Often, in school homework in the Russian language, students are faced with the need to perform one or another analysis of a word, phrase or sentence. Along with syntactic, lexical and morphemic analysis, the school program involves performing morphological analysis. Let's look at how to perform morphological analysis for a verb, and find out what morphological features characterize this part of speech.
Verb and its forms
Determining the initial form, the part of speech to which a word belongs, and its role in a sentence usually does not cause difficulties. However, students often have questions regarding the morphological features of a word. Each part of speech has its own constant and non-constant characteristics: these can be gender and case for a noun, aspect and tense for a verb.
A verb is an independent part of speech that denotes an action that answers the question “what to do?” or “what to do?” Here are some examples: clean, walk, wish, love, walk.
There are 4 verb forms. These include:
- infinitive, or initial form of the verb: run, sit, be;
- conjugated forms: read, eat, stolen;
- participle: fallen, sleeping, built-in;
- participle: dreaming, answering, completing.
In a sentence, conjugated forms most often play the role of a predicate, and the remaining forms can be any other members of the sentence.
There are constant and inconstant signs of a verb. The infinitive has only constant features, since it is an unchangeable part of speech. For conjugated forms it is also possible to determine non-constant features, since these verbs can change, for example, in numbers or persons.
Constant morphological characteristics
Constant signs include the following:
- conjugation;
- repayment;
- transitivity.
View is a category that determines how a given action proceeds over time and shows whether it has been or will be completed at a specific point in time. The type can be specified for all verb forms.
The perfect form includes verbs that are used when it is necessary to show the completeness of an action. An imperfect form, on the contrary, denotes a certain elongation in time, incompleteness. It is not difficult to distinguish them: the imperfect form answers the question “what to do?”, while the perfect form uses the question “what to do?”.
Let's look at several sentences and determine the type for the verbs that were used in them.
He woke up when the sun was already setting.
Let's find out what question the first highlighted verb answers.
He (what did he do?) woke up.
This question is a sign of the perfect form. The value also indicates the completion of the action: he woke up, i.e. has already completed the action.
Let's look at the second verb. Let's ask him a question:
The sun was already (what was it doing?) setting.
We define the type of the second word as imperfect. Really, the sun was setting, but it is unclear whether the action was completed or not.
It should be remembered that there are two-aspect verbs for which it is possible to determine the type only when the word is given in context. As an example, consider the word use:
- It is convenient for students (what to do?) to use a laptop for studying.
- To pass the most difficult level in the game, I had to (what?) use the last hint.
By asking appropriate questions to the word, we can easily determine the type of the verb: in the first phrase - imperfect, and in the second - perfect.
Type conjugations There are 3 types of verbs: I conjugation, II conjugation and heteroconjugated verbs. To determine the conjugation, you need to put the desired word in the infinitive form and see what it ends with. If before the suffix -th there is a letter and ( drink, saw, repair, glue), the word belongs to the II conjugation. In the event that the infinitive suffix is preceded by another letter ( take, walk, prick, order, bend), we assign the verb to the I conjugation.
However, please remember that there are exceptions to this rule, as listed in the table below.
Repayment is also a constant feature. The return form differs from the non-return form by the presence of a suffix -xia or -s at the end of a word. The following words can be considered return words: laugh, learn, have fun; are non-refundable walk, be able to, wash.
Transitivity characterized by the possibility of connecting a verb with a noun or pronoun in the genitive or accusative case without a preposition. Thus, turn on (light), open (window), see (forest) - examples of transitive infinitives, and believe (in yourself), laugh (at a joke)- examples of intransitives.
Inconstant verb features
There are five non-permanent signs:
- mood;
- time;
- number;
- face;
It should be remembered that the presence of one category or another depends on the form in which the word is used.
Mood used to indicate how an action relates to reality. In the indicative mood, verb forms denote an action that actually happened, can happen at the moment, or will happen in the future. Examples
- As a child, we often walked in the park near our house.
- In a few days they will buy a new bike.
The conditional mood describes actions that are possible only if certain conditions are met. They are formed from the infinitive or past tense form using a particle would (b). For example: She would have to pay a large sum for this.
The imperative mood is used in requests and orders to indicate the required action. Examples:
- Please bring my book to school tomorrow.
