"The probability of a change in the Earth's magnetic poles in the near future. Research into the detailed physical reasons for this process.
I once watched a popular science film on this issue, filmed 6-7 years ago.
It provided data on the appearance of an anomalous area in the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean - a change in polarity and weak tension. It seems that when satellites fly over this territory, they have to be turned off so that the electronics do not deteriorate.
And in terms of time, it seems like this process should happen.It also talked about the European Space Agency's plans to launch a series of satellites to study in detail the strength of the Earth's magnetic field. Maybe they have already published the data from this study, if they managed to launch satellites on this matter?”
The Earth's magnetic poles are part of our planet's magnetic (geomagnetic) field, which is generated by flows of molten iron and nickel surrounding the Earth's inner core (in other words, turbulent convection in the Earth's outer core generates the geomagnetic field). The behavior of the Earth's magnetic field is explained by the flow of liquid metals at the boundary of the earth's core and the mantle.
In 1600, the English scientist William Gilbert in his book “On the Magnet, Magnetic Bodies and the Great Magnet - the Earth”. presented the Earth as a giant permanent magnet, the axis of which does not coincide with the axis of rotation of the Earth (the angle between these axes is called magnetic declination).
In 1702, E. Halley created the first magnetic maps of the Earth. The main reason for the presence of the Earth's magnetic field is that the Earth's core consists of hot iron (a good conductor of electrical currents arising within the Earth).
The Earth's magnetic field forms a magnetosphere, extending 70-80 thousand km in the direction of the Sun. It shields the Earth's surface, protects against the harmful effects of charged particles, high energies and cosmic rays, and determines the nature of the weather.
Back in 1635, Gellibrand established that the Earth's magnetic field was changing. It was later discovered that there are permanent and short-term changes in the Earth's magnetic field.
The reason for the constant changes is the presence of mineral deposits. There are areas on Earth where its own magnetic field is greatly distorted by the occurrence of iron ores. For example, the Kursk magnetic anomaly, located in the Kursk region.
The reason for short-term changes in the Earth's magnetic field is the action of the "solar wind", i.e. the action of a stream of charged particles emitted by the Sun. The magnetic field of this flow interacts with the Earth's magnetic field, and "magnetic storms" arise. The frequency and strength of magnetic storms is affected by solar activity.
During the years of maximum solar activity (once every 11.5 years), such magnetic storms occur that radio communications are disrupted, and compass needles begin to “dance” unpredictably.
The result of the interaction of charged particles of the “solar wind” with the Earth’s atmosphere in northern latitudes is the phenomenon of “aurora.”
The change of the Earth's magnetic poles (magnetic field inversion, English geomagnetic reversal) occurs every 11.5-12.5 thousand years. Other figures are also mentioned - 13,000 years and even 500 thousand years or more, and the last inversion occurred 780,000 years ago. Apparently, the reversal of the Earth's Magnetic Field is a non-periodic phenomenon. Throughout the geological history of our planet, the Earth's magnetic field has changed its polarity more than 100 times.
The cycle of changing the Earth's poles (associated with planet Earth itself) can be classified as a global cycle (along with, for example, the cycle of fluctuation of the precession axis), which influences everything that happens on Earth...
A legitimate question arises: when to expect a change in the Earth’s magnetic poles (inversion of the planet’s magnetic field), or a shift of the poles to a “critical” angle (according to some theories to the equator)?..
The process of shifting magnetic poles has been recorded for more than a century. The North and South Magnetic Poles (NSM and SMP) are constantly “migrating”, moving away from the geographic poles of the Earth (the “error” angle is now about 8 degrees in latitude for the NMP and 27 degrees for the SMP). By the way, it was found that the Earth's geographic poles also move: the planet's axis deviates at a speed of about 10 cm per year.
The magnetic north pole was first discovered in 1831. In 1904, when scientists took measurements again, it was discovered that the pole had moved 31 miles. The compass needle points to the magnetic pole, not the geographic pole. The study showed that over the last thousand years, the magnetic pole has moved significant distances from Canada to Siberia, but sometimes in other directions.
The Earth's magnetic north pole does not sit still. However, like the south. The northern one “wandered” around Arctic Canada for a long time, but since the 70s of the last century its movement has acquired a clear direction. With an increasing speed, now reaching 46 km per year, the pole is rushing almost in a straight line into the Russian Arctic. According to the Canadian Geomagnetic Survey, by 2050 it will be located in the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago.
The rapid reversal of the poles is indicated by the weakening of the Earth's magnetic field near the poles, which was established in 2002 by the French professor of geophysics Gauthier Hulot. By the way, the Earth's magnetic field has weakened by almost 10% since it was first measured in the 30s of the 19th century. Fact: In 1989, residents of Quebec (Canada) were left without power for 9 hours when solar winds broke through a weak magnetic shield and caused severe breakdowns in electrical networks.
