We put on our pince-nez, a moment of grammar.
We are all humans educated, graduated from schools/colleges/universities (underline as appropriate). But in our great and mighty world there are such words and expressions, the use of which is easy to make a mistake. We have selected a unique TOP these reservations and typos.
BirthdayThis phrase holds the record for the number of incorrect combinations in pronunciation and spelling. There are no "I'm going to a birthday party" or "happy birthday to you". There is no need to write these words with capital letter, this is not an international holiday.
Theirs, theirs and theirs.This irregular shape possessive pronoun Yes, yes, such words exist. But there is no need to say that if there is no need to give speech colloquial coloring. And even more so, use them in writing.
CallingPeople who constantly call someone everywhere. You can't run away from them. The only correct option for emphasis is on second syllable, So it goes.
All in all.It's wrong to say "in general" And "All in all". It would be correct to say "at all" And "All in all". Obviously? Apparently not for everyone, the error is quite common.
Lay downWell, there is no verb "put" such imperfect form. It will be right "put" . Forget about "lay down".
Put on and dressYou can put on a glove and dress the child. But not the other way around. We put on something, but we dress someone. There is one tricky phrase: "Put on clothes and clothe Hope". All you have to do is remember it correctly :)
Tsya and tsyaIt is very easy to check, but this has not reduced the number of errors. It is enough to substitute "what to do?" or "what is he doing?", if there is a question soft sign- we put it in the verb. Faster than checking on the Internet.
Not and neitherIt’s more complicated here, it doesn’t always work out Right differentiate the use of these particles. Most often with the help "neither" we either strengthen, or deny, or connect (as a union). Particle "Not" usually expresses denial. You'll have to get a dictionary.
Despite the rather simple test word(single), many still stubbornly write "one". Do we have these? No. Autocorrect works :)
As ifIf after "How" coming "That", "or" or "someday"- don’t forget to put a dash, you need to put a hyphen between them. Definitely. WITH "as if" there is no need to do such a thing.
Well, probably not, Bruce LeeNo matter how much you would like to put a hyphen, the particle "whether" is written apart. It's easier to remember than to check. Not serious with Bruce Lee, really.
FutureIt's just asking for an extra one "Yu", is not it? By analogy with the word "next". Do this no way worth it. Don't listen to those who say both options are true.
Keep in mindOnly this way and no other way. Remember not to get caught uncomfortable position. By the way, there is an excuse "in view of", easy to confuse.
How much time?If someone asks you a question on the street “What time is it?”, you should not condescendingly lecture the person who asked. But it's true do not speak, here it’s either "how much time?", or "what time is it now?".
These words just sound the same, their meaning and spelling different. It's all about origin "company"- from the word "panis"(bread). That is, a company was a group of dining companions. In its turn "campaign" comes from the word "campus"(field, including battlefield). Previously, a campaign was called a military campaign. Simple to remember: "Apple has launched a charity campaign".
Espresso, latte, cappuccinoMany people drink coffee, but not everyone Right name your favorite drink. Expresso, latte, cappuccino are just a few of the wrong options. Moreover, they can be heard both from customers and baristas.
Borrow and lend"Borrow" And "borrow" in Russia people are confused as often as debtor and creditor. To borrow is to borrow, so you cannot borrow someone. Only someone can. That is, it is either correct “let me borrow from you”, or "lend me some money".
DuringThere is a problem with the ending and with separately written. Remember the correct option not difficult: if you can’t insert a word, then "during"- preposition, written separately, ending with "e". If the dependent word was inserted (“in fast current rivers"), then - this is a preposition with a noun, at the end we put "And".
It's right now "go" And "come". The difficulty is that different shapes this verb is formed from different roots. We can study this phenomenon called suppletivism, or you can simply remember the correct option.
Pay for travelYou often hear "pay for travel"? Nobody goes by minibus? Correct options will "pay for travel" And "pay for travel". Now you can show off to the conductors :) [Based on materials from the Russian Seven]
FunctionalityOh, how functionality is often confused with functionality. Here is Alfa-Bank's recent newsletter.
Remember: functional- This mathematical function, A functionality- a set of capabilities of a particular product. Never use the word functional if your profession is not related to mathematics. Forget about him! The correct term is functionality.
Errors in the Russian language were very fashionable in the 90s and somewhere until the mid-2000s. Now the situation is improving, many people are already writing in good Russian, and more often this is done by foreigners (just kidding). Seriously, the Russian language is our everything.
This should not be taken literally, as, for example, A. Lebedev, who already covered the entire population of the country with his obscenities in three layers. A good Russian with a moderate sense of humor is a sign of good taste. I have collected a small selection of the most common mistakes in the use of words in the Russian language. I have no doubt that it will be very useful for someone.