- Place this cabinet a little closer to the window.
The category of tense is determined only for the indicative mood. There are 3 forms: past tense for actions that have already happened before; present for actions taking place at the current moment; future tense - for what will happen after some period of time. Here are some examples:
- came home, looked for a notebook, listened to music - past tense forms;
- I’m learning it by heart, you look around, there’s noise in the yard- present tense forms;
- we will know mathematics, find a wallet, watch a movie - future tense forms.
Number can be defined for any inflected verb forms. As with other variable parts of speech, there is a singular number (when one actor is involved in the action) and a plural number (if there are several persons).
- come, would do, leave, learn, looking- singular;
- bring, would like, treated, fall, go- plural.
Category faces are isolated only for forms of the imperative mood, as well as for the present and future tenses of the indicative mood. 1st person means that the speaker attributes this action to himself or the group of people in which he is located ( I say, we think). If the described action refers to the interlocutor or interlocutors, then the verb is used in the 2nd person form ( answer, repeat). 3rd person means that the action is performed by people not related to the speaker or interlocutor ( silent, wipes).
Genus is a feature that is defined for the singular in the conditional mood or in the indicative mood in the past tense.
- bought it, would come- masculine;
- put it on, dreamed- feminine gender;
- broke, burned- neuter gender.
Example of morphological analysis
Let's consider how you can determine what morphological features a verb has. To do this, let's analyze the word mastered used in a sentence:
Fifth grade students easily mastered new topic.
- Mastered denotes an action, therefore, we determine the part of speech - verb.
- Initial form (infinitive) - master.
- We define permanent signs:
- Students (what did they do?) mastered , the question refers to the perfect form.
- We pay attention to the form of the infinitive, note that before -th located And(in this case the verb is not in the list of exceptions), this indicates the II conjugation.
- No suffix -xia or -s indicates that the verb is irreflexive.
- The verb agrees with the noun in the accusative case ( mastered the topic), therefore, it is classified as transitional.
- Let's look at what non-permanent signs can be identified for this form:
- The action is actually performed, so its mood is indicative.
- The time of action is past (you can add time adverbs to the sentence yesterday, last year, the form of the verb will not change). We remember that the past tense does not indicate a person.
- Because the students - it's a lot of characters, mastered is in plural form. It is impossible to determine gender for the plural.
- In this sentence mastered is predicate.
A verb is an independent conjugated part of speech (changeable by numbers and persons) that has constant and variable morphological features.
Verbs are:
- imperfect form- answer the question what to do? (build, swim, climb);
perfect form- answer the question what to do? and indicate the completion of an action or result (build, swim, climb); - transitive - combined with nouns, pronouns in the accusative case without a preposition (read newspapers, build a house);
intransitive - cannot be combined (walk By road, swim V sea); - 1st conjugation - verbs ending in -et, -at, -ot, -ut and others except -it (lose weight, prick);
2nd conjugation - verbs ending in -it (twist, build); - reflexive - with the suffix -sya and -sya (to meet, to wash, to study);
irrevocable (to meet, wash, teach).
Some verbs cannot be used without the suffix -sya, that is, they are only reflexive: hope, bow, work, laugh, become, be proud, stay, etc.
If verbs denote actions that occur on their own without an actor (object), then they are called impersonal: it is getting dark, it is chilling, it is unwell, it is frozen, it is dawning. Impersonal verbs usually denote natural phenomena or a human condition.
Verbs change:
- according to three inclinations:
- indicative mood (run, looked, go) - verbs reflecting the action, state of the object;
- conditional mood (would run, look, go) - verb + particle “b” or “would”, expressing an action when some condition is met;
- imperative mood (run, look, go) - verbs expressing a request, an order.
- according to three times:
- past tense - reflects the action, the state of the object in the past (drew, watched, studied);
- present tense - an action, a state that occurs in the present (I draw, I watch, I study);
- future tense - an action, a state that has not yet occurred, but will happen in the future (I will draw, I will look, I will study);
- by persons and numbers in the present and future tense (run, runs, will run);
by numbers and genders(singular) in the past tense (read, read, read).
