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Russian entrepreneur in the field of bakery production. The founder and owner of the largest bakery and bread trading enterprises in the country, famous for the variety of assortment and high quality of products.(b. 1824 - d. 1878)

According to the census of 1638, there were about 2.5 thousand artisans in Moscow, and every ninth of them was engaged in the production of bread. They have been able to bake rye bread here since time immemorial. It was made from sour dough based on special starters, the secrets of which were kept secret and passed down from generation to generation. In addition to rye bread, bakers baked a huge variety of products from wheat flour, from monastery prosphoras to the famous kovrigi (large three- or four-cornered bread). On holidays they baked rolls, pies and loaves. Starting from the 16th century, special public bakeries were built in Rus'. And in the XVI-XVII centuries. bread masters began to be divided into bread makers, kalachniks, pirozhniki, sitniks, saechniks, pretzel makers (lamb makers), pancake makers and gingerbread makers. Gingerbread - products made from sweet dough weighing from 2 to 4 kg - were a favorite delicacy in Rus', they were given on name days, given to brides as a wedding gift, and treated to children.

At the end of the 18th century. and in the first half of the 19th century. After the end of the Patriotic War of 1812, great changes occurred in Moscow's bakery industry, caused by the rapid construction of the city and population growth. Many bakers came to the capital from Kaluga, Moscow, Yaroslavl and Tver provinces in order to make their own fortune. These were mainly serf peasants, released by the landowners for a high quitrent to the latrine trade. There has even been a certain specialization among them. Thus, people from the Protva River were engaged in baking rye bread, rolls, bagels and saikas. Among them, the most famous are the “protovtsy” - Savelyev, G Vozdev, Morozov and Mishin. In addition, there were also “Khatun people” - Savostyanov, Naydenov, Tyulenev, Chelnokov, Alekseev, “Kalyazin people” and “Uglich people” - Salnikov, Novikov, Talanov, Fedorov, Mukhin and others. The rest of the bakers baked wheat and baked bread and baked goods.

In an environment of such unprecedented competition, the Filippov dynasty, which belongs to the “proto-Turkeys,” began its work. In a short time, she managed to raise the baking business in Belokamennaya to such a high level that the word “Filippovsky” (bread, cakes, pies and pies) meant “the best,” and buns “from Filippov” became one of the attractions of Moscow. Ivan Maksimovich Filippov himself was recognized as the first baker of Russia, and then of Europe.

The founder of the famous family of bakers was Maxim Filippov, a former serf in the village of Kobelevo, Tarusa district, Kaluga province. He came to Moscow in 1806 and found a job as a peddler of rolls at the market. Having saved up some money, the aspiring entrepreneur got permits for a “kuren” (bakery), but then the Patriotic War broke out. Although the documents disappeared during the fire of 1812, this fact did not affect the further development of his business. Gradually saving money, Maxim was able to purchase his own bakery, in which he began baking rolls and pies with various fillings.

Filippov was the first to produce the so-called “Moscow rolls”, which over time became widespread throughout Russia. After kneading, the dough for them was taken out into the cold, which gave the finished rolls a special taste. These products were sold near the bakery, in shopping arcades. The entrepreneur's business was successful, and by the end of his life Maxim already owned three bakery establishments - kalachny, bakery and lamb - and occupied a prominent place in the city's bread market.

A worthy successor to the work of Maxim Filippov was his son Ivan, who was born in 1824 in the village of Kabanovo, Maloyaroslavsky district. He was included in the Moscow Merchant Guild according to Decree No. 12438 of the Treasury Chamber of December 8, 1867. The owner of bakeries in the Pyatnitskaya, Tverskaya and Sretenskaya parts of the city, merchant of the 2nd guild I. M. Filippov contributed guild duties “for the right to trade and so on” to in the amount of 67 rubles 40 kopecks.” According to the memoirs of his contemporaries, Ivan Maksimovich had amazing flair and extraordinary entrepreneurial abilities, which allowed him to introduce many innovations into the baking business.

