Poor parents and teachers are trying with all their considerable strength and capabilities to hammer into the unfortunate heads of seventh-graders the difference between participles and gerunds. We sympathize with both the older and younger generations. The topic is indeed difficult, but you can understand it if... And there is no secret: you can understand it only by learning the topic “Verb”.
What exactly do you need to know about the verb?
All! You need to understand the constants and inconsistent signs verb. To do this you need to know:
- type of verb (perfect and imperfect);
- transitivity
- be able to identify conjugations;
- be able to determine the moods of a verb (indicative, subjunctive imperative);
- correctly name the form of tense, person, number and gender.
Have you learned? Does it fly off your teeth? Now you can start studying special forms of the verb.
What is a communion?
A participle is a special form of a verb in which you can find the characteristics of a verb and an adjective. That is, if a word can be broken down into “which + verb”, it can be considered a participle. For example, drawn - which was drawn. The word “drawn” is a participle because it denotes the attribute of an object by action. The word “which” is responsible for the attribute, and the verb “drew” is responsible for the action.
What cannot be changed about the sacrament?
All the features that the participle inherits from the verb, that is, aspect and tense.
What changes with the sacrament?
All the features that the participle inherits from the adjective, that is, gender, number, case. Full participles- always play the role of a definition and refer to a noun, and short ones are always predicates.
What does the participle have that the verb and adjective do not?
Participles are active and passive. Active participles perform actions themselves: the boy who draws draws himself. And passive participles tolerate action from the outside: a painted poster - he was drawn, he could not draw himself.
What is a participle?
The participle is another special form of the verb. She answers the questions: What is she doing? what did you do? Its main difference from participles is that it immutable form. Participles combine the characteristics of a verb and an adverb.
What did verbs give to gerunds?
Firstly, type – perfect or imperfect.Secondly, transitivity - gerunds, just like verbs, can be transitive and intransitive.
Third, recurrence, that is, the presence of – sya, - sya: swinging – swinging.
What did adverbs give to gerunds?
Its main feature is immutability. The word “drawing” cannot be changed, no matter how hard you try.
Why do we need gerunds in a sentence?
Participles play the role of a secondary predicate, that is, they denote an additional action with the main one. For example:
The girl (what was she doing?) was drawing, (what did she do?) tilting her head to the side and diligently copying the landscape outside the window. The main action is expressed by the verb “drew”, and the additional action – gerunds “bending” and “copying”. Both the verb-predicate and the adverbial participles refer to one person-member of the sentence.
These are the differences between these two special forms verb, and they serve to clarify and decorate our speech.
The gerund, like the sacrament, must be recognized, because one of the most problematic problems is associated with it. syntax rules - participial turnover.
Let's look at the "family" portrait again:
Papa is a verb in the gerund. He likes to ask the question: doing what? what did you do? - you see, these are no longer questions of a verb, but of gerunds.
Mom - (Oh! Mom is with him o very strict. She is a police general) Therefore, she really likes to ask questions. Her name is an adverb
Son is a gerund.
And of course, son is similar to dad in that he means one more additional action
The son is also similar to his mother in that, like the adverb, doesn't change at all. No way. Never. And it often answers the same questions as the adverb.
And the son of the gerund himself is in big trouble. And he constantly talks about her with his suffixes: -A-, -I-, -LICE-, -B-
Let's look at these examples:
the girl walks along, singing.
the boy walks, singing
children walk singing
We see that the participle does not change by gender, number.
But, like a verb, a gerund can be Not perfect form (what does it do?) and perfect form(what will it do?)
Also, a gerund may have return form(sya, sya)
The train slowed down, (doing what else?) approaching the station. (slowed down (when?) approaching. approached and slowed down)
Having climbed (what?) up the mountain, we saw an amazing panorama. (saw (when?) rose up and saw)
One of the most common mistakes when writing a gerund participle in a sentence, it is used incorrectly.
This is why this happens:
In any sentence, the verb and gerund must necessarily indicate action of the same object- subject
.
Having found the boat, the tourists were happy.
tourists == happy
tourists == found (having found)
Having found the boat, the tourists were filled with joy
joy==overwhelmed
joy == found (having found)
We see that the second sentence is composed incorrectly, since the additional action clearly does not relate to the subject.
Most famous example An incorrectly composed sentence was written by A.P. Chekhov:
Approaching the station, my hat flew off my head.
hat === fell off
hat === driving up (driving up)
And the last thing for today.
Participles with suffixes are often confused with each other- lice-and participle with suffix-vsh- and ending - yay.
The boy playing in the meadow laughed loudly. The main question is: what kind of boy? played
Playing in the meadow, the boy laughed loudly. boy == laughed (doing what?) playing (played and laughed)
So, first of all, we look at the questions: a gerund can never answer the question of an adjective: which one? because he has a different mother.