Constant morphological features of verbs: conjugation, aspect, transitivity. Inconstants: mood, number, tense, gender. Verbs in the imperative mood change tenses. Verbs in the present and future tense change according to persons and numbers (I write, he writes, she will write/will write, they write/will write), in the past tense - according to numbers and gender (I wrote, she wrote, they wrote).
Indefinite form
The initial form of the verb is an indefinite form (infinitive), which does not reflect tense, number, person, or gender. Verbs in the indefinite form answer the questions what to do? or what to do? Examples: see - see, sow - sow, look - consider, carry, pass, find, etc. Verbs in the infinitive form have an aspect, transitivity and intransitivity, conjugation.
Verbs in the infinitive form end in -т, -ти, -ь. Let's give examples of verbs in pairs - with questions what to do? (imperfect view) and what to do? (perfect view).
Verb conjugations
Verbs are divided into two conjugations: first and second. The first conjugation includes verbs in -et, -at, -ot, -ut, -t, etc. (twist, dig, prick, blow, whine). The second conjugation includes verbs in -it (wear, saw, walk). There are 11 exception verbs (7 verbs in -et and 4 verbs in -at), which belong to the second conjugation, and 2 exception verbs in -it, which belong to the first conjugation.
Exception verbs
I conjugation:
shave, lay
(2 verbs)
II conjugation:
-to: look, see, hate, endure, offend, twist, depend;
-at: drive, hold, hear, breathe
(11 verbs)
When changing verbs by person and number, the endings are formed in accordance with the conjugation to which the verb belongs. Let us summarize the cases in a table.
| Face | I conjugation | II conjugation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Units | Pl. | Units | Pl. | |
| 1st | -у/-у | -eat | -у/-у | -them |
| 2nd | -eat | -yeah | -hey | -ite |
| 3rd | -et | -ut/-ut | -it | -at/-yat |
The given endings are called personal endings of the verb. To determine the conjugation, you need to put the verb in an indefinite form of the same type as the personal form: perform - perform (non-sov. aspect), let's fulfill - perform (sov. aspect).
Examples:
chita Yu→ cheat at→ I conjugation
built yat→ built it→ II conjugation
When determining the conjugation of a verb, keep in mind that:
- Verbs with prefixes belong to the same conjugation as those without prefixes: do - do, work - work, teach - learn, drive - overtake;
- Reflexive verbs belong to the same conjugation as non-reflexive ones: wash - wash, consult - advise, learn - teach, apologize - excuse;
- There is an alternation of consonants in the present tense: bake - bake, shore - take care, walk - walk, ask - ask, answer - answer, etc.
The verbs win and vacuum do not form the 1st person singular. The verb to be does not form the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural of the present tense; for the 3rd person singular, is is sometimes used instead of be. The verbs want and run change according to the first and partially according to the second conjugation - disconjugated verbs. The verbs eat (eat) and give are conjugated in a special way.
Examples of verbs
Examples of verbs in different genders, tenses, moods.
Gender is only present in the past tense singular:
Masculine (what did you do?): swam, hung.
Feminine (what did she do?): floated, hung.
Neuter (what did it do?): floated, hung.
Syntactic role
In a sentence, the verb in the initial form (infinitive) can play a different syntactic role. The personal verb in a sentence is a predicate.
I will begin to tell fairy tales (M. Lermontov). (Compound predicate.)
Learning is always useful (proverb). (Subject.)
Please wait. (Addition.)
Impatience to get to Tiflis took possession of me (M. Lermontov). (Definition.)
The guys ran to hide. (Circumstance.)
The Russian language contains auxiliary and significant parts of speech. A verb belongs to independent parts of speech. “Glagolit” in Old Russian meant “to speak.” Thus, even our ancestors proved that literate speech is impossible without the dynamics of the narrative, which is achieved by using verbs.
What is a verb: morphological and syntactic features
The verb talks about the action of an object. The verb is determined by the questions “what to do?”, “what to do?”. When characterizing a verb, pay attention to its grammatical meaning, morphological features and function in a sentence. The grammatical features of a verb are divided into constant and inconstant.
The points of view of scientists regarding the identification of verb forms differ. There are still debates whether the participle and gerund are distinguished as significant parts of speech, or whether they are just forms of the verb. We will consider them as independent.