He was one of the first in Moscow to revive the original Russian technological chain “field - counter”. And if other bakers traditionally sold their products directly from bakeries, then I.M. Filippov was the first to organize a bread store at the bakery. When customers praised his bread and asked why his bread was so good, the entrepreneur explained: “Because bread loves care. Baking is just baking, but all the power is in the flour. I don’t have any purchased flour, it’s all my own, I buy selected rye locally, I have my own people at the mills, so that there’s not a speck of dust. But still, there are different types of rye, you have to choose. I increasingly have the best flour from Tambov, from near Kozlov, from the Rominsk mill.”

Another achievement of the young owner was expanding the range of his products. In addition to bakery products, he established the production of branded “Filippovsky” pies with Russian national filling - tripe, porridge, cabbage, vyaziga, etc. And the bread itself was varied: peklevanny, Borodinsky, Starodubsky, Riga, Sitny (each loaf of hearth sieve bread weighed about 2.5 kg). In addition, there were French buns, penny loaves of bread (called in everyday life for some reason “swindlers”), vitushki, saechki sprinkled with poppy seeds or coarse salt, simple cod cakes baked on straw, large and small rolls, bran rolls, bread rings and much, much more.

Journalist V. A. Gilyarovsky wrote very entertainingly and figuratively about how Ivan Maksimovich “invented” cod with raisins in his famous book “Moscow and Muscovites.” In 1848-1859 “the all-powerful dictator of Moscow” was Governor-General A. A. Zakrevsky, for whose breakfast hot cakes from Filippov were served every morning. One day there was a baked cockroach in one of these cages:

“What an abomination this is! Bring the baker Filippov here! - the ruler shouted over morning tea.

The servants, not understanding what was happening, dragged the frightened Filippov to the authorities.

What is this? Cockroach? - And he puts in a cod with a baked cockroach. - What is this? A?..

This is the highlight!

You're lying, you bastard! Are there ice cream with raisins? Go away!

Filippov ran into the bakery, grabbed a sieve of raisins into the dough, to the great horror of the bakers, and dumped them out.

An hour later, Filippov treated Zakrevsky to sautés with raisins, and a day later there was no end to buyers.

And very simple! “Everything comes out on its own, you can catch it,” Filippov said when mentioning the fish with raisins.”

Soon the fame of Filippov's bread spread far beyond Moscow and reached St. Petersburg. In 1855, for the excellent quality and wide range of products, the Moscow baker received the title of Supplier of the Court of His Imperial Majesty. As Gilyarovsky writes, there was a rumor among the people that Filippov brought his rolls in specially closed linden boxes “in the heat, covered under special down jackets, straight from Tverskaya to the Winter Palace to the royal coffee shop.”

When Ivan Maksimovich was asked to reveal the technological secrets of success, he assured that bread of the quality that his bakers baked could only be made in Moscow. In other cities, the water is not the same, the bakers are different and, most importantly, they are not there. Filippova. That is why, when in 1864 he opened his first bakery in St. Petersburg, the water for kneading the dough was transported there in oak tubs from Mytishchi by courier trains of the Nikolaev Railway.

The “King of Moscow Bakers” was the first to organize the freezing of bread on an industrial scale to preserve its freshness. In winter, immediately after baking, bread products were frozen in a special way and transported in this form thousands of miles. Carts with “Filippovsky” bread from Moscow were sent to St. Petersburg, Barnaul, Irkutsk and many other cities of Russia. There the bread was thawed - also in a special way - in damp towels and, as if it had just been taken out of the oven, it was served on the table, causing surprise and delight among those invited to tea.

Ivan Maksimovich loved scope in his business. The author of “Moscow and Muscovites” wrote that “when a cart with a birthday cake, which rich people ordered, came out of the bakery yard on Tverskaya, the gate had to be removed, since the cake was so large that it did not fit into them. The sight was amazing. All of Moscow came running to see.”

According to the recollections of Filippov’s family members, “he was an unusual person.” It is known, for example, that his office was “pasted with banknotes - “katenkas”. In the city, everyone recognized Filippov's horses by the fact that they were shod with pure silver, royally. Filippov was picky and did not take advantage of every opportunity where he could make money. He had a kind of honesty. Where other bakers did not consider it a sin to make money by fraud, Filippov acted differently.”

