Maps of Simbirsk province

Name				Example	Collection sheet	Download
Economic note to the PGM of Kurmysh district		1790	751.3mb
PGM Karsun County	2v	1807	66.1mb
PGM Kurmysh district	2v	1808	32.7mb
PGM Simbirsk district	2v	1808	44.5mb
PGM Sengeleevsky district	2v	1808	38.9mb
PGM Alatyr district	2v	1809	46.7mb
PGM Ardatovsky district	2v	1805	38.1mb
PGM Buinsky district	2v	1808	40.4mb
PGM Stavropol district	2v	1809	66.5mb
PGM Syzran district	2v	1806	54.8mb
Plan of the surrounding area of ​​Simbmirsk	3v	1912	24.3mb
Pilot map of the river. Volga (from the Kama reach to Tsaritsin)	500s	1913
Map of the Red Army Ulyanovsk 5-N-39	3km	1949	44.3mb
Mende Map	1c	1860	892.7mb
Flood zone map Kuibyshev Reservoir	2km	1940	14.3mb
Lists of populated places		1863	241.4mb
AKR Simbirsk province (with map)		1900	4.7mb
Book by G. Peretyatkovich. "Volga region in the 17th-18th centuries"		1882	0.7mb
Book Cap. Nevostrueva. "On the ancient settlements of the Volga-Bulgarian and Kazan kingdoms"		1871	1.4mb

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Historical information on the province

Simbirsk province- an administrative-territorial formation with a center in Simbirsk, formed from the Simbirsk governorship in 1796. In 1924 it was renamed Ulnovskaya province. Abolished in 1928 during the economic zoning of the USSR. On January 19, 1943, the Ulyanovsk region was formed on part of the territory of the former Simbirsk province.

Population

According to the All-Russian Population Census of the Russian Empire in 1897, 1,549,461 people lived in the territory of the Simbirsk province (749,801 men and 799,660 women). Of these, 109,175 people were urban residents.

Social and national composition

According to a review of the province for 1898, there were: hereditary nobles - 3439, personal - 2971, