Temperatures in the summer of 1816 compared to modern ones. In the Russian Empire, the average annual temperature in 1816 was even higher than the statistical average.
A year without summer- nickname of 1816, in which in Western Europe and North America experienced unusually cold weather. Before today it remains the coldest year since weather records began. In the USA he was also nicknamed “one thousand eight hundred frozen to death” ( eighteen hundred and froze to death).
Causes [ | ]
Only in 1920 American physicist and climatologist proposed the “year without summer” hypothesis. In his opinion, climate change is associated with the eruption of Mount Tambora on the southern hemisphere Indonesian island of Sumbawa, the most powerful volcanic eruption ever observed, directly costing the lives of 71 thousand people, which is the largest number deaths from a volcanic eruption in the entire history of mankind. Its April 1815 eruption measured seven on the Volcanic Eruption Index (VEI), and its massive 150 km³ of ash may have caused a northern hemisphere volcanic winter that lasted for several years.
According to Kole-Dai et al., who studied the isotopic composition arctic ice(2009), another eruption probably occurred in the tropical region six years earlier. Although the eruption is not recorded in written sources, its effect on the weather was comparable to that of Tambora. Theoretically, as a result joint action of these two eruptions, the subsequent decade (1810-1819) turned out to be the coldest (at least) in the previous 550 years.
Consequences [ | ]
To spread the ashes across earth's atmosphere It took several months, so in 1815 the consequences of the eruption in Europe were not yet felt so strongly. However, in March 1816 the temperature continued to be winter. In April and May there was an unnatural amount of rain and hail. There were frosts in America in June and July. Snow fell in New York and New England. Germany was repeatedly tormented strong storms, many rivers (including the Rhine) overflowed their banks. In Switzerland there was snow every month.
The unusual cold led to a catastrophic crop failure. In the spring of 1817, grain prices increased tenfold, and famine broke out among the population. Britain bought more grain than ever before in its history. Tens of thousands of Europeans, still suffering from the destruction of the Napoleonic Wars, emigrated to America.
High levels of ash in the atmosphere caused unusually spectacular sunsets during this period, particularly captured in paintings by Caspar David Friedrich and William Turner, which were dominated by yellow hues. A study led by K. Tserefos from the Athens Observatory, which analyzed images of sunsets in 554 paintings by 181 artists working from 1500 to 1900, led to the conclusion that the intensity of the color of the sky in the paintings corresponds to the volume of volcanic emissions at the time of their creation .
English writer Mary Shelley spent the summer of 1816 with friends at the Villa Diodati (English) near Lake Geneva. Due to extremely bad weather, vacationers were often unable to leave their homes. So they decided that everyone would write creepy story, which will then be read to each other. Mary Shelley then wrote her famous story "
The Year Without Summer is a nickname for the year 1816, which saw unusually cold weather in Western Europe and North America. To this day, it remains the coldest year since meteorological records began. In the USA he was also nicknamed Eighteen hundred and frozen to death, which translates as “one thousand eight hundred frozen to death.”
In March 1816, the temperature continued to be wintry. In April and May there was an unnatural amount of rain and hail. In June and July there was frost every night in America. Up to a meter of snow fell in New York and the northeastern United States. Germany was repeatedly tormented by strong storms, many rivers (including the Rhine) overflowed their banks. In Switzerland there was snow every month. The unusual cold led to a catastrophic crop failure. In the spring of 1817, grain prices increased tenfold, and famine broke out among the population. Tens of thousands of Europeans, moreover, still suffering from destruction Napoleonic Wars, emigrated to America.
It was not until 1920 that American climate researcher William Humphreys found an explanation for the “year without a summer.” He linked climate change to the eruption of Mount Tambora on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa, the most powerful volcanic eruption ever observed, directly costing the lives of 71,000 people, the highest death toll from a volcanic eruption in recorded history. Its eruption in April 1815 recorded a magnitude seven on the Volcanic Eruption Index (VEI) and a massive 150 km³ of ash released into the atmosphere, causing a volcanic winter in the northern hemisphere that lasted for several years.
There is information that after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991, the temperature dropped by 0.5 degrees, the same as after the eruption of Tambora in 1815.