Grammatical meaning of the verb
Grammatically, a verb talks about the action of an object. There are several groups of actions that are expressed by verbs:
- Work, labor of the subject of speech: “sharpen”, “drive”, “build”, “dig”.
- Speech or mental activity: “talk”, “assume”, “think”, “figure out”.
- The movement of an object in space, its position: “drive”, “be”, “sit”, “be located”.
- The emotional state of the subject of speech: “sad”, “hate”, “cherish”, “love”.
- State of the environment: “evening”, “freezing”, “drizzle”.
In addition to the general grammatical meaning of the verb, it is worth mentioning its syntactic function. In a sentence it is one of the main members, the predicate. The predicate verb agrees with the subject and forms the predicative basis of the sentence with it. Questions are asked from the verb to the secondary members of the predicate group. As a rule, these are additions and circumstances expressed by nouns, adverbs or gerunds.
How the verb changes: constant and inconstant signs
The morphological features of the verb are divided into constant and inconstant. This gradation occurs from the point of view of changing the word itself or only its form. For example, “read” and “read” are two different words. The difference is that “read” is an imperfect verb, and “read” is a perfect verb. They will change in different ways: the perfect verb “read” is not supposed to have the present tense. And “I read” - we read only indicate the number of the verb to read.
Constant signs of the verb:
- type (imperfect, perfect);
- conjugation (I, II, heterogeneously conjugated);
- repayment (non-refundable, returnable).
- gender (feminine, neuter, masculine);
- mood (subjunctive, indicative, imperative);
- number (plural, singular)
- time (present, past, future);
These signs are formative. Therefore, when parsing a verb, they say that it is in the form of a certain tense, mood, gender and number.
Verb moods
The grammatical features of a verb contain mood. One verb can be used in the form of the indicative, subjunctive (conditional) and imperative moods. Thus, this category is included in the inconstant features of the verb.
- Indicative. It is characterized by the fact that the verb in this form can be used in the present, future and past tenses: “the child is playing” (present tense); “the child was playing” (past tense); “the child will play” (future tense). The indicative mood allows you to change the verb in persons and numbers.
- Conditional (subjunctive) mood. Represents an action that can only happen under a certain condition. It is formed by adding the particle would (b) to the main verb: “With your help, I would cope with difficulties.” It is possible to change the conditional verbs by number and gender; in these forms they agree in the sentence with the subject: “She would have solved this problem herself”; “They would solve this problem themselves”; “He would have solved this problem himself”; “Most would solve this problem on their own.” It is important to note that the conditional mood does not involve changing the verb tense.
- Imperative mood. Indicates encouraging the interlocutor to take action. Depending on the emotional coloring, the impulse is expressed both in the form of a wish: “Please answer the question,” and in the form of an order: “Stop shouting!” To obtain an imperative verb in the singular, it is necessary to attach the suffix -i to the stem in the present tense: “sleep - sleep”, it is possible to form it in a suffixless way: “eat - eat”. The plural is formed using the suffix -te: “draw - draw!” Imperative verbs change according to numbers: “eat soup - eat soup.” If it is necessary to convey a sharp order, the infinitive is used: “I said, everyone stand up!”
Verb tense
The morphological features of the verb contain the category of tense. Indeed, for any action it is possible to identify the time at which it occurs. Since the verb changes tenses, this category will be inconsistent.
Verb conjugations
The grammatical features of a verb cannot be fully characterized without the category of conjugation - changing them according to persons and numbers.
For clarity, here is a table:
Other features of a verb: aspect, transitivity, reflexivity
In addition to conjugation, the constant grammatical features of a verb contain the categories of aspect, transitivity and reflexivity.
- Kind of verb. There is a distinction between perfect and imperfect. The perfect form presupposes the questions “what to do?”, “What will it do?” Indicates an action that has achieved a result (“learn”), begun (“sing”) or completed (“sing”). The imperfect is characterized by the questions “what to do?”, “What does it do?” Involves an action that continues and is repeated many times (“jump”).
- Verb reflexivity. It is characterized by the presence of the suffix -sya (-s).
