Which works of Russian poets reflect the spiritual connection between man and nature, and how do these works relate to Lermontov’s poem?
M. Yu. Lermontov, 1837
Explanation.
The paintings of nature embody the poet’s thoughts about life and death, about humanity and the universe. Lyrical hero poems by M.Yu. Lermontov is connected with nature by invisible ties, in unity with nature he finds harmony and peace:
Then the anxiety of my soul is humbled,
Then the wrinkles on the forehead disperse, -
And I can comprehend happiness on earth,
And in the sky I see God...
Tyutchev’s nature is diverse, multifaceted, rich in sounds, colors, and smells. His lyrics are imbued with admiration for the grandeur and beauty of nature:
I love the storm in early May,
When spring, the first thunder,
As if frolicking and playing,
Rumbling in the blue sky.
In an effort to show the visible and invisible connections between man and nature, Fet creates cycles of poems: “Spring”, “Summer”, “Autumn”, “Snow”, etc. Romantic hero Feta gains the ability to see the beautiful soul of nature. The happiest moment for him is the feeling of complete spiritual fusion with nature:
Night flowers sleep all day long,
But as soon as the sun sets behind the grove,
The leaves are quietly opening,
And I hear my heart bloom.
Thus, in the poems of Lermontov, Tyutchev, Fet, the theme of nature has a similar sound: man is connected with nature spiritually, nature vividly responds to the internal state of man, and man draws strength and inspiration from it.
What is special about the depiction of human feelings in the lyrics of F. I. Tyutchev and which Russian poets can be called his followers?
Read the below lyrical work and complete tasks B8-B12; SZ-S4.
F. I. Tyutchev, 1870
Explanation.
Blok can also be considered a follower of Tyutchev in revealing the theme of love. In the poem “About exploits, about valor, about glory...” the poet preaches: love elevates a person above everyday life, love is an all-consuming mystery, it can give strength, it can deprive them. When the moment of separation comes, devastation sets in. The attitude of the lyrical hero towards his beloved is striking: he almost deifies her (“... you didn’t look back,” “... you didn’t descend”). Deification can also be noted in such details as the ghostliness, the almost non-existence of the beloved. The hero, despite the separation, calls his beloved “sweet”, “tender”, which speaks of his ability to love sacrificially, fully.
It is love that fills with meaning, internal burning, makes the human heart shudder, and promotes takeoff. human mind and the spirituality of the entire world order - Tyutchev, Tolstoy, Blok wrote about this.
What are the features of the depiction of nature in the lyrics of F. I. Tyutchev and the lyrics of which of the previous and subsequent poets are close to Tyutchev?
F. I. Tyutchev, 1857
Explanation.
Tyutchev’s nature is diverse, multifaceted, full of sounds, colors, and smells. The paintings of nature embody the poet’s thoughts about life and death, about humanity and the universe.
Tyutchev is especially attracted to the transitional moments of natural life. Thus, in the poem “There is in the original autumn...” he depicts an autumn day reminiscent of the recent summer:
There is in the initial autumn
Short but wonderful time -
The whole day stands, as if crystal,
And the evenings are radiant...
Tyutchev's romantic hero gains the ability to see the beautiful soul of nature. The happiest moment for him is the feeling of complete spiritual fusion with nature.
In A. Fet’s poem “I came to you with greetings” the objects outside world and the feelings of the lyrical hero, like Tyutchev’s, are correlated and in motion. According to emotional perception, love feeling is akin to spring awakening nature, their comparison creates an idea of a strong experience - joy, happiness, love:
I came to you with greetings
Tell me that the sun has risen...
...That the soul is still the same happiness
And I’m ready to serve you...
A follower of Tyutchev and Fet was Sergei Yesenin. His poem “You are my fallen maple...” is dedicated to the poet’s favorite theme - nature, which for him always remains alive and spiritual. The author not only refers to the maple, but also compares himself to it:
I seemed to myself to be the same maple...
Thus, in the works of Tyutchev, Fet, Yesenin there is general approaches to the depiction of nature: nature is spiritualized, helps to betray the inner state of the lyrical hero.
What are the features of Fet’s poetic solution to the theme of love and in what poems of Russian poets are the same features found?
Read the lyric work below and complete tasks B8-B12; SZ-S4.
A. A. Fet, 1877
Explanation.
Fet's love lyrics are the most frank page of his poetry. The poet's heart is open, he does not spare it, and this dramatism of his poems is very hysterical, depressing, despite the fact that, as a rule, they end in a light, major key.
In the poem “The night was shining. The garden was full of the moon..." the meeting of the beloved with the lyrical hero shocks with notes of tragedy, but nevertheless, this meeting, the voice of the beloved inspires hope, the desire to live:
And it blows, as then, in these sonorous sighs,
That you are alone - all life, that you are alone - love.
The lyrical hero of the poem F.I. Tyutchev’s “I Met You...” is under the power of late love. He is no longer young, so he compares the surging feeling with the breath of spring “in late autumn.” The feeling captured the lyrical hero entirely, without a trace, he emphasizes that life has become somehow unreal: “like in a dream.” Love, in Tyutchev’s understanding, is the biggest shock in a person’s life.
The lyrical hero of A. Tolstoy’s poem “In the midst of a noisy ball, by chance...” In it, the poet tried to convey the impressions of his first meeting with the one who would later become his wife. The stranger was above the bustle of society and kept herself apart, while a certain imprint of mystery lay on her face. “Only the eyes looked sad, and the voice sounded so wonderful,” the poet notes. At the moment of creating the poem “In the midst of a noisy ball, by chance...” he idealizes his chosen one, noting that he dreams of her both in his sleep and in reality.
It is love that fills with meaning, inner burning, makes the human heart shudder, contributes to the rise of the human mind and the spirituality of the entire world order - Tyutchev, Tolstoy, Fet wrote about this.
What is unique about Lermontov’s lyrical hero and which Russian poet can be called his creative successor?
Read the lyric work below and complete tasks B8-B12; SZ-S4.
M. Yu. Lermontov, 1830
Explanation.
The theme of hypocrisy and heartlessness of people is heard in “Reflections at the Front Entrance” by N.A. Nekrasov. Only, unlike Lermontov’s poem, this topic is considered from a political angle: social inequality inherent state system Russia allows the cruelty and indifference of the “owners of luxurious palaces” towards the peasants to flourish. Like Lermontov’s beggar waiting for alms at the holy monastery, Nekrasov’s men came to the front entrance with a petition. And the same fate awaited them. No one bothered the nobleman for their sake. Like a stone in the hands of a beggar, depriving him of hope, the door of the front entrance slammed shut in front of the “village Russian people”.
We find a similar theme in A. Blok’s poem “Factory”. The factory is a symbol of the enslavement of man by man, it is an infernal machine that absorbs people:
motionless someone, black someone
Counts people in silence.
