Participle is a hybrid verbal-adjective form, which in tradition is considered as a special verbal form. Participles connect the attributes of a verb and an adjective, expressing the meaning of a procedural attribute of an object. Verbal features of participles: 1) the nature of verbal control is preserved (for example: dreaming of freedom - dreaming of freedom);
- 2) the form of the corresponding verb is preserved;
- 3) the participle has two voice forms (in accordance with the two-voice concept) - active and passive voice (for example: permitted - active voice, permitted - passive voice);
- 4) the participle has two tense forms - present (loving, beloved) and past (loving) tense.
All verbal features of participles are constant, variable features are the features of an adjective: gender, number, case, full or short (for passive participles) form and the corresponding inflection in the sentence - predicate or attribute. Present participles are formed from the verbal stem of the present tense using the suffixes -уш-/-уж, -аш/-яж- - active participles, suffixes -ем-, -ом-, -im- - passive participles. Past participles are formed from a stem with an infinitive stem. In this case, to form active participles, the suffixes -vsh- are used if the stem ends in a vowel (for example: hear-t - heard) or -sh- if the stem ends in a consonant (for example: brought-ti - brought-shiy). When forming passive past participles, the suffixes -nn- are added to the verb stem if the stem ends in a vowel, except for /i/ (for example: vesha-t - hanged), -enn if the stem ends in a consonant or /i/, and in the latter case /and/ drops out (for example: shoot-t - shot, bring-ti - brought), -t- - to form participles from some verbs of unproductive classes with stems on i-, ы-, o -, as well as from verbs of the IV productive class (for example: sew-t - sewn, wash - washed, stabbed - stabbed, turn - turned). The initial form of the participle, like the adjective, is the nominative singular masculine case.
A common feature of the use of participles is that they belong to bookish speech. This is explained by the history of participles.
The main categories of participles relate to elements of the literary language, borrowed from the Old Church Slavonic language, which affects a number of their phonetic features, for example, the presence of у in present participles: current, burning, which correspond to the adjectives flowing, hot, which are Old Russian participles in origin, and also present in a number of participles before a hard consonant under the stress e, while in the verbs from which they are formed, under the same conditions there is e (o): he came, but came, invented, but invented, blossomed, but blossomed. The connection of participles with the Old Church Slavonic language in the 18th century. noted by Lomonosov, who in his “Russian Grammar” explains about several categories of participles that they are used only from Slavic verbs and are unacceptable from Russians. Thus, he writes: “The active voice of the tense of the present participle ending in -schie is derived from verbs of Slavic origin: crowning, writing, nourishing; but very indecent from ordinary Russians, who are unknown among the Slavs: speaking, slurping.”
He notes the same regarding the passive participles of the present tense “From Russian verbs, which were not in use among the Slavs, produced, for example: touched, rocked, soiled, are very wild and unbearable to the ear,” and regarding the past participles of the active voice: “... for example, blurted out, blurted out, dived, dived, very disgusting.” At the same time, Lomonosov also notes the greater relevance of participles for high styles of speech, pointing out that they “are more appropriately used in rhetorical and poetic works than in simple calm, or in common speech.”
At present, more than two centuries after Lomonosov, there are no restrictions in the formation of participles from purely Russian verbs, alien to the Old Church Slavonic language. And the examples of unacceptable participles demonstrated by Lomonosov do not create the impression of an insult to the linguistic sense, which he speaks about with such categoricalness, and are quite acceptable. The main categories of full participles are productive and are easily formed from any verbs, including new formations (vernalized, vernalized, vernalized). The least common passive participles of the present tense, but in some types of verbs they are also productive (clogged, formed, stored) and unproductive only with the suffix -om- (carried, driven, sought).
But even now, firstly, participles are part of the literary language (they are practically absent in dialects); secondly, they almost never appear in colloquial speech.
Standing apart are the short participles of the past tense of the passive voice (written, brought, poured), which are widely used in everyday speech and used in dialects. On the contrary, for different styles of book speech, full participles represent one of the most necessary means, which is used extremely widely. This is due to the fact that participles contribute to the conciseness of speech, making it possible to replace subordinate clauses.
Similar to participles, gerunds are traditionally considered as a special verbal form that combines the characteristics of a verb and an adverb, i.e. denoting a procedural feature of an action, characterized by immutability, preserving verbal control, verbal aspect, collateral properties of the verb, adjacent to the verb or participle and acting in the sentence as a circumstance.
It was from two categories of participles - short active present and past tenses - that Russian gerunds developed and took shape. The point here is that short participles in the Old Russian language could be used initially both as a nominal part of the predicate and as definitions. However, it is not difficult to understand that participles were more closely associated with the verb, and therefore their use as modifiers was lost. Conditions have emerged for the extinction of forms of oblique cases. Thus, only one form of the former short participles remains in the Russian language - old im. pad. units h.m. and wed. kind in the present tense on ["а] (-я), in the past - on [ъ], [въ] (or after the fall of the reduced ones - a form equal to the pure base, or a form on [в], like after reading).
This participial form has lost all those features that brought it closer to the adjective, and first of all, it has lost the ability to agree with the subject in number and gender. It is precisely that in the monuments of the Old Russian language facts of violation of the agreement of participles with the subject begin to appear (for example, in the afterword to the Suzdal Chronicle of 1377, you read correcting instead of correcting, i.e. singular instead of the ancient plural), precisely this and indicates the transformation of the former participle into a gerund - an unchangeable verbal form that acts as a secondary predicate.
The specific properties of adverbial participles receive morphological expression in adverbial suffixes. Imperfect participles are formed from the stem of the present tense using the suffix -a, -ya, for example: to ring - ring"-ya, to think - duma"-ya. Perfect participles are formed from the infinitive stem of perfective verbs using the suffixes -v, -louse, -shi, for example: send - send-in, bring - brought-shi, smile - smile-louse-s. In the modern Russian language, the process of differentiation of participle suffixes depending on the verb aspect has not yet been completed, therefore forms of perfect participles are possible, formed according to the model of imperfect participles, i.e. from the base of the future simple tense using the suffix -я (to leave - having left, to bring - having brought, etc.). Imperfect participles are not formed from verbs with a stem:
- 1. On the back tongue (oven - bake, impossible: *baking);
- 2. From only consonants (gn-ut, impossible: *gnya);
- 3. The present tense is a sibilant, alternating at the base of the infinitive with a sibilant (pis-ut - pisa, impossible: *pisha);
- 4. With the base of the infinitive on - well- in verbs of the unproductive class (perish, impossible: * perish);
Like the participle, the gerund is common in book speech and is not typical for everyday colloquial speech. The participle, denoting an additional action that characterizes another action, is primarily used to relegate one of the actions to the background compared to the other. In this respect, a verb with its associated gerund is opposed to two verbs. So: Stood at the window, reading the letter indicates that the main thing is standing, and reading details this state by indicating the activity that accompanies it, while Stood at the window and read the letter represents both verbs as equal and independent. The use of the gerund makes it possible to establish another relationship between these verbs: Standing at the window, I read the letter, where in the foreground it turns out to be reading, and by the addition, indicating the position in which the reading took place, standing. This ability to give a combination of equal verbs, on the one hand, and establish a perspective between them, highlighting the main and secondary, on the other hand, serves as a convenient means for expressing various relationships between several actions and states. Let's compare: He told and laughed - He told, laughing - While telling, he laughed; They ran across and shot - They ran across, shooting - They ran across and shot. In many cases, gerunds cannot be replaced by a verb at all. This happens when they acquire adverbial meaning, for example: Grandma leans gloomily against the lintel and sighs, lowering her eyes to the floor (= with downcast eyes); He [the grandfather] stands with his head raised (= with his head up); I, too, was ready to cry, feeling sorry for my garden, hut (= out of pity).
The relationships expressed by gerunds are very diverse. When using gerunds, you should not lose sight of which person owns the actions denoted by the gerund and the verb. There are significant limitations in this regard. It is precisely the condition for the generally accepted use of gerunds in the Russian language that the actions denoted by the gerund be performed by the same person who owns the action denoted by the predicate verb. This finds its place in personal sentences, in which the gerund and verb indicate the action of the subject: Talking about it , I would like to remind you. Such phrases are found in works of art and in scientific speech.
A gerund may be subordinated to an infinitive, provided that the actions denoted by the gerund and the infinitive belong to the same person.
Errors in the use of gerunds are their use depending on the verb when the gerund and verb represent the actions of different persons, for example: Entering the room , mother stood at the window. Here entering is the action of the speaker (= when I entered the room), and the mother was standing. The inadmissibility of such phrases, in addition to the fact that they are not accepted in the Russian language, is also explained by the fact that they lead to ambiguity due to the possibility of attributing the action denoted by the gerund to the person who is the subject of the sentence: for example, if we were to phrase: When I returned home, my grandmother fed me lunch. replaced by a construction with a gerund: returning home , grandma fed me lunch, it would give the impression that grandma had returned home.
Errors of this kind are quite common in student work, for example: One evening, while sitting at home, a stranger came into our room; After working for three months, my father was transferred to Penza; After studying at school for four years, I had a desire to study further; The doors were closed tightly, fearing that sounds from the street would not reach the lady’s ears.
Finally, there are cases when a gerund after a verb denotes a subsequent action; In this case, two groups of examples can be outlined:
- a) the gerund denotes the consequence of the action expressed by the verb: The harpsichord rang slowly,filling the air with sad trembling bliss (= rang and filled); This small, skinny chick dragged him with all his strength,torn between him and Kolesnikov ... (= dragged him and as a result was torn between them). They literally pierced my leg right through,leaving a sieve of bloody mess (= flashed and left).