- Transitivity of the verb. It is determined by the ability to control a noun in the accusative case without a preposition (“to imagine the future”), if the verb has the meaning of negation - with transitivity, the noun will be in the genitive case: “I do not observe it.”
So, the signs of a verb as a part of speech are varied. To determine its permanent characteristics, it is necessary to put the part of speech in its initial form. To determine non-constant features, it is necessary to work with a verb taken in the context of the narrative.
Verb features are grammatical categories of verb forms that are inherent in the verb as a part of speech. In the Russian language, constant and inconstant signs of a verb are distinguished.
Constant signs of the verb
Constant features of a verb are grammatical categories inherent in all verb forms. These features do not change depending on the context in which the verb is used.
- Type is a sign that determines exactly how an action occurs.
- Perfective verbs answer the question “what to do?” ; Imperfective verbs answer the question “what to do?” .
- Reflexive verbs; Irreversible verbs.
Transitivity is a sign that defines a process or action that passes to an object.
- Transitive verbs; Intransitive verbs.
- I conjugation; II conjugation; Heterogeneously conjugated.
Inconstant verb features
Inconstant features of a verb are grammatical categories characteristic of conjugated verbs and participles. These categories change depending on the context in which the word is used.
- Mood is a category that expresses the attitude of an action or process to reality. The feature is characteristic of conjugated forms of verbs.
- Indicative; Imperative; Conditional.
- Plural; The only thing.
- Future; The present; Past.
- 1st person; 2nd person; 3rd person.
- Male; Female; Average.
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The verb, as a part of speech, is characterized by features that can be unstable and constant. In the first case, grammatical categories change depending on the context, in the second - they do not change under any conditions. The article provides both signs with examples.
Verb signs– these are grammatical categories of verb forms that are inherent in the verb as a part of speech. In the Russian language, constant and inconstant signs of a verb are distinguished.
Constant signs of the verb
Constant signs of the verb- these are grammatical categories inherent in all verbal forms (conjugated verbs, infinitives, participles, gerunds). These features do not change depending on the context in which the verb is used.
- View- a sign that determines exactly how an action occurs.
- Perfective verbs answer the question “what to do?” (examples: read, multiply);
- Imperfective verbs answer the question “what to do?” (transfer, divide).
- Repayment– a category that defines a potential state (bites) or an action of a subject (washes) directed towards oneself, or the actions of several objects whose actions are directed at each other (put up).
- Reflexive verbs (sort it out, hug);
- Non-reflexive verbs (hug, brush).
- Transitivity– a sign that defines a process or action that passes to an object.
- Transitive verbs (drink coffee, cut vegetables);
- Intransitive verbs (believe, play).
- Conjugation type– a category that determines the features of conjugating verbs by numbers and persons.
- I conjugation (stitch, float);
- II conjugation (shine, clean);
- Heterogeneous conjugates (to run, to want).
Inconstant verb features
Inconstant verb features- these are grammatical categories characteristic of conjugated verbs and participles. These categories change depending on the context in which the word is used.
- Mood– a category expressing the relationship of an action or process to reality. The feature is characteristic of conjugated forms of verbs.
- Indicative (examples: rewriting, feeling);
- Imperative (rewrite, feel);
- Conditional (I would rewrite it, I would feel it).
- Number– a category indicating the number of subjects performing an action. The feature is inherent in conjugated forms and participles.
- Plural (visited, ordered);
- The only thing (built, covered).
- Time– a category indicating the moment at which the action was carried out in relation to the moment of speech. The feature is inherent in verbs in the indicative mood.
- Future (I’ll assemble it, they’ll drive it, we’ll decorate it);
- The present (collects, travels, decorates);
- Past (collected, traveled, decorated).
- Face– a category indicating who carries out the action. The feature is characteristic of verbs of the indicative mood (present and future tense) and the imperative mood.
- 1st person (type, play, sing);
- 2nd person (install, build, look, write);
- 3rd person (translates, walks).
- Genus– a category indicating the gender of the subject performing the action. The feature is characteristic of participles, past tense verbs of the indicative mood and verbs of the conditional mood.
- Male (filled, swept, cooked);
- Female (sewn, washed, moved);
- Average (cooked, rolled away, would be useful).