1 mistake: they don’t dress themselves
You can dress someone, but you can only put something on yourself.Error 2: “in general” and “in general” do not exist
Only the words “in general” and “in general”. Don't even argue.Mistake 3: It’s not fashionable to say “lie down”
There is no such word “to lay down” in Russian, and that’s it.If you like the root so much, you can only use it with prefixes in this form:
Put, Lay, Shift, Lay out.
Error 4: no one “calls” anyone
At all times educated people they use: “a friend is calling you”, “call your parents”.5th mistake: “pay for travel” should be punished to the fullest extent
Conductors who use such a phrase must finally understand that they can either “pay the fare” or “pay the fare.”Error 6: the notorious “tsya” and “tsya”
Some advanced first-graders already know in which cases “tsya” is used and in which cases “tsya” is used.It’s easy to check - ask the question: “What (s)does?” or “What (s)to do?”
If there is a soft sign (b) in the question, then it should also be in the verb; if not, then it should not be in the verb.
Error 7: “come” or “come”
You just need to remember this. The only thing the right word- this is “COME”. However, if you use the future tense, then it is correct:- “I’ll come”
- “you’ll come”
- “they will come.”
8 error: “Sorry”
Those who use the word “izVeni” instead of the correct “izvIni” are worthy of all censure.Mistake 9: You want coffee quickly, and joyfully tell the waiter: “I’d like expresso.”
Remember, coffee is called “Espresso”. Correct usage This word will raise your rating to the skies.And if you also remember that there are words “lAtte” (emphasis on “A”, two “Ts”) and “capuChino” (one “H”), then you are simply a literary genius.
Error 10: “Future”
There is a mania for inserting extra letters into words. The scientific name for this phobia has not yet been invented, but it is time to treat it. I suggest using Dahl’s dictionary and repeating like a spell: “I will” - “future”, “follow” - “next”.Mistake 11: Don’t “mean”
You should keep in mind that “have in mind” is written separately.Error 12: Congratulate correctly
You should say: “Happy birthday.” Easy to check-Congratulations on your (what?) birthday!
-I’m going (where?) to my (what?) birthday! I was at a birthday party.
No “I’m going to your birthday party”, “Happy birthday” and similar heresy!
Error 13: “Albanian” is long outdated
Dear ladies, if some pretzel writes to you in the chat: “cute girl” or, even worse, “looks good”, don’t even think about it - ban him without a second thought!Why do you need to be so literate?
Error 14: “theirs” and “theirs”
My personal conviction is that everyone who uses words such as “theirs”, “theirs” should serve a severe punishment, preferably in the form of caning!Error 15: for advanced
Remember, bloggers, there is no period in the headings and subheadings of articles and any text. And don’t even argue, this rule of the Russian language is observed in all normal books. If you start arguing, it will immediately be obvious that you don’t read books.Simple philosophy modern world, which must be followed - truly successful and worthy man Today I must be literate.
Is Grammar Nazi your middle name? On the one hand, it is very unethical to pretend to be a know-it-all both in personal communication and in online correspondence V in social networks. But on the other hand, it’s ignorance to be illiterate and not know your native Russian language. Everyone has a girlfriend or boyfriend who regularly says “Call me.” How it hurts the ears, and you kick her for it with undisguised irritation. But what if you try to say “Call me” in a joking manner? This will be much more effective, and one day you will hear the long-awaited correct accent!
Examples of speech errors in Russian
People communicate using speech, this is a kind of communication channel. And, as you know, if the signal is disrupted, the connection may be interrupted. Therefore, in order for human bonds to remain inseparable, speech must be correct. Which typical mistakes are allowed in the pronunciation of a proper name?
Ukraine or Ukraine?
All derived country names must be pronounced with emphasis on the consonant I: Ukraine, resident - Ukrainian, language - Ukrainian. It is a mistake to emphasize the letter A.
Marilyn Monroe reading
We decline Maria Tsigal by case
Who what?
- Maria Tsigal.
- Who, what?
- Maria Tsigal.
- To whom; to what?
- Maria Tsigal, etc.
Female surnames that end in a soft sign are not declined.
In Ivanovo or in Ivanovo?
How often do we hear: “We live in Ivanovo” or “We live in Ivanovo.” Right - live in the city of Ivanovo, live in Ivanovo.
Below are examples of typical speech errors in the Russian language and the peculiarities of the use of these words.
Inside? INSIDE!
When getting dressed, we tuck the blouse INSIDE the skirt. Opening the envelope, we look INSIDE. No prefixes "vo" must not be.