From a school physics course we know that electric current heats the conductor through which it flows. In this case, the movement of charges will heat the ionosphere. Particles will penetrate into the neutral atmosphere, this will affect the wind system at an altitude of 200-400 km, and therefore the climate as a whole. The displacement of the magnetic pole will also affect the operation of equipment. For example, in mid-latitudes during the summer months it will be impossible to use shortwave radio communications. The operation of satellite navigation systems will also be disrupted, since they use ionospheric models that will not be applicable in the new conditions. Geophysicists also warn that induced currents in Russian power lines and grids will increase as the magnetic north pole approaches.
However, all this may not happen. The north magnetic pole can change direction or stop at any moment, and this cannot be foreseen. And for the South Pole there is no forecast at all for 2050. Until 1986, he moved very vigorously, but then his speed dropped.
So, here are four facts that indicate an approaching or already begun geomagnetic field reversal:
1. A decrease in geomagnetic field strength over the past 2.5 thousand years;
2. Acceleration of the decline in field strength in recent decades;
3. Sharp acceleration of the magnetic pole displacement;
4. Features of the distribution of magnetic field lines, which becomes similar to the picture corresponding to the stage of inversion preparation.
There is a wide debate about the possible consequences of the change in geomagnetic poles. There are a variety of points of view - from quite optimistic to extremely alarming. Optimists point to the fact that hundreds of reversals have occurred in Earth's geological history, but mass extinctions and natural disasters have not been linked to these events. In addition, the biosphere has significant adaptability, and the inversion process can last quite a long time, so there is more than enough time to prepare for the changes.
The opposite point of view does not exclude the possibility that an inversion may occur within the lifetime of the next generations and will prove to be a disaster for human civilization. It must be said that this point of view is largely compromised by a large number of unscientific and simply anti-scientific statements. As an example, it is believed that during the inversion, human brains will experience a reboot, similar to what happens with computers, and the information contained in them will be completely erased. Despite such statements, the optimistic point of view is very superficial.
The modern world is far from what it was hundreds of thousands of years ago: man has created many problems that have made this world fragile, easily vulnerable and extremely unstable. There is reason to believe that the consequences of the inversion will indeed be truly catastrophic for world civilization. And the complete loss of functionality of the World Wide Web due to the destruction of radio communication systems (and this will certainly occur at the time of the loss of radiation belts) is just one example of a global catastrophe. For example, due to the destruction of radio communication systems, all satellites will fail.
An interesting aspect of the impact of geomagnetic inversion on our planet, associated with a change in the configuration of the magnetosphere, is considered in his recent works by Professor V.P. Shcherbakov from the Borok Geophysical Observatory. In the normal state, due to the fact that the axis of the geomagnetic dipole is oriented approximately along the Earth's rotation axis, the magnetosphere serves as an effective screen for high-energy flows of charged particles moving from the Sun. During an inversion, it is quite possible that a funnel will form in the frontal subsolar part of the magnetosphere in the region of low latitudes, through which solar plasma can reach the Earth’s surface. Due to the rotation of the Earth in each specific place of low and partly moderate latitudes, this situation will repeat every day for several hours. That is, a significant part of the planet’s surface will experience a strong radiation impact every 24 hours.
However, NASA scientists suggest that the pole reversal could briefly deprive Earth of the magnetic field that protects us from solar flares and other cosmic hazards. However, the magnetic field may weaken or strengthen over time, but there is no indication that it will disappear completely. A weaker field will of course lead to a slight increase in solar radiation on Earth, as well as the observation of beautiful auroras at lower latitudes. But nothing fatal will happen, and the dense atmosphere perfectly protects the Earth from dangerous solar particles.
Science proves that pole reversal is, from the point of view of the geological history of the Earth, a common phenomenon that occurs gradually over millennia.
The geographic poles are also constantly shifting across the Earth's surface. But these shifts occur slowly and are natural. The axis of our planet, rotating like a top, describes a cone around the pole of the ecliptic with a period of about 26 thousand years; in accordance with the migration of geographical poles, gradual climate changes occur. They are caused mainly by the displacement of ocean currents that transfer heat to the continents. Another thing is unexpected, sharp “somersaults” of the poles. But the rotating Earth is a gyroscope with a very impressive angular momentum, in other words, it is an inertial object. resisting attempts to change the characteristics of its movement. A sudden change in the tilt of the Earth’s axis, and especially its “somersault,” cannot be caused by internal slow movements of magma or gravitational interaction with any passing cosmic body.
Such an overturning moment can only occur with a tangential impact from an asteroid with a size of at least 1000 kilometers in diameter, approaching the Earth at a speed of 100 km/sec. A more real threat to the life of mankind and the entire living world of the Earth appears to be a change in the geomagnetic poles. The magnetic field of our planet that is observed today is very similar to that which would be created by a giant bar magnet placed in the center of the Earth, oriented along a north-south line. More precisely, it must be installed so that its North magnetic pole is directed to the South geographic pole, and the South magnetic pole is directed to the North geographic pole.