We should have observed in 1992 throughout the northern hemisphere approximately the same phenomena that are described as “the year without summer.” However, there was nothing of the kind. And if you compare it with other eruptions, you will notice that they did not always coincide with climatic anomalies. The hypothesis is bursting at the seams. These are the “white threads” with which she is sewn that are spreading.
Here's another strange thing. In 1816, a climate problem occurred “throughout the entire Northern Hemisphere.” But Tambora is located in the southern hemisphere, 1000 km from the equator. The fact is that in the Earth’s atmosphere at altitudes above 20 km (in the stratosphere) there are stable air currents along parallels. Dust thrown into the stratosphere to a height of 43 km should have been distributed along the equator with a shift of the dust belt to the southern hemisphere. What do the USA and Europe have to do with this?
Egypt was supposed to freeze Central Africa, Central America, Brazil and, finally, Indonesia itself. But the climate there was very good. Interestingly, just at this time, in 1816, in Costa Rica, which is located about 1000 km north of the equator, started growing coffee. The reason for this was: “...the ideal alternation of rainy and dry seasons. And, constant temperature throughout the year, which has a beneficial effect on the development of coffee bushes...”
And their business, you know, took off. That is, there was prosperity even several thousand kilometers north of the equator. But then there is a complete “pipe”. It’s interesting to know how it is that 150 cubic kilometers of erupted soil jumped 5...8 thousand kilometers from southern hemisphere to the north, at an altitude of 43 kilometers, contrary to all longitudinal stratospheric currents, without spoiling the weather for the residents one bit Central America? But this dust brought down all its terrible photon-scattering impenetrability onto Europe and North America.
But the strangest thing in this worldwide deception is the role of Russia. Live at least half your life in archives and libraries, not a word about bad weather you won’t find it in the Russian Empire in 1816. We supposedly had a normal harvest, the sun was shining and the grass was green. We probably live neither in the Southern nor in the Northern Hemisphere, but in some third.
Let's test ourselves for sobriety. Now is the time, for we are facing a huge optical illusion. So, there was famine and cold in Europe in 1816...1819! This is a fact confirmed by many written sources. Could this have bypassed Russia? It could, if it only concerned western regions Europe. But in this case, we would definitely have to forget about the volcanic hypothesis. After all, stratospheric dust is pulled along parallels around the entire planet.
And, in addition, no less fully than in Europe, tragic events covered in North America. But they are still separated Atlantic Ocean. What kind of locality can we talk about here? The event clearly affected the entire northern hemisphere, including Russia. An option when North America and Europe froze and starved for 3 years in a row, and Russia did not even notice the difference.
Thus, from 1816 to 1819, cold really reigned throughout the entire northern hemisphere, including Russia, no matter what anyone said. Scientists confirm this and call the first half of the 19th century “small ice age" And so important question: who will suffer more from a 3-year cold, Europe or Russia? Of course, Europe will cry louder, but it will suffer stronger Russia. And that's why. In Europe (Germany, Switzerland), the summer growth time of plants reaches 9 months, and in Russia – about 4 months. This means that we had not only 2 times less chance of growing sufficient reserves for the winter, but also 2.5 times less more chances starve to death over a longer winter. And if in Europe the population suffered, then in Russia the situation was 4 times worse, including in terms of mortality. This is if you don’t take into account any magic. Well, what if?..
I offer readers a magical scenario. Suppose there is a wizard who twirled his staff and changed the movement of high-altitude winds so that the sun would not be blocked for us. But I myself am not convinced by this option. No, I believe in good wizards, but I don’t believe in foreigners who fled tens of thousands all the way overseas, instead of calmly coming and staying in Russia, where it is so good, where they are always welcome.
Apparently, after all, in Russia it was much worse than in Europe. Moreover, it was our territory that was probably the source of climatic troubles throughout the hemisphere. And in order to hide this (someone needed it), all mentions of it were removed or reworked.
But if you think about it sensibly, how could this be? All North hemisphere suffers from climatic anomalies and does not know what is wrong. First scientific version appears only 100 years later, and it does not stand up to criticism. But the cause of events must be located precisely at our latitudes. And if this reason is not observed in America and Europe, then where could it be if not in Russia? There is nowhere else. And right here Russian empire pretends that he doesn’t know what he’s talking about at all. We didn’t see or hear, and in general everything was fine with us. Familiar behavior, and very suspicious.
