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The legal profession obliges employees to conduct constant observations behind people’s behavior, their appearance, gait, facial expressions, gestures, etc.
A legal practitioner should strive to notice everything in the observed object (victim, suspect, accused, etc.), phenomenon essential features, that is, to know its essence. Cognition is based on sensations as a process of reflecting reality. Sensations can be visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, etc. In the development of observation, the most important role visual and auditory sensations play.
The formation of observation skills also depends on the cultivation of attention. Without attention, deliberate perception, memorization and reproduction of information is impossible.
Observation as a personality quality develops in conditions practical activities. To become observant, you must first acquire the ability to observe, but this is only one of the stages in the development of this property. To transform a skill into a lasting quality, targeted, systematic and systematic training is needed. It is carried out in Everyday life legal worker, as well as with the help of special exercises.
The lawyer must strive to penetrate into the essence of the observed phenomenon, to notice all the significant signs related to the case materials. It is important to organize observation by setting a specific, specific goal. Only a rationally set goal of observation concentrates our psychological capabilities and forms the necessary qualities.
In parallel with targeted observation, it is necessary to develop universal observation. Such observation ability provides a deeper and more versatile study of the object of observation. It is formed in the process practical work over an object with various points vision, that is, by setting different goals.
Professional psychological observation is a complex ability to determine the features of their psychology from various, often subtle manifestations of a person’s psychology (see Man as an object of professionally oriented observation and study) or a group, which are manifested in techniques that increase observation and its effectiveness. A technique for identifying signs of individual psychological characteristics during observation (see Man as an object of professionally oriented observation and study). A technique for identifying an individual’s criminal experience through observation (see Visual diagnosis of an interlocutor’s criminal experience). A technique for identifying signs of a person engaged in illegal activities in surveillance. People belonging to crime now often sophisticatedly disguise their illegal activities. It is especially difficult to identify those who are characterized positively at their place of work and residence and do not attract prompt attention. However double life- vowel and unspoken - cause a split in psychology and this is revealed externally. Signs of psychological inconsistency of a personality include (G.I. Ivanin): a) discrepancy between the level of development of individual psychological characteristics of the personality and the level that a person tries to give to his image and present himself to other people; b) demonstration of impeccable decency and the right to obedience, increased concern for one’s impeccability; c) increased readiness for self-defense, c) inadequacy of reactions, manifested in increased nervousness, strength verbal rebuff, indignation, etc. at the harmless remarks of others addressed to you. A technique for identifying persons who are about to or have recently committed a crime. Attract the attention of employees serving on the streets and posts, large stores, people who show: a) alertness, increased tension, nervousness, unnatural cheerfulness or swagger, especially when meeting and communicating with a VET employee; b) a fast or excessively tense gait, indicating a desire not to attract attention to oneself; c) anxious, impulsive, frequent looking back and to the sides; d) the use of techniques for breaking away from observation (see Methods used by the object of observation - a pedestrian to break away from observation), e) carrying large objects (bags, bundles, suitcases, boxes) at night, in deserted places, f) age discrepancy, clothes and what a person is carrying, g) detecting a person’s habit of not allowing someone to follow him from behind. Tracking of pickpockets is carried out according to specific external data (long sleeves, large hems of clothing, etc.) and behavior (kneading and warming up hands, moving in a crowd with a lowered head, etc.). A technique for detecting wanted people and things by signs. Reception technique mental state interlocutor. A method of psychological probing (identifying the reactions of the person being studied during psychological probing during a conversation, examination, search, investigative experiment), during which a person can give himself away by his reaction (appearance of confusion, delay in answering, avoiding a direct answer, transferring the conversation to another topic, change in facial coloring, expression of excitement, etc.).
A.M. Stolyarenko
More on the topic PROFESSIONAL PSYCHOLOGICAL OBSERVATION TECHNIQUES:
- Now let’s take a simple technique from the arsenal of observation training.
- GENERAL PSYCHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES FOR COMPLETING A PSYCHOLOGICAL PORTRAIT.