However, this situation is not permanent. Research over the last four hundred years has shown that the magnetic poles rotate around their geographic counterparts, shifting about twelve degrees every century. This value corresponds to current speeds in the upper core of ten to thirty kilometers per year. In addition to gradual shifts of the magnetic poles approximately every five hundred thousand years, the Earth’s magnetic poles change places. The study of paleomagnetic characteristics of rocks of different ages allowed scientists to conclude that the time of such magnetic pole reversals took at least five thousand years. A complete surprise for scientists studying life on Earth were the results of an analysis of the magnetic properties of a kilometer-thick lava flow that erupted 16.2 million years ago and was recently found in the eastern Oregon Desert.
Her research, conducted by Rob Cowie of the University of California, Santa Cruz, and Michel Privota of the University of Montpelier, created a sensation in geophysics. The obtained results of the magnetic properties of volcanic rock objectively showed that the lower layer froze when the pole was in one position, the core of the flow - when the pole moved, and, finally, the upper layer - at the opposite pole. And all this happened in thirteen days. The Oregon find suggests that the Earth's magnetic poles may change places not within several thousand years, but in just two weeks. The last time this happened was about seven hundred and eighty thousand years ago. But how can this threaten us all? Now the magnetosphere envelops the Earth at an altitude of sixty thousand kilometers and serves as a kind of shield in the path of the solar wind. If a pole change occurs, the magnetic field during the inversion will decrease by 80-90%. Such a drastic change will certainly affect various technical devices, the animal world and, of course, humans.
True, the inhabitants of the Earth should be somewhat reassured by the fact that during the reversal of the Sun’s poles, which occurred in March 2001, no disappearance of the magnetic field was recorded.
Consequently, the complete disappearance of the Earth's protective layer will most likely not occur. A reversal of the magnetic poles cannot become a global catastrophe. The very presence of life on Earth, which has experienced inversion many times, confirms this, although the absence of a magnetic field is an unfavorable factor for the animal world. This was clearly demonstrated by the experiments of American scientists, who built two experimental chambers back in the sixties. One of them was surrounded by a powerful metal screen, which reduced the strength of the earth's magnetic field hundreds of times. In another chamber, earthly conditions were preserved. Mice and seeds of clover and wheat were placed in them. A few months later, it turned out that the mice in the screened chamber lost hair faster and died earlier than the control ones. Their skin was thicker than that of animals of the other group. And when it swells, it displaces the root sacs of the hair, which causes early baldness. Changes were also noted in plants in the magnetic-free chamber.
It will also be difficult for those representatives of the animal kingdom, for example, migratory birds, which have a kind of built-in compass and use magnetic poles for orientation. But, judging by the deposits, mass extinction of species during the reversal of magnetic poles has not occurred before. It will not happen, apparently, in the future. After all, even despite the enormous speed of movement of the poles, birds cannot keep up with them. Moreover, many animals, such as bees, orient themselves by the Sun, and migrating marine animals use more of the magnetic field of rocks on the ocean floor than the global one. Navigation systems and communication systems created by people will be subjected to serious tests that could render them inoperable. It will be very bad for many compasses - they will simply have to be thrown away. But when the poles change, there may also be “positive” effects - huge northern lights will be observed throughout the Earth - however, for only two weeks.
Well, now some theories about the mysteries of civilizations :-) Some people take this quite seriously...
According to another hypothesis, we live in a unique time: a change of poles is taking place on Earth and a quantum transition of our planet to its twin, located in a parallel world of four-dimensional space, is taking place. To reduce the consequences of a planetary catastrophe, Higher Civilizations (HCs) carry out this transition smoothly in order to create favorable conditions for the emergence of a new branch of the Supercivilization of God-Humanity. Representatives of the EC believe that the old branch of Humanity is not intelligent, since over the past decades, at least five times, it could have destroyed all life on the planet if not for the timely intervention of the EC.
Today, among scientists, there is no consensus as to how long the process of pole reversal may last. According to one version, this will take several thousand years, during which the Earth will be defenseless against solar radiation. According to another, it will take only a few weeks to change the poles. But the date of the Apocalypse, according to some scientists, is suggested to us by the ancient Mayan and Atlantean peoples - 2050.
In 1996, the American popularizer of science S. Runcorn concluded that the axis of rotation has moved more than once in the geological history of the Earth along with the magnetic field. He suggests that the last geomagnetic reversal occurred around 10,450 BC. e. This is precisely what the Atlanteans who survived the flood told us about, sending their message to the future. They knew about the regular periodic reversal of the polarity of the Earth's poles approximately every 12,500 years. If by 10450 BC. e. add 12,500 years, then again you get 2050 AD. e. - the year of the next giant natural disaster. Experts calculated this date while solving the location of three Egyptian pyramids in the Nile Valley - Cheops, Khafre and Mikerin.
Russian scientists believe that the wisest Atlanteans brought us to knowledge about the periodic change in the polarity of the Earth's poles through knowledge of the laws of precession, which are inherent in the location of these three pyramids. The Atlanteans, apparently, were completely confident that someday in their distant future a new highly developed civilization would appear on Earth, and its representatives would rediscover the laws of precession.