Yes, in poetry different eras sounds the “eternal” theme of evil, heartlessness that reigns in the world, the collapse of hopes and disappointment in people who, as the most intelligent creatures on Earth, should be different: merciful and sympathetic.
What are the main motives of M. Yu. Lermontov’s lyrics and which Russian poets can be called successors of his traditions?
Read the lyric work below and complete tasks B8-B12; SZ-S4.
M. Yu. Lermontov, 1831
Explanation.
The theme of life and death - eternal in literature - is also leading in Lermontov's lyrics and is refracted in a unique way. Thinking about life and death, thinking about the end human life many of the poet's poems are imbued. So, in the poem “Both boring and sad...” the poet reflects that life is fleeting and will soon move into some other dimension. Although the lyrical hero speaks about this with sadness, but without fear: death is a natural phenomenon, there is no need to regret a wasted life:
And life, as you look around with cold attention -
Such an empty and stupid joke...
The lyrical hero of Yesenin’s poem “Now we are leaving little by little” also looks around before leaving and looks at what he leaves in this world. He regrets only two values of this world: the unique beauties of nature, which, alas, do not exist in that fertile country, and about the people who live on the earth, cultivate it, making it even more beautiful (sow bread, “golden in the darkness”). Yesenin, like Lermontov, has a limb human existence sounds pessimistic: the process of leaving is inevitable, and life is fragile and short. Forward movement a person's life only brings him closer to his fatal end.
Lermontov’s approaches to revealing the theme of the Motherland can also be traced in Blok’s work. The homeland is mysterious and extraordinary. She is different. It contains not only the charm of antiquity, a fairy tale, mystery, but also poverty, sadness, and suffering. Both authors not only wax poetic about their homeland, but also see shortcomings in it: “trembling lights sad villages", "talk of drunken men." But when you love, you often cannot give an answer: why. This inexplicable connection with the Motherland is like a blood connection with a mother.
The theme of the rebel hero, revealed by Lermontov in the poem “Sail”, is continued in the work of Pasternak. In the poem “Hamlet,” Pasternak’s lyrical hero tries to find not only his own content of life, but also the meaning of life for the whole world. In the main part of the poem, we feel the intense struggle that takes place in the hero’s soul. This is a fight against the darkness of the night.
But the order of actions has been thought out,
And the end of the road is inevitable.
So Lermontov’s sail breaks, searches, risks being torn by the wind, but still strives forward, although he does not see what to sail for, what awaits ahead.
In what works of Russian poets does the theme of the artist and the era sound? How can these works be compared with “Conversation between a Bookseller and a Poet”?
Read the work below and complete tasks B8-B12; NW, C4.
| Conversation between a bookseller and a poet (fragment) Bookseller So, tired of love, Bored with the babble of rumors, You refused in advance From your inspired lyre. Now, leaving the noisy light, And muses and windy fashion, What will you choose? Poet Bookseller Wonderful. Here's some advice for you; Hear the useful truth: Our age is a huckster; in this iron age Without money there is no freedom. What's glory? - Bright patch On the singer's shabby rags. We need gold, gold, gold: Save up your gold until the end! I foresee your objection; But I know you, gentlemen: Your creation is dear to you, While on the flame of labor The imagination is boiling and seething; It will freeze, and then I hate your essay too. Let me just tell you: Inspiration is not for sale But you can sell the manuscript. Why hesitate? they're already coming to see me Impatient Readers; Journalists wander around the shop, Behind them are skinny singers: Who asks for food for satire, Some for the soul, some for the pen; And I confess - from your lyre I foresee a lot of good things. Poet You are absolutely right. Here is my manuscript. Let's agree. |
A. S. Pushkin, 1824
Explanation.
Nekrasov’s poet is under the yoke of the ordinary, he descends from heaven to earth, enters basements, and therefore he publicly renounces poetic attributes and refuses to sing “the beauty of the valleys, heavens, and sea, and sweet caress.”
N. A. Nekrasov in the poem “Blessed is the gentle poet...” contrasts two types of poets in the literature of that time. On the one hand, he is a kindly poet, whose example for Nikolai Nekrasov was Vasily Zhukovsky, and a poet of revenge and sadness. He, the accuser of the crowd, is armed with satire; instead of approval, blasphemy and persecution await him:
Feeding my chest with hatred,
Armed with satire,
He goes through a thorny path
With your punishing lyre
The image of an orator, a tribune, runs through Nekrasov’s poetry. His poetic “I” is not a collective image of the poet, it is N. A. Nekrasov himself. The poet is often lonely and is in constant conflict with the crowd, which does not understand or accept his poems and ridicules the poet. The path of a person who decides to serve the people is difficult - he can remain unknown to his readers, he is cursed by the crowd, his contemporaries do not favor him, yes, this path is truly thorny:
She accepted her crown of thorns,
Without flinching, the dishonored Muse
And under the whip she died without a sound.
A true poet is very often not understood by the society to which he wants to give his inspiration, thoughts, poems. The poet’s work is measured not by money, not by circulation, but by the consciousness that he “awakened good feelings ... with the lyre,” but he remains misunderstood.
M. Yu. Lermontov in the poem “The Prophet” develops the thoughts of Pushkin’s work of the same name. If Pushkin focused his main attention on what qualities a poet-prophet should have and how painfully they are given, then Lermontov’s hero at the beginning of the poem already has “omniscience,” which gives him the right to proclaim to people “pure teachings of love and truth.” He wants to awaken in them the desire for a better life, the desire to get rid of “malice and vice.” But his humane, sincere words do not evoke a response in a society mired in sin and depravity.
All my neighbors are in me
They threw stones wildly.
In his noble mission, the prophet has to endure ridicule, humiliation, cruelty, and exile. The prophet feels free only in the beautiful world of nature, full of harmony, but he returns to people again, because he cannot refuse his purpose, a difficult and noble mission. This means that the prophet did not submit to fate, did not abandon the ideals of love and justice to please the “powerful elders”. This is what a true poet should be, who does not retreat from difficulties and persecution. The poet in A. S. Pushkin’s poem “Conversation of a Bookseller with a Poet” also remains undefeated because:
Inspiration is not for sale
but you can sell the manuscript.
