning of the biography
Maskhadov’s birthplace is Kazakhstan, Karaganda region, Oskarovsky district, Shakai village. In 1944, his entire family, who had come from the Alleroy teip in Chechnya, was deported there. His father's name is Ali. Aslan had three brothers and two sisters.
Only in 1957 was the family able to return to Chechnya. They began to live in the village of Zebir-Yurt in the Nadterechny region. In 1968, Aslan graduated from a ten-year school in the village of Nadterechny.
Military career
In 1969, Aslan Maskhadov entered the artillery school in Tbilisi, from which he graduated in 1972. Then his military career develops in the following way:
- 1972-1978 - service near Ussuriysk in the Far Eastern Military District, where he rose to the position of chief of staff of an artillery division.
- 1978-1981 - studied in Leningrad at the Military Artillery Academy named after. Kalinina. Graduated with honors, was sent to southern group troops to Hungary, where the last position was that of regimental commander.
- Since 1986 - command of a regiment in the Baltic states.
- In 1990 - chief of artillery in the division, secretary of the party committee and chairman of the officers' meeting.
- Since 1991 - command of the headquarters of the missile and artillery forces in Vilnius. He held the rank of colonel on the date of his discharge from the army.
Chief of staff
In December 1992, when the situation on the border between Ingushetia and Chechnya worsened, Maskhadov resigned and came to the city of Grozny. Dzhokhar Dudayev appoints him head of civil defense in Chechnya. Soon after this, he becomes the first deputy chief of the General Staff in the armed forces of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. Continuation military career Maskhadov looks like this:
- 1993-1994 - leadership of military operations directed against the anti-Dudaev opposition;
- 1994, March - appointment as chief of the general staff in the armed forces of the ChRI;
- 1994-1996 (1st Chechen War) - planning and management major operations militants - combat and sabotage;
- late 1994 - early 1995 - leadership of the defense of the Presidential Palace in Grozny;
- February 1995 - Dudayev assigned the non-existent rank of division general.
Criminal proceedings
From August to December 1995, Aslan Maskhadov was at the head of a group of military representatives included in the separatist delegation in negotiations with the federal government. He is then appointed to a special oversight commission as its co-chairman.
On August 6, 1966, under his leadership, Operation Jihad was developed and carried out, during which militants attacked Grozny, as well as Gudermes and Argun.
In March 1995, the Russian Prosecutor's Office opened a criminal case against Maskhadov, and he was put on the wanted list. Nevertheless, in 1995 and 1996, he more than once took part in negotiations with the Russian authorities. On August 31, 1995, he signed the Khasavyurt Agreements on the Chechen side.
Presidential term of Aslan Maskhadov
On October 17, 1996, he becomes prime minister in the coalition government of Chechnya. November 23, 1996 signs an agreement with Chernomyrdin, Prime Minister of the Russian Federation. It is devoted to the principles of relations between the Chechen Republic of Ichryssia and the federal center. On January 27, 1997, Maskhadov, who received 59.3% of the votes, was elected president of Chechnya. In February he also becomes chairman of the government.
On May 12, 1997, in Moscow, Russian President Yeltsin and Maskhadov sign a peace treaty. According to historians, while serving as president, Maskhadov turned out to be incapable of consolidating Chechen society. They supported exclusively the armed minority and rejected cooperation with centrists and forces loyal to Russia.
In the fall of 1998, the president was accused by Raduev, Israpilov and Basayev of colluding with Moscow, and they demanded his resignation. In response, Basayev's government was dismissed. As a result of the conflict with field commanders Maskhadov, control was lost over the vast territory outside Grozny.
Going underground
After they were introduced into Chechnya Russian troops, Maskhadov stood at the head of the armed resistance. In March 2000, the Russian authorities once again put him on the federal wanted list, and in 2002 - on the international wanted list. Until 2002, Maskhadov with a small detachment was in the mountains. In 2002, the separatists, at a meeting of field commanders, decided to create a unified command, which would be given full power for the duration of the war. For this purpose, amendments were made to the constitution of Chechnya.
Aslan Maskhadov, having lost his support among the militants and the population, remained only the elected leader of the separatists, with whom the Russian leadership, in the opinion of the foreign public, could negotiate. Many of his supporters could not withstand the hardships of the guerrilla war and surrendered to the federal authorities, ceasing open resistance.
Question about involvement in terrorist attacks
From time to time, information appeared that disagreements arose between Maskhadov and such leaders of the radical wing as Basayev and Umarov over methods of armed struggle. Allegedly, the first does not support hostage-taking actions and bombings of residential buildings, which led to the death of civilians of the Russian Federation.