According to one hypothesis, it was the Atlanteans who most likely led the construction of the three largest pyramids in the Nile Valley. All of them are built at 30 degrees north latitude and oriented to the cardinal points. Each face of the structure is aimed north, south, west or east. There is no other structure on Earth known that would be so accurately oriented to the cardinal directions with an error of only 0.015 degrees. Since the ancient builders achieved their goal, it means that they had the appropriate qualifications, knowledge, first-class equipment and instruments.
Let's move on. The pyramids are installed on the cardinal points with a deviation of three minutes and six seconds from the meridian. And the numbers 30 and 36 are signs of the precession code! 30 degrees of the celestial horizon correspond to one sign of the Zodiac, 36 is the number of years during which the sky picture shifts by half a degree.
Scientists also established certain patterns and coincidences associated with the size of the pyramid, the angles of inclination of their internal galleries, the angle of increase of the spiral staircase of the DNA molecule, a twisted spiral, etc., etc. Therefore, the scientists decided, the Atlanteans had everything available to them ways they pointed us to a strictly defined date, which coincided with an extremely rare astronomical phenomenon. It repeats once every 25,921 years. At that moment, the three stars of Orion's Belt were at their lowest precessional position above the horizon on the day of the vernal equinox. This was in 10,450 BC. e. This is how the ancient sages intensively led humanity to this date through mythological codes, through a map of the starry sky drawn in the Nile Valley with the help of three pyramids.
And so in 1993, the Belgian scientist R. Beauval used the laws of precession. Through computer analysis, he revealed that the three largest Egyptian pyramids were installed on the ground in the same way as the three stars of Orion’s Belt were located in the sky in 10,450 BC. e., when they were at the lower, that is, the starting point of their precessional movement across the sky.
Modern geomagnetic studies have shown that around 10450 BC. e. There was an instant change in the polarity of the Earth's poles and the eye shifted 30 degrees relative to its axis of rotation. As a result, a planet-wide global instant cataclysm occurred. Geomagnetic studies conducted in the late 1980s by American, British and Japanese scientists showed something else. These nightmarish cataclysms have occurred continuously throughout the geological history of the Earth with a regularity of approximately 12,500 years! It was they who, obviously, destroyed the dinosaurs, the mammoths, and Atlantis.
Survivors of the previous flood in 10,450 BC. e. and the Atlanteans who sent us their message through the pyramids really hoped that a new highly developed civilization would appear on Earth long before total horror and the end of the world. And maybe he will have time to prepare to meet the disaster fully armed. According to one of the hypotheses, their science failed to make a discovery about the obligatory “somersault” of the planet by 30 degrees at the moment of polarity reversal. As a result, all continents of the Earth shifted by exactly 30 degrees and Atlantis found itself at the South Pole. And then its entire population instantly froze, just as the mammoths froze instantly at the same moment on the other side of the planet. Only those representatives of the highly developed Atlantic civilization who were at that time on other continents of the planet in the highlands survived. They were lucky to escape the Great Flood. And so they decided to warn us, people of the distant future for them, that each change of poles is accompanied by a “somersault” of the planet and irreparable consequences.
In 1995, new additional studies were carried out using modern instruments created specifically for research of this kind. Scientists managed to make the most important clarification in the forecast of the upcoming polarity reversal and more accurately indicate the date of the terrible event - 2030.
The American scientist G. Hancock calls the date of the universal end of the world even closer - 2012. He bases his assumption on one of the calendars of the South American Mayan civilization. According to the scientist, the calendar may have been inherited by the Indians from the Atlanteans.
So, according to the Mayan Long Count, our world is cyclically created and destroyed with a period of 13 baktuns (or approximately 5120 years). The current cycle began on August 11, 3113 BC. e. (0.0.0.0.0) and will end on December 21, 2012. e. (13.0.0.0.0). The Mayans believed that the world would end on this day. And after this, if you believe them, there will come the beginning of a new cycle and the beginning of a new World.
According to other paleomagnetologists, a change in the Earth's magnetic poles is about to happen. But not in the common sense - tomorrow, the day after tomorrow. Some researchers call one thousand years, others - two thousand. Then the End of the World, the Last Judgment, the Great Flood, which is described in the Apocalypse, will come.
But humanity was already predicted to end the world in 2000. But life still goes on - and it is beautiful!
sources
http://2012god.ru/forum/forum-37/topic-338/page-1/
http://www.planet-x.net.ua/earth/earth_priroda_polusa.html
http://paranormal-news.ru/news/2008-11-01-991
http://kosmosnov.blogspot.ru/2011/12/blog-post_07.html
http://kopilka-erudita.ru
Information about the Earth's poles should be known to many. To do this, we recommend reading the article below! Here you will find basic information about what the poles are, how they change, as well as interesting facts about who and how the North Pole was discovered.