Dress? WEAR IT!
This case is perhaps the most common misuse words in speech. There is a simple rule that makes it easy to remember the correct use of these words depending on the context. WEAR A HAT – DRESS A DAUGHTER. When it comes to yourself, in this case, DRESS, someone else – DRESS.
Marilyn Monroe carefully reads a book
Finish school or university? FINISH!
At school I was asked to do my own project. And here it comes BEHIND it's over. You cleaned the house - FINISHED. As you understand, they finish the job, and educational institution(university, school, driving courses) ABOUT are finishing.
Boiling white? BOILING WHITE!
You cook pasta or meat, and a snow-white foam always forms on the surface - boiling water, as our ancestors called it in ancient times.
Therefore, white wardrobe items are boiling white - and no others!
Colleagues? Just COLLEAGUES!
The word “colleague” already by default has the following meaning: “a person who works with me, or has a similar profession,” so it should be explained that “Vasya is my work colleague” is an excessive expression.
Cream, sweater, jumper? CREAMS, SWEATERS, JUMPERS!
We hear the ending “a” in these words regularly; it brings a certain “simpleness” to colloquial speech. It’s much more “poetic” and more correct to use the “s” at the end: today we went shopping and bought warm jumpers, and then went to the cosmetics department and bought nourishing creams.
Eat? EAT!
When pronouncing the phrase “I ate”, remember that it sounds as if from the lips of a mannered coquette. The word "is" is universal. It is worth distinguishing between the boundaries of what is possible and what is not. Asking a child if he has eaten is completely ethical. However, an adult man who answered about himself: “I ate” is bad manners.
Lie down? PLAY!
This is considered one of the most common mistakes in speech. Remember the rule: the word “lay down” does not exist, it is used only with prefixes: Put on the table, Stack, etc. The famous phrase from films: “hang up” is also not the norm. Just “put it down, put it down.”
Hardly, in half? HARDLY, IN HALF!
Remember the popular group “Na-na” in the 90s? So: in the case of these words, no “na-na” is needed: It is unlikely that today we will go somewhere and split the fruit in half.
Marilyn Monroe reading a book in bed
Upon arrival, upon arrival, upon completion? UPON ARRIVAL, UPON ARRIVAL, UPON FINISH!
The correct use of these words primarily rests with your visual memory, frequent reading and interest in dictionaries, since there are no checking rules for them. All that remains is to remember it well, to memorize it.
A sheet? SHEET!
How easy it is to make a mistake with the ending of words “ny, nya”. Get out colloquial version of "sheet" from our vocabulary! To do this you will have to remember your childhood and famous poem Chukovsky "Moidodyr":
“The blanket ran away, the sheet flew away, and the pillow, like a frog, jumped away from me...”
Vacuuming? Vacuuming? I CLEAN WITH A VACUUM CLEANER!
The struggle for cleanliness in the house often ends in a struggle for correct speech! You are putting things in order, but suddenly a friend calls and asks what you are doing. You answer: “vacuuming...vacuuming...sucking dust”... That’s right – “cleaning with a vacuum cleaner”!
According to the order, instructions? According to ORDER, DIRECTION!
After the preposition “according to” there is always a noun in genitive case , that is, answering the question “what”: “according to what? I order." The bonus for the month was issued according to the order of the director of the enterprise.
Wash? WASH!
By using the words wash, rinse, remove the additional ending “sya” in the words, you seem to attribute the action to yourself, that is, you are going to rinse, wash and scrub away dirt from your beloved self.
Shoes? SHOE!
It's impossible not to remember famous phrase from the movie " Caucasian captive”, which almost became winged: “Whose shoe.” The word “shoes” is constant. Correct usage: I tried on a pair of shoes today, which I really liked.
Tea, sugar or TEA, SUGAR?
Experts from the Russian language help service “Gramoty.ru” answer: both options are acceptable. And they add: if before the form-u, -yu (drink tea, eat soup, add sugar) were preferable, but now they have acquired a colloquial connotation and are gradually losing their popularity to forms in -a, -ya (pour tea, add sugar).
Marilyn Monroe reading a book while lying on the couch
Expresso? ESPRESSO!
Why not go and have a cup of your favorite espresso? If you hear this, you are practically offended to the core! This is the most common misuse of the word in speech. The reason for the confusion is the mixing of two words from Italian and English languages, having a similar sound and same value: espresso – fast in Italian, express – “fast, urgent, emergency” in English. We will travel by express from Moscow to St. Petersburg, enjoying a cup of our favorite espresso while sitting in the dining car.
Which ones are found:
- Pronunciation: pays (incorrect) - pays (correct), of course (incorrect) - of course (correct).
- Lexical: Indian - turkey.
- Phraseological: a combination of two stable phrases (“sleeveless” and “hands folded”) - “You can’t do this with your sleeves folded.”
- Morphological: towels, pianos, cheaper ones, etc.
- Syntactic: there are a lot of books on the table (incorrect agreement).
- Orthographic: tubaret, vogzal, here, etc. (found in written speech).
Funny misspelled words
We often make funny mistakes in words and don’t even notice it. Sometimes this happens by accident (slip of the tongue), but more often than not the person really doesn't know how to pronounce the word correctly. Evoshny, evonny, ikhniy - it’s so rustic. These are incorrect derivatives of the words “his” and “their”. “It would be funny if it weren’t so sad.” The most common mistakes in Russian are often made automatically. We heard this word somewhere and remembered it on a subconscious level. Therefore, if you do not want to accidentally embarrass yourself at some performance at work or in public, carefully “filter the market.”
“This” - what kind of animal is this?
Few people know such a word as etovat. But it turns out it exists. In meaning it can be compared with the English Do, which denotes an action, but an indefinite one. This is a universal verb that can be replaced by another depending on the context.
- "What did you do today?"
- “Yes, I’ve been doing this all day!”
or
- “Stop doing this to me!”
This is how diverse the Russian language is, with different features of the use of words in speech. Some words that are not currently used are often mistaken for speech errors by those who do not know their meaning. For example: lamb - lamb, hail - city, blueberry - nun and etc.
Crib! You can check the word you are interested in – its pronunciation, stress, spelling, features of meaning and use – using the portals “Gramota.ru”, “Gramma.ru”, “Yandex Dictionaries”. The website "Orfogrammka.ru" allows you to eliminate errors from entire sentences and paragraphs - to restore order, for example, in the text of a comment or letter. It’s interesting to train literacy by doing online dictations (everyone has heard about the project “ Total dictation"?) And interactive exercises, of which there are many on Gramota.ru
Examples of sentences with common speech errors constantly heard:
- My bills have not been paid.
- You need to put things like this.
- Will you call me?
Even the media often admit something like this: “Thanks to the earthquake, thousands of residents died.”
Conclusion
Speak in native language correctly - this is not only the duty of a citizen of the country, but also his respectful attitude towards other members of society. That is why it is so important to instill in a child a love of learning a language from childhood. Incorrect tongue-tied speech leads to misunderstanding when communicating between people.
Answered by Yesenia Pavlotsky, linguist-morphologist, expert at the Institute of Philology, mass media and Psychology, Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University.
There is a word express and the word espresso. In modern usage they have nothing to do with each other, as literate speakers of the Russian language continue to insist on.
There is a third word - espresso- error resulting contamination, spontaneous crossing of words express And espresso. We know that the main complaint of literate people about the word espresso is that those who make mistakes in this word are aware false etymology: according to them the word espresso means “quickly prepared coffee.”
Indeed, when there are two similar words, the meaning of one of which is known or intuitively understood, this clear meaning is assigned to the second word. Express in our understanding is something fast. This means that e(k)spresso is some kind of “fast” product.
(By the way, in the Russian language there are, in general, a lot of false etymologizations: very juicy from the word juice, prevails from the word press etc.)
Thus, literate native speakers proceed from the fact that words express And espresso just similar, nothing more. They have nothing in common, but call it coffee espresso Well, it's just indecent. Some teach others, explaining that express- this is something urgent or special, and espresso- something that is cooked under pressure press oh because espresso Means squeezed out. The latter, upset by their stupidity, try to remember the difference, and those who know triumph, it must be said, somewhat prematurely.
Word express(both in the meaning of a vehicle and in the meaning of something special, urgent) comes from Lat. expressus- expressive, sharply distinguished, intelligible; expressus is the past perfect participle to exprimo. And exprimo (ex-primo) - yes, yes, squeeze out, squeeze out.
Word espresso comes from esprimere, which translates as to express. It turns out that everything is turned upside down: etymologically “squeezed out” turns out to be vehicle, and coffee “expressed”? Yes, meaning squeeze at the word espresso there is also, but far from the first. But “to make something espresso” in Italian means “to do it specially and quickly.” In Italy, there were establishments where you could ask them to make spaghetti from prepared dough immediately, right now, and such a dish was called “espresso spaghetti.”
Linguists also claim that the word espresso in meaning train came to Italian from French in the middle of the 19th century expresses, which completely overturns our ideas about truth. (In Italy there are train classes: P - regional, E - espresso, etc.)