In what works of Russian poets do the authors reflect on the purpose of the poet and in what ways can these works be compared with the given fragment of “The Poet and the Citizen”?
| Poet and citizen (fragment) Citizen No, you are not Pushkin. But for now, The sun is not visible from anywhere, It’s a shame to sleep with your talent; It’s even more shameful in a time of grief The beauty of the valleys, skies and sea And sing of sweet affection... The thunderstorm is silent, with a bottomless wave The skies argue in the radiance, And the wind is gentle and sleepy The sails barely flutter, - The ship runs beautifully, harmoniously, And the travelers’ hearts are calm, As if instead of a ship Beneath them is solid ground. But the thunder struck; the storm is moaning, And he tears the rigging and tilts the mast, - This is not the time to play chess, This is not the time to sing songs! Here is a dog - and he knows the danger And barks furiously into the wind: He has nothing else to do... What would you do, poet? Is it really in a distant cabin? You would become an inspired lyre To please the ears of sloths And drown out the roar of the storm? May you be faithful to your destination, But is it easier for your homeland, Where everyone is devoted to worship Your single personality? Against good hearts, To whom the homeland is sacred. God help them!.. and the rest? Their goal is shallow, their life is empty. Some are money-grubbers and thieves, Others are sweet singers, And still others... still others are sages: Their purpose is conversation. Protecting your person, They remain idle, repeating: “Our tribe is incorrigible, We don't want to die for nothing, We are waiting: maybe time will help, And we are proud that we do no harm!” Cunningly hides an arrogant mind Selfish dreams But... my brother! whoever you are Don't believe this despicable logic! Be afraid of sharing their fate, Rich in word, poor in deed, And do not go to the camp of the harmless, When you can be useful! The son cannot look calmly On my dear mother's grief, There will be no worthy citizen I have a cold heart for my homeland... |
N. A. Nekrasov, 1856
Explanation.
The theme of poetic creativity is heard in the poems of Pushkin and Lermontov, Pasternak and Tsvetaeva, Vysotsky and Samoilov. V. Mayakovsky considers the poet a “herald”, “leader”. Pushkin in the poem “The Prophet” declares the poet’s mission to be a conductor of God’s will on earth. The Russian poetic tradition has created two stable images of the poet: the poet-prophet and the friend-poet. N. A. Nekrasov begins with a polemic with both images and comes to his own interpretation of poetic purpose. The melancholy and lethargy of the poet do not correspond to the era; a true poet cannot exist without a close connection with the events of public life.
The Citizen's monologues addressed to the Poet are imbued with a deep patriotic feeling; they contain a call to fight. Just as a son cannot look at the grief and suffering of his mother, so the poet cannot calmly look at the difficult situation of his homeland. And the Citizen proclaims the high ideal of service to the fatherland:
Go into the fire for the honor of your fatherland,
For conviction, for love...
Go and perish impeccably.
You won’t die in vain: the matter is solid,
When the blood flows underneath...
Source: Unified State Examination in Literature 05/05/2014. Early wave. Option 2.
What works of Russian poets contain a love theme and in what ways are these works consonant with the poem by A. A. Fet?
Read the work below and complete tasks B8-B12; C3, C4.
A. A. Fet, 1850
Explanation.
The theme of love is one of the favorite themes of Russian literature. Trembling images of the beloved were created by A. S. Pushkin, F. I. Tyutchev, A. Blok. Love is a sacrament, beyond the control of reason, given from above. Love elevates and makes a person purer. It is love as a sacrament and transformative force that we see in A. S. Pushkin’s poem “I Remember a Wonderful Moment” and in Blok’s poem “Stranger.” In this they are consonant with Fetov’s “Whisper, timid breathing...”
Source: Unified State Examination in Literature 05/26/2014. Main wave. Option 301.
In which poems by Russian authors does the theme of poetic creativity sound and in what ways can these works be compared with the poem by V.A. Kostrova?
Explanation.
The theme of creativity is a traditional theme of Russian poetry. Pushkin and Lermontov, Mayakovsky and Akhmatova, Pasternak and Vysotsky turned to her. A. S. Kushner considers the best moments for creativity to be moments of mental balance; then the artist is truthful, he is not under the power of irritation and his own passions, and therefore he will not splash out unnecessary madness on the reader.
The motif of the unity of life and creativity is one of the leading ones in Pasternak’s lyrics. In his mature poems, admiration for the beauty of the “general sculpting of the world” is combined with an awareness of the artist’s responsibility to life and time. It is creativity (including the creativity of one’s own life, which is what the novel “Doctor Zhivago” is about) that justifies the existence of man on this earth. For Pasternak, creativity is a way to go beyond the boundaries of earthly existence; breaking free from the shackles of space and time, approaching the highest, divine principle in oneself.
In this the views of the two poets coincide.
Which works of Russian love poetry contain pictures of nature and in what way can these works be compared with the poem by A. A. Tarkovsky?
Read the work below and complete tasks 10-16.
Explanation.
The theme of nature runs like a red thread through the works of A. Fet, F.I. Tyutcheva.
The poem by A. Tarkovsky can be compared with the poems of Tyutchev, for whom nature is also a reflection inner life a person, his thoughts and feelings.
Not what you think, nature -
Not a cast, not a thoughtless face.
She has a soul, she has freedom,
It has love, it has language.
Nature in Tyutchev’s poems warns of danger and predicts the future. Examples of poems in which it is easy to notice a similarity with Tarkovsky’s poem can be the poems: “How good you are, O night sea...”, “How joyful is the roar of summer storms...”, etc.
Source: Unified State Exam 05/05/2015. Early wave.
What poems by Russian authors contain a military theme and in what ways can these works be compared with the poem by Yu. I. Vizbor?
WAR PHOTOS We had to film And smile in the pictures In front of the old device Under the name "photocor" So that our chiaroscuro Through military snowstorms We flew to our dear home Under parental supervision. This is how my friends and I stood During breaks between fights. By land and seas They went where the order told them. Stand up, photographer, in the middle And take us all in a hug: Maybe in this photo This is our last time together. Someone will take a closer look later In our destinies, in our faces, To that military page, What goes astern. And these years remain In a uniform, in a bromine portrait, In photographs for memory Dear for the homeland. (Yu. I. Vizbor, 1979) |
Explanation.
Great Theme Patriotic War sounds in the poems of Vysotsky and Okudzhava. The main idea, uniting their poems with the poem by Yu. Vizbor, is the idea of the need to defeat the enemy. In this single impulse, everyone stood up to defend their Motherland. Both the tenth battalion from Okudzhava’s poem of the same name, and the guys taking the front-line photo from Vizbor’s poem will fight to the death. It is easy to notice the overlap between “War Photographs” and the poem “Goodbye, Boys.” The poems touch your heartstrings when you imagine the boys and girls leaving for the front, who are fit to love, work, live, and not die from the merciless bullets of enemies.
In what poems of Russian poets is the image of spring created and in what ways can these works be compared with the poem by V. A. Zhukovsky?
Read the work below and complete tasks 10-15.
Explanation.
Nature in Zhukovsky's poem is the embodiment of the inner world of the lyrical hero. We find a similar perception in Tyutchev. Nature in Tyutchev’s lyrics is alive and unique, it has its own images. Spring is a time of awakening, a time of new life and new hopes. The following poems are dedicated to this topic: “Spring Thunderstorm”, “ Spring waters" Spring is always clean and beautiful, with hopes for renewal associated with it. “A light breeze”, the radiance of the clouds, “Bird, heavenly wanderer” - all this reminds Zhukovsky’s hero of old dreams that are revived with the arrival of spring, hope appears for something unknown, “enchanted”. Tyutchev’s poem “Spring Waters” has very similar images: birds are “messengers of young spring,” awakening spring waters.