- Information sheet “Psychological observation. Barriers to people's perception of each other as obstacles to communication"
Surveillance plays an important role in the professional activities of internal affairs officers. 33
It allows you to identify the criminal activities of persons of operational interest to the internal affairs bodies, their connections, personal qualities, places of storage and sale of stolen goods, identify facts related to the events under investigation, etc. Skillful organization of the surveillance process, of course in conjunction with other ways of organizing professional activities, greatly contributes to timely warning, rapid detection, full investigation of crimes, and search for hidden criminals.
Under supervision in psychological science refers to deliberate, systematic, purposeful perception undertaken with the aim of studying an object or phenomenon. Purposefulness and organization during observation not only make it possible to perceive the observed object as something whole, but also makes it possible to recognize the individual and the general in it, distinguish the details of the object and establish certain types of its connections with other objects. In other words, observation is not simple sum individual elements isolated from each other, but a combination of sensory and rational knowledge.
Professional observation is a purposeful and specially organized perception by an employee of internal affairs bodies of phenomena and processes that are significant for solving operational and official tasks. The latter include, first of all, manifestations of personality (offenders, persons on preventive registration, convicts, victims, witnesses, etc.), its states, actions, various objects, the study of which is important for revealing and investigation of crimes, the activities of the employee himself, etc.
The psychological nature of professional observation is very multifaceted. Observation is the most advanced form of intentional perception. At the same time, the employee does not perceive everything that catches his eye, but calculates what is most important, necessary, and interesting. This is due to the goals, objectives, plan, which usually form the basis of observation. Observation is always based on active work sense organs. For an internal affairs officer, this is, first of all, vision and hearing. Attention plays a particularly important role in observation, acting as its regulator.
Through attention, as the direction and concentration of consciousness on certain objects, the goals and plan of observation are realized. Observation is always associated with the processing of information and is impossible without the active work of thinking. Finally, observation is also determined by the personality characteristics of the employee himself.
Observation of the activities of employees of internal affairs bodies is characterized by emotional and intellectual intensity. Its terms are determined psychological characteristics employee activities. In this regard, observation, as a method of activity of internal affairs officers, must satisfy the following psychological requirements.
Firstly, the employee needs preliminary knowledge of the personality characteristics of those persons in respect of whom he is conducting surveillance (for example, the nature and direction of their criminal activity, criminal experience, their inclinations, interests, etc.).
Secondly, he must fully and accurately record by memorizing or otherwise (if necessary and using technical means) concrete actions and behavior of the object of observation.
Thirdly, he must compare the recorded facts with previously obtained data about the observed and promptly analyze the results of this comparison in order to anticipate the actions of the object of observation.
The success of observation is ultimately determined by the intellect, which organizes this process according to a certain plan, establishes the necessary sequence of stages of observation and uses its results. According to prof. Ratinova A.R., in order to organize effective surveillance, an internal affairs officer must remember a number of general rules:
Before observation, get the most full view about the person, object or phenomenon being studied;
Define a goal, formulate a task, draw up (at least mentally) a plan or observation scheme;
Search in the observed not only for what was supposed to be found, but also the opposite of that; 35
Divide the object of observation and at each moment observe one of the parts, not forgetting about observing the whole;
Keep track of every detail, trying to notice the largest number of them, establish maximum amount properties of an object or features of what is observed;
Do not trust a single observation; examine an object or phenomenon with different points view, in different moments and in different situations, changing observation conditions;
Question observable signs that may be false demonstrations, simulations, or staging;
Raise questions “why” and “what does this mean” regarding each element of observation, thinking through, guessing, criticizing and testing your thoughts and conclusions with further observation;
Compare objects of observation, contrast them, look for similarities, differences and connections;
Compare the results of observation with what was previously known about this subject, with data from science and practice;
Clearly formulate the results of observations and record them in the appropriate form - this helps their understanding and memorization;
Involve various specialists in observation, compare and discuss the results of observation with your colleagues;
Remember that the observer can also be the object of observation1.