- b) a gerund denotes an action that does not necessarily follow from the action of the verb, but usually quickly follows it: and then it rustled,lovingly lashing calves , resigned living grass (= rustled and whipped); He threw the cigarette on the groundtrampling her with two kicks (= threw it and then trampled it). Such shades of tense in gerunds have been developing in the Russian language relatively recently and, in all likelihood, this occurs under the influence of word order, since perfective verbs denote actions occurring at different times, following one after another in the order in which the verbs are arranged ( He took out a book, read it, passed it on to his neighbor).
A number of gerunds are close in meaning to adverbs formed from participles: begging - beseechingly; threatening - threateningly; exciting - exciting.
Adverbs such as exciting, dazzling, in combination with adjectives express a qualitative characteristic and indicate a high degree of quality: Tchaikovsky’s melodies are excitingly beautiful; The fountains filled with lights are blindingly bright and multicolored.
The difference between an additional action and a circumstance is also observed in cases where a gerund participle turns into an adverb, and as a result, along with the gerund participle, there is an adverb formed from the gerund participle. This includes several different categories. Firstly, individual cases when a gerund, used without explanatory words, turns into an adverb: The artist painted while standing, here standing does not indicate the second action, but only details the meaning of the verb drew, indicating the position in which the drawing took place; on the contrary, in the phrase: The artist painted while standing at the easel: standing denotes the second action, subordinate to the first. Also: The boy writes while sitting and the Boy writes while sitting at his desk. Secondly, this includes a number of idiomatic expressions: with folded arms, sticking out tongue, carelessly, a little later, headlong, headlong . Don't sit back means only: “Don’t sit idle”, nothing is said here about the position of the hands, but don't sit with your hands folded already indicates that the hands are indeed folded and that this position of the hands should be changed. Also: run with your tongue out (quickly) and run with your tongue out (with tongue hanging out); work carelessly (casually) and work, Sleeves down (with sleeves down). Idioms of this kind have a colloquial tone. Thirdly, along with gerunds there are adverbs in -yuchi, -uchi: playfully, happily, skillfully, sneaking: he effortlessly carried heavy bales(easy, effortless); lives happily ever after(no worries) and dancedhumming some tune in a low voice . Such adverbs are colloquial and folklore in nature. Single gerund participles should be distinguished from such adverbs in -uchi: the common literary being and the colloquial iduchi, going.
Finally, it should be mentioned that some groups of gerunds have two morphological formations with the same meaning.
So, firstly, perfective participles with a base on a vowel sound can have the suffix -v and -lice. They are shorter and more euphonious. But it should be borne in mind that verbs with a consonant as a base have one form: having brought, brought, entered; the same for all reflexive verbs: bending over, laughing, wrapping up. Secondly, along with forms that have the suffixes -v, - lice, a number of perfective verbs have gerunds with the suffix -a, -ya.
Participles are one of the most difficult topics in the Russian language. Many people cannot even see the error in the construction of a sentence with an adverbial phrase and a gerund.
I’ll tell you a secret, even great writers made these mistakes in participles; or rather, errors in the use of gerunds in a sentence. Do you want to write better than some famous writers? Then read this article.
First, a few definitions
These are not official definitions, they are given only so that you understand what I mean by this or that word. What is a member of a sentence, what is a part of speech, and what is neither one nor the other, is not important now.
- Verb (predicate) – expresses the main action. Answers the question: What does it do? (did, will do, etc.).
- Subject (subject) – performs this main action. Answers the question: Who? Or What?
- Participle - denotes an additional action that is performed by (attention!) THE SAME SUBJECT. Answers the questions: What are you doing? What did you do? The participle is formed from verbs, so we can always easily turn it back into a verb. For example, when walking, he walks; when he smiles, he smiles.
Note! This is extremely important: the same subject performs both the main (verb) and additional (adverbial) action within the framework of one simple sentence.
And a rule that will help you see violations in the construction of sentences with participles and participles:
In other words,
A verb and a gerund in one sentence must refer to the same subject.
Do you understand? If a frog is sitting, then it’s the one that winks:
A frog sat on the path, winking slyly.
This is all. If you understand this, the lesson is over. But still, check yourself with the suggestions below.
For those who don’t understand, I want to help them hear the music of sentences that use gerunds. Then you will see. Then you will begin to cringe from incorrectly composed phrases, as if from false notes.
Most often, mistakes are made when the author himself does not clearly understand what or who is the subject of the action. Therefore, let's begin to train this understanding. I suggest you practice like this: below I will give sentences with adverbial phrases and ask you to parse them according to the following scheme:
More parsing examples:
IMAGINING MYSELF AS A POET, I SANG INDEPENDENT SONGS (Tasha Sun).