In which poems by Russian authors does the theme of the poet and poetry sound, and in what way can these works be compared with the poem by Ya. P. Polonsky?
Explanation.
The theme of the poet and poetry is traditional for Russian poetry. A. S. Pushkin (“Prophet”, “Monument”), M. Yu. Lermontov (“Poet”), N. A. Nekrasov (“Poet and Citizen”) and others addressed her.
To be a sensitive barometer of modernity, an obedient echo of public moods - this is how Polonsky imagined the high purpose of a poet.
Pictures of social evil, poverty and lack of rights of the people, the fate of man cannot leave a real poet indifferent, because he is called to serve people. The poet, like an old beggar, is ready to share his most secret things:
And divides the soul in half
With such beggars as myself...
N.A. Nekrasov compared his Muse with a serf peasant woman who is familiar with the “scourge” of the masters of life. That is why Nekrasov considers the main purpose of the poet to be the struggle for the liberation of the oppressed.
A. S. Pushkin in the poem “Monument” echoes in unison with Polonsky that the glory of the poet is promised by his service to the people, his desire to awaken “good feelings” and call for “mercy for the fallen.”
In what works of Russian poets does a patriotic theme sound and in what ways can these works be compared with the poem by A. N. Apukhtin?
Read the work below and complete tasks 8-12, 15, 16
| DAWN Have you seen the hour of dawn Behind a dark and stormy night? The storm has passed for a long time, The terrible roar has long since ceased, But everything around still keeps The heavy trail of a discordant thunderstorm, Everything is waiting for something and is silent!.. Everything is full of restless thoughts. But here's the fatal cloud Suddenly a white corner became clear; Here behind the distant mountain Something began to glow from the east; There was a splash of light up there. Will he disappear behind the cloud again? Or he will become glorious and mighty Among the skies?.. No answer... But the sound of a shepherd's pipe Already heard in the silence of the fields, And the air seems warmer And the early birds began to sing. The fogs, moving first, They rush, driven into the distance by the wind. Now this is our native land, Now Russia is like that. (A. N. Apukhtin, 1858) |
Explanation.
For Russian poetry, patriotic themes have traditionally always been associated with civic pathos and admiration for the beauty of our native nature. Apukhtin's poem is, first of all, a lyrical reflection on his homeland. In the poem “Dawn,” pictures of dynamically changing nature flash before the reader: a storm passed, in the distance “a white corner became clear,” “it turned red,” “a light flashed,” which could immediately disappear. So is Russia, rapidly changing, sometimes unpredictable, but undoubtedly beautiful and beloved. This is the meaning of the last lines of the poem.
Apukhtin's "Dawn" can be compared with Lermontov's "Motherland". In the poem “Motherland,” Lermontov talks about his love for the Russian people and declares his blood connection with them, as well as his love for nature. He, together with the people, experiences their sorrows and joys, therefore his love is “strange”. Between the lines you can read an appeal to the next generations to love Russia as it is.
And in Tyutchev’s poem “Russia cannot be understood with the mind” the same theme sounds. The homeland, with all its advantages and disadvantages, is the only one worthy of love.
What works of Russian poets reflect the beauty of love and in what way can these works be compared with the poem by I. A. Bunin?
Explanation.
The theme of love occupies a leading place in Russian poetry. It is in love poems that the character of the poet’s lyrical hero is more fully revealed; it is here that he is almost identical to the author. Youth is characterized by activity, a desire to change the whole world, and faith in one’s own strength, supported by maximalism. This is exactly what the lyrical hero of I. A. Bunin’s poem recalls. When you are young and in love, “dreams... crowd like herds of deer.” When you are young and in love, your sleep is “blissful.”
In the poem “Loving others is a heavy cross,” Pasternak considers the state of love to be the most valuable thing a person has, because only in love do people show their best qualities. “Loving others is a heavy cross...” is a hymn to love, its purity and beauty, its irreplaceability and inexplicability.
Love acquires a similar sound in Pushkin’s poem “I Remember a Wonderful Moment.” Love for a woman is so strong that it can bring back to life:
And the heart beats in ecstasy,
And for him they rose again
And deity and inspiration,
And life, and tears, and love.
What works of Russian poetry show the beneficial influence of nature on humans and how are they similar to the poem by V. N. Sokolov?
Read the work below and complete tasks 10–16.
Explanation.
The poem “It was snowing...” refers to philosophical lyrics. Following the traditions of Tyutchev and Fet, V.N. Sokolov shows the unity of man and nature. Nature is reflected in the internal state of the lyrical hero. Snow is perceived as a rebirth sent from above; the “gray day” is replaced by hope for happiness and faith in a “bright dream.”
In the poem by F.I. Tyutchev “I love a thunderstorm in early May”, the lyrical hero feels a surge of strength when nature is renewed after the spring rain:
I love thunderstorms at the beginning of May,
When spring, the first thunder,
As if frolicking and playing,
Rumbling in the blue sky.
Nature also has a beneficial effect on the lyrical hero of A. A. Fet’s poem “I came to you with greetings.” The sun rose - nature woke up and
...the soul is still happy
And I’m ready to serve you...
Thus, it is not difficult to notice the commonality of approaches to revealing the theme of the unity of man and nature in the poems of Tyutchev, Fet and Sokolov.
Source: Unified State Examination in Literature 04/01/2016. Early wave
In what works of Russian writers does the theme of education appear and what are the similarities or differences between these works and the poem by N. A. Nekrasov?
| SCHOOLBOY - Well, let's go, for God's sake! Sky, spruce forest and sand - Not a fun road... Hey! sit down with me, my friend! Feet bare, body dirty, And the chest is barely covered... Don't be ashamed! what's the matter? This is a glorious path for many. I see a book in the knapsack. So you go to study... I know: father for son I spent my last penny. I know: old sexton Gave me a quarter That a passing merchant's wife Gave me some tea. Or maybe you're a street servant Of those released?.. Well, well! The case is also not new - Don't be shy, you won't get lost! You'll soon find out at school Like an Arkhangelsk man By your own and God's will Became intelligent and great. Not without good souls in the world - Someone will take you to Moscow, Will you be at the university - The dream will come true! There is a wide field there: Know, work and don’t be afraid... That's why you're deeply I love, dear Rus'! That nature is not mediocre, That land has not yet perished, What brings people out There are so many glorious ones, you know, - So many kind, noble, Strong loving soul, Among the stupid, cold And pompous of themselves! (N. A. Nekrasov, 1856) |
Explanation.
In the poem by N.A. Nekrasov's "Schoolboy" is a theme of education. The lyrical hero of the poem proudly sets the great Russian scientist Lomonosov as an example for the boy. At the same time, he notes that in order to achieve success in the field of acquiring knowledge, one must work and not be afraid of anything. Nekrasov's faith in a new, worthy Rus' is unshakable, and enlightenment should contribute to renewal.