Watching how mental process and a certain form of professional activity of an internal affairs officer develops in him such an important personality trait as professional observation- a complex personality property, expressed in the ability to notice professionally significant, characteristic, but subtle and at first glance insignificant features of the operational situation, people, objects, phenomena and their changes (which may subsequently be important for the case). The basis of an employee’s professional observation is a stable interest in people, their inner world, psychology, seeing them from the angle of professional tasks, a kind of psychological “orientation” towards them.
What is necessary to ensure a high level of employee observation?
Firstly, the attitude towards the perception of information that is important for the decision professional tasks co-worker. This attitude helps to overcome fatigue, apathy, disgust (for example, when examining a decomposing corpse).
Secondly, a specific concentration of attention precisely on those objects and their properties that can provide the necessary information that is important for solving the problems that the employee faces.
Thirdly, long-term preservation of stable attention, ensuring the employee’s readiness to perceive the necessary initial information at the right time (especially during lengthy searches, inspections of crime scenes and interrogations).
The most important direction in the development of professional observation is the employee’s mastery of the technique of professional observation, which includes techniques and methods for its implementation based on relevant psychological principles.
It is useful to divide training to develop attention into three forms.
General attentiveness. Without giving yourself any preliminary task, you find out what remained noticeable from the impressions you encountered.
Directed mindfulness. The task is given to carefully examine the named object. After which the question is asked about something related to this object, something that could be caught during examination, although the subject of the question was not known in advance.
Targeted observation. The task is given to observe certain details of a certain phenomenon, and only then this phenomenon is shown.
One of the common techniques for developing professional observation is the following: looking closely
at someone around you, you should look away from him and then imagine him in your memory, trying to mentally describe his signs, and then check yourself by looking at this person again. Or the following exercise: look for some time at a house nearby and, turning away, try to mentally describe how many windows, balconies, where the windows are open, where the laundry hangs, where people are in the apartments, etc. It is necessary to take into account that knowing how many windows or balconies there are in a house does not mean being observant: their number is constant. But noticing when individual windows are open or where the light is on is already the result of observation, close attention, the ability to perceive connections and notice dependencies. Another exercise is observing an event. IN in this case does not mean any street incident that attracts everyone's attention. It may also be the usual set of actions of one or more people who are pursuing a specific goal. “Why is this person here?”, “What is he expecting?”, “What will he do now?” - answers to these questions allow you to develop the ability to psychologically observe people, the ability to predict human behavior, which is very important in the activities of an internal affairs officer.
Attention and observation during the exercises develop very successfully. Highest degree The development of observation should be considered at such a level when it becomes not only a personality trait of an employee, but also a trait of his character, when it manifests itself in all types of his activities. An observant employee is precisely characterized by the fact that he will not miss anything, will notice everything in a timely manner and draw appropriate conclusions.
Observation asprofessionally importanthuman quality
3.1. The concept of observation
One of the most complete works dedicated to observation, “Education of Observation in Schoolchildren,” which laid the foundations for practical work on its development, was written by B. G. Ananyev back in 1940. But, unfortunately, the development of ways to develop this property of the sensory organization of people still lags behind such areas of practical psychology, such as training in communication, sensitivity, memory, etc. At the same time, there is reason to assert that this property is professionally important for a large group of professions.
Observation is mental property based on sensation and perception. Thanks to observation, a person distinguishes signs and objects that have minor differences, notices differences in similar things, sees them when fast movement, with a changed perspective, has the ability to reduce to a minimum the time of perception of a sign, object, process.
As a property of sensory organization, observation is associated with various mental phenomena. First of all, it is mediated by sensations and the conditions of their occurrence. Observation presupposes a well-developed visual analyzer, high absolute and relative sensitivity.
Here it is appropriate to recall the words of the remarkable observer K. Paustovsky, who considered the development of the sensitivity of the visual analyzer to be the most important condition for observation. He wrote:
“A good eye is an acquired taste. Don't be lazy, work on your eyesight. Keep it on track, as they say. Try looking at everything for a month or two with the thought that you absolutely must paint it. On the tram, on the bus, everywhere, look at people this way. And in two or three days you will be convinced that before this you did not see even a hundredth part of what you noticed now on their faces. And in two months you will learn to see, and you will no longer have to force yourself to do this.” (Paustovsky K. Golden Rose: Stories. - Chisinau, 1987. - P. 596).