Basic information
What is a pole? By generally accepted standards, the geographic pole is a point located on the surface of the Earth and the axis of rotation of the planet intersecting with it. There are two geographic earth poles. The North Pole is located in the Arctic, it is located in the central part of the Arctic Ocean. The second, but the South Pole, is located in Antarctica.
But what is a pole? The geographic pole has no longitude, because all meridians converge at it. The North Pole is located at a latitude of +90 degrees, the south pole, in contrast, is -90 degrees. Geographic poles also do not have cardinal directions. In these areas of the globe there is neither day nor night, that is, there is no change of day. This is explained by their lack of participation in the daily rotation of the Earth.
Geographic data and what is a pole?
The poles have a very low temperature, because the Sun cannot fully reach those edges and its elevation angle is no more than 23.5 degrees. The location of the poles is not exact (it is considered to be conditional), because the Earth’s axis is constantly in motion, therefore a certain movement occurs at the poles by a certain number of meters annually.
How was the pole found?
Frederick Cook claimed that they were the first among those who managed to reach this point - the North Pole. This happened in 1909. The public and the US Congress recognized the primacy of Robert Peary. But these data remained officially and scientifically confirmed. After these travelers and scientists there were many more trips and explorations that have already been recorded in world history.
There are two north poles on Earth (geographical and magnetic), both of which are located in the Arctic region.
Geographic North Pole
The northernmost point on the Earth's surface is the geographic North Pole, also known as True North. It is located at 90º north latitude, but has no specific line of longitude since all meridians converge at the poles. The Earth's axis connects north and, and is a conventional line around which our planet rotates.
The geographic North Pole is located approximately 725 km (450 miles) north of Greenland, in the middle of the Arctic Ocean, which is 4,087 meters deep at this point. Most of the time, the North Pole is covered in sea ice, but recently water has been spotted around the exact location of the pole.
All points are south! If you're standing at the North Pole, all points are south of you (east and west don't matter at the North Pole). While a complete rotation of the Earth occurs in 24 hours, the planet's rotation speed decreases as it moves away from, where it is about 1670 km per hour, and at the North Pole, there is virtually no rotation.
The lines of longitude (meridians) that define our time zones are so close to the North Pole that time zones have no meaning. Thus, the Arctic region uses the UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) standard to determine local time.
Due to the tilt of the Earth's axis, the North Pole experiences six months of 24-hour daylight from March 21 to September 21 and six months of darkness from September 21 to March 21.
Magnetic North Pole
Located approximately 400 km (250 miles) south of the true North Pole, and as of 2017 lies within latitude 86.5° north and longitude 172.6° west.
This place is not fixed and is constantly moving, even on a daily basis. The Earth's Magnetic North Pole is the center of the planet's magnetic field and the point at which conventional magnetic compasses point. The compass is also subject to magnetic declination, which is a result of changes in the Earth's magnetic field.
Due to the constant shifts of the magnetic North Pole and the planet's magnetic field, when using a magnetic compass for navigation, it is necessary to understand the difference between magnetic north and true north.
The magnetic pole was first identified in 1831, hundreds of kilometers from its current location. Canada's National Geomagnetic Program monitors the movement of the magnetic North Pole.
The magnetic North Pole is constantly moving. Every day there is an elliptical movement of the magnetic pole approximately 80 km from its central point. On average, it moves approximately 55-60 km every year.
Who was the first to reach the North Pole?
Robert Peary, his partner Matthew Henson and four Inuit are believed to be the first people to reach the geographic North Pole on April 9, 1909 (although many speculate that they missed the exact North Pole by several kilometers).
In 1958, the United States nuclear submarine Nautilus was the first ship to cross the North Pole. Today, dozens of planes fly over the North Pole, flying between continents.
Our planet has a magnetic field that can be observed, for example, using a compass. It mainly forms in the very hot molten core of a planet and has likely been present for most of Earth's existence. The field is a dipole, meaning it has one north and one south magnetic pole.
In them, the compass needle will point straight down or up, respectively. This is similar to the field of a refrigerator magnet. However, the Earth's geomagnetic field undergoes many small changes, which makes the analogy untenable. In any case, it can be said that there are currently two poles visible on the surface of the planet: one in the northern hemisphere and one in the southern hemisphere.
Geomagnetic field reversal is the process by which the south magnetic pole turns into a north pole, which in turn becomes a south pole. It is interesting to note that the magnetic field can sometimes undergo an excursion rather than a reversal. In this case, it undergoes a large reduction in its overall force, that is, the force that moves the compass needle.
During the excursion, the field does not change its direction, but is restored with the same polarity, that is, north remains north and south remains south.
How often does the Earth's poles change?
As the geological record shows, our planet's magnetic field has changed polarity many times. This can be seen in the patterns found in volcanic rocks, especially those recovered from the ocean floor. Over the past 10 million years, there has been an average of 4 or 5 reversals per million years.
