Soft sign, probably the most mysterious letter in the Russian language. It does not indicate a sound; it is not classified as a vowel/consonant. Why is it needed then? It turns out that her role in our writing great. In this article we will figure out when “b” is used after sibilants with nouns, adverbs and verbs.
Nouns. Soft sign after sibilant consonants
The exact writing of the soft sign located after these consonants causes the greatest difficulty, since it is not clear by ear whether it needs to be written or not.
It turns out that the rule is very simple: a soft sign after the hissing ones. noun written only in the words of wives. genders belonging to the 3rd declension.
The words “oven”, “speech”, “daughter”, “night”, “game” are feminine, have a nominative case and are in the singular. Therefore, we must definitely write “b” in them.
But be careful: they should not be confused with words of the 1st declension, which are in indirect cases: “many clouds”, “no tasks”, “several piles”. All these words, it would seem, female, and probably should be classified as 3rd declension.
But let's take a closer look: they are in the genitive case. If we raise them to initial form(“cloud”, “task”, “heap”), then we will make sure that they belong to the first declension, which means they do not obey this rule.
There is another “trap” in the Russian language, where under no circumstances should a soft sign be used after hissing words. Words ending in a hissing consonant, but belonging to the second declension, are not written with “b” (“rook”, “doctor”, “cloak” - 2nd cl.). Therefore, ask the question to the noun more carefully. Do this before determining the declension, since gender depends on it. noun, and number.
When do we write “b” for adverbs?
An adverb is one of the unchangeable parts of speech. It is not declined, no endings are distinguished in it. The spelling of “b” in adverbs is not subject to any difficult rules.
- In those adverbs that end in a consonant “sh” or “ch”, a soft sign is always written. For example: “jump up”, “exactly”.
In adverbs starting with “w”, it is never written. An exception would be the word “wide open”.
- Another rule that the adverb is subject to: a soft sign after hissing ones is always used, with the exception of “already”, “married”, “unbearable”. Undoubtedly, such a humorous sentence is easily remembered by schoolchildren, especially girls.
It is not so important which rule you remember, the main thing is that both reflect the essence of spelling adverbs.
Verb and soft sign after sibilants
The verb is one of the most commonly used parts of speech, without which our language would be very impoverished. Spelling “ь” with verbs causes a lot of difficulties not only for students, but also for adults.
- If the verb is in indefinite form(infinitive) ends in a sibilant, then “ь” in this case will always be written. And here without any exceptions. “Take care”, “bake”, “burn”. It will also be preserved in return form, before the postfix “-sya”: “get carried away”, “light up”, “beware”.
- All 2nd person singular verbs use a soft sign. This applies both to the present tense: (“you are now”), “writing”, “drawing”, “walking”, “sleeping”, and to the future: (“you are tomorrow”) “working”, “thinking”, “finishing” ", "you'll redo it." The soft sign will also be preserved before the postfix “-sya”: “you will like”, “you will use”, “you will touch”, “you will gain”, “you will take shape”. In verbs that appear in imperative mood and ending in a hissing consonant, they always write a soft sign: “cut off”, “eat”, “spread”, “hide”. Before the plural postfix “-te”, it is necessarily preserved: “designate”, “cut”, “hide”.
Before the postfix “-sya” it also does not disappear: “take comfort”, “don’t cut yourself”.
And again, be careful and do not fall into the “trap” of the insidious Russian language! The words “cry” and “cry” are completely different parts of speech, and therefore are written differently.
“Crying” without a soft sign is a noun of the 2nd declension, and, accordingly, a soft sign cannot be written in it. But “cry” with a soft sign is an imperative verb, and, as you know, we always write “b” in them. All this can be easily guessed from the proposed context, in which the meaning of the word will become clear.
Conclusion
The soft sign after sibilants is used with many parts of speech. Knowing simple rules, you will never have trouble spelling it after these consonants. If you suddenly forget some nuances, our article will remind you of them.