The famous entrepreneur was also famous for his charity. On holidays, he baked large batches of bread according to orders and sent these “bread gifts” to those arrested in Butyrka prison. At the same time, as V. A. Gilyarovsky testified, firstly, he “never sent rubbish to the prisoners, but always fresh rolls and cods; secondly, he kept a special account, according to which it was clear how much profit these alms orders generated, and he took this profit entirely to the prison himself and donated it to improve food for sick prisoners. And he did all this “very simply.” Not for the sake of benefits or medals or uniform distinctions of charitable institutions.”

In addition, Ivan Maksimovich was an “agent” of the first Sushchevsky branch of care for the poor in Moscow, a member of the Council of Moscow orphanages. It is known that he supplied bakery products to the Nikolaev charity home for poor widows and orphans. All his life I.M. Filippov was a member of the Moscow merchant society, and a year before his death he was elected as a member of the city Duma. For his charitable activities and services to entrepreneurship, he was awarded the Order of St. Anna 2nd degree and became a hereditary honorary citizen of Moscow.

I.M. Filippov died in 1878, leaving his heirs 4 bakeries in Moscow and 4 in St. Petersburg. The obituary published in the newspapers said: “Justly proud of its cannon, which was not fired, and the bell, which is not rung, Moscow can boast of its kalach, a purely local, national cookie, the representative of which was the late I.M. Filippov.” The popularity of the famous baker among the people was so great that the famous Moscow poet Schumacher noted his death with a quatrain that was known throughout Moscow and in which there was a hint of Filippov’s legendary raisin cakes:

Yesterday another of the types died out,

Moscow are very famous and familiar,

Prince of Tmutarakan Ivan Filippov And left insects in mourning.

However, in the memory of both contemporaries and subsequent generations, the name Filippov has always been associated with real Russian bread. Here are a few excerpts from A. P. Subbotin’s book “Tea and Tea Trade in Russia and Other Countries”:

“Since the 50s, with the light hand of Filippov, Russian bakeries began to produce varied and high-quality goods (famous Moscow rolls and butter crackers).

Filippov's bakery, with 410 workers and a turnover of 1 million rubles, accounts for more than 10% of the production of French bread.

About 30 years ago, foreigners dominated the bakery industry, and then, when Filippov opened his branch in St. Petersburg, he paved the way for Russian production, and German bakers found themselves in the minority. The largest bakery in Filippov sells more than 1/2 million rubles worth of buns and bread per year. It produced the most common types of baked goods in Russia: rolls, saiki, bagels and bagels - originally Russian products.”

After the death of I.M. Filippov, the business passed to his widow, Tatyana Ivanovna, and in 1881 it was headed by one of his sons, Dmitry.

Dmitry Ivanovich Filippov (1855-1908) turned out to be a worthy successor to the family business. At the end of the 19th century, he began construction of a large bakery, expanded his father’s bakery and opened the later famous “Filippovsky” coffee shop on Tverskaya. It had huge mirrored windows, marble tables, footmen in tuxedos, and impressive interior decoration. The famous artist P. Konchalovsky and the talented sculptor S. Konenkov decorated the common hall. There was no end to visitors at Filippov Jr.’s coffee shop. Describing this landmark of Moscow, V. A. Gilyarovsky noted: “Filippova Bakery is always full of customers. In the far corner, around hot iron boxes, there was always a crowd munching on Filippov’s famous fried pies with meat, eggs, rice, mushrooms, cottage cheese, raisins and jam. The audience ranges from students to senior officials in frieze overcoats and from well-dressed ladies to poorly dressed working women. Using good butter and fresh minced meat, the Piglet pie was so big that sometimes you could have a hearty breakfast.”

In 1911, the building on Tverskaya was equipped by D.I. Filippov with a comfortable hotel “Lux” for 550 places with a restaurant. After the revolution it was renamed “Central” and in the 1930s. Comintern figures and members of foreign companies sheltered by the Soviet government were housed there. Another Filippovsky cafe was opened in 1916 on Kuznetsky Most. Its walls were painted with scenes from Blok’s “The Stranger.” But for some unknown reason, things were not going well in the cafe, and soon it was empty.

The factory built by D.I. Filippov on Tverskaya was an example of modern production. It included many departments: “sugar, bagel, cake and confectionery, German, Starodubsky, Riga, St. Petersburg canteen, black, white and Swedish bread, fried pies, kalachnoye and pie.” The factory even had its own power plant. The specialists who worked there enjoyed free apartments in a hostel, food, heating, lighting and boiling water. They were given special clothing, which was washed at the expense of the enterprise. The working hours included time for lunch and tea, as well as shift work on holidays and weekends.