In Lomonosov’s “Ode on the Day of the Accession...” The enlightened monarch Peter I developed “divine sciences,” Russia expected “it would be useful to see their fruits.” To continue his work means to build new Russia, and the main role in this great process belongs, according to Lomonosov, to the younger generation, to those “whom the Fatherland expects from its depths,” who must prove “that the Russian land can give birth to its own Platos and quick-witted Neutons.”
Pushkin also writes about the enlightened monarch Peter I in the poem “Stanzas”, in which the same motive sounds: With an autocratic hand
He boldly sowed enlightenment,
He did not despise his native country:
He knew its purpose...
According to Pushkin, Peter - “now an academician, now a hero, now a navigator, now a carpenter” - was an “eternal” worker - this is his merit to the Fatherland.
Thus, the works of Nekrasov, Lomonosov, Pushkin, which reveal the theme of enlightenment and education, are deeply patriotic. For the good of the Motherland, for the glory of Russia, we need to think about education in order to move the country forward. Unlike Lomonosov and Pushkin, in Nekrasov’s work this theme is refracted through the prism of social inequality. The poet understands that his parents sacrificed their savings for the sake of the boy’s studies, but he believes that the future of Russia lies with such children.
Source: Unified State Examination - 2017. Early wave
Because this is life.
I’ll accept everything that rushes by
Along the roads of life...
It's a pity that you are unique
My life is wonderful.
(A. V. Zhigulin, 1976)
Explanation.
Reflections on the meaning of life are a traditional theme for Russian poetry.
So, in the poem “I Visited Again” by A.S. Pushkin contains reflections on the laws of human existence and the future. The poet's meeting with old pines and young growth makes him think about the laws of existence. Everything old inevitably gives way to the new, the young. This is the immutable law of life, and the poet accepts it with sadness, but is ready to greet those who follow:
Hello tribe
Young, unfamiliar! not me
I will see your mighty late age...
The poems of Sergei Yesenin acquire philosophical overtones, dedicated to the topic tragic thoughts about the end of life. Thus, the poem “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry...” (1921) is one of the first in Yesenin’s lyrics, which traces the closeness of his position with Pushkin’s perception of the movement of life as “ common law"of being ("Once again I visited...", 1835):
Explanation.
The theme of the Motherland is one of the central themes in the works of Blok, Yesenin, Rubtsov, Lermontov.
The central image of Blok’s poem “Russia” is the image of the Motherland. He is dual. On the one hand, this is a poor country with “gray huts” and “loose ruts”. On the other hand, this is a country of huge internal potential, spiritual revelations: here “the impossible is possible.” It is noteworthy that Russia appears in the poem in the image of a Russian girl who is able to survive both tears and worries, who will overcome everything and become even more beautiful:
Well? One more concern -
The river is noisier with one tear
And you are still the same - forest and field,
Yes, the patterned board goes up to the eyebrows...
A very similar image appears in the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "Motherland".
I love my fatherland, but with a strange love!
My reason will not defeat her.
Lermontov, like Blok, not only poetizes his Motherland, but also sees shortcomings in it: “the trembling lights of sad villages,” “the talk of drunken peasants.” But when you love, you often cannot give an answer: why. This inexplicable connection with the Motherland is like a blood connection with a mother.
| Dictionary I am a smaller branch from the trunk of Russia, I am her flesh, and to my leaves The wet, steel veins reach, Linen, blood, bone, Direct extensions of roots. There is a powerful craving for heights, And that's why I'm immortal until... Flows through my veins - my pain and blessing - Underground springs icy moisture, All er and el of the holy tongue. I am called to life by the blood of all births And all the deaths, I lived in times When the people have a nameless genius The mute flesh of objects and phenomena He animated, bestowing names. His dictionary is open to full page, From the clouds to the depths of the earth. Teach a tit to speak intelligently And drop a single leaf into the spring, Green, red, rusty, gold... (A. Tarkovsky. 1983) |
Explanation.
The theme of the poet and poetry is traditional for Russian literature. Derzhavin and Pushkin, Nekrasov and Tsvetaeva, Mayakovsky and Pasternak addressed her.
The general approach to revealing the topic in Russian classical poetry the thought began to arise about the high destiny of the poet, who has been given a great gift, and the poet must use this gift for the benefit of people.
Let us remember the poem “The Prophet” by A.S. Pushkin. The “Six-Winged Seraphim” gave the poet a sting instead of a tongue so that he could “burn the hearts of people with a verb.”
For Nekrasov, the theme of poetic creativity is closely connected with the theme of citizenship. According to Nekrasov, the poet has no right to pass by injustice and humiliation; the poet must show an active civic position in the fight against the oppressors, because the poet’s Muse is “ Native sister"A peasant woman, cut into blood. Therefore, a poet must feel all human pain and serve humanity.
Read the fragment of the work below and complete tasks 8–12, 15, 16.
Explanation.
In the poem “Banner from Kulikov,” Yu. Kuznetsov refers to the historical past of his native land and continues the traditions of Russian poets.
Pushkin was proud of the heroic past of his homeland. In "Eugene Onegin" the poet admires the walls of the ancient Kremlin:
Here, surrounded by my own oak grove,
Petrovsky Castle. He's gloomy
He is proud of his recent glory.
Napoleon waited in vain
Intoxicated with the last happiness,
Moscow kneeling
With the keys of the old Kremlin:
No, my Moscow did not go
To him with a guilty head.
How much pride and filial love there are in these lines! How much faith in the great destiny of Russia!
Alexander Blok refers to the history of the Battle of Kulikovo in the poem “On the Kulikovo Field.” Blok, like Kuznetsov, has an image steppe mare, which rushes forward towards the sunset in blood, and no one can stop it. It is no coincidence that the author in his poem draws a parallel with the Battle of Kulikovo, as if hinting that now Rus' will again have to defend itself.
In Pushkin, in Blok, in Kuznetsov, one cannot help but see the main thing. Russia has a difficult fate. From how many battles and troubles she had to be reborn! But no matter how many years have passed, the rider-messenger, leaving the pursuit and connecting the scattered troops, is still, as in old times, ready to carry the Russian banner out of an unprecedented battle. The rider saved the tattered banner on his body, “so that later children could patch up great distances and holes for them.” Russian land" This alone can redeem a lot in bloody history Fatherland and give hope for the future.
Ticket No. 4 B. 1
The image of the poet and the theme of creativity in the lyrics of A.S. Pushkin (using the example of 3–4 poems of the examinee’s choice)
Poems about the purpose of the poet and poetry occupy a significant place in Pushkin’s work. The theme of the poet and poetry in Pushkin's lyrics is closely related to the theme of freedom in the aspect of freedom of creativity. Following Lomonosov, Derzhavin and Radishchev, Pushkin continues to seek an answer to the question of the purpose of the poet and the high role of creativity. The following poems are devoted to this topic: “A Bookseller’s Conversation with a Poet” (1824), “The Prophet” (1826), “The Poet” (1827), “The Poet and the Crowd” (1828), “To the Poet” (1830), “Echo” (1831) ), "Monument" (1836).