At other points in our planet's history, such as during the Cretaceous period, there were longer periods of reversal of the Earth's poles. They are impossible to predict and are not regular. Therefore, we can only talk about the average inversion interval.
Is the Earth's magnetic field currently reversing? How can I check this?
Measurements of the geomagnetic characteristics of our planet have been carried out more or less continuously since 1840. Some measurements even date back to the 16th century, for example, in Greenwich (London). If you look at the trends in the magnetic field strength over this period, you can see its decrease.
Projecting the data forward in time gives a zero dipole moment after about 1500–1600 years. This is one reason why some believe the field may be in the early stages of a reversal. From studies of the magnetization of minerals in ancient clay pots, it is known that in Roman times it was twice as strong as it is now.
However, the current field strength is not particularly low in terms of the range of its values over the past 50,000 years, and almost 800,000 years have passed since the Earth's last pole reversal occurred. Moreover, given what was said earlier about the excursion, and knowing the properties of mathematical models, it is far from clear whether the observational data can be extrapolated out to 1500 years.
How quickly does a pole reversal occur?
There is no complete record of the history of even one reversal, so any claims that can be made are based largely on mathematical models and partly on limited evidence obtained from rocks that have retained the imprint of an ancient magnetic field from the time of their formation.
For example, calculations suggest that a complete reversal of the Earth's poles may take from one to several thousand years. This is fast in geological terms, but slow in the scale of human life.
What happens during a reversal? What do we see on the surface of the Earth?
As mentioned above, we have limited geological measurement data on the patterns of field changes during the inversion. Based on supercomputer models, one would expect a much more complex structure on the planet's surface, with more than one south and one north magnetic pole.
The Earth awaits their “journey” from its current position towards and through the equator. The total field strength at any point on the planet can be no more than one tenth of its current value.
Danger to navigation
Without a magnetic shield, current technologies will be more at risk from solar storms. The most vulnerable are satellites. They are not designed to withstand solar storms in the absence of a magnetic field. So if the GPS satellites stop working, all the planes will be grounded.
Of course, airplanes have compasses as a backup, but they certainly won't be accurate during a magnetic pole shift. Thus, even the possibility of failure of GPS satellites will be enough to land planes - otherwise they may lose navigation during the flight. Ships will face the same problems.
Ozone layer
During a reversal of the Earth's magnetic field, the ozone layer is expected to disappear completely (and reappear afterwards). Large solar storms during the reversal can cause ozone depletion. The number of skin cancer cases will increase 3 times. The impact on all living things is difficult to predict, but can also have catastrophic consequences.
Change of the Earth's magnetic poles: consequences for energy systems
One study identified massive solar storms as a likely cause of polar reversals. In another, the culprit of this event will be global warming, and it can be caused by increased activity of the Sun.
There will be no magnetic field protection during the reversal, and if a solar storm occurs, the situation will worsen even more. Life on our planet will not be affected as a whole, and societies that are not dependent on technology will also be completely fine. But the Earth of the future will suffer terribly if the reversal happens quickly.
Electrical grids will cease to function (a large solar storm could knock them out, and an inversion would have a much worse impact). If there is no electricity, there will be no water supply or sewerage, gas stations will stop working, and food supplies will stop.
The performance of emergency services will be in question, and they will not be able to influence anything. Millions will die and billions will face great hardship. Only those who have stocked up on food and water in advance will be able to cope with the situation.
The danger of cosmic radiation
Our geomagnetic field is responsible for blocking approximately 50% of cosmic rays. Therefore, in its absence, the level of cosmic radiation will double. Although this will lead to an increase in mutations, it will not have lethal consequences. On the other hand, one of the possible reasons for the pole shift is an increase in solar activity.
This could lead to an increase in the number of charged particles reaching our planet. In this case, the Earth of the future will be in great danger.
Will life survive on our planet?
Natural disasters and cataclysms are unlikely. The geomagnetic field is located in a region of space called the magnetosphere, formed by the action of the solar wind.
The magnetosphere does not deflect all high-energy particles emitted by the Sun with the solar wind and other sources in the Galaxy. Sometimes our star is especially active, for example, when it has many spots, and it can send clouds of particles towards the Earth.
During such solar flares and coronal mass ejections, astronauts in Earth orbit may need additional protection to avoid higher doses of radiation.
Therefore, we know that our planet's magnetic field provides only partial, not complete, protection from cosmic radiation. In addition, high-energy particles can even be accelerated in the magnetosphere. On the Earth's surface, the atmosphere acts as an additional protective layer, stopping all but the most active solar and galactic radiation.
In the absence of a magnetic field, the atmosphere will still absorb most of the radiation. The air shell protects us as effectively as a 4 m thick layer of concrete.
Human beings and their ancestors have lived on Earth for several million years, during which many reversals have occurred, and there is no obvious correlation between them and the development of humanity. Likewise, the timing of reversals does not coincide with periods of species extinction, as evidenced by geological history.