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Part of speech |
Rule |
Examples |
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Noun |
b is written – zh.r. 3 stacked units |
Youth, luxury |
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b is not written |
m.r. 2 cl. units |
Watchman, key, ivy |
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Tasks, pears, schools |
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Adjective |
In short adjectives with a base, a hissing b is not written |
Fresh, hot, good |
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Verb |
Indeterminate form |
Take care, get burned |
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2nd person unit |
You can draw |
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Imperative mood |
Smear it, don't cry |
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Adverb |
Always (excl. already, married, unbearable) |
Jump up, wide open, completely |
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Particles |
Just, you know, you see, you see |
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Examples for spelling warm-up:
Re h b , young and b , We w b , di h b , But h b , full h b , before h b , ne h b , retu w b , su w b , those h b , you w b. Kama w , comrades sch , But and , pay and , headlights w , feces h , boron sch , gara and , monta and ,gro w , traction h , obru h , le sch , ovo sch , pla sch , pla h, Yes h , ro sch , matured sch , fire sch , roof w , meet h , thousand h Sve and , prigo and , pogo and , inho and , similar and , not good and , similar and , ry and , bests and , du and , awkward and , broad-shouldered h , oho h , lol h , singing h , I live h , I'll jump h , traction h , I'm taking h , bad luck h. Teach w b , teach w b Xia , wear w b , wear w b Xia , carrying w b , carrying w b xia, losing w b , losing w b Xia , sleep w b , get some sleep w b xia, familiar m b those , familiar m b Xia ; bro With b bro With b Xia bro With b those bro With b hang on ; otre and b. Splo w b , sunday h b , about h b , for example h b , That h b -in-th h b , backwards h b , Nastya and b , naotma w b , nevmo h b.
Exercise No. 1. Explain the spelling of b, indicate the spelling, indicate the part of speech.
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ovo sch |
Exist, 2nd class, m.r. |
Do not Cry | |
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I'll mix sch |
Short adjective | ||
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get carried away | |||
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admiring | |||
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transitory | |||
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mutual assistance | |||
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you'll have fun |
you'll cry | ||
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storage facilities |
you'll get burned | ||
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waylay | |||
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backhand |
discover |
Exercise No. 2. Put these nouns in R.P. pl. h, make up phrases with the subordinating connection management.
Exercise No. 3. Match these words with nouns with the same root as hissing, write them down, and indicate the spelling.
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sentry | |||
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plush | |||
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youth | |||
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to help | |||
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radiant |
march | ||
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bearded | |||
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glib | |||
Exercise No. 4. Write down the nouns in R.P. pl. numbers
Exercise No. 5. Replace the full forms of adjectives with short ones. Underline the adjectives as parts of the sentence. What part of the sentence are short adjectives?
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handsome young man | |
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viscous honey | |
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dense forest | |
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shameless man | |
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hot coffee | |
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broad-shouldered young man | |
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black cop | |
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son who looks like his father | |
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biting frost | |
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red baby | |
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skinny goose | |
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suitable occasion |
Exercise No. 6. Change verbs according to patterns.
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will be offended |
grievances look Xia |
will rise | |
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return | |||
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bend |
will look after | ||
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will grow up | |||
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get some sleep |
Explain the spelling of verb endings in the 3rd person plural form. numbers.
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eat |
Eat b , eat b those |
slice | ||
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spread |
do not Cry | |||
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hide |
console yourself | |||
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appoint |
multiply | |||
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you'll save |
Save, save | |||
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bake |
you'll distract | |||
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you will cut |
you take care | |||
Exercise No. 7. Find the correspondence of phrases with synonymous adverbs with hissing, indicate the spelling.
Exercise No. 8. Fill in the columns of the table (indicate only word numbers)
1) lubricate_ 2) married_ 3) youth_4) supine_ 5) tractor_ 6) treasure_ 7) sushi_ 8) pursue_ 9) mighty_ 10) already_ 11) enter_ 12) hide_ 13) thing_ 14) fresh_ 15) skinny_ 16) violinist_ 17) completely_ 18) save_ 19) quiet_ 20) kalach_ 21) awkward_ 22) good_ 23) cottage_ 24) trifle_ 25) hidden_ 26) lie down_ 27) brooch_ 28) timing_ 29) hot_ 30) hard-working_ 31) luxury_ 32) brought_ 33) cut_ 34 ) speech_ 35) patronage_ 36) omniscient_ 37) electric oven_ 38) dried up_ 39) calculated 40) false_ 41) prestige_ 42) revenge_ 43) kleish_ 44) sick_ 45) strongman_ 46) medical doctor_ 47) arbitration_ 48) brilliant_ 49) and w_ 50) smelly_
The letter ь is written to indicate the softness of a paired consonant in end of words, For example: dove, leave, notebook, dirt, sorry, seven, horse, kitchens, apple trees, embankment, beast, paint, drink, shipyard.