In “A Bookseller's Conversation with a Poet,” the romantic poet enters into a dialogue with a bookseller. The dialogue form of the poem conveys conflicting points of view on issues of art. The bookseller becomes the bearer of the ideology of the “merchant age,” the “Iron Age,” in which “there is no freedom without money.” The poet, in turn, tries to preserve selflessness and freedom of creativity. But to be free, you must sell your labor:
Inspiration is not for sale
But you can sell the manuscript...
Thus, the fact of the dependence of the poet’s freedom of creativity on the public becomes completely obvious.
In search of protecting the creative freedom of art from human cruelty and vulgarity, A. S. Pushkin turns to biblical motifs, and his poems acquire philosophical content.
A. S. Pushkin wrote the poem “Prophet” in 1826. The author based the poem on a biblical legend. But Pushkin reinterprets the content of the legend and presents it in his own way.
The poem begins with the miracle of the revival of a lonely, tired traveler:
We are tormented by spiritual thirst,
I dragged myself in the dark desert,
And the six-winged seraph
At a crossroads he appeared to me...
And if the traveler is devastated and deprived of a specific goal (he is “at a crossroads”), he is powerless (“he was dragging along”), then the seraphim in his desire for transformative activity is impetuous and energetic (“appeared”). The appearance of a six-winged seraphim at a crossroads can be seen as saving a traveler from not knowing where to go. At first, the seraphim’s actions are cautious and careful:
With fingers as light as a dream
He touched my eyes...
He touched my ears...
The traveler acquires new sensations, a new worldview is born in him. His vision becomes sharp and his hearing supersensitive. The hero of the poem begins to experience suffering, as he “accepts” the whole world, polyphonic and multifaceted:
And I heard the sky tremble,
And the heavenly flight of angels,
And the reptile of the sea underwater,
And the valley of the vine is vegetated.
The process of turning a person into a poet-prophet continues. But now the seraphim’s actions become more decisive and merciless:
And he came to my lips
And my sinner tore out my tongue,
And idle and crafty,
And the sting of the wise snake
My frozen lips
He put it with his bloody right hand.
For what purpose does the seraphim carry out all these painful transformations? What qualities does he want to impart to the future poet? The mission of the prophet is beautiful and terrible at the same time: “To burn the hearts of people with the verb...”. But for gaining the ability to carry out such important mission the traveler will have to give up the tremulous feeling:
And he cut my chest with a sword
And he took out my trembling heart,
And coal blazing with fire,
I pushed the hole into my chest.
All these transformations must lead to the achievement of the goal: the poet becomes a prophet. Purpose
prophet - not to be indifferent, to teach others to be not indifferent. The lines of the poem “burn the hearts of people with the verb” can be interpreted exactly this way: to cleanse the world “from filth, lies, betrayal, base desires. The poet’s word should serve good, awaken best feelings in the souls of people.
The poem “Echo” was written by A. S. Pushkin in 1831 and occupies a special place.
This poem is based on the myth of the angry goddess Hera, who ordered the nymph Echo to remain silent and respond to questions only by repeating the last words.
The poet rethought the content of the myth. The poem is structured as an extended comparison: the poet is an echo. The poet and the echo have access to the world: ease of response, love for all the voices of life. There are no objects despised, discarded, everything is poetry. The poet’s ability to perceive the diversity of the world is explained by his love for the world and responsiveness. The poet is ready to accept the world in all its manifestations:
Does the beast roar in the deep forest,
Is the horn blowing, is the thunder roaring,
Is the maiden singing behind the hill...
……………………………
You listen to the roar of thunder,
And the voice of the storm and the waves,
And the crowing of rural roosters...
The combinations of sounds are contrasting, but they are all open and accessible to the poet and reveal his power and omniscience. But the connection with the world turns out to be one-sided, since the world does not send a response to the poetic echo:
You don't have any feedback... That's it
And you, poet!
The tragedy of the poet is that the poet is in love with the world, open to its every movement, but the world is indifferent to him.
Pushkin comes to the conclusion that poetry is a difficult and responsible matter; a poet is different from ordinary people by what is given to him to see, hear, understand, anticipate and foresee what a mere mortal cannot. With his gift, the poet influences ordinary people, so his responsibility to society is great for what he will write about and how he will influence the minds and souls of his readers.
In the sonnet “The Poet” (1827), Pushkin expressed a paradoxical opinion about the nature of the poet: the poet’s soul is not alien to anything human, he can be immersed in the vanity of the world. But the powerful force of inspiration, to which the poet is subject, takes his life in a different direction and separates the poet from vanity. The very beginning of the creative process is inspired by the deity and is accompanied by the awakening of the poet’s sleeping soul:
But only a divine verb
It will touch sensitive ears,
The poet's soul will stir,
Like an awakened eagle....
Another condition for creativity is loneliness. In his desire for loneliness, it is no coincidence that the poet chooses “the shores of desert waves” - there it is easier to transform into poetry the sounds and feelings that overwhelm the poet.
In the poem “The Poet and the Crowd,” A. S. Pushkin raises the problem of relationships: the poet and the crowd. Therefore, a dialogic form was chosen for this poem. The poem again echoes the theme of creative freedom. The “crowd” in the poem is called “rabble” by the poet. But this is not the “common people”, not the “black people”, this is the secular mob - the St. Petersburg environment of the poet in 1827-1837. It is they who try to dictate their will to the poet, who try to force him to “sing” under their dictation. The “rabble” expects “bold lessons” from the poet:
We are cowardly, we are treacherous,
Shameless, evil, ungrateful,
We are cold-hearted eunuchs,
Slanderers, slaves, fools;
Vices nest in a club within us.
You can, loving your neighbor,
Give us bold lessons...
But the crowd is ready to accept “bold lessons” not with the goal of changing:
And we will listen to you...
The poet does not undertake the mission of correction. By the end of the poem, the purpose of poetry, the purpose of the poet, becomes obvious:
Not for everyday worries
Not for gain, not for battles,
We were born to inspire
For sweet sounds and prayers.
Affirmation of beauty, divine meaning, one's service - this is how A. S. Pushkin defines his position on the issue of the appointment of a poet and poetry in 1828.
In 1830, A. S. Pushkin again turned to the topic of the poet and poetry. He writes a sonnet "To the Poet". The poet becomes a “king”; he must live alone and not depend on anyone:
Go where your free mind takes you,
Improving the fruits of your favorite thoughts,
Without demanding rewards for a noble deed.
A “free mind” is a guarantee of the poet’s fidelity to the path; he should not pay attention to the evaluation of his work.
In 1836, A. S. Pushkin wrote the poem “I erected a monument to myself, not made by hands...”, which is usually called “Monument.”
At the end of his life, A.S. Pushkin realizes himself as a people's poet. His “Monument” to some extent continues the traditions of Horace “Exigi monumentum” (that is, “I erected a monument”), Lomonosov and Derzhavin.