Thanks to high sensitivity, it becomes possible to finely differentiate and see the unnoticeable.
Already in the development of sensitivity, the influence of personal preferences and attitudes begins to affect. Observation becomes selective. Therefore, you can meet people who have a high level of sensitivity to the perception of nature and the processes occurring in it, but poorly distinguish between the states and processes that arise in their interactions or in the operation of technology.
Personality characteristics manifest themselves to an even greater extent with awareness and understanding of what a person sees and what he observes. The meaningfulness of what is observed depends primarily on the volume of ideas and concepts a person has about the relevant phenomena and processes. It is possible to comprehend what one sees due to its inclusion in already established cognitive structures, which constitute a person’s cognitive experience. This process is mediated and mental activity, in which not only systematization and classification of what is perceived occurs, but also its translation to the verbal level, and therefore generalization.
N.V. Timofeev-Resovsky, a biologist who valued observation as highly as experiment in his research, emphasized that when observing, you can see something only if you know what you need to look for, what you need to see . Sometimes several people with different professional levels or interests in various areas, looked at the same thing, and when exchanging impressions it turned out that those who did not have the necessary knowledge or did not know what exactly needed to be seen did not see anything.
This means that professional knowledge, as well as the mental processes that ensure its operation, make it possible to realize and understand the observed phenomena. The results of understanding and awareness of what is perceived will be mediated by the characteristics of memory, since it is thanks to it that the completeness of ideas and concepts that make up the structure of a person’s knowledge and his professional experience is ensured.
We can say that understanding what is observed is a certain type of mental task in which the question is resolved: what is it?
does it mean or what does it refer to? As you know, these are problems of systematization or classification. An interesting attempt in this regard was made by J. Hintika and M. Hintika*, who analyzed the observations of Sherlock Holmes as a problem-solving process. In this case, the observation process appears as a search and extraction of information necessary to solve a mental problem. In this case, there is a certain absolutization of thinking during observation, but nevertheless, the relationship between perception and thinking for understanding and awareness of the observed facts becomes even more obvious.
So, observation, like any mental phenomenon, is an element of a complex system and that is why it has various multi-level connections with by various parties mental life of a person. On the one hand, it is determined by the structure and sensitivity of the visual analyzer, on the other hand, by the characteristics of memory and thinking and at the same time is included in the holistic structure of the human psyche through its past experience, orientation, emotional preferences.
In our work we're talking about about the manifestation of observation in relation to people, in addition, there is a type of professions “person-to-person”, where observation is considered as a professionally important quality (E. A. Klimov). Let us try to highlight the specific features of the manifestation of observation in professions of this type.
In psychology, a whole direction has emerged to study the possibility of revealing the psychological essence of a person through his observation and perception. In the works of, for example, B. G. Ananyev, M. Ya. Basov, B. F. Lomov, S. L. Rubinstein, the dialectic of external and internal in the manifestations of the psyche was shown. While maintaining some stable external forms of expression of mental states, their diverse, dynamic characteristics and forms of manifestation were found. Moreover, the diversity of individual manifestations of mental states was also taken into account. Since the object of observation can only be external manifestations human, for the development of observation it has become important to know what mental phenomena are indicated by certain observable signs.
So, the first specific feature of observation in professions of the “person-to-person” type is that it is necessary to see in the external behavior or in the very appearance of a person his internal, mental states or properties.
* Khintika J., Khintika M. Sherlock Holmes against modern logic: Towards a theory of information retrieval using questions // Languages and modeling of social interaction. - M.: Progress, 1987. - P. 265-281.
The second feature of observation in this area is the need to differentiate the signs through which a person expresses himself externally. It is necessary to develop both absolute and relative sensitivity to these signs, since they reveal the dynamic characteristics of a person, formed in the process of his ontogenesis, on the one hand, and manifested in his / real life - on the other. The dynamics of ontogenetic change can be expressed through a physiognomic mask, posture, and gait; mental phenomena occurring in the present time are expressed through facial expressions, gestures, and postures.
