The movement, called postmodernism, arose at the end of the 20th century and combined the philosophical, ideological and cultural sentiments of its time. There was also art, religion, philosophy. Postmodernism, not striving to study the deep problems of existence, gravitates towards simplicity, a superficial reflection of the world. Therefore, the literature of postmodernism is aimed not at understanding the world, but at accepting it as it is.
Postmodernism in Russia
The forerunners of postmodernism were modernism and avant-gardeism, which sought to revive traditions Silver Age. Russian postmodernism in literature abandoned the mythologization of reality, to which previous ones gravitated literary trends. But at the same time, he creates his own mythology, resorting to it as the most understandable cultural language. Postmodernist writers conducted a dialogue with chaos in their works, presenting it as real model life, where the utopia is the harmony of the world. At the same time, there was a search for a compromise between space and chaos.
Russian postmodern writers
Ideas considered by various authors in their works sometimes represent strange unstable hybrids, designed to eternally conflict, being absolutely incompatible concepts. Thus, the books by V. Erofeev, A. Bitov and S. Sokolov present compromises that are essentially paradoxical between life and death. For T. Tolstoy and V. Pelevin, it is between fantasy and reality, and for Pietsukh, between law and absurdity. Because postmodernism in Russian literature is based on combinations of opposing concepts: the sublime and the base, pathos and mockery, fragmentation and integrity, oxymoron becomes its main principle.
Postmodernist writers, in addition to those already listed, include S. Dovlatova, L. Petrushevskaya, V. Aksyonova. In their works one can observe the main character traits postmodernism, such as the understanding of art as a way of organizing text according to special rules; an attempt to convey a vision of the world through organized chaos on the pages of a literary work; attraction to parody and denial of authority; emphasizing the conventionality of the artistic and visual techniques used in the works; connection within one text of different literary eras and genres. The ideas that postmodernism proclaimed in literature indicate its continuity with modernism, which in turn called for a departure from civilization and a return to savagery, which leads to highest point involution - chaos. But in specific literary works You cannot see only the desire for destruction; there is always a creative tendency. They can manifest themselves in different ways, one prevailing over the other. For example, Vladimir Sorokin’s works are dominated by the desire for destruction.
Having formed in Russia in the 80-90s, postmodernism in literature absorbed the collapse of ideals and the desire to escape the orderliness of the world, which is why mosaic and fragmentation of consciousness arose. Each author refracted this in his own way in his work. L. Petrushevskaya’s works combine a craving for naturalistic nakedness in the description of reality and a desire to escape from it into the realm of the mystical. The feeling of peace in the post-Soviet era was characterized as chaotic. Often the act of creativity becomes the center of the plot among postmodernists, and the main character is the writer. It is not so much the character's relationship with real life, how much with text. This is observed in the works of A. Bitov, Y. Buida, S. Sokolov. The effect of literature becoming self-contained is when the world is perceived as a text. Main character, often identified with the author, when confronted with reality, pays a terrible price for its imperfection.
We can make a prediction that, being focused on destruction and chaos, postmodernism in literature will one day leave the stage and give way to another movement aimed at a systemic worldview. Because sooner or later the state of chaos is replaced by order.
Remember! What is the Earth's orbit called? What hemispheres does the equator divide the Earth into?
Every day the Sun rises in the morning, at noon it stands high in the sky, and in the evening it disappears behind the horizon and night falls. Why is this happening?
Think! Or can the Sun simultaneously illuminate the entire Earth? Why? Can the sun's rays pass through or around the Earth? Why?
Rice. 13. Rotation of the Earth around its axis
Earth - opaque cosmic body, which moves around its axis from west to east. When one side of the Earth is turned towards the Sun and illuminated by its rays, then the opposite side at this time is in the shade. On the illuminated side it is day, on the unlit side it is night. The Earth makes a complete revolution around its axis in one day, which lasts 24 hours. Consequently, the rotation of the Earth around its axis causes the cycle of day and night.
While rotating around its axis, the Earth simultaneously moves in orbit around the Sun.