Pushkin begins his poem with a comparison: poetry, a monument not made by hands - and the monument erected in honor of Alexander I - the Alexander Column on Palace Square in St. Petersburg. The difference is not only that what the poet created is a work not made by hands, in contrast to the created monument, but also that poetry is “rebellious” to anyone’s will, it has independence, a love of freedom:
He ascended higher with his rebellious head
Alexandrian Pillar.
No, all of me will not die - the soul is in the treasured lyre
My ashes will survive and decay will escape...
At the same time, Pushkin gives specific characteristics of real creativity; he calls his poetry “cherished lyre,” thereby giving it love and sincerity. The motive of the immortality of the poetic heritage becomes no less important. Pushkin sees the main reason for his long life in the memory of the people in goodness, “...I awakened good feelings with my lyre.” Another source of the poet’s posthumous fame is the glorification of freedom: “I glorified freedom.” And the theme of mercy occupies a very special place. This is mercy for those who have sinned, stumbled, fallen.
The last stanza of the poem sums up the disclosure of the theme of the poet and poetry in the entire work of A. S. Pushkin. At the end of the poem there is a call from the poet to his muse. He asks her to be obedient to the “command of God”, to learn not to react to insults, to violence, or to an unfair trial. Thus, at the end of his creative career, the poet managed to formulate the basic requirements for true poetry: freedom, independence from the opinions of the crowd, fulfillment of the will of God.
All of A. S. Pushkin’s work can be called sunny and bright. All themes and motifs reflected in Pushkin’s work exist in harmonious unity, creating a rich artistic world of his lyrics. And if after reading the poems of A.S. In Pushkin, at least someone will become better, purer, more worthy, this means that “good feelings” will prevail over evil ones, and the reader’s soul, like the soul of the poet himself, “will perk up like an awakened eagle.”
The theme of the purpose of the poet and poetry is traditional for Russian literature. It can be traced in the works of Derzhavin, Kuchelbecker, Ryleev, Pushkin, Lermontov. N. A. Nekrasov is no exception. If in Kuchelbecker and Pushkin the poet - “prophet” is above the crowd in the struggle for the ideals of freedom, goodness and justice, goes to people “to burn hearts with the verb”, then in Lermontov the prophet is already different: he runs away from people into the desert. Seeing their vices, he does not find the strength to fight. For the poet, Nekrasov is a prophet who was “sent to people by the god of anger and sadness,” his path is thorny, because the poet goes through this path with a punishing lyre in his hands, indignant and denouncing. The poet understands that it is impossible to gain universal love in this way:
He is being pursued by blasphemers:
He catches the sounds of approval
Not in the sweet murmur of praise,
And in the wild screams of anger.
…………………………………..
They curse him from all sides,
And just seeing his corpse,
They will understand how much he has done,
And how he loved - while hating!
But his position is that of a poet-citizen, a son of his Motherland:
The son cannot look calmly
On my mother's grief.
The poet’s poetic manifesto was the poem “The Poet and the Citizen” (1856), written in the form of a dialogue between the poet and the reader - a citizen, a democrat in his convictions, who makes demands on the poet on behalf of the best people countries - these requirements meet the spirit of the times, the spirit of life itself:
It's time to get up! You know yourself
What time has come;
In whom the sense of duty has not cooled,
Who is incorruptibly straight in heart,
Who has talent, strength,
accuracy,
Tom shouldn't sleep now...
………………………………………..
Wake up: boldly smash the vices...
………………………………………..
This is not the time to play chess,
This is not the time to sing songs!
………………………………………..
Be a citizen! Serve art
Live for the good of your neighbor,
Subordinating your genius to feeling
All-embracing love...
Before us is not a duel between two opponents, but mutual search true answer to the question about the role of the poet and the purpose of poetry in public life. The citizen convinces the poet that his role in the life of society is significant and requires from him not only artistic talent, but also civic convictions:
You may not be a poet
But you have to be a citizen.
What is a citizen?
A worthy son of the Fatherland.
………………………………………..
He wears it on his body like his own
All the ulcers of your homeland.
And in poetry XIX century, the Muse of Nekrasov enters - the sister of the suffering, tormented, oppressed people:
Yesterday, at about six o'clock,
I went to Sennaya;
There they beat a woman with a whip,
Young peasant woman
Not a sound from her chest
Only the whip whistled as it played...
And I said to the Muse: “Look!
Your dear sister!
The muse, the “sad companion of the sad poor,” “crying, grieving,” “humiliatingly asking” for the fate of the people, went with the poet through his entire life:
Through the dark abysses of Violence and Evil,
She led me through labor and hunger -
Taught me to feel my suffering
And she blessed the world to announce them...
At the end of his life, the poet, turning to his Muse, says:
O Muse! our song is sung.
Come close your poet's eyes
To the eternal sleep of non-existence,
Sister of the people - and mine!
The poet is confident that his Muse will not allow the “living, blood union” between him “and honest hearts” to “break for a long time” even after his death. In the poem “Elegy,” the poet reflects on the most pressing issues of our time, about youth, about his own fate and the fate of the people. “The people are liberated, but are the people happy?” Exactly this disturbing thought the entire poem is permeated. But the people he thinks about, the poet writes, are silent:
Nature listens to me
But the one I sing about in evening silence,
To whom are the poet’s dreams dedicated?
Alas! He doesn’t heed and doesn’t give an answer...
The poem “Elegy” is the poetic testament of a poet-citizen who fulfilled his duty:
I dedicated the lyre to my people.
Perhaps I will die unknown to him,
But I served him - and my heart is calm...
Russian classical literature has given the world magnificent examples of poetic creativity. The poems of Pushkin, Lermontov, Nekrasov became true masterpieces. One of the main topics for these great masters of words was the problem of the purpose and place of poetry in life, the purpose of the poet, his role in society.
A. S. Pushkin, with all his creativity, asserted the unity of poetry and real life For him, the poet was a person endowed with a divine gift. The muse should not turn away from people, considering it unworthy to pay attention to simple plots. For Pushkin, a poet is a prophet capable of influencing society with his creativity. The poem “The Prophet” is dedicated to this topic, in which the voice of the author is heard calling on the poet:
“Rise up, prophet, and see and listen,
Be fulfilled by my will,
And, bypassing the seas and lands,
Burn the hearts of people with the verb.”
A poet can see and feel what others cannot. But he is obliged to dedicate his gift to people, and not languish with “spiritual thirst” or go into the transcendental heights of dreams and dreams. This is the deep conviction of Pushkin himself, who in the poem “Monument” addresses the muse with instructions;
By the command of God, O muse, be obedient,
Without fear of insult, without demanding a crown,
Praise and slander were accepted indifferently
And don't argue with a fool.
A. S. Pushkin until his death remained devoted to his convictions, faith in the high purpose of poetry, the power and abilities of a poet-citizen, poet-prophet.