Writers and poets are excellent observers. Their powers of observation never cease to amaze and delight. Many vivid pictures of human images were given by them on the basis of observation and vision of subtle changes in people's behavior. Let us remember the sketch by S. Zweig:
“Involuntarily, I raised my eyes and saw right in front of me - I even felt scared - two hands, the likes of which I had never seen before: they grabbed each other like enraged animals, and in a frantic fight they began to squeeze and squeeze each other so that their fingers they made a dry cracking noise, as if cracking a nut... I was frightened by their excitement, their insanely passionate expression, this convulsive clutch and combat. I immediately felt that a man filled with passion had driven this passion into his fingertips so as not to be blown up by it himself.” (Zweig S. Twenty-four hours from a woman's life: Novellas. - Minsk, 1987.-S. 190).
The third feature of observation, manifested in the “person-to-person” sphere, is associated with interest specifically in a person as an object of perception and observation. On the basis of this interest, selectivity of perception is formed, and the experience of observing a person and seeing his mental states is quickly created. Orientation, as a rule, is associated with professional interest, which determines the structure of professional knowledge. These observations are included in it and at the same time, based on the characteristics of professional knowledge, can be understood and interpreted.
Any observation is included in the context of the content of a particular professional activity. For the teacher’s observations, it becomes important to know the age-related characteristics of the manifestation and experience of feelings, age-related characteristics of the relationship between emotions and cognitive activity, the manifestation of children’s emotions in relationships with peers, parents, etc. For a doctor or nurse, knowledge about the external signs of a person who has this or that other disease, about the characteristics of people’s behavior when
various diseases, about age-related characteristics manifested by the patient in relation to himself and the illness that has befallen him, etc. The context of observations carried out by an investigator or inspector for juvenile affairs is completely different. His observations include knowledge about the relationship between the type of personality and the type of offense, the type of violations and the type of family and relationships in it, changes in the social environment in the neighborhood, etc.
Professional knowledge constitutes the basis that not only influences the purposefulness of perception and contributes to the development of differentiation of perceived signs, but directly affects the understanding of observed objects and processes.
All of the listed features of observation can be classified as perceptual and conceptual.
The fourth feature of observation, specific to professions of the “person-to-person” type, is determined by the fact that the content of activity in these professions involves the interaction of people. This means that it is necessary to observe, as a rule, not an isolated person, but people in communication, in relationships with each other. We can say that observation in this case presupposes not only the perceptual and conceptual qualities of the observer, but also empathy.
Empathy is characterized by the ability to reflect the inner world of another person. Such reflection promotes understanding of the thoughts and feelings of the other, and also creates “emotional involvement.” The emergence of empathy presupposes developed powers of observation and its connection with thinking and feeling. The ability to take the point of view of another person, imitate his states, understand what is not expressed out loud, identify with his emotional state, anticipate the development of behavior and mental states - this is the specific content of empathy that manifests itself in the processes of interaction between people. Observation here is facilitated by a certain personality structure, in which such emotional properties as impressionability and emotional responsiveness are developed.
The development of the relationship between the perceptual, conceptual and empathetic components of observation contributes to its improvement, the emergence of the ability not only to see and feel another, but also to anticipate his behavior.
This level of observation was perfectly described by O. de Balzac.
“My powers of observation took on the side of instinct: without neglecting the physical appearance, it unraveled the soul - or rather, it
she accurately captured a person’s appearance, which immediately penetrated into his inner world; it allowed me to live the life of the one to whom it was addressed, for it endowed me with the ability to identify myself with him.” (Mo-rua A. Prometheus, or the Life of Balzac. - M., 1968. - P. 72).
Thus, observation, manifested in professions of the “person-to-person” type, is associated with the characteristics of the subject and object of observation.
Observation as a personality quality is the ability to notice significant, characteristic, but subtle, eluding details, details and properties of phenomena, facts, objects.