1. Main action: singing.
2. Who sang? - I.
3. Additional action: imagining. What else have I done? – imagined.
4. 1) I sang and 2) I imagined
5. Everything seems to be logical.
“APPROACHING THIS STATION AND LOOKING AT NATURE OUT THE WINDOW, MY HAT FELL OFF. I. Yarmonkin" (A.P. Chekhov)
1. Main action: flew off.
2. What flew off? - Hat.
3. Additional action: Driving up and looking. What else did the hat do? - she drove up and looked.
4. Two simple sentences with one subject: 1) The hat flew off. 2) The hat drove up and looked.
5. What's wrong with her? 🙂
I hope this gives you some fun.
And here are examples of sentences with participial phrases and participles:
1. Having said this, he left.
2. The car rushed by and left a lot of smoke.
3. Entering the room, we can see a luxurious office.
4. While reading a lot of texts, I began to notice...
5. Sliding through the morning snow, dear friend, let’s indulge in running...
6. Once you overcome resistance, you will experience incredible breakthroughs in all areas.
7. By purchasing a ticket, you have a chance to win a trip to the sea!
8. (I couldn’t make an appointment.) And having finally made an appointment, they called me back.
9. Wanting to increase the influx of money, this is done to the detriment of other components of this energy, such as luck, luck and health.
10. Having put on the dress, it sat as if sewn according to patterns.
11. By violating instructions, the efficiency of your work drops significantly.
In the comments, please write how many sentences in the exercise are constructed correctly, and how many with errors in the use of gerunds. And what proposals caused difficulty.
Write your answers!
PS: when you look at all the examples yourself, check yourself!
The opinions of linguists about what a gerund is are divided. Some believe that it refers to a special form of the verb, others suggest that it is an independent part of speech. We will support the second option.
The participle is an independent part of speech. It contains the signs of an adverb and a verb, shows when, why and how an action is performed by a predicate verb, and has an additional effect. If the participle in a sentence is not alone, but has words dependent on it, then this set of words is called an adverbial phrase. The article will tell you how and when to separate gerunds in a sentence.
What is separation?
In Russian, the concept of isolation is a way of clarifying and highlighting a certain set of words in a sentence. Only members of a sentence that are secondary can be isolated; this is how they differ from non-isolated members. Isolations are necessary so that the reader can more accurately understand the described picture of the action taking place. Not only lonely gerunds, but also participle phrases can be isolated.
Examples of single gerunds
If an isolated adverbial clause does not have dependent words in the sentence, then it is called a single gerund. When writing a sentence, this part of speech is always highlighted with commas on both sides.
The location of the gerund in a sentence can be anywhere. Here are examples of correctly separating single gerunds with commas:
- Staring, she could not utter a word.
- When I returned, I found my sister at home.
- Without training, you cannot achieve success in sports.
Accordingly, the following gerunds were highlighted with a comma:
- staring;
- having returned;
- without training.
In the letter you can find several repeated participles. They are called homogeneous. At the same time, they are separated by commas and separated by this punctuation mark as separate parts of speech. Examples of such sentences:
- Laughing, humming and spinning, Natasha hurried to her first date.
- Chuckling and winking, Pasha closed the door.
- She was silent, angry, but cowardly.
Homogeneous gerunds in a sentence can refer to different predicates. For example: Playing and laughing, she, inspired, rushed towards her dreams.
Separating single gerunds with commas
Isolation of single gerundial participles occurs in the following cases:
- If the gerund plays the role of the second predicate in a sentence. Preserves the meaning of the verb. Indicates the condition, cause or time of an action, but not its image. Having run away, Marina lost her purse. After the holiday, the guests left without calming down.
- If in your mind you can check the sentence by replacing the gerund with a verb, or make a complex one from a simple sentence. When Marina ran away, she rubbed her purse. The guests, although they did not calm down after the holiday, left.
Isolation of single gerunds does not occur if:
- A single gerund has lost its verbal meaning or has a close connection with the predicate. Masha ran into the room without knocking. Zhenya climbed down from the tree silently and slowly.
- If gerunds are circumstances of the manner of action and they cannot be replaced by verbs. Zhenya got down silently and took his time.
- If a single gerund can be replaced with a noun. Masha ran into the room without knocking.
Identification of single gerunds depending on their location in a sentence
The separation of gerunds may not occur if they are at the beginning or end of the sentence, but in the middle they are separated by commas. Let's compare two sentences:
- Tanya tried on the slippers slowly.
- On the way, slowly, Tanya admired the flowers.
In the first sentence, the participle is not separated by commas, since it is represented by a circumstance of the manner of action. It can be replaced with the word “leisurely”.
In the second sentence, the gerund represents the adverbial reason (“since I was in no hurry”).
How is an adverbial phrase formed?
If a sentence contains a part of speech that answers the questions “by doing what?”, “by doing what?” and called a gerund, with dependent words, then this set of words is usually called a participial phrase.