These views were fully shared by Pushkin’s successor M. Yu. Lermontov. The same motives sound in his work, but time has left its mark on the poet’s poems. During the years of reaction, the poet's fate was very difficult. In the poem “The Poet,” Lermontov compares the poet to a dagger, which used to be a formidable weapon that served its master faithfully. And now the dagger has become a toy, no one needs it. So the poet lost his purpose and exchanged his mighty voice for gold. Before words the poet raised the spirit of people, sounded “like a bell on a veche tower on days of celebrations and troubles of the people.” It is painful for Lermontov to observe how petty and deceptive poetic creativity has become. He asks bitterly, hoping for a better future:
Will you wake up again, mocked prophet?..
Or never to the voice of vengeance
You cannot snatch your blade from a golden sheath,
Covered with the rust of contempt?..
Lermontov himself experienced the full severity of the position of the poet-pro-rock in his contemporary society. In the poem “The Prophet,” the hero faces a completely different fate than the hero of Pushkin’s poem of the same name. People didn't need " God's gift" of the prophet, he has to live in the forest, hide from people:
I began to proclaim love
And the truth is pure teachings:
All my neighbors are in me
They threw stones wildly.
This is exactly what their “neighbors” did with Pushkin and Lermontov, whose lives were cut short in their prime creative forces. Pushkin died, Lermontov fell in a duel, but in Russia there was a man who continued the work of great artists.
N. A. Nekrasov dedicated all his work to the Russian people. The poet's lyrics served as a model of citizenship for his contemporaries. A poet must first of all be a citizen, said Nekrasov, and serve the people:
It’s a shame to sleep with your talent;
It’s even more shameful in a time of grief
The beauty of the valleys, skies and sea
And sing of sweet affection...
Nekrasov calls on poetry to be an expression of people's interests. The poet is obliged to write about the people and for the people:
Be a citizen! serving art,
Live for the good of your neighbor,
Subordinating your genius to feeling
All-embracing love...
The same theme is heard in the poem “Elegy”. Nekrasov argues that poetry cannot forget about the suffering and aspirations of the common people, because this is precisely its high purpose. The most worthy for the lyre:
Remind the crowd that the people are in poverty
While she rejoices and sings.
To arouse the attention of the powers that be to the people...
Nekrasov's poetry, like the lyrics of Pushkin and Lermontov, had a huge influence on the minds and hearts of people. These great Russian poets raised poetic creativity to unattainable heights, earning fame and recognition from their descendants. And Nekrasov’s words can be safely attributed to each of the brilliant poets of Russia:
I dedicated the lyre to my people...
Theme of the poet and poetry
In the lyrics of A.S. Pushkin's theme of the poet and poetry occupies a very important place. Pushkin’s interest in this topic is quite understandable. One of the most brilliant poets of world significance, perfectly familiar with the poetry of all times and peoples, who devoted his entire life to poetic creativity, he wrote more than a dozen poems revealing different sides theme of the poet and poetry. “A Conversation between a Bookseller and a Poet”, “The Prophet”, “The Poet”, “The Poet and the Crowd”, “To the Poet”, “Echo”, “Monument” - these are Pushkin’s most important poems on this topic. Who is a poet? What is his place in society? What should his work be like? How should he relate to the world around him? Let's see what answers Alexander Sergeevich gives to these difficult questions. Considering this topic in Pushkin’s lyrics, it seems to me that first of all we need to turn to his masterpiece “The Prophet”. This poem, written in 1826, tells the reader about the spiritual qualities and purpose of the poet. The title and content of the work tell us about Pushkin’s use biblical legend about the prophet Isaiah, who is in despair, seeing the depravity of people, and feels defiled. The hero of the poem is in a dejected state, he is tormented by “spiritual thirst,” and then the messenger of God, the six-winged seraphim, appears to him." He is endowed with an acuity of vision unusual for a person: With fingers as light as a dream, he touched my eyes. The prophetic eyes opened, Like those of a frightened woman. And then: He touched my ears, And they were filled with noise and ringing: And I heard the trembling of the sky, And the flight of angels from above, And the underwater passage of the sea, And the vegetation of distant vines Now the poet is gifted with a subtle sense of perception of life, he is freed from doubts and fear, but this is not enough: And he cut my chest with a sword, And he took out my trembling heart, And he pushed a coal, blazing with fire, into my open chest. So, a poet, according to Pushkin, should strive for knowledge and moral purity, he should have a genius insight, the ability to see and understand what is often inaccessible ordinary people, and most importantly, the gift of speech, a soul capable of deeply feeling and experiencing. The opportunities that have opened up for the poet, on the one hand, elevate him above people, and on the other hand, place a burden on him difficult task. His mission is to “burn the hearts of people with a verb,” that is, to bring people the truth, fight evil, promote the progress of life, awaken in a person’s soul the best that is in him. The poem “Echo” is also important to consider for a clearer understanding of Pushkin’s thoughts about the poet. Written in 1831, it reflects the mood of the poet at the moment of the greatest aggravation of his relations with noble society. The poet feels lonely among empty people busy chasing insignificant goals. Secular society did not understand or appreciate creative activity poet, was alien and hostile to him. The whole poem is like one great comparison: The poet is like an echo. Just as an echo responds to all the sounds of the world, so the poet reflects in his work all the phenomena of the life around him. But, like an echo, the poet does not find a response to his calls. On August 21, 1836, Pushkin wrote the poem "Monument". This work seems to be a poetic expression of many years of thoughts genius poet over questions about the purpose of art, about essential aspects of his creativity, about his services to the Motherland and the people. He talks about what to his " miraculous monument" "will not overgrow folk trail", that is, people will refer to his works as inexhaustible source ideological, moral and artistic values. The great poet believes that his responsible mission has been completed: And for a long time will I be so kind to the people, That I awakened good feelings with the lyre? That in my cruel age I glorified freedom and called for mercy for the fallen. The poet addressed all the peoples of his homeland as equal members of one family (“and every language in it will call me. And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and the now wild Tungus, and the friend of the steppes Kalmyk”). The poet's monument rose higher above the "rebellious head" Alexandrian pillar. Pushkin had the right to talk about this. No persecution of the government and its servants broke the freedom-loving views. In ideological and artistic terms, Pushkin's "Monument" stands immeasurably higher than poems on the same topic created by the poet's predecessors (Horace, Lomonosov, Derzhavin). How much more significant in socio-political terms is the merits of the Poet (with capital letters Poet!) before the people, noted by him in his “Monument”: the struggle for freedom, the protection of the oppressed (“fallen”), the education of “good feelings”. So, firmness, determination, exactingness, contempt for the “court of a fool”, for awards and honors - these are the qualities that Pushkin considers obligatory for all poets. The poet hears the whole world and must be deaf only to the opinions of the “uninitiated.” It is loyalty to these principles that leads him to immortality. The poem “Monument” is a testament to Russian poetry: By the command of God, O muse, be obedient, Without fear of resentment, without demanding a crown; Praise and slander were accepted with indifference and do not challenge the fool.