Addition: Dependence of average annual temperatures on powerful eruptions:
But scientists cannot find the reason for the cold snap of 1258.
Mysterious 1258 eruption worries volcanologists
There is an opinion that air masses in different latitudinal hemispheres do not communicate with each other. Those. air from the southern hemisphere does not enter the northern and vice versa. What can you say about currents?
Questions, just questions...
When I remember previous years, for some reason such a period of each year remains in my memory as... SUMMER.
Perhaps this is from childhood, when you are waiting for graduation, after which it is a wonderful time.... just three months, which you wait for nine whole months....
Or maybe this is not from my school childhood? Maybe this is from the past of my ancestors, who, generation after generation, accumulated anticipation of this period, and most importantly, living it....
And there is something to look forward to and love about this wonderful time... It seems to me that the word in Russian is “So much” YEARS", (which is a synonym for the word "YEAR")... not by chance. It seems that our ancestors counted years as SUMMERS. And if this is so, then this means that our ancestors built their lives around the cycle - autumn-winter-spring-SUMMER. In which SUMMER was, as it were, end result. Then the cycle repeated. This was life in harmony with NATURE.
It was a saying. Now imagine that suddenly the cycle that is familiar to you, around which your whole life has been built, the change of seasons, has failed. And not because SUMMER suddenly changed to autumn....
But quite the opposite.... Winter was delayed... for about 12 months
And as a result comes terrible period, in history called "YEAR WITHOUT SUMMER"
Nothing interesting or new yet??
That's it for now.
Above is a table of temperature anomalies over the past few hundred years. I will not discuss its appearance and how true it is; I cited it as an example solely for the sake of the year 1816, indicated in history as the YEAR WITHOUT SUMMER...
A little history:
In 1816, unusually cold weather reigned in Europe and North America. It was so cold that the Americans also nicknamed it “one thousand eight hundred frozen.” To this day, it remains the coldest year since meteorological records began.
Still would! After all, this year it snowed even in summer. It was not until 1920 that American climate researcher William Humphreys found an explanation for the “year without a summer.” He linked climate change to volcanic eruptions. In 1809, there was a strong eruption of one of the volcanoes in the tropics. And a few years later - Mount Tambora on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa,
which became the most powerful volcanic eruption ever observed. It cost the lives of 71 thousand people, which is the largest number of deaths from a volcanic eruption in the history of mankind. Its eruption in April 1815 recorded a magnitude seven on the Volcanic Eruption Index (VEI) and a massive 150 km³ of ash released into the atmosphere, causing a volcanic winter in the northern hemisphere that lasted for several years. It took several months for the ash to spread through the earth's atmosphere, so in 1815 the consequences of the eruption in Europe were not yet felt so strongly.
However, in March 1816 the temperature continued to be winter. In April and May there was an unnatural amount of rain and hail. There were frosts in America in June and July. Snow fell in New York and the northeastern United States. At the same time, in Eastern Europe the average annual temperature in 1816 was even higher than the statistical average. Germany was repeatedly tormented by strong storms, many rivers (including the Rhine) overflowed their banks. In Switzerland there was snow every month. The unusual cold led to a catastrophic crop failure. In the spring of 1817, grain prices increased tenfold, and famine broke out among the population. Tens of thousands of Europeans, still suffering from the destruction of the Napoleonic Wars, emigrated to America. But, as they say, every cloud has a silver lining. English writer Mary Shelley spent the summer of 1816 with friends at her villa near Lake Geneva...
I am not yet discussing the fact that in Russian history You will not find any mention of this unfortunate fact.. (I’ll explain why a little later)
Those. It turns out that in North America and Europe there is no summer, WINTER IS SEVERE, but in Russia it is peace and quiet... Just “Sannikov Land” - an oasis of good weather in the northern hemisphere raging in winter.