Some animals, such as pigeons and whales, use the geomagnetic field to navigate. Assuming that the turnaround takes several thousand years, that is, many generations of each species, then these animals may well adapt to a changing magnetic environment or develop other methods of navigation.
About the magnetic field
The source of the magnetic field is the Earth's iron-rich liquid outer core. It undergoes complex movements that are the result of heat convection deep within the core and the planet's rotation. The fluid movement is continuous and never stops, even during a reversal.
It can only stop when the energy source is exhausted. Heat is produced in part due to the conversion of the liquid core to a solid core located at the center of the Earth. This process occurs continuously over billions of years. In the upper part of the core, which is located 3000 km below the surface under the rocky mantle, liquid can move horizontally at speeds of tens of kilometers per year.
Its movement across existing lines of force produces electric currents, which in turn generate a magnetic field. This process is called advection. In order to balance the growth of the field, and thereby stabilize the so-called. “geodynamo”, diffusion is required, during which the field “leaks” from the core and its destruction occurs.
Ultimately, the flow of fluid creates a complex pattern of magnetic field on the Earth's surface with complex changes over time.
Computer calculations
Geodynamo simulations on supercomputers have demonstrated the complex nature of the field and its behavior over time. Calculations also showed polarity inversion when the Earth's poles change. In such simulations, the strength of the main dipole is weakened to 10% of its normal value (but not to zero), and the existing poles can wander around the globe together with other temporary north and south poles.
Our planet's solid iron inner core plays an important role in these models in driving the rollover process. Because of its solid state, it cannot generate a magnetic field by advection, but any field that is generated in the fluid of the outer core can diffuse, or propagate, into the inner core. Advection in the outer core seems to regularly try to invert.
But unless the field trapped in the inner core diffuses out first, a real reversal of the Earth's magnetic poles will not occur. Essentially, the inner core resists the diffusion of any "new" field and perhaps only one out of every ten attempts at such a reversal is successful.
Magnetic anomalies
It should be emphasized that while these results are exciting in themselves, it is unknown whether they apply to the real Earth. However, we do have mathematical models of our planet's magnetic field for the last 400 years, with early data based on observations by merchant and navy sailors.
Their extrapolation to the internal structure of the globe shows the growth over time of areas of reverse flow at the core-mantle boundary. At these points, the compass needle is oriented in the opposite direction compared to the surrounding areas - inward or outward from the core.
These reverse flow regions in the South Atlantic Ocean are primarily responsible for the weakening of the main field. They are also responsible for a minimum strength called the Brazilian Magnetic Anomaly, which is centered beneath South America.
In this region, high-energy particles can approach Earth more closely, causing an increased radiation risk to satellites in low Earth orbit. Much remains to be done to better understand the properties of the deep structure of our planet.
This is a world where pressure and temperature are similar to those on the surface of the Sun, and our scientific understanding is reaching its limit.
Let's start with our planet, which in the past was called by other beautiful names: Gaia, Gaia, Terra (third from the Sun), Midgard-Earth. The sun in Ancient Rus' was called “Ra”, so in the Russian language there are many words with the root “ra”: hurray, joy, rainbow, dawn, Ra-seya.
Shift of the Earth's magnetic poles
What are the Earth's magnetic poles? These are certain points on Earth where the geomagnetic region is vertical (perpendicular) to the planet's ellipsoid. These southern and northern positions are called the Earth's poles and are opposite each other. If you draw a conventional line between the poles, it will not pass through the center of the planet.
Observations of the poles have shown that they migrate all the time. James Clark Ross in 1831 in Northern Canada determined the location of the North Pole. At that time, the pole moved northwest and north at about 5 km per year. So when you look at a compass pointing north, that direction is approximate.
The location of the Earth's North Pole has been monitored for 450 years (you can see this on maps of the Earth). By analyzing the drift of the North Pole, you can see that it never stood still. But, if we compare the speed of his movement, we can say that what he did before the 1990s can be called flowers in comparison with his acceleration today, at the turn of the century. Around 1999, many stations in Europe recorded signs of a fresh geomagnetic shock. And these tremors began to repeat every 10 years in the last third of the twentieth century.
Both poles made the greatest progress in the twentieth century. And at the border of the 20th and 21st centuries, their behavior became even more interesting. Southern Magnetic Earth's pole to this day, the drift speed has decreased - 4-5 km annually, and the northern one has accelerated so much that geophysicists are at a loss: what is this for? Until 1971, it shifted evenly at an approximate rate of 9 km annually, then the rate of change began to increase. By the early 1990s, he began to walk more than 15 km a year.
Many geophysicists associate this acceleration with a geomagnetic shock that occurred in 1969-1970. A geomagnetic shock is a sharp change in some parameters of the planet’s magnetic field. One of the most powerful geomagnetic shocks occurred in 1969-1970 at most magnetic stations in the world, which were in no way connected with each other. Tremors were also recorded in 1901, 1925, 1913, 1978, 1991 and 1992. Today, the speed of movement of the Earth's North Pole exceeds 55 km/year, and this phenomenon requires careful study and is a mystery to geophysicists. If this continues at the same pace and course, then in 50 years he will end up in Siberia. These predictions will not necessarily come true: a geomagnetic shock can change this speed, or direct the movement of the pole somewhere else. Now the north magnetic pole is located in Arctic waters.