In a sentence, this phrase always performs the function of an adverbial circumstance and relates to the verb, as it denotes an additional action. Additional actions are performed by the same person, phenomenon or thing that performs the main actions.
Examples of participial phrases
The separation of gerunds and participial phrases occurs regardless of where they stand in relation to the predicate verb. For example:
- All day long, dark clouds walked across the sky, first revealing the sun, then covering it again.
- Walking next to his mother, the baby looked at her in surprise and fascination.
- Joy, while bringing happiness to some people, gave others inescapable grief.
- I looked at the sunrise without taking my eyes off.
- The baby, following his mother's hand, made the same movements.
What do you need to remember when using gerunds and participial phrases in a sentence?
The basic rules for using participial phrases when writing text are as follows:
- Expressed by a predicate verb, the main action and the additional action, expressed by the participial phrase, must relate to one person, object or phenomenon.
- Most often, the isolation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases is used when writing a one-part, definitely personal sentence, as well as with a verb in the imperative mood.
- If the sentence is impersonal in the infinitive, then it is also possible to use the participial phrase.
- The isolation of gerunds and the isolation of circumstances are one and the same, since the gerund expresses a sign of circumstance in a sentence.
In what cases are gerunds and participial phrases not separated by commas?
Isolation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases is not carried out if:
- Circumstances are connected by the conjunction “and” with a non-isolated circumstance or predicate. She hated him and accepted his signs of attention. Dasha played noisily and screamed with joy.
- Circumstances come closer to adverbs. They lose their additional meaning and acquire the value of a sign of action. This:
- gerunds that have become phraseological units (without closing your eyes, rolling up your sleeves, headlong, opening your mouth, and others). For example: Petya worked carelessly. But, rolling up her sleeves, she washed her hands in the bath. It should be remembered that phraseological introductory phrases (apparently, in other words, in fact, others) are separated by a comma.
- participles that carry the main semantic load. Without them, the predicate does not fully express the thought. This part of speech usually comes after the predicate. The “adverbiality” of these gerunds is obvious in sentences where there is a group of homogeneous members - gerunds and adverbs. For example: He answered me without embarrassment and frankly. Without being embarrassed- this is a gerund, and frankly- adverb.
Commas do not distinguish gerunds containing the dependent word “which” in all their variations. He wanted to get rid of the letter, reading which he recalled his recent grief.
What should we distinguish from gerunds?
Isolating gerunds, many do not think that these could be adverbs or prepositions.
The following adverbs are distinguished:
- happily;
- sneaking;
- joking;
- silently;
- sitting;
- standing;
- lying down and others.
The gerunds that are the same as these words retain an additional effect. This occurs during formation and connection with other gerunds. Anya rode standing all the way. He will do this job jokingly (easy). These sentences use adverbs.
Standing at the top, Anya looked down. All the way, having fun and playing, Yana did not close her mouth. In these sentences, commas separate the participial phrase in the first sentence and homogeneous participles in the second sentence.
Prepositions include: starting from, based on. Commas are not used, since the adverbial part can be removed from the sentence and its meaning will not change. It's been snowing since night (it's been snowing since night).
Isolation of participles and gerunds: what is the difference?
Participial and adverbial phrases perform different functions in a sentence and have the following morphological differences:
- A participial phrase or single participle refers to the word (noun or pronoun) being defined. The gerund or participial phrase is closely related to the predicate verb. In this case, the participle changes according to numbers, gender, cases, has a full and short form, and the gerund is an unchangeable word form.
- The participial phrase and the participle serve as a definition in a sentence, and the gerund and participial phrases act as various circumstances.
- Participles and gerunds are distinguished by suffixes. Participles have such suffixes as -ush-(-yush-), -ash-(-yash)- -vsh-, -sh- at real participles and - om-(-em-), -im-- -enn-, -nn-, -t- for the passive. While gerunds have the following suffixes: -a-, -ya-, -uchi-, -yuchi-, -v-, -lice-, -shi-.
- If a sentence contains a conjunction next to an adverbial phrase, they are separated by a comma. Unions are not included in circulation. For example: He smiled at his friend and, jumping over the puddle, ran home. The exception is the conjunction “a”, which comes before the participial phrase. In this case, it is included in circulation. For example: A person needs to understand what the meaning of life is, and having understood this, he will tell others.
- If a sentence consists of several participial phrases or single participles, then commas are placed between them as when listing homogeneous members of the sentence. For example: She approached, staggering and holding her friend by the shoulder with one hand and holding the other on her belt.
- If one sentence contains several participial phrases relating to different predicates, then each of them is separated by commas. For example: Pushing the gate with his foot, he ran out onto the road and, not paying attention to the people, rushed away.
- The participial phrase is always separated by commas on both sides.
Isolating participles will not cause problems if you learn to correctly identify this part of speech in any sentence.
How to help your child consolidate the material he has learned?
After the child has studied the theoretical material, he should be encouraged to consolidate it with practical exercises.