I am already silent about the fact that according to all the laws of physics, the volcanic ash of the volcanoes of the Northern Hemisphere is distributed by a belt along the latitude of origin of only the NORTHERN HEMISPHERE (since the Earth rotates), which was proven by the latest eruption in Ireland. For some reason the ashes did NOT reach the Southern Hemisphere!!!
So the fact is that in the past the laws were different, and the ashes of the Southern Hemisphere for some reason ended up in the Northern Hemisphere, so much so that they crossed the region high pressure at the equator, hundreds of kilometers wide, at which even air masses should not mix..., but then people knew physics poorly, so the laws did not work... Ash then covered the entire stratosphere and did not let through Sun rays for a couple of years... (Right, nuclear winter some...)
Well, it’s also an open secret, I found an ax under a bench, almost everyone knows this from school.
Agree. But now let's return to what I indicated above... The strange thing is that in Russian history, it is very difficult to find the consequences of the volcanic eruption of 1816.
This strangeness confused me for a very long time until I found this fact....
In the history of a volcano with a very ugly to the ear of today's Russian citizen
Huaynaputina volcano eruption
On February 19, 1600, Huaynaputina erupted in a massive explosion, rated VEI-6 on the 8-point explosion hazard scale. Up to 30 km³ of tephra was released into the air, comparable to the Plinian eruption of Krakatoa in 1883. Volcanic activity continued until March 6 and was accompanied by powerful explosions that literally tore Huaynaputina to pieces. The eruption completely destroyed the volcanic dome at an altitude of 1600 meters, and its ash plume covered huge territories at a distance of up to 80 km.
The first signs of the impending disaster appeared a few days before it began. On February 15, residents of the region began to feel small aftershocks, which by February 18 occurred every 5 or 6 minutes. By 10:00 pm that day, the earthquakes had become so powerful that they awakened people from their sleep. The next day, February 19, between 11:00 and 13:00, two large shocks hit the region, causing panic in nearby settlements. Most of the houses were destroyed and large cracks appeared in the ground.
At 17:00 local time, Huaynaputina exploded. It was real hell! Powerful explosions were heard even in the city of Lima, more than 1000 km from the volcano. They came down from the angry peak tidal waves tephra and gas, a column of ash rose to a height of 35 km, reaching the stratosphere, the mountain roared with fire and spat volcanic bombs.
An hour later Andean region Ashes began to fall. However, earthquakes continued and destroyed houses in the cities of Arequipa and Moquegua. Over time, pyroclastic flows descended on all sides of Huaynaputina. The villages of Tasata and Calicanta were buried under a 3-meter layer of ash. By east side A giant mudflow (lahar) rolled down the volcano, destroying several villages along with all the inhabitants.
So far no connection with our history?
It turns out that in Russian history, this eruption caused almost the same consequences as in the Americas and Europe in 1816.
As a result, during the reign of Boris Godunov, famine occurred in Russia
In addition to local destruction, the eruption led to global consequences. The summer that followed the disaster was the coldest in the last 500 years. In a study published in 2008, experts from the University of California suggested that it was the Huaynaputina explosion that led to the Russian famine of 1601-1603. At that time, over 127 thousand people were buried in Moscow alone. Suffering and social disorganization became part of the political instability called " Time of Troubles", which led to the fall of Tsar Boris Godunov...
....Great famine gripped most European territory The Moscow state during the reign of Boris Godunov and lasted from 1601 to 1603.
The famine contributed to the popular unrest of the Time of Troubles and had far-reaching consequences for the demographic development of the Russian kingdom. A significant part of the population flocked to the sparsely populated southern and eastern regions countries - the lower reaches of the Don, Volga, Yaik and Siberia....
In general, the topic of a single calendar, until the mid-19th century, in Eurasia, was discussed more than once, and until I saw consensus about this. Moreover, no one is embarrassed by the existence, even in the 21st century, of the Chinese, Jewish, European, and other calendars. And if you consider that back in the 19th century (i.e., supposedly 200 years after the time of Godunov, the calendar 7000 was used in full, which year from the creation of the world.... The dating of 1603-1612 raises doubts about its reliability. ..
Thus, further evidence has been obtained of the presence of very strong parallels in history between the 17th and 19th centuries...
I look forward to interesting thoughts on this topic...
Good luck and wisdom to everyone.
I had a dream... Not everything in it was a dream
Dark(excerpts)
I had a dream... Not everything in it was a dream.
The bright sun went out and the stars
Wandered without a goal, without rays
In eternal space; icy land
She rushed blindly in the moonless air.
The hour of morning came and went,
But he did not bring the day with him...
...People lived in front of the fires; thrones,
Palaces of crowned kings, huts,
The dwellings of all those who have dwellings -
They built fires... cities burned...
...Happy were the inhabitants of those countries
Where the torches of volcanoes blazed...
The whole world lived with one timid hope...
The forests were set on fire; but with each passing hour it faded
And the charred forest fell; trees
Suddenly, with a menacing crash, they collapsed...
...The war broke out again,
Extinguished for a while...
...Terrible hunger
Tormented people...
And people died quickly...
And the world was empty;
That crowded world, mighty world
Was a dead mass, without grass, trees
Without life, time, people, movement...
That was the chaos of death.
George Noel Gordon Byron, 1816
Translation - Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev
They say that Lord Byron put these images on paper in the summer of 1816 at the villa English writer Mary Shelley in Switzerland near Lake Geneva. Their friends were with them. Due to extremely bad weather, it was often impossible to leave the house. So they decided that they would each write a creepy story, which they would then read to each other. Mary Shelley wrote her famous story "Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus", Lord Byron's physician John Polidori wrote the story "Vampyr"- the first story about vampires, long before the appearance of Bram Stoker's novel Dracula.
This is the generally accepted elegant version. When describing events in Western Europe, our brains are always poured with caramel and sprinkled with icing. The writers, you know, vacationed on the lake in the summer. It was ordinary and boring, bad weather did not allow them to play badminton, and they began to tell each other stories from the crypt. That's it - the topic is closed.
But the topic is not closed! Byron had no vision problems and should have been able to see what was happening around him in 1816. And what happened, in general, was exactly what he described, adjusted for poetic imagination. And in general, Mary Shelley and her friends in her country house At this time they could only hide from the catastrophe that befell Europe, taking with them more food supplies, salt, matches and kerosene.
1816 named "A Year Without Summer". In the USA he was also nicknamed Eighteen hundred and frozen to death, which translates to “one thousand eight hundred and frozen to death.” Scientists call this time the “Little Ice Age.”
Beginning in the spring of 1816, things were happening all over the world, especially in the northern hemisphere, where civilization was mainly concentrated. unexplained phenomena. It seemed that the “plagues of Egypt” familiar from the Bible had fallen on people’s heads. In March 1816, the temperature continued to be wintry. There was an unnatural amount of rain and hail in April and May, and a sudden frost destroyed most of the crops in the United States, in June two giant snow storms led to deaths in July and in August Ice-frozen rivers were noted even in Pennsylvania (south of the latitude of Sochi). During June And July in America every night freezing. Up to a meter of snow fell in New York and the northeastern United States. At the height of summer, the temperature during the day jumped from 35 degrees Celsius to almost zero.
Germany was repeatedly tormented by strong storms, many rivers (including the Rhine) overflowed their banks. In starving Switzerland, snow fell every month (to the delight of our “vacationing” writers), it was even announced there state of emergency. Hunger riots swept across Europe, crowds hungry for bread destroyed grain warehouses. The unusual cold led to a catastrophic crop failure. As a result of this, in the spring of 1817, grain prices increased tenfold, and famine broke out among the population. Tens of thousands of Europeans, still suffering from the destruction of the Napoleonic Wars, emigrated to America. But even there the situation was not much better. Nobody could understand or explain anything. Hunger, cold, panic and despondency reigned throughout the “civilized” world. In a word - "Dark".
It turns out that Byron was rich practical material for his poem.
Perhaps someone will think that the poet has exaggerated his colors too much. But this is only if a person is unfamiliar with real animal hunger, when you feel that life is leaving your body drop by drop. But you really want to survive, and then your gaze begins to meticulously evaluate any surrounding objects in order to somehow eat it. When you begin to feel every bone of your skeleton, and you are surprised at how light and thin they are. But all this after endless severe headaches and aches in every joint. Most often, at such moments, the lofty, moral, human falls asleep and the animal remains. Emaciated creatures, without the light of reason in their eyes, move unnaturally through the dark, dirty streets. Every hunter or hunted. The world around seems to fade and become gray. However, read Byron.