Displacement of the axis of planet Earth
The largest earthquake in Japan contributed to a shift of the Earth's axis, around which our planet is balanced in mass, by 17 cm and to a decrease in the length of the day on Earth by 1.8 microseconds. These figures were announced by Richard Gross, a specialist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory operating in Pasadena (California).
There is a lot of historical data that confirms the shift of the axis of rotation. The tilt of the planet to the plane of its rotation around the Sun occurred more than once. The Scripture says: “The earth shook and shook, the foundations of the mountains moved and trembled... He bowed the heavens.”
For some time, the Earth's rotation axis was directed towards the Sun, one side of the planet was illuminated, but the other was not. During the time of the Chinese Emperor Yao, a miracle happened: “The sun did not move for 10 days; forests caught fire, a huge number of harmful and dangerous creatures appeared.” In India, the Sun was observed for 10 days. In Iran, a day was nine days long. In Egypt, daylight did not end for seven days, then a 7-day night came. At the same time it was night on the far side of the Earth. In the writings of Ancient Rus' there is a mention of this period of time: “When the Lord said to Moses: “Take my people out of Egypt along with their property..., and God turned seven nights into one night.”
The records of the Indians of Peru say that far in the past the Sun did not rise in the sky for a very long time: “for five days and five nights there was no sun in the sky, and the ocean rebelled and overflowed its banks, falling onto the land with a roar. The whole earth changed in this catastrophe."
The legends of the Indians of the New World say: “This fatal catastrophe lasted for five days, the sun did not rise, the earth was in darkness.”
The Earth's rotation axis has shifted before, but without catastrophic events, during minor geological changes. The last ice age ended about 11 thousand years ago, and huge masses of ice disappeared from the surface of the oceans and continents. This not only redistributed the mass, but also “unloaded” the earth’s mantle, allowing it to take on a shape similar to a sphere. This process is not yet complete and the axis on which the Earth “balances” naturally shifts by 10 cm annually. But volcanic activity, which tends to increase, is doing its job, accelerating this shift.
The magnetic field strength weakens
Even more surprising is the behavior of the magnetic field strength: it gradually decreases; over 450 years it has decreased by 20%. This is what worries scientists most. Archaeomagnetic data indicate that the decrease in tension has been going on for 2000 years, and in recent centuries it has become more intense.
Since 1970 the situation has become even more complex. The reversal of the magnetic field at a given rate of decline (that is, a complete reversal of the poles) will take place in 1200 years! This is a real historical period. Geomagnetic measurements over the past ten years confirm this dynamic. A wise rule: if you want to know your future, study your past. Let's look back. Geologists record imprints of the planet’s magnetic field in a variety of minerals and thus restore its history.
Analysis of changes makes it possible to establish an interesting thing. It turned out that there have already been magnetic field reversals on Earth several times, that is, the Earth’s magnetic poles have changed places. Over the past 5 million years this has already happened 20 times. The last reversal took place about 780 thousand years ago, and since then the Earth’s magnetic field has maintained its polarity for quite a long time, which today is falling very quickly...
Mass animal mortality
Monitoring of mass animal deaths around the world has shown that mass mortality of animals (dolphins, whales, bees, birds, roe deer, pelicans, etc.), the cause of which has not been established, has begun to increase since 2010. For other disasters, this monitoring also set records: 13 cases in one month. Such cases can be explained by an increased release of hydrogen sulfide from the waters of lakes, seas and oceans and, as a result, a lack of oxygen. Lack of oxygen is detrimental to most species of fish, especially marine animals.
This could also explain the mass death of birds. The reason for this is the concentration of gases escaping from faults in the earth. The effect of increased concentrations of hydrocarbons belonging to the methane series in a gas mixture that does not contain oxygen leads to acute hypoxia, in other words, to oxygen starvation. This is accompanied by loss of consciousness, followed by cessation of breathing and cessation of cardiac activity. That is, a gas stream can form in nature, in which birds will suffer from symptoms of suffocation or poisoning, loss of orientation, death, or as a result of poisoning or falling. This corresponds to the cases described in the press. The death of animals is explained by an increase in the activity of the earth's crust, which has been increasing recently.
Albert Einstein also argued that if bees disappear, then human civilization will disappear. In recent years, bees have really begun to disappear. Explanations for this fact are ambiguous - some blame pesticides, others blame mobile phones.
The weather can also harm the lives of bees - in France, for example, a few years ago, apiaries thinned out due to a rainy and cold spring. The quality of the harvest depends on bees, bee products are necessary in cooking and medicine, and the vital state of flora and fauna depends on bees. Various funds are being organized to protect bees, but this is not enough, the bee population is still declining.