It is important that the imaginary axis of the Earth is always located under same angle. While moving around the Sun, our planet returns more to it either in the Southern or Northern hemisphere. When the Northern Hemisphere is turned towards the Sun, it receives a lot of light and heat, and summer reigns there. It is winter in the Southern Hemisphere at this time.
Rice. 14. The annual movement of the Earth around the Sun
The earth is constantly moving. Gradually, it turns more and more towards the Sun with the Southern Hemisphere and turns away from it with the Northern Hemisphere. Where there was summer, autumn comes, and in the Southern Hemisphere after cold winter spring is coming.
Continuing to move, after some time the Earth turns towards the Sun so that the Northern Hemisphere is illuminated and warmed even less, and the Southern Hemisphere even more. Then winter begins in the Northern Hemisphere, and summer begins in the Southern Hemisphere.
Subsequently, the Earth begins to return to the Sun again by the Northern Hemisphere. It gets warmer and spring comes, and autumn comes to the Southern Hemisphere.
So, the Northern and Southern hemispheres of the Earth, during its rotation around the Sun, simultaneously receive unequal amounts of sunlight and warmth, which causes the change of seasons.
The Earth makes a full revolution around the Sun in one year, which lasts 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 46 seconds. This number is rounded and 365 days are written on the calendar for three years. Over 4 years, 5 hours with minutes and seconds are added, and another era is obtained. Therefore, every fourth year February 29 appears in the calendar. A year with a duration of 366 days is called a leap year.
Discuss! What would happen on Earth if the axis were not tilted?
Leap year.
Test your knowledge
1. Why does the change of day and night occur on Earth?
2. What is a day? How long does it last?
3. Why do seasons change on Earth?
4. How long does a typical earthly year last? What about leap year?
5. According to Dima, if the Sun illuminates the Northern Hemisphere more, then spring comes on its territory. Is the boy right? Explain why.
Let's sum it up together
The Earth simultaneously carries out daily and annual movement. The change of day and night is a consequence of its rotation around its axis, which lasts 24 hours - a day. A year is the period of time during which the Earth makes full turn around the Sun. It lasts approximately 365 days. The movement of the Earth around the Sun causes the seasons to change.
A highlight for the curious
The earth moves around its axis at a certain speed. It is greatest at the equator and amounts to 464 m/sec. average speed The movement of the Earth around the Sun is 30 km/sec.
Hello dear readers! Today I would like to touch on the topic of the Earth and, and I thought that a post about how the Earth rotates would be useful to you 🙂 After all, day and night, and also the seasons, depend on this. Let's take a closer look at everything.
Our planet rotates around its axis and around the Sun. When it makes one revolution around its axis, one day passes, and when it revolves around the Sun, one year passes. Read more about this below:
Earth's axis.
Earth's axis (Earth's rotation axis) – this is the straight line around which it happens daily rotation Earth; this line passes through the center and intersects the surface of the Earth.
The tilt of the Earth's rotation axis.
The Earth's rotation axis is inclined to the plane at an angle of 66°33´; thanks to this it happens. When the Sun is above the Tropic of the North (23°27´ N), summer begins in the Northern Hemisphere, and the Earth is at its farthest distance from the Sun.
When the Sun rises above the Tropic of South (23°27´ S), summer begins in the Southern Hemisphere.
In the Northern Hemisphere, winter begins at this time. The attraction of the Moon, Sun and other planets does not change the angle of inclination of the earth's axis, but causes it to move along circular cone. This movement is called precession.
The North Pole now points toward the North Star. Over the next 12,000 years, as a result of precession, the Earth's axis will travel approximately halfway and will be directed towards the star Vega.
About 25,800 years old full cycle precession and significantly influences the climate cycle.
Twice a year, when the Sun is directly above the equator, and twice a month, when the Moon is in a similar position, the attraction due to precession decreases to zero and periodic increase and a decrease in the rate of precession.
Such oscillatory movements Earth's axis is known as nutation, which reaches a maximum every 18.6 years. In terms of the significance of its influence on climate, this periodicity ranks second after changes in seasons.
The rotation of the Earth around its axis.
Daily rotation of the Earth - the movement of the Earth counterclockwise, or from west to east, when viewed from North Pole peace. The rotation of the Earth determines the length of the day and causes the change between day and night.
The Earth makes one revolution around its axis in 23 hours 56 minutes and 4.09 seconds. During the period of one revolution around the Sun, the Earth approximately makes 365 ¼ revolutions, this is one year or equal to 365 ¼ days.
Every four years, another day is added to the calendar, because for each such revolution, in addition to a whole day, another quarter of a day is spent. The Earth's rotation is gradually slowing down gravitational attraction Moon, and extends the day by approximately 1/1000 s every century.
Judging by geological data, the rate of rotation of the Earth could change, but not by more than 5%.
Around the Sun, the Earth rotates in an elliptical orbit, close to circular, at a speed of about 107,000 km/h in the direction from west to east. The average distance to the Sun is 149,598 thousand km, and the difference between the smallest and the largest long distance 4.8 million km.
Eccentricity (deviation from the circle) earth's orbit changes slightly over a cycle lasting 94 thousand years. It is believed that the formation of a complex climate cycle is facilitated by changes in the distance to the Sun, and the advance and departure of glaciers during ice ages are associated with its individual stages.
Everything is in our vast universe It is very complex and precise. And our Earth is just a point in it, but it is ours native home, which we learned a little more about in the post about how the Earth rotates. See you in new posts about the study of the Earth and the Universe🙂
As the Earth moves around the Sun, the imaginary axis of the Earth remains tilted at an angle of 66.5 degrees to the plane of the Earth's orbit. These two factors - the tilt of the axis and the movement of the Earth around the Sun - lead to the change of seasons. The tilt of the axis causes different angles of incidence of the sun's rays, and therefore different amounts of solar radiation on the earth's surface and different lengths of day and night. The seasonal rhythm of nature is associated with the change of seasons.
Let us consider the position of the Earth at the most typical times. For example, the axial tilt on March 21 and September 23 (on the days of the spring and autumn equinoxes) turns out to be neutral with respect to the Sun 1. Moreover, both hemispheres of the Earth (both northern and southern) are equally illuminated by the Sun. At all latitudes during these periods, the length of day and night is 12 hours. On the days of the spring and autumn equinox, the sun's rays fall vertically at the equator, i.e. The sun at noon occupies a zenithal position at the equator.
June 22 (summer solstice) The Earth is in such a position that the northern end of its axis is tilted towards the Sun, while the northern hemisphere is illuminated to the maximum. Sun rays fall vertically not to the equator, but to the northern tropic (Tropic of Cancer), the latitude of which is 23.5 o N. Thus, on June 22, the Sun at noon is at its zenith over the northern tropics. At 66.5°N latitude (Arctic Circle), a polar day is observed on June 22, i.e. The sun does not set below the horizon for exactly one day. Not only the latitude of the Arctic Circle, but also the entire space north of it, right up to the North Pole, is illuminated 24 hours a day.
At 66.5°S latitude (Antarctic Circle) and south of it to South Pole June 22 polar night. In the northern hemisphere, June 22 is the longest day of the year, and in the southern hemisphere, on the contrary, it is the shortest.
On December 22 (winter solstice), everything happens the other way around. The sun's rays are already falling vertically on the southern tropic (Tropic of Capricorn). At the latitude of the Antarctic Circle and to the south of it there is a polar day, and at the latitude of the Arctic Circle and to the north of it there is a polar night. The Earth is positioned so that the southern hemisphere receives more light than the northern. December 22 is the shortest day of the year in the northern hemisphere, and the longest in the southern hemisphere.
On the globe, five zones of illumination can be distinguished, the boundaries of which are the tropics and the polar circles. The tropical zone (occupies 40% of the earth's surface) is characterized by the fact that at any point the Sun is at its zenith at noon twice a year, in the tropics themselves - once; in the northern tropics on June 22, in the southern tropics on December 22. Throughout the year in the tropical zone, the difference between the length of day and the length of night is insignificant, and twilight is short. There are practically no seasons.
Two temperate zones (occupy 52% of the earth's surface). There are noticeable contrasts in the length of day and night depending on the season. Twilight is long. In summer, the Sun is high above the horizon (especially near the tropics), although it does not reach its zenith; Summer days are very long (especially near the polar circles), but there is no polar day. Accordingly, in winter the Sun is low above the horizon, and the winter day is very short. The change of four seasons is clearly expressed.
The two polar belts occupy 8% of the earth's surface. They are characterized by the following features: in summer - a polar day, lasting from one day at latitude Arctic Circle up to six months at the pole, respectively, in winter there is a polar night with a similar duration. The seasons of the year are weakly defined: very cold, long winters and short, cold summers.
In addition to the fact that the Earth rotates around the Sun, it also rotates around its own axis (diurnal rotation). The direction of rotation is from west to east, as seen from the North Star. The Earth makes one revolution around its axis in 23 hours 56 minutes. 4 sec. – 1 day). Every point on the earth's surface, except the poles, describes a circle during the day of greater or lesser magnitude, if we assume that the axis is stationary. As a result, it seems to us that celestial bodies moving from east to west. Experimental proof of the rotation of the Earth around its axis is the experiment with a Foucault pendulum. Several geographical consequences are associated with the axial rotation of the Earth:
compression of the Earth from the poles;
the change of day and night, which is associated with the daily rhythm of nature;
emergence of the Coriolis force. During any movement in a rotating system, this force is directed perpendicular to the axis of rotation. Thanks to the Coriolis force, the winds of temperate latitudes of both hemispheres receive predominantly western direction, and in tropical latitudes - eastern (trade wind). A similar manifestation of the Coriolis force is found in the direction of movement ocean waters. The Coriolis force also explains the Baer-Babinet law, according to which the right banks of rivers in the northern hemisphere are steeper than the left ones, and in southern hemisphere the situation is the opposite.
Earth makes 11 various movements. Of these, the important geographical significance have daily movement e around the axis and annual circulation around the Sun.
In this case they introduce following definitions:aphelion- the most distant point in orbit from the Sun (152 million km), the Earth passes through it on July 5. Perihelion- the closest point in orbit from the Sun (147 million km), the Earth passes through it on January 3. The total length of the orbit is 940 million km. The farther from the Sun, the lower the speed of movement. Therefore, in the northern hemisphere, winter is shorter than summer. The earth rotates around its axis from west to east, making a full revolution every day. The rotation axis is constantly inclined to the orbital plane at an angle of 66.5°.
Diurnal movement.
The Earth moves around its axis from west to east , a full revolution is completed in 23 hours 56 minutes 4 seconds. This time is taken as day. At the same time, the Sun seems to rises in the east and moves west. The diurnal movement has 4 consequences :
- compression at the poles and the spherical shape of the Earth;
- the change of night and day;
- the emergence of the Coriolis force - the deflection of horizontally moving bodies in the Northern Hemisphere to the right, in the Southern Hemisphere - to the left, this affects the direction of movement air masses, sea currents etc.;
- the occurrence of ebbs and flows.
Annual revolution of the Earth
Annual revolution of the Earth is the movement of the Earth in an elliptical orbit around the Sun. The earth's axis is inclined to the orbital plane at an angle of 66.5°. When revolving around the Sun, the direction of the Earth's axis does not change - it remains parallel to itself.
Geographical consequence annual rotation The earth is change of seasons , which is also due to the constant tilt of the earth's axis. If earth's axis had no slope, then during the year on Earth day would be equal to night, the equatorial regions would receive the most heat, and it would always be cold at the poles. The seasonal rhythm of nature (change of seasons) is manifested in changes in various meteorological elements - air temperature, its humidity, as well as in changes in the regime of water bodies, the life of plants and animals, etc.
The Earth's orbit has several important points corresponding to days equinoxes And solstices.
22nd of June- the day of the summer solstice, when in the Northern Hemisphere it is the longest day and in the Southern Hemisphere the shortest day of the year. On the Arctic Circle and inside it on this day - polar day , on and within the Antarctic Circle - polar night .
December 22- the day of the winter solstice, in the northern hemisphere - the shortest, in the southern hemisphere - the longest day of the year. Within the Arctic Circle - polar night , Southern Arctic Circle - polar day .
21 March And 23 September- the days of the spring and autumn equinoxes, since the rays of the Sun fall vertically on the equator, on the entire Earth (except for the poles) day is equal to night.