Letter b , which ends the first part of a compound or compound word, is written to indicate the softness of a consonant before any letter, vowel or consonant, beginning the second part, for example: village executive committee, village council, salvage, costutil, robarmiya, quarter-century, quarter-finals, Dalenergo, Svyazinvest, Tyumen?neft.
To indicate the softness of a paired consonant before consonants, the letter “b” is written in the following cases
1. After the letter l before any consonant except l , For example: shooting, lion, foil, ice floe, slide, several, no belmes, bedroom, carefully, scalpel, waltz, coat, flatter, April, alpha, alder, mirror, boy, more, flattered .
A soft sign is not written between two l, For example: boisterous .
?sk? consonant l before the suffix – soft, so after l is written b , eg: rural, Ural, Barnaul. However, in some adjectives formed from non-Russian proper geographical names, remains solid l, and therefore b is not written, for example: Kyzyl, Yamal(along with options Kyzyl, Yamal).
2. After other consonants:
a) before letters expressing hard consonants, for example: carving, I'll take, earlier, nanny, letter, request, very, incite, witch, wedding, darkness, threshing, ugh;
Most adjectives with a suffix ?sk? consonants n And R before the suffix – hard, therefore b they do not say, for example: horse, Kazan, Tyumen, knightly, January, huntsman. However, in the following adjectives these consonants before the suffix ?sk? soft, in them after n And R is written b : day?day, June, September, October, November, December, as well as in many adjectives formed from non-Russian proper geographical names in no, For example: Tien Shan, Taiwanese, Phnom Penh, Torun, Sichuan, Tianjin. Nouns formed with the suffix are written (and pronounced) in the same way ?ts? from the same geographical names: Kazan, Tyumen residents, But Taiwanese, Phnom Penh, Torun and so on.
b) before letters expressing soft consonants, b it is written only in cases where in other forms of the same word or in words with the same root, the second soft consonant becomes hard, and the first consonant remains soft, for example: take it(cf. I'll take it), eight (eighth), witch (witch), in the dark (dark), carving (thread), mowing (mowing), wedding (wedding), threshing (threshing), earrings (earrings), skates (skates), uncle (uncle).
3. In other cases, ь is not written after the letter representing a soft consonant, For example: is it, prisoner, gnaw, bones, carry, syndicate, review, early, pension, bow, if, song .
Letter b not written in consonant combinations nsch, nsch, in particular before suffixes ?chik, ?schik, ?shchin(a), for example: nurse, dandelion, cup, tip, chick; mason, bath attendant, partisan, Ryazan region.
The letter "b" as an indicator of grammatical form
Letter b written (regardless of pronunciation) in the following grammatical forms Oh:
A) in complex numerals before ?ten And ?hundred: fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred;
In numerals fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen before ?eleven b not written.
b) in the infinitive form of the verb (infinitive) before? (same as in the infinitive of verbs without ?xia), For example: swim, have, pour, split, put on shoes, wash, laugh;
V ) in imperative forms of verbs before ?xia And ?those(same as in forms without ?xia And ?those), For example: go, weigh, back away, sit, stand, throw, meet, check ;
G) in the shape of instrumental case plural of nouns , For example: people, horses, doors, children, as well as in the form of the instrumental case of the numeral four .
After w, w, h, sch letter b written according to tradition in the following grammatical forms:
A) at the end of the nominative/accusative case forms singular feminine nouns of the 3rd declension , For example: rye, whim, mouse, falsehood, night, trifle, thing, help;
b ) at the end of the 2nd person singular of verbs of the present and future tense (after w ), For example: carry, laugh, see, give, rush;
V) in imperative forms of verbs , For example:smear, eat, hide, cut, comfort yourself, hide, don’t wince;
G) in the indefinite form of verbs (after h ), For example: bake, cut, pound, get carried away, get burned .
The letter ь after sibilants is also written at the end of adverbs and particles , For example: wide open, completely, backhanded, gallop, backwards, unbearably, away, completely, just, just, see, beat. Exceptions: letter b not written in adverbs married, unbearable, already, in a particle as much, and also in the preposition between .