In 1905, D.I. Filippov was the owner of 16 bakeries and bakeries, which employed about 3 thousand workers. However, revolutionary events undermined the calm in his company. In September 1905, workers at the bakery on Tverskaya took part in a strike. They opposed wage cuts. In response to their demands, Dmitry Ivanovich stated that he would agree to restore his previous salary, but on the condition that other colleagues in the industry would do the same. The protesters did not accept this condition and began to destroy Chuev’s bakery, whose workers refused to participate in the strike. As a result, clashes with the police and arrests of troublemakers followed.

In July 1906 the situation worsened even more. The strike continued, and Filippov, like other bakery owners, suffered losses. Then he decided to make concessions to the workers, offering them holiday rest, work in two shifts and an increase in wages, thereby causing discontent among other entrepreneurs. However, he did not retreat, taking an independent position based on sober calculation. As a result, his workers returned to their places and resumed baking bread. The daily turnover of Filippovsky bakeries has increased. But by that time the company already owed creditors about 3 million rubles. To save the family business, D.I. Filippov was forced to declare himself bankrupt. By decision of the Moscow Commercial Court, management of the affairs was transferred to the administration, which included employees of the company and representatives of creditors.

After the death of Dmitry Ivanovich in 1908, the business was continued by his three sons. In fact, his step-son Nikolai Ivanovich Filippov became the head of the company. At the end of the administration’s tutelage in March 1915, he organized, as a full partnership, the Trading House Br. Filippov" with retention of the right to trade under the company "Supplier of the Court of His Imperial Majesty" with a capital of 1 million rubles. In this capacity, the company, which had its production not only in Moscow and St. Petersburg, but also in Saratov, Tula and Rostov-on-Don, existed until 1917 and was subsequently nationalized. The owner of the company was forced to emigrate to Brazil.

For many years, Filippova's bakery, like the Eliseevsky store, was, without exaggeration, the face of the Russian capital. Sadly, today the famous bakery on Tverskaya 10 does not exist. A muddy wave of property redistribution covered both her glory and her place in Moscow history. From the once famous Filippov Empire, only the “bread” names of Moscow streets and alleys have survived to this day: Kalashny, Khlebny, etc.

Elena Vasilyeva, Yuri Pernatyev

From the book “50 Famous Businessmen of the 19th - Early 20th Centuries.”

The owner of the surname Filippov can rightfully be proud of his ancestors, information about which is contained in various documents confirming the mark they left in the history of Russia.

The surname Filippov is formed from a proper name and belongs to a common type of Russian surnames.

After 988, every Slav, during an official baptism ceremony, received a baptismal name from the priest, which served only one purpose - to provide the person with a personal name. Baptismal names corresponded to the names of saints and were therefore common Christian names.

Often the ancient Slavs added the name of his father to the name of a newborn, thereby denoting belonging to a certain clan. This is due to the fact that there were relatively few baptismal names, and they were often repeated. The addition to a person’s name in the form of a patronymic helped solve the problem of identification. Later, it was often the patronymic that became the family name, gradually turning into a surname inherited from father to son.

The surname Filippov goes back to the name Philip, which translated from Greek means “lover of horses.”

In the name book, this name appeared in honor of St. Philip, a native of the city of Bethsaida (Galilee). Saint Philip was a deep expert in the Holy Scriptures and, having correctly understood the meaning of the Old Testament prophecies, he expected the coming of the Messiah. At the call of the Savior, he followed him. After the Ascension of the Lord, the Apostle Philip preached the Word of God in Galilee, accompanying his preaching with miracles. So, for example, he resurrected a baby who died in his mother’s arms. Soon after this, many people began to believe in God.

Most likely, the founder of the Filippov family was not a man of the common class. The fact is that surnames formed from the full form of the name were mainly used by the social elite, nobility or families that enjoyed great authority in a certain area. Their representatives were respectfully called by their full name, in contrast to representatives of other classes, who were called, as a rule, by diminutive, derivative, everyday names.