It is now obvious that the words espresso And express not strangers at all - you can endlessly drown in etymological dictionaries and talk with native speakers, finding out how espresso And express intertwined. But the main thing is that this example gives us good lesson: before insisting on any fact and lecturing others, you should think about whether everything is so simple and unambiguous.
Returning to the modern Russian language, we remind you that today the words express And espresso, despite his interesting story, while clearly separated lexically and orthographically.
Express- a vehicle or something urgent, special.
Espresso- coffee. Without K!
The vast majority of people today are educated, studied at schools, graduated from universities, but there are two dozen words and expressions in which very often we continue to make mistakes.
Birthday
It happens in the Russian language that the frequency of use of words and stable phrases completely erases everything language norms. This happened, for example, with “birthday”. No matter how they distort it!
Firstly, there can be no “I’m going to your birthday” or “I congratulate you on your birthday.”
Secondly, there is a “birthday”, but there is no “birthday”. Finally, many people write both words with a capital letter, which seems to give significance to the expression, but according to the rules of the Russian language this is incorrect. It is acceptable, although not entirely correct (a birthday is not an international celebration), to capitalize the first word, but not both.
Theirs, theirs, theirs
What our creative people don’t do with possessive pronouns! They say “ichniy” (theirs), and “evonyy” (his), and “eeonyy” (her). We are not purists and will not argue that such words should not exist. They exist, but these are colloquial words, the use of which can be justified either in colloquial speech, either in fiction like a welcome.
All in all
There are the words “in general”, “in general”, finally, but the use of the words “in general” and “in general” is unacceptable. Despite the obviousness of this thesis, this mistake remains one of the most common.
Company and campaign
There are sociable people, it’s good to go with them to some party for company. Actually, the word “company” itself comes from Latin word panis (bread), that is, the company was originally called a group of dining companions.
The word "campaign" comes from another word - campus, that is, "field", including a battlefield. Initially, the word “campaign” meant a military campaign.
These two words are homophones, meaning they sound the same but are spelled differently. You can remember the difference this way: the company decided to run a campaign.
Lay down
There is a verb perfect form"put". Form imperfect form- “put”, but not “lay down”, as you can often hear. This form is colloquial; it is recommended for foreign spies to use it in order to pass as one of their own in a rural village.
Not and neither
Real headache proofreaders and editors. The legal use of these particles is sometimes not always obvious. The particle “ni” is usually intensifying and is used when negating the predicate; it can also be used as connecting union. The particle “not” usually expresses negation. When in doubt, it's best to look in the dictionary.
Dress and put on
Another very common mistake in oral speech. You can dress someone and put something on yourself or someone else. To learn this simple rule, just remember mnemonic phrase“Put on clothes, put on Hope.”
Tsya and tsya
Despite the fact that the spelling of “tsya” and “tsya” in verbs is very easy to check (You need to ask the question “what (s)does?”, “what (s)do?”. If there is a soft sign in the question, then it will be and in “tsya”) this error occurs extremely often.
Unit
It would seem that you write the word “one”, check it with the word “one” and everything will fall into place, but no... For some reason, many persistently write “one” and that’s it... Don’t do that.
As if
Writing hyphens anywhere is a common whim of many people. “How” is written with a hyphen if it is followed by “then”, “either”, “either”. The particle “as if” is written separately.
Well, it's unlikely
Everything is simple here: the particle “li,” no matter how much one would like to add it with a hyphen, is written separately. Just need to remember. As a mnemonic device, you can think of Bruce Lee and imagine what he would do to someone who misspelled such simple words.
What time is it?
If a person comes up to you and asks, “What time is it?”, you will probably answer, but know that he asked incorrectly. The correct word would be “what time?” and “what time is it?”
Espresso
Overseas words are unlucky in Russian. They are constantly being changed. Among the words now commonly used, one can recall the names of coffee “espresso”, “latte” and “cappuccino”. They always want to call the first “expresso”; in the second they constantly strive to emphasize last syllable, although the first one is correct, for some reason they put two “h”s in the third one when writing it.
Borrow and lend
Financial literacy in Russia leaves much to be desired, so it is not surprising that the words “borrow” and “lend” are constantly confused in our country. “Borrow” means borrowing, so saying “loan me money” is wrong. You also cannot borrow from someone, you can only borrow from someone. The correct answer would be “lend me some money” or “can I borrow from you?”
During
Starting from school, the words “during” and “during” are often written incorrectly. Firstly, they write together, which is a serious mistake, and secondly, they confuse the letters at the end of words.
Here's how to remember how to write correctly: The preposition with the noun “during” can be divided dependent word, and the preposition “during” is inseparable. For example, in a fast flowing river (preposition with a noun), during the evening.