The letter ь after sibilants is not written at the end of the following grammatical forms:
A) nominative/accusative singular nouns male 2nd declension , For example: knife, ball, ladle, raincoat;
b) genitive plural of feminine nouns of the 1st declension , For example: puddles(from puddle), clouds, galoshes, groves ;
V) short forms masculine adjectives , For example: fresh, eager, good, poor.
After the hissing ones. We will set out for you the rules that say when you should not do this and when it is strictly necessary to do it.
These rules are based on what part of speech we are talking about, in what declension and in what part of the word.
Soft sign after hissing ones - setting rule
We put a soft sign:
- The soft sign after sibilants must be written in feminine nouns if they are singular in the nominative and
Example words: night, gap, daughter, lie, thing, baldness.
Example in a sentence: The queen gave birth that night to either a son or a daughter.
2. In verbs of the second person in the singular, subject to the present or future tense on endings after sibilants.
Example in a word: you will, you will become, you will cook, you will remember, you will believe, you will do.
Examples in sentences: If you know, if you believe, then you will be with me and will not soon stop loving me.
- xia, the soft sign is preserved. Example: you return, you strain, you intend.
3. In singular verbs, in endings after sibilants.
Example in a word: Cut! Eat it! Hide it!
Addition: If you add an ending to these verbs - xia, the soft sign is preserved. Hide! Don't be foolish!
Examples in sentences: Vadik, don’t fool around and hide!
4. In verbs that are in the imperative mood before endings - those, - those.
Example: smear - smear - smear.
Example in a sentence: Children! Do not Cry!
5. In verbs unknown person, including before the end -xia.
Example words: oven - bake, lie down - lie down.
Example in a sentence: These rivers take a long time to flow.
6. In adverbs it is necessary to enter a soft sign after the hissing ones at the end of the word.
Example: All at once, at a gallop, backhand, wide open.
Example in a sentence: He let his horse gallop, and backhanded the air with his sword.
Exceptions: I can’t bear to get married.
7. In particles with hissing endings: I mean, you see, you see, only.
Example words: I mean, just.
In a sentence: What a hooligan!
Why is it sometimes that a soft sign is not written after a hissing character?
No need to write:
- In nominative case nouns.
Example: rook, kalach, stag, bream, knife.
Offer: A swift flew up to our window.
2. In nouns located in plural And genitive case.
Example: clouds, steep, shoulders, Grisha, between, puddles.
Example sentences: Unfortunately, no pears were served for breakfast today.
3. In short form.
Example: powerful, hot, good, volatile, melodious, handsome.
Offer: He was both good-hearted and handsome...
4. In pronouns with a sibilant at the end.
Examples: yours, ours.
Considering the above, the spelling of a soft sign after a sibilant differs depending on many factors - part of speech, declension, number, as well as the presence of exceptions to the rules.
Teachers junior classes Give their students rhyming versions of the rules - for easier memorization.
Rules in verse!
Nouns "many"
Nouns "my" -
We are not putting up any sign!
In verbs and adverbs
The sign is always written
And in short adjectives
We never write!
Spelling a soft sign at the end of words after sibilants
In Russian, sibilants at the end of words (Zh, Sh, Shch and Ch) are possible in six parts of speech:
In nouns (NIGHT, WATCHMAN, MANY TASKS),
in adjectives (HOT),
in verbs (WRITE),
in adverbs (WIDE),
pronouns (OUR),
particles (ONLY).
Each of these parts of speech for the use of a soft sign has its own special rule.
1. If we have a noun in front of us, then a soft sign is placed after the sibilants only when the word belongs to the III declension (NIGHT). Nouns of the 1st and 2nd declension with a sibilant at the end are written without a soft sign (MANY CLOUDS, BRICK). Don’t forget that patronymics and surnames ending in -ICH are nouns of the second declension and are written without a soft sign. For example: SERGEEVICH, RYURIKOVICH, VOYNOVICH.
2. If the word answers the question WHAT? and is short adjective, then after the hissing at the end a soft sign is not needed (HOT, MIGHTY).
3. Verbs with a sibilant at the end are always written with a soft sign. For example: LOOK or LOOK (in the form of the second person singular of the present or future tense), CUT (in the imperative mood), BURN (in the indefinite form). Please note that in verbs the soft sign may appear after the sibilant and not at the very end of the word, but before the postfixes -СЯ or -TE, for example: BATHING, HIDE.