Initially, children must work orally with sentences and learn to find participial phrases and single gerunds in them. After this, students should be asked to write sentences and place them. In addition, the child should explain his choice in placing commas.
After children have mastered simple sentences, you can give them sentences with conjunctions and allied words. At the same time, before finding an adverbial phrase or a single participle, the grammatical basis should be highlighted.
They complicate the task with complex compound sentences that have several grammatical bases and homogeneous participial phrases.
Participial and Participial Turnovers
Prepared by a teacher of Russian language and literature
MBOU secondary school No. 28
Kuschyak O. G.
- Suddenly loud screams woke me and our entire camp, sheltered by the fire. Screams echoed in the peacefully sleeping backwaters of the river. At dusk, strange groups of people could be seen on the shore. Not far away stood a cart drawn by a horse, calmly awaiting transportation. Half an hour later, the loaded ferry pulled away from the shore, and after another quarter of an hour, a steamer carrying a large barge sailed out from behind the cape. I settled down on the deck and admired the corners that opened up with every turn of the river, still shrouded in a bluish haze. (By V. Korolenko )
Test yourself.
- Suddenly heard loud screams woke me and our entire camp, nestled by the fire . Screams echoed in sleeping peacefully backwaters of the river. At dusk, strange groups of people could be seen on the shore. There was a cart not far away, drawn by a horse, calmly awaiting transportation. Half an hour later the loaded ferry left the shore, and after another quarter of an hour the steamer sailed out from behind the cape, driving a large barge . I sat on the deck and admired the corners, opening with every turn of the river, still shrouded in bluish haze . (By V. Korolenko )
Place punctuation marks and explain their placement.
It’s beautiful to look from the side at a ship covered with white sails, gracefully sailing on the endless surface of sea waves. But look at the number of hands that set it in motion! A sailing ship, wrapped in ropes and hung with sails, dozing in a calm and maneuvering in a contrary wind, cannot move back or turn quickly in an instant.
(By I. Goncharova )
Test yourself.
It's beautiful to look at the ship from the side, winged by white sails , gracefully floating on the endless surface of sea waves . But look at the number of hands setting it in motion ! Sailing vessel , wrapped in ropes and hung with sails, dozing in the calm and maneuvering in a contrary wind, cannot move back or turn quickly in an instant. (By I. Goncharova )
The long steppe road, saturated with the wormwood smell, stretching to the sea from the distant city, was left behind, and ahead, the open sea, without borders, stretched out to the full distance and breadth. And it seemed to the guys that they had reached the very edge of the world, that there was nothing further. There is one quietly splashing sea, and above it is the same endless sky, only here and there covered with pale pink clouds. The boys, tired from the long journey, walked in silence. Their heads were hidden behind heaps of dry weeds that they had collected for the future fire.
Place punctuation marks and explain their placement.
The wolves slowly got up and walked into the field with their tails between their legs. The young wolf sat down in the snow with her head raised and for the first time in her life she howled pitifully without taking her eyes off the moon. The wolves listened to her howl, and in their hearts, as the fur cooled on their backs, a feeling of evil melancholy awoke.
The she-wolf sang her song with her head raised high and looking at the moon. Hearing her, the hares who had gone out into the field to dig up green winter crops stood up on their paws in fear. The wolves were sad, they stood looking at the snow with flickering eyes.
(By I. Sokolov-Mikitov)
Test yourself.
The wolves slowly got up and, with their tails between their legs, went into the field. The young she-wolf sat down in the snow, raising her head, and for the first time in her life she howled pitifully, not taking her eyes off the moon. The wolves listened to her howl, and a feeling of evil melancholy awoke in their hearts, chilling the fur on their backs.
The she-wolf sang her song, raising her head high and looking at the moon. Hearing her, the hares, who had gone out into the field to dig up green winter crops, stood up on their paws in fear. The wolves were sad; they stood looking at the snow with flickering eyes.
(By I. Sokolov-Mikitov)
Place punctuation marks and explain their placement.
Juicy chips flew onto the dewy grass and a light crack was heard due to the impacts. The tree trembled with its whole body, bent and quickly straightened up and swayed on its root. For a moment everything was quiet, but again the tree bent and collapsed with its top on the ground. The sounds of the ax died down. The robin whistled and flew higher, catching the branch with its wings. The branch swayed and froze.
(By L. Tolstoy )
Check yourself.
Juicy chips flew onto the dewy grass, and a light cracking sound was heard from the impacts. The tree trembled with its whole body, bent and, quickly straightening up , swayed on its root. For a moment everything was quiet, but again the tree bent, bent, falling headfirst to the ground . The sounds of the ax died down. The robin whistled and flew higher, catching a branch with his wings . Branch , swaying, froze.
(By L. Tolstoy )
Explain punctuation marks.