The participle is an unchangeable form, like an adverb, therefore it has
can't be about
cumming.
the participle has a suffix - vsh- letters -iii- (iya. ie...) - this is the ending.
in the gerund - lice - there is only one letter I and it is included in the suffix
plucked up courage
plucked up courage
meeting fellow travelers
met fellow travelers
reaching the surface
climbed to the surface.
Well, that's all for today. You and I will meet more than once with the cheerful families of participles and gerunds when we discuss their spelling and isolation.
All the best. Grandma Olya, who loves you.
Plan
1. Participle as a verb form. Brief information from the history of the issue.
2. Formation of participles.
3. Participle as a verb form. Brief information from the history of the issue.
4. Formation of participles.
5. Transition of participles and gerunds to other parts of speech.
Participle is a special unconjugated form of a verb that denotes an action, but represents it as a sign of an object. The participle combines the characteristics of a verb and an adjective.
Verb signs of participles: transitivity – intransitivity ( reading a book visible in a field), recurrence - irrevocability, type (can be perfect and imperfect form, For example: read, read), voice (active and passive, for example: pulling out - pulled out), tense (present and past: reading - read, read - read), recurrence ( visible, written).
Signs of an adjective in participles: dependent forms of gender, number, case ( written book, written letter, written letters); availability passive participles both full and short forms, adjective declension paradigms ( written letter, written letter, to the written letter etc.).
Participles denote the attribute of an object by action, therefore in a sentence they perform the same syntactic functions as adjectives.
The full forms of participles in a sentence play the role of agreed definitions: I love the smoke bedroom stubble, in the steppe nomadic convoy(M. Lermontov), and short ones - the role of the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: The whole room has an amber shine illuminated.
In modern Russian there are four forms of participles: the present tense of the active and passive voice, the past tense of the active and passive voice.
The formation of participles in modern Russian is associated with differences between verbs in terms of transitivity and aspect, therefore the formation of all four forms of participle from any verb is impossible. Active participles can be formed from transitive and intransitive verbs, while passive participles can only be formed from transitive ones. Present participles of the active and passive voice are formed from imperfective verbs and are not formed from perfective verbs that do not have present tense forms. Passive past participles are usually formed from perfective verbs only. Thus, only active past participles can be formed from perfective intransitive verbs, for example: stood, jumped.
Present participles, active and passive, are formed from the base of the present tense of the verb through suffixes
-ush-(-yush), ash-(-box-) – for active participles and suffixes –em-, -im- – for passive participles: read-y, read-th content - content-y, content-y.
Past participles, active and passive, are formed from the stem of the infinitive (or past tense) by means of a suffix –vsh-, -sh- – for active participles; -nn-, -enn-, -t- – for passive participles: move And-t – move And-vsh-y, no With-ti – not With-sh-y, played A-t – played A-nn-yy, kup And-t – ku P-l-en, brought With-ti – brought- enne-th, resinous - resinous.
Short forms Passive past participles are formed by dropping endings and suffixes –n, -en, -t: read, left, knocked down.
Participle, like the participle, has an ambiguous interpretation in grammatical science. Participle– unconjugated (attributive) form of the verb. Which denotes an action additional to the main one, and combines the characteristics of a verb and an adverb.
Verb signs of gerunds: verbal semantics ( rattle - rattle, sparkle - sparkle), type (can be perfect and imperfect, for example: draw - drawing), pledge (valid, and in accordance with the three-member category of pledge - valid and average repayable, for example: rewritten, rewritten), transitivity/intransitivity ( reading a book - returning home), same control (read a book)(V.p.), the ability to be defined by an adverb (to understand correctly - to understand correctly).
Signs of adverbs in gerunds: like adverbs, gerunds do not change, they adjoin the words on which they depend, and play the role of various circumstances: sat bent over, talking and smiling.
The combination of characteristics of two parts of speech in a gerund—verb and adverb—affects the syntactic function of gerunds in a sentence. Most often, adverbial participles are adverbials: I walked quietly to the window , wanting hide your excitement(Forsh.). However, the gerund, denoting an additional action, can be a secondary predicate. In this case, the gerund can be replaced by the conjugated form of the verb: The trees tremble joyfully swimming in the blue sky(Tyutchev) (Cf.: The trees tremble joyfully bathing in the blue sky).
In modern Russian, there are different gerunds of the perfect and imperfect forms, which have their own morphemic indicators.
Participles perfect form formed from the base indeterminate form using suffixes –v-, -lice-, -shi -: do-do-do-in, do-lice
brought-ti - brought-shi.
Participles imperfect form formed from the stem of present tense verbs using a suffix -A-: (chitj –ut – chitaj –a.