So, there was famine in Europe. That is, not just malnutrition, but real HUNGER. Were cold, which can only be defeated by food and fire, fire and food. Add to this dirt, disease and stratification of society. Most of the poor were robbed, who barely ate, and the rich, who tried to survive as long as possible on their supplies (for example, by escaping to a country house). So, judging by the generally known facts about Western Europe in 1816, the picture emerges very gloomy.
The question arises: a what actually happened? The first plausible scientific version on this matter appeared only 100 years later. American climate researcher William Humphreys found an explanation "a year without summer". He linked climate change to the eruption of Mount Tambora on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa. This hypothesis is still generally accepted in scientific world. It's simple. A volcano explodes, throws 150 cubic kilometers of soil into the stratosphere, and, supposedly, the necessary atmospheric phenomena. Dust, the sun does not penetrate, etc. But here is an interesting table:
| Table I. Comparison of individual volcanic eruptions | |||||||
| Eruptions | A country | Location | Year | Height columns (km) |
Scale volcanic eruptions |
Average temperature drop (°C) |
Death toll |
| Uaynaputina | Peru | 1600 | 46 | 6 | −0,8 | ≈1.400 | |
| Tambora | Indonesia | Pacific Ring of Fire | 1815 | 43 | 7 | −0,5 | >71.000 |
| Krakatoa | Indonesia | Pacific Ring of Fire | 1883 | 36 | 6 | −0,3 | 36.600 |
| Santa Maria | Guatemala | Pacific Ring of Fire | 1902 | 34 | 6 | no changes noticed | 7.000-13.000 |
| Katmai | USA, Alaska | Pacific Ring of Fire | 1912 | 32 | 6 | −0,4 | 2 |
| St Helens | USA, Washington | Pacific Ring of Fire | 1980 | 19 | 5 | no changes noticed | 57 |
| El Chichon | Mexico | Pacific Ring of Fire | 1982 | 32 | 4-5 | ? | >2.000 |
| Nevado del Ruiz | Colombia | Pacific Ring of Fire | 1985 | 27 | 3 | no changes noticed | 23.000 |
| Pinatubo | Philippines | Pacific Ring of Fire | 1991 | 34 | 6 | −0,5 | 1.202 |
According to this table, after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991, the temperature dropped by the same 0.5 degrees as after the eruption of Tambora in 1815. We should have observed in 1992 throughout the northern hemisphere approximately the same phenomena that are described as "a year without summer". However, there was nothing of the kind. And if you compare it with other eruptions, you will notice that they did not always coincide with climatic anomalies. The hypothesis is bursting at the seams. These are the “white threads” with which she is sewn that are spreading.
Here's another strange thing. In 1816, the climate problem happened precisely “ throughout the Northern Hemisphere" But Tambora is located in the southern hemisphere, 1000 km from the equator. The fact is that in the Earth’s atmosphere at altitudes above 20 km (in the stratosphere) there are stable air currents along parallels. Dust thrown into the stratosphere to a height of 43 km should have been distributed along the equator with a shift of the dust belt to the southern hemisphere. What do the USA and Europe have to do with this?
Egypt, Central Africa, Central America, Brazil and, finally, Indonesia itself were supposed to freeze. But the climate there was very good. Interestingly, it was at this time, in 1816, that coffee began to be grown in Costa Rica, which is located about 1000 km north of the equator. The reason for this was: “...a perfect alternation of rainy and dry seasons. And, constant temperature throughout the year, which has a beneficial effect on the development of coffee bushes...”
And their business, you know, took off. That is, it was several thousand kilometers north of the equator prosperity. But then there is a complete “pipe”. How is it, it’s interesting to know, that 150 cubic kilometers of erupted soil jumped 5...8 thousand kilometers from the southern hemisphere to the northern, at an altitude of 43 kilometers, contrary to all longitudinal stratospheric currents, without spoiling the weather one bit for the residents of Central America? But this dust brought down all its terrible photon-scattering impenetrability onto Europe and North America.