A boy of about six came out onto the porch. Without taking his enchanted eyes off Dick [the dog], he briskly ran off the porch and found himself next to a huge dog who had recoiled back. The boy’s thin hand buried itself in the thick brown fur, began to stir it, and the forester called out to the dog in warning, ordering him to sit down. But Dick himself was lost in amazement and resentment. Only his upper lip lifted, wrinkled and revealing strong fangs.
Explain punctuation marks.
Laughing joyfully and loudly, the boy tightly clasped the dog’s neck with both hands. Shaking his head dazedly, freeing himself from the uninvited affection, Dick ran to the side with a suppressed grumble. He sat down, sticking out his tongue, and, embarrassed, shook his head, freeing himself from the unfamiliar smell that made him want to sneeze. Fleeing from the uninvited guest, who again rushed towards him, Dick reached the fence in two leaps, jumped over it and disappeared into the bushes.
(By P. Proskurina)
The FIPI analytical report on the results of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language says: “Most often, verbal adjectives and derived function words are incorrectly classified as parts of speech; participles and gerunds, adjectives and adverbs, participles and adjectives are not distinguished.”
We would like to once again remind you of the differences between verbal adjectives and participles.
Participles and verbal adjectives
Both forms can be formed from the same verb participles , so verbal adjectives . If suffixes of different sound (letter) composition are used to form participles and adjectives, it is not difficult to distinguish them: from the verb burn using the suffix - box - a participle is formed burning, and using the suffix - yuch - - adjective combustible. If both participles and adjectives are formed using suffixes that have the same sound (letter) composition (for example, -enn - or - them -), it is more difficult to distinguish them.
However, there are differences between participles and adjectives in this case as well.
1. Pr and parts indicate a temporary sign of an object associated with his participation (active or passive) in an action, and adjectives denote a permanent attribute of an object (for example, ‘arising as a result of an action’, ‘capable of participating in an action’), for example:
She was raised with strict rules (=She was brought up with strict rules)- participle;
She was brought up, educated (=She was well-mannered and educated).
2. The word in full form with the suffix -n-(-nn-), -en-(-enn)- is verbal adjective , if it is formed from the verb NSV andhas no dependent words , and is a participle if it is formed from a verb SV and/or has dependent words, cf.:
unmown meadows ( adjective ),
not mowed meadows ( participle, because there is a dependent word ),
mown meadows ( participle, because NE ).
3. Since only transitive verbs of the NSV can have passive present participles, words with suffixes -them-, -eat- are adjectives if they are formed from a verb SV or an intransitive verb:
? waterproof boots(adjective, because the verb to get wet in the meaning ‘to let water through’ is intransitive),
? invincible army(adjective, because the verb is to defeat SV).
Let us dwell in more detail on the formation of the forms of some participles and gerunds.
Participle forms
1. From options wandered - wandered, acquired - acquired, dragged - dragged the first is used in book speech, the second in colloquial speech.
2. Unprefixed verbs with suffix -Well- type go out, get wet, dry up retain this suffix in participles, for example: deaf, sticky, wet, blind.
Prefixed verbs of this type tend to lose the suffix in the participle form, for example: frozen, deaf, stuck, sour, wet, blind. In some cases, forms with the suffix ( stuck, disappeared) or parallel forms: with and without suffix ( withered - withered, withered - withered, dried up - dried up, comprehended - comprehended, stuck - stuck, withered - withered and some others).
3. When using reflexive participles with a suffix -xia one should take into account the possibility of their two meanings coinciding - passive and reflexive, which can give rise to ambiguity, for example: the combination “animals going to the zoo” (instead of: animals sent to the zoo).
Forms of participles
1. From optionshaving taken - having taken, having met - having met, having bought - having bought etc. first (with suffix-V ) is normative for a literary language, the second (with the suffix- lice ) is colloquial in nature. Forms on- lice preserved in proverbs and sayings, for example:Having given your word, be strong; When you take off your head, you don't cry through your hair .
2. Possible optionsfrozen - frozen, locked - locked, wiped - wiped, stretched - spread, erased - erased (the second form in each pair is conversational in nature). But onlybringing out (not “having brought it out”),sweeping (not “sweep it out”),having acquired (not “having found”),taking (not “driving”),making a mistake (not “mistaken”),passing (not “carried through”), etc.
In pairs sticking out - sticking out(cf. run with your tongue out), putting - putting(cf. hand on heart), gaping - gaping(cf. listen open mouth), fastened - fastened(cf. agree reluctantly), breaking - breaking(cf. rush headlong), having lowered - after(cf. work carelessly) etc. the second forms are outdated and are preserved only in stable phraseological expressions. Wed. also outdated shade in forms remembering, meeting, noticing, bored, discovering, turning, leaving, forgiving, falling out of love, setting apart, seeing, hearing and so on.
3. Stylistically colored (like ancient folk speech) are the adverbial forms in -uchi(-yuchi) : looking, warming, walking, driving, regretting, tenacious etc. In the meaning of adverbs, the forms are used playfully(cf. do it playfully), sneaking(cf. slink), happily(cf. live happily ever after), skillfully(cf. use skillfully) and some others.