The noble family of the Filippovs is known, which was included in the 14th part of the General Armorial of the Noble Families of the Russian Empire.

Already in the 15th-16th centuries in Rus', initially among rich people, surnames began to be fixed and passed on from generation to generation, indicating a person’s belonging to a specific family. These were possessive adjectives with the suffixes -ov/-ev, -in, which initially indicated the name of the head of the family. Thus, the descendants of a man with the name Philip eventually received the surname Filippov.

It is currently difficult to talk about the exact place and time of the origin of the Filippov surname, since the process of formation of surnames was quite long. Nevertheless, the surname Filippov is a wonderful monument of Slavic writing and culture.

Sources: Dictionary of modern Russian surnames (Ganzhina I.M.), Encyclopedia of Russian surnames. Secrets of origin and meaning (Vedina T.F.), Russian surnames: popular etymological dictionary (Fedosyuk Yu.A.), Encyclopedia of Russian surnames (Khigir B.Yu.), Russian surnames (Unbegaun B.O.).

Filippov A.V., Volodikhin D.M., etc. History of Russia. 1945-2008 M.: Education, 2008.

2nd edition, revised and expanded

MOSCOW "Enlightenment" 2008

UDC 372.8:94(470) BBK 74.266.31 I90

The work was carried out with the support of non-profit organizations National Foreign Policy Laboratory and State Club

A.V. Filippov, A.I. Utkin, S.V. Alekseev, D.M. Volodikhin, O.Yu. Gaman-Golutvina, P.V. Danilin, G.A. Eliseev, I.S. Semenenko, A.Yu. Shadrin

History of Russia, 1945-2008. : book for the teacher / [A.V. Filippov, A.I. Utkin, S.V. Alekseev and others] ; edited by A.V. Filippova. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Education, 2008. - 528 p. - ISBN 978-5-09-018222-5.

The book introduces history teachers to modern approaches to covering the most important issues and interpretations of the fundamental plots of the modern history of Russia (1945-2008). The book is published in the author's edition. The previous edition was published under the title “Modern History of Russia. 1945-2006." (author A.V. Filippov).

UDC 372.8:94(470) BBK 74.266.31

ISBN 978-5-09-018222-5 © Prosveshcheniye Publishing House, 2008

Preface (A.I. Utkin, A.V. Filippov). . . . 3

CHAPTER 1. USSR after World War II

1. Choosing a course (S.V. Alekseev, A.I. Utkin, A.V. Filippov) ........................... 8

2. Restoration and development of the USSR economy in the post-war period (S.V. Alekseev, A.I. Utkin, A.V. Filippov) ............... 18

3. Domestic policy of the USSR in the last years of I.V.’s life. Stalin (S.V. Alekseev, A.V. Filippov) .......................... 33

4. National policy. The situation in the republics of the USSR in the last years of I.V.’s life. Stalin (S.V. Alekseev, A.V. Filippov) ..... 44

5. “Cold War”: the first battles (S.V. Alekseev, A.I. Utkin, A.V. Filippov) ........ 54

6. Culture and social processes in the first post-war years (I.S. Semenenko) ...... 67

7. Everyday life of Soviet people (I.S. Semenenko) .................................... 76

Food for thought: Disputes about the role of Stalin in history (O.V. Gaman-Golutvina) ....... 82

CHAPTER 2. Reforms of N.S. Khrushchev (1953-1964)

8. The struggle for power among Stalin’s heirs (G.A. Eliseev, A.V. Filippov) ........... 97

9. Economic policy and the course towards “building communism” (G.A. Eliseev, A.V. Filippov) ..................... ...... 111

10. Failure of the “thaw” (G.A. Eliseev, A.V. Filippov) .................................... .122

11. National policy. The situation in the republics of the USSR (A.V. Filippov).......... 129

12. Foreign policy: from the “spirit of Geneva” to the Cuban missile crisis (G.A. Eliseev, A.I. Utkin, A.V. Filippov) ..................... ....... 133

13. “Thaw” in spiritual life. Creative intelligentsia and power (I.S. Semenenko) ... 155

14. From communal apartments to separate apartments: everyday life during the “thaw” (I.S. Semenenko) ........................ ... 166

15. Offset N.S. Khrushchev (G.A. Eliseev,

A.Yu. Shadrin, A.V. Filippov).......... 176

Food for thought: Disputes about the “thaw” and the role of N.S. Khrushchev in history (O.V. Gaman-Golutvina)................................. 180

CHAPTER 3. USSR in the mid-1960s - early 1980s.