The king sent two ambassadors on a friendly visit to neighboring country. “See if our neighbors are plotting war against us,” the king ordered the ambassadors. The ambassadors were received well, they were accommodated in the best rooms, they were fed luxurious dinners, were invited to balls. The ambassadors returned and began to tell the king about their trip. - Don't be afraid, king. Our neighbors are kind and hospitable,” the first ambassador said with a smile. - We were received as the most dear guests. I have never tried such dishes as there in my life: roast sea monster, apples of paradise, nightingales’ tongues in wine sauce. We were served a hundred dishes and a hundred wines, just like royalty. The ambassador spent a long time listing what he ate and drank in the neighboring kingdom. Then the second ambassador took the floor: “Our neighbors are plotting war.” We urgently need to gather an army and strengthen the borders. Firstly, every day we were not fed according to rank. We were served a hundred dishes and a hundred wines each, so that we would eat more and look around less. Secondly, we were accompanied everywhere by a crowd of royal friends, but they were military men, judging by their bearing. Thirdly, we were shown one new weapons factory. I heard in a conversation that this was the fifth plant, and I realized that there were four more. The plant was large, larger than any of our plants. The ambassador spoke for a long time about everything he saw and heard. The king rewarded the second ambassador and ordered him to prepare for war, and the king said to the first ambassador: - Foolish man talks about what he drank and ate, smart - what he saw and heard.
Sometimes it helps to realize that it's not what you see that matters, but what you don't notice. Sometimes the “dog is buried” in what you don’t notice. Observation allows you to analyze - this family lives with such results, it has such friends, its members have such and such health, such and such happiness or unhappiness. Based on the analysis, a choice becomes possible. Observant man following the right way, clears your consciousness and exhibits healthy sensitivity. Quite sincerely he can declare: “I am a brilliant detective! I don't need help! I can even find a pimple on an elephant’s body. I fight like a lion. I work like a bee. And the scent is like that of a dog, And the eye is like that of an eagle.”
Observation needs no praise. Its main advantage is a keen vision of the world “here and now”, and not in the distant past and illusory future. Suffice it to say that a true scientist is, first of all, observant. In the “heap of affairs, the turmoil of phenomena” one needs to discard everything superficial, unimportant, abstract and then, on the basis of a vision cleared of vanities, return to a new understanding of the facts. In contemplation of the surrounding world and in self-awareness internal observation serves as a generator of ideas, a basis for inspiration, fuel for emotions, a basis for self-development and a path to a better understanding of the realities of life.
Observation is imbued with the life-giving energy of voluntary acquisition. The favorite of observation - the Russian writer Konstantin Paustovsky believed that this quality personality manifests itself in inextricable connection with the audience’s sensitivity: “ Good eye- it's a profitable business. Don't be lazy, work on your eyesight. Try looking at everything for a month or two with the thought that you absolutely must paint it. On the tram, on the bus, everywhere, look at people this way. And in two or three days you will be convinced that before this you did not see even a hundredth part of what you noticed now on their faces. And in two months you will learn to see, and you will no longer need to force yourself to do so.”
Observation, as an independent intellectual operation, is inherent in most animals, but in monitoring life situations observation is not exhausted. It manifests itself in close connection with curiosity, curiosity and constant readiness to answer questions in the “here and now” mode. outside world. If we look at observation in the context of gender differences, then men need to modestly step aside. A woman will scan the relationships of a hundred unfamiliar couples in a matter of seconds, while a man will say that there were about a hundred people there.
Great writer- This is, first of all, observation. She becomes his first assistant in the autopsy human characters. Stefan Zweig in his novella “Twenty-four Hours in the Life of a Woman” writes: “I involuntarily raised my eyes and saw right in front of me - I even felt scared - two hands that I had never seen before: they grabbed each other like angry animals, and in a frantic fight they began to squeeze and squeeze each other so that their fingers made a dry crack, as if cracking a nut... I was frightened by their excitement, their insanely passionate expression, this convulsive clutch and single combat. I immediately felt that a man filled with passion had driven this passion into his fingertips so as not to be blown up by it himself.”