Participial
A large number of errors are made in the use of participial phrases. Let's look at this with a specific example. Let's take a sentence:
The book lying on the table has been read.
Its disadvantage lies in the incorrect word order: defined nounbookfound itself in the middle of a participle clause. According to the rules, the defined noun must appear either before the entire phrase or after it. Wed: 1)The book lying on the table has been read;2) The book lying on the table has been read. Another example: "A student who writes an essay without a single mistake will receive a high mark. " Is it possible to say that? Will the combinations created using this model be correct: “an athlete who can run a hundred meters in ten seconds », « prisoner trying to escape "? No, because participles have only two forms of time - present and past, but they do not have future tense. Therefore, from perfective verbs(write, be able to, try)participles on-schyare not formed. In these cases, the participial phrase is replaced by a subordinate attributive clause:the student who will write; an athlete who can run; a prisoner who tries to escape. Is it possible to say this: “Anyone who wishes to speak at the meeting will have the floor "? No, because from verbs in the conditional mood (with the particlewould)participles are not formed. In these cases, the participial phrase is also replaced by a subordinate attributive clause:Anyone who wishes...« Fruits of the new harvest, shipped from the south, are already arriving in the industrial centers of the country " You may feel a little uneasy reading this sentence out loud. And indeed: isn’t it possible that the fruits “send themselves” to the north? The point is that the suffix-xiain verbal forms it has not only a reflexive meaning (cf.:The students goVhiking),but also a passive meaning when an object experiences someone’s influence (cf.:Replies to letters are sent by the secretary without delay).To avoid possible ambiguity, in such cases we use instead of the participle-xiaparticiple on-my(passive present participle), i.e. instead of the construction “Fruits,departing..."we write:Fruits,sent...Instead of "Girl"brought uploominggrandmother..." -Girl,brought upgrandma...
Using a participial phrase helps remove ambiguity in a sentence. For example:Students had an internshipVone of the plant's workshops, which was recently reorganized(was one of the workshops or the plant as a whole reorganized?).
The participial phrase brings the necessary clarity: 1)...in one of the plant’s workshops, recently reorganized;2) ...in one of the workshops of the recently reorganized plant.
The stylistic feature of participles and participial phrases is that they give the statement a bookish character.A.S. Pushkin wrote: “We do not say:a carriage galloping across a bridge; servant sweeping the room;We are speaking:which gallops, which sweeps..."The above reasoning of Pushkin, who noted the “expressive brevity of participles,” has the following continuation: “The richer the language in expressions and turns of phrase, the better for a skilled writer. The written language is enlivened every minute by expressions born in conversation, but it should not renounce what it has acquired over the centuries.”
Participial turnover
Everyone knows the textbook phrase from A.P. Chekhov’s story: “ Approaching this station, my hat fell off".
Its meaning is clear, but the sentence is constructed unsuccessfully: the rule for using participial phrases is violated.
The adverbial phrase usually moves freely within the sentence: it can appear at the beginning, in the middle and at the end.
For example: 1) Upon entering the classroom, the teacher greeted the students; 2) The teacher, entering the class, greeted the students; 3) The teacher greeted the students upon entering the class. As the examples show, the action expressed by the gerund (entering) refers to the subject.
This provision is not observed in the epigraph: it talks about two active objects in the grammatical meaning of the word - about the passenger (he drove up to the station) and about the hat (it flew off), and the action of the passenger does not relate to the subject. It is easy to verify the incorrect construction of this sentence if you rearrange the adverbial phrase: “As the passenger approached the station, his hat flew off.”
Compare in a student essay: “ Living and moving in an aristocratic society, Onegin developed the habits and views inherent in this society”(it turned out that in an aristocratic society “habits and views lived and circulated”).
It is possible to use the adverbial phrase in an impersonal sentence in the infinitive form of the verb, for example: When crossing the street, you need to carefully monitor traffic. In such sentences there is neither a grammatical nor a logical subject (i.e., the subject of speech expressed in an impersonal sentence by the indirect case of a noun). But a sentence like: “ Approaching the forest, I felt cold": it does not contain an infinitive to which an adverbial phrase could refer.
The adverbial phrase, like the participle, is usually used in book speech. Its undoubted advantage is brevity and laconism. Let's compare two sentences: After I finished my homework, I went for a walk. - After finishing my homework, I went for a walk. It is easy to notice that the second sentence, more compressed in its vocabulary, sounds more energetic than the first.
Participles and participial phrases are highly expressive, which is why they are widely used in the language of fiction. For example: The fogs, swirling and twisting, crawled there along the wrinkles of the neighboring rocks(M. Yu. Lermontov); From time to time, light ripples ran along the river from the wind, sparkling in the sun(V. G. Korolenko).