4. At the end of adverbs after hissing ones, a soft sign is always written (WIDE, JUMP, AWAY), except for exceptions: UZH, MARRIED, UNBEARABLE.
5. Pronouns with sibilants at the end are written without a soft sign, for example: OUR, YOURS.
6. The particles ISH, ONLY, Bish are always written with a soft sign.
Exercise
We already knew this and did not stop him from managing things in his own way; but between us was an officer who had recently been transferred to us. (“Shot”, A. S. Pushkin)
Petrovich had a skein of silk and thread hanging around his neck, and on his knees was some kind of rag. (“The Overcoat”, N.V. Gogol)
This is exactly how they first took and suspected these, what's their... Kokh and Pestryakov. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
Finally, the poor guy became, in some way, unbearable, and decided to get through by storm at all costs, you know. (" Dead Souls", N.V. Gogol)
This expression said that she decided to endure her misfortune without complaining, and that her husband was a cross sent to her from God. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
The sun was just beginning to rise from behind the clouds; the air was fresh and dewy. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
And just think about what and who - what insignificance can be the cause of people’s misfortune! (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
He knew that this story contributed to the glorification of our weapons, and therefore he had to pretend that he did not doubt it. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
As soon as he began to say something that did not satisfy the purpose of the accusation, they took a groove, and the water could flow wherever it wanted. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
They say that his mother was very pretty, and it seems strange to me why she married so unsuccessfully, to such an insignificant person... (“Poor people”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
I told him... Don't cry for me: I will try to be both courageous and honest all my life, even though I am a murderer. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
The whole battle consisted only in what the Cossacks of Orlov-Denisov did; the rest of the troops lost several hundred people in vain. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
It will fall on its own when it is ripe, and if you pick it green, you will ruin the apple and the tree, and you will set your teeth on edge. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
Nikolai, in two words, bought for six thousand_seventeen stallions for selection (as he said) for the horse-drawn end of his repairs. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
On the other side of the fence, the old man was whittling a hoop and did not see Levin. (“Anna Karenina”, L.N. Tolstoy)
Nothing could come out now except falsehood and lies; and falsehood and lies were disgusting to his nature. (“Anna Karenina”, L.N. Tolstoy)
No one declared war, but people sympathize with the suffering of their neighbors and want to help them, said Sergei Ivanovich. (“Anna Karenina”, L.N. Tolstoy)
And in Moscow, where every meeting is a knife in her heart, she lives for six months, waiting for a decision every day. (“Anna Karenina”, L.N. Tolstoy)
Night fell - the mother blessed her daughter and wished her a gentle sleep, but this time her wish was not fulfilled; Lisa slept very poorly. (" Poor Lisa", N. M. Karamzin)
But sometimes - although very rarely - a golden ray of hope, a ray of consolation illuminated the darkness of her sorrow. (“Poor Liza”, N. M. Karamzin)
And there is one key there, three times larger than all of them, with a jagged beard, of course, not from the chest of drawers. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
“Don’t worry, I won’t give it to you,” the mustache said decisively and went after them. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
But as I leave, I dare say that in the future I hope to be spared such meetings and, so to speak, compromises. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
The cry of poor, consumptive, lonely Katerina Ivanovna seemed to produce strong effect to the public. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
Her pale yellow, withered face was thrown back, her mouth opened, her legs stretched out convulsively. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
Ditch_! - Luzhin screamed, enraged to the point of rage, - you are all wild, sir. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
Marfa Terentyevna did not let up, but pestered the mayor more and more: take out Bonaparte, and in the end he will become exhausted. (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
Whatever fires out of a gun will shoot right through your heart, whatever you wave with a saber will take your head off your shoulders. (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
He made numerous campaigns against debtors and was so eager for spectacle that he would flog anyone without himself.
didn't trust. (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
"Enough! - he said decisively and solemnly, “other mirages, other feigned fears, other ghosts!..” (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
I thought that the sky would collapse, the earth would open up under my feet, that a tornado would fly from somewhere and swallow everything, everything at once... (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
He bargained with them for a long time, asking for altyn and money for the search, but the bunglers gave a penny and their bellies in addition. (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
The exercise was prepared by N. Solovyova and B. A. Panov (“League of Schools”).