16. Formation of the political course of the new leadership (A.Yu. Shadrin, A.V. Filippov) 190

17. Economic policy: attempts at reforms and refusal of fundamental changes (A.Yu. Shadrin, A.V. Filippov) ..................... 199

18. Domestic policy: course towards stability. “Gerontocracy” (the power of the old) (A.Yu. Shadrin, A.V. Filippov) .................................... 213

19. Republics within the USSR. National politics (A.Yu. Shadrin, A.V. Filippov). . 226

20. Foreign policy of the USSR in the second half of the 1960s - early 1980s. (A.I. Utkin, A.V. Filippov) ........................... 236

21. Culture and spiritual climate in the second half of the 1960s - early 1980s. (I.S. Semenenko) .................................. 252

22. Everyday life in the era of developed socialism (I.S. Semenenko) ............... 266

Food for thought: The period of “stagnation” and the role of L.I. Brezhnev in Russian history (O.V. Gaman-Golutvina) .................................... 278

CHAPTER 4. Perestroika (1985-1991)

23. Economic policy M.S. Gorbachev (A.V. Filippov) ........................... 288

24. Political reform M.S. Gorbacheva A.V. Filippov) ........................... 300

25. National movements and interethnic conflicts (A.V. Filippov) ......... 309

26. “Parade of sovereignties” and the collapse of the USSR (A.V. Filippov) .................................. 313

27. “New political thinking” in international relations (A.I. Utkin, A.V. Filippov) ........................... ....... 334

28. Restructuring and changes in the spiritual life of society at the turn of the 1990s. (I.S. Semenenko) .................................... 351

Food for thought: Disputes about perestroika and the causes of the collapse of the USSR. The historical role of M.S. Gorbachev (A.V. Filippov) ........ 365

CHAPTER 5. Russia after perestroika

29. Beginning of reforms. Political course of B.N. Yeltsin (D.M. Volodikhin, A.V. Filippov). . . . 373

30. Crisis of dual power 1992-1993. (D.M. Volodikhin, A.V. Filippov) .................... 383

31. New political regime (A.V. Filippov) 394

32. The threat of the collapse of Russia and the military-political crisis in Chechnya (A.V. Filippov) ........... 403

33. The formation of “oligarchic capitalism” in Russia (A.V. Filippov) ............ 408

34. Political crisis of 1998-1999.

(A.V. Filippov) ........................ 418

35. Foreign policy of President B.N. Yeltsin (A.I. Utkin, A.V. Filippov) ............. 426

Food for thought: Disputes about the historical role of B.N. Yeltsin (A.V. Filippov). . . . 440

CHAPTER 6. Sovereign democracy

36. Course of President V.V. Putin on the consolidation of society (P.V. Danilin, A.V. Filippov) 449

37. Domestic policy at the beginning of the 21st century. - restoration of the state (P.V. Danilin, A.V. Filippov) .......................... 455

38. Course towards sovereign democracy (P.V. Danilin, A.V. Filippov) .................................... 466

39. Restoring Russia’s position in foreign policy (P.V. Danilin, A.V. Filippov). . . 480

40. Russia in 2007 - early 2008 (A.V. Filippov) ................................... 494

41. The spiritual life of Russian society in the era of change (I.S. Semenenko) ............. 502

Conclusion (A.V. Filippov) ................. 518

References........................ 521

Educational edition

Filippov Alexander Vyacheslavovich

Utkin Anatoly Ivanovich

Alekseev Sergey Viktorovich and others.

RUSSIAN HISTORY

Head edited by L.A. Sokolova Editor V.V. Artemov Art editor S.N. Bolobolov Computer layout and technical editing O.Yu. Myznikova Proofreaders N.V. Belozerova, L.S. Vaitman, I.A. Grigalashvili, L.A. Ermolina, O.V. Krupenko, O.N. Leonova, N.A. Smirnova, I.N. Pankova, I.V. Chernova

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The surname Filippov is formed from a proper name and belongs to a common type of Russian surnames.