William Humphreys, the founder of this scientific duck, probably won’t answer us anything, but modern climatologists are obliged to mumble something about this. After all, so far none of them have openly refuted rude scientific error , means we agree. Moreover, they are well aware of stratospheric currents, and even build quite reasonable development models similar situations. For example, there are forecasts of nuclear winter, where the direction of propagation of stratospheric flows is clearly visible. True, for some reason it talks about smoke thrown into the stratosphere, which is wrong. During a nuclear explosion, it is dust that is released (just like in a volcano).
But the strangest thing in this worldwide deception is the role of Russia. Even if you live half your life in archives and libraries, you will not find a word about bad weather in the Russian Empire in 1816. We supposedly had a normal harvest, the sun was shining and the grass was green. We probably live neither in the Southern nor in the Northern Hemisphere, but in some third.
Let's test ourselves for sobriety. Now is the time, for we are facing a huge optical illusion. So, there was famine and cold in Europe in 1816...1819! This fact, confirmed by many written sources. Could this have bypassed Russia? It could if it concerned only the western regions of Europe. But in this case, we would definitely have to forget about the volcanic hypothesis. After all, stratospheric dust is pulled along parallels around the entire planet.
And, besides, no less fully than in Europe, the tragic events are covered in North America. But they are still separated by the Atlantic Ocean. What kind of locality can we talk about here? The event clearly affected the entire northern hemisphere, including Russia. The option when North America and Europe froze and starved for 3 years in a row, and Russia did not even notice the difference, is possible only under the auspices of N.V. Levashov. (see the article “The Taming of the Shrew”), which is probably what we will soon observe. But at that time there was no need to talk about Levashov.
Thus, from 1816 to 1819, cold really reigned throughout the entire northern hemisphere, including Russia, no matter what anyone said. Scientists confirm this and call the first half of the 19th century "little ice age". And here’s an important question: who will suffer more from a 3-year cold, Europe or Russia? Of course, Europe will cry louder, but Russia will suffer more. And that's why. In Europe (Germany, Switzerland), the summer growth time of plants reaches 9 months, and in Russia - about 4. This means that we were not only 2 times less likely to grow sufficient reserves for the winter, but also 2.5 times more likely to die of hunger during a longer winter. And if in Europe the population suffered, then in Russia the situation was 4 times worse, including in terms of mortality. This is if you don’t take into account any magic. Well, what if?..
I offer readers a magical scenario. Suppose there is a wizard who twirled his staff and changed the movement of high-altitude winds so that the sun would not be blocked for us. But I myself am not convinced by this option. No, I believe in good wizards, but in foreigners who scuttled overseas in the tens of thousands, instead of calmly coming and staying in Russia, where it is so good, where they are always welcome, I do not believe.
Apparently, after all, in Russia it was much worse than in Europe. Moreover, it was our territory that was probably the source of climatic troubles throughout the hemisphere. And in order to hide this (someone needed it), all mentions of this have been removed, or reworked.
But if you think about it sensibly, how could this be? The entire northern hemisphere is suffering from climate anomalies and does not know what is wrong. The first scientific version appears only 100 years later, and it does not stand up to criticism. But the cause of events must be located precisely at our latitudes. And if this reason is not observed in America and Europe, then where could it be if not in Russia? There is nowhere else. And here it is the Russian Empire that pretends that it doesn’t know what it’s all about. We didn’t see or hear, and in general everything was fine with us. Familiar behavior, and very suspicious.
However, it should be taken into account missing the estimated population of Russia in the 19th century, numbering in the tens, perhaps hundreds of millions. They could have died either from the very unknown cause that caused climate change, or from severe consequences in the form of hunger, cold and disease. And let’s also not forget about the traces of widespread large-scale fires that destroyed our forests around that time (for more details, see the article “I understand your centuries-old sadness”). As a result, the expression “centuries-old spruce” (hundred-year-old) bears the imprint of rare antiquity, although the normal lifespan of this tree 400…600 years. And numerous craters identical to traces from explosions of nuclear weapons can not be taken into account for now, since it is not possible to accurately determine their age (see the article “A nuclear attack on us has already occurred”).
There is no doubt that on the territory of Russia in 1815-1816 there took place some events, which plunged the entire “civilized world” into darkness. But what could it be? Science community It’s not for nothing that he’s leaning towards the volcanic version. After all, numerous atmospheric phenomena that accompanied the “Little Ice Age” indicate pollution of the stratosphere big amount dust. And only a volcano or a powerful nuclear explosion (a series of explosions) can throw several cubic kilometers of dust to a height of more than 20 kilometers. Application nuclear weapons until 1945 - taboo. Therefore, only the volcano remained for scientists. In the absence of a more suitable volcano location, the Indonesian Tambora was appointed to this position.
But scientists know that the processes of soil ejection accompanying ground nuclear explosion, are very close to volcanic ones, and they did not hesitate to calculate that the Tambora eruption corresponded in power explosion 800 megaton nuclear warhead.
Today we have every reason to take note of the idea that territory of Russia in 1815-1816 became a testing ground for grandiose events accompanied by the release large quantity dust into the stratosphere, plunging the entire northern hemisphere into darkness and cold for 3 years. Scientists call it "little ice age", but we can say it another way - "small nuclear winter". This caused great casualties among our population and likely severely damaged the economy. It is also important to know that someone really wanted to hide it…
Alexey Artemiev, Izhevsk
A year without summer
“The Year Without Summer”, or “The Year of Poverty” - under these names the year 1816 went down in history, which today is considered the coldest year since records of meteorological observations have been kept. In America, this year was dubbed “Eighteen hundred and frozen to death,” which translated means “one thousand eight hundred frozen to death.” The events of 1816 became a shining example the impact of climate change on life human society and left their mark on world culture.
Summer of 1816 Northern Europe and in the eastern part North America was marked by extraordinary low temperatures. The snow melted only in July, and the first frosts hit in August. Cold weather destroyed harvests in Europe, the USA and Canada, causing a major food crisis. Grain prices soared 10-fold in the spring of 1817, and famine broke out. Thousands of Europeans emigrated to America, but even there, according to the Montreal chronicles, it was not easy.
European temperature anomaly
In the summer, June 5, 1816, a monotonous cold rain fell in Quebec, which a few days later gave way to snowfall. A snowstorm was raging in Montreal. The thermometer dropped below zero. The snowdrifts reached a height of 30 cm, so the movement of carriages and carts was paralyzed. In the summer, sleighs appeared on the city streets. The “Year Without Summer” had catastrophic consequences for Europe, where famine and epidemics of 1817–1819 Mortality among the population increased several times. None of his contemporaries could even imagine that the main culprit of all the misfortunes - the Tambora volcano - is located in another part of the world, in Indonesia, on the island of Sumbawa.
A century later, in 1920, the American scientist William Humphreys established a connection between the anomalous cold snap of 1816 and the eruption of the most bloodthirsty volcano, Tambora, which occurred on April 5, 1815. As a result of the Tambora explosion, according to various estimates, from 80 to 350 million tons of sulfur compounds were released into the Earth's stratosphere (to a height of more than 40 km). The temperature of the gases at the time of the eruption exceeded 500 degrees Celsius. Sulfur compounds have reduced the permeability of the Earth's atmosphere to solar radiation. Air flows in upper layers atmosphere spread sulfur clouds throughout to the globe, causing the effect of “volcanic winter” on the planet.
Other interesting events in the year of volcanic winter
Consequences of the eruption in addition to low solar activity, characteristic of the period 1790 – 1820. (Dalton minimum), caused a decrease in global average annual temperature by 0.4 - 0.7 degrees Celsius. The spread of sulfur gases throughout the atmosphere lasted more than 6 months, so the main blow of climate change occurred in 1816.
The “Year Without Summer” was marked not only by sad events in the world. After 1816, the popularity of the wooden car of Karl Dres, which became the prototype of the bicycle, increased among the population. In the same year, George Byron and his friends Percy and Mary Shelley rested on the shores of Lake Geneva. Bad weather often did not allow them to leave the walls of the house, and friends amused themselves by composing scary stories. That's when I was born famous story Mary Shelley "Frankenstein". In July of the same year, Byron's poem "Darkness" appeared, in which a picture of a "volcanic winter" was painted.