In November 2002, although after a certain pause, he condemned the terrorist attack that occurred on Dubrovka. He announced that a criminal case had been opened against Basayev for this terrorist attack and threatened to remove the latter from his post. However, they took no significant action. Immediately after Basayev announced that he was responsible for the atrocity, he resigned on his own. However, at the same time, he also lived in Chechnya, and Maskhadov silently agreed with this.
After the terrorist attack, the Russian leadership refused any contacts with Maskhadov, accusing him of involvement in the action.
During the terrorist attack in Beslan, for which Shamil Basayev declared himself responsible, the President of North Ossetia A. Dzasokhov (through A. Zakaev) asked Maskhadov for assistance.
On September 2, 2004, A. Zakaev reported on behalf of Maskhadov to the France-Presse news agency that he was ready to fly to Beslan and take measures to free the hostages. But at the same time he must receive guarantees of his immunity.
On the morning of September 3, 2004, Maskhadov made a personal statement condemning the terrorist attack. At noon an agreement was reached with Dzasokhov. Arrival on the same day was expected if provided personal guarantees President of Chechnya. After two explosions, the assault began (May 13).
Evidence of involvement
Five months after the terrorist attack in Beslan, Basayev was reinstated by Maskhadov as military emir. In 2006 Supreme Court North Ossetia recognized the latter as one of the customers of the terrorist action.
On September 8, 2004, the FSB announced a payment of 300 million rubles for information that could help neutralize the leaders of gangs - Aslan Maskhadov and Shamil Basayev.
On September 17, 2004, Deputy Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation V. Kolesnikov made a statement that the Prosecutor General’s Office has evidence of Maskhadov’s involvement in the terrorist attack committed in Beslan. This was the result of an objective investigation. At the same time, Kolesnikov called Maskhadov a subhuman.
On November 25, 2004, Russian authorities announced that the capture of two main Chechen terrorists is handled by a special intelligence service. It is part of the counter-terrorism group of troops located in the North Caucasus. It combines the efforts of such departments as the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the FSB and military intelligence(GRU).
On January 14, 2005, Maskhadov made another attempt to resolve the Chechen conflict peacefully. He signed an order that suspended (for February) the offensive in Chechnya and beyond. This was done unilaterally. For the first time it was published in the media.
On February 3, 2005, in pursuance of this order, Basayev also ordered his subordinates to interrupt offensive actions until February 22.
Liquidation of Aslan Maskhadov
On March 8, 2005, he was killed during a special operation that was carried out in Grozny rural area, in the village of Tolstoy-Yurt, by the FSB. There he was hiding with his distant relative in a bunker located under the house. During the assault on the bunker, they were met with resistance, and the commandos were forced to throw several grenades into the bunker. Their breakup led to mortal wound Maskhadova.
During the special operation, his personal assistant, nephew and two other people were detained. They all got different terms imprisonment for illegally carrying weapons and for participating in gangs.
According to the son of Aslan Alievich Maskhadov, Anzor, Russian intelligence services managed to calculate the location of his father using special equipment that determines the coordinates of a mobile phone using the IMEI code.
The village of Tolstoy-Yurt, which the Chechens call Doykur-Evl, is the ancestral village of Ruslan Khasbulatov. It has always been considered as the center of the anti-Dudaev, and later anti-Maskhadov coalition. After the start of the 2nd war, in 1999, many of Maskhadov’s fellow countrymen and relatives moved there from the Nozhai-Yurt region.
According to the version expressed by the Chechen Mujahideen, the death of Aslan Alievich Maskhadov occurred as a result of betrayal. And there is indirect confirmation of this, which lies in the message that was made by the FSB Public Relations Center on March 15, 2005. It spoke of paying a reward in the amount of $1 million “for Maskhadov.” However, it was not reported to whom they were paid.
Family and awards
In 1972, Maskhadov married Kusama Semieva, a telephone operator. In 1979, they had a son, who was mentioned above. He left behind Aslan Alievich Maskhadov and his daughter Fatima, born in 1981. After some time, the couple divorced, and Aslan took as his wife a young girl from the village of Iskhoi-Yurt.
At the end of 2004, there was talk of the abduction of distant relatives of Maskhadov. They, according to rumors, at some point were located at the base of the Security Service of the President of Chechnya R. Kadyrov, located in the southeast of the republic, in his ancestral village of Tsentaroy.
After Maskhadov’s death, his family lives in Finland. A ex-wife, Kusama, returned to Chechnya in 2016.
Among Aslan Maskhadov’s awards are the Order “For Service in the USSR Armed Forces” of two degrees, 2nd and 3rd, as well as the highest order of Ichkeria called “Honor of the Nation”.