The surname Filippov goes back to the name Philip, which translated from Greek means “lover of horses.” Phil – loving, Ipp – horse (hippodrome).

The patron saint of this name is the holy martyr Philip of Apamea. He preached the word of God in Greece, Ethiopia and other countries; After suffering, he was crucified on the cross upside down.

The noble family of the Filippovs is known, which was included in the 14th part of the “General Armorial of the Noble Families of the Russian Empire”.

The Filippovs are a Moscow merchant family, the founders of the famous bakery industry: the “Filippov Bakery Empire.” The founder of the large grain business, the former serf of the village of Kobelevo, Kaluga province, Tarusa district, Maxim Filippov, came to Moscow in 1803. On Tverskaya, opposite Leontyevsky Lane in Moscow, stands a building in which two hundred years ago there was a bakery, founded by the future court baker of His Imperial Majesty. In Russia, in the 19th century, the phrase “buns from Filippov” was synonymous with quality.

Already in the 15th–16th centuries in Rus', initially among rich people, surnames began to be established and passed on from generation to generation, indicating a person’s belonging to a specific family. These were possessive adjectives with the suffixes -ov/-ev, -in, which initially indicated the name of the head of the family. Thus, the descendants of a man with the name Philip eventually received the surname Filippov.

The meaning of the surname Filippov sometimes has toponymic parallels - in different parts of Russia there were villages and hamlets with the names Filippovka and Filippovo, where the first bearers of this surname may have come from. On the geographical map of Russia there are several rivers Filippovka, with which the origin of the Filippov surname may also be associated.

Book for the teacher / A. V. Filippov. - M.: Education, 2007. - 494 pp. The book introduces modern approaches to covering the most important issues and interpretations of the fundamental plots of the modern history of Russia (1945-2006). Table of contents Preface USSR after World War II
Course selection
Restoration and development of the USSR economy in the post-war period
Domestic policy of the USSR in the last years of I.V.’s life. Stalin
National policy. The situation in the republics of the USSR in the last years of I.V.’s life. Stalin
"Cold War": the first skirmishes
Culture and social processes in the first post-war years
Daily life of Soviet people
Food for thought: Disputes about the role of Stalin in history Reforms N.S. Khrushchev (1953-1964)
The struggle for power among Stalin's heirs
Economic policy and the course towards “building communism”
The failure of the “thaw”
Foreign policy: from the “spirit of Geneva” to the Cuban missile crisis
"Thaw" in spiritual life. Creative intelligentsia and power
From communal apartments to separate apartments: everyday life during the “thaw” years
Offset N.S. Khrushchev
Food for thought: Disputes about the “thaw” and the role of N.S. Khrushchev in history USSR in the mid-1960s - early 1980s.
Formation of the political course of the new leadership
Economic Policy: Attempts at Reform and Rejection of Fundamental Changes
Domestic policy: course towards stability. "Gerontocracy" (rule of the old)
Republics within the USSR. National politics
Foreign policy of the USSR in the second half of the 1960s - early 1980s.
Culture and spiritual climate in the second half of the 1960s - early 1980s.
Daily life in the era of developed socialism
Food for thought: The period of “stagnation” and the role of L.I. Brezhnev in Russian history Perestroika (1985—1991)
Economic policy M.S. Gorbachev
Political reform M.S. Gorbachev
National movements and interethnic conflicts
“Parade of Sovereignties” and the collapse of the USSR
"New political thinking" in international relations
Perestroika and changes in the spiritual life of society at the turn of the 1990s.
Food for thought: Disputes about perestroika and the causes of the collapse of the USSR. The historical role of M.S. Gorbachev Russia after perestroika
The beginning of reforms. Political course of B.N. Yeltsin
Crisis of dual power 1992-1993
Elections of 1993 and the period of permanent crisis of power
Separatism and the threat of the collapse of Russia
The formation of oligarchic capitalism in Russia
Crisis of 1998-1999
Foreign policy of President B.N. Yeltsin Sovereign democracy
Course of President V.V. Putin on the consolidation of society
Domestic policy at the beginning of the 21st century. - restoration of the state
Course towards sovereign democracy
Restoring Russia's position in foreign policy
The spiritual life of Russian society in an era of changeConclusion