Questions
1. What is a participle?
2. What signs of a verb and an adjective do the participle have?
3. How are active participles formed?
4. How are passive participles formed?
5. What are participles? What do gerunds and adverbs have in common?
6. How are participles formed?
7. When do participles turn into adjectives, and gerunds into adverbs?
Key words and expressions:participles, active participles, passive participles, present participles, past participles, full forms participles, short forms participles; gerunds, imperfective gerunds, perfective gerunds.
Literature
- Russian grammar. In 2 parts - M., 1980. Part 1.
- Russian language. In 2 hours /N. V. Kostromina, K. A. Nikolaeva, G. M. Stavskaya, E. N. Shiryaev. Ed. L. Yu. Maksimova. – M., 1989.
- Modern Russian language. In 3 parts /Ed. N. M. Shansky. – M., 1981.
- Modern Russian language / Ed. V. A. Beloshapkova. – M., 1989.
- Modern Russian language. /N. S. Valgina, D. E. Rosenthal, M. I. Fomina. – M., 1987.
Participle is a hybrid verbal-adjective form, which in school tradition considered as a special verb form. Participles connect the attributes of a verb and an adjective, expressing the meaning of a procedural attribute of an object. Verb signs of participles:
1. The nature of verbal control is preserved (for example: dreaming of freedom - dreaming of freedom);
2. The form of the corresponding verb is preserved;
3. The participle has two voice forms (in accordance with the two-voice concept) - active and passive voice (for example: allowed - active voice, allowed – passive voice);
4. The participle has two temporary forms - present
(loving, beloved) and past (loved) tense.
All verb features participles are constant, variable signs are the signs of an adjective: gender, number, case, full or short.
Present participles are formed from the verbal stem of the present tense using the suffixes -уш-/-уж, -аш/-яж- - active participles, suffixes -ем-, -ом-, -im- - passive participles. Past participles are formed from a stem with an infinitive stem. At the same time, for education active participles The suffixes -vsh- are used if the stem ends in a vowel (for example: hear-t – heard) or -sh- if the stem ends in a consonant (for example: brought-ti – brought-shiy).
When forming passive past participles to verb basis the suffixes -nn- are added if the stem ends in a vowel, except /i/ (for example: hang out - hung), -enn if the stem ends in a consonant or /i/, and in the latter case/and/ falls out
(for example: shoot - shot, bring - brought), -t- - for the formation of participles from some verbs of unproductive classes with stems in i-, ы-, o-, as well as from verbs of the IV productive class
(for example: sew - sewn, wash - washed, pin - pinned, turn - turned). Initial form a participle, like an adjective, is Nominative case singular male.
Participle.
Similar to participles, gerunds are traditionally considered as special verb form, connecting the characteristics of a verb and an adverb, i.e. denoting a procedural feature of an action, characterized by immutability, preserving verbal control, verbal aspect, collateral properties of the verb, adjacent to the verb or participle and acting in the sentence as a circumstance.
The specific properties of gerunds are obtained morphological expression in participial suffixes. Imperfect participles are formed from the stem of the present tense using the suffix -a, -ya, for example: to ring - ring’-ya, to think - duma’-ya. Perfect participles are formed from the infinitive stem of perfect verbs using suffixes
-v, -lice, -shi, for example: send - having sent, bring - brought-shi, smile - smiling. In modern Russian language the process of differentiation participial suffixes depending on the verb aspect has not yet been completed, therefore forms of perfective participles are possible, formed according to the model of imperfective participles, i.e. from the stem of the future simple tense using the suffix –я
(to leave - leaving, bring - bringing, etc.). Imperfect participles are not formed from verbs with a stem:
1. On the back tongue (oven - bake, impossible: *baking);
2. From only consonants (gnut, impossible: *gnya);
3. Impossible tense on a sibilant, alternating at the base of the infinitive with a sibilant (write - write, impossible: * writing);
4. With the stem of the infinitive on - well - verbs of the non-productive class
Punctuation marks for isolated and homogeneous members offers.
Separation is a way semantic highlighting or clarifications. IN writing sections are separated by commas. Only minor members of the sentence are isolated.
Agreed isolated definition
| Participial after the defined word | Child,| fell asleep in my arms|, suddenly woke up. |
| Participial phrase both before and after the word being defined, if it is a pronoun | Upset about her son, she couldn’t pull herself together. |
| Participial phrase before the word being defined, if it has an additional adverbial meaning | Shocked by the news, the mother slowly sank into a chair. (why? for what reason?) |
| Two or more agreed definitions appearing after the word being defined | Child, full and satisfied, fell asleep in my arms. |
| Agreed definition, possibly single, if the word being defined is a pronoun | 1).He, well-fed, quickly fell asleep. 2). Well-fed, he quickly fell asleep. |
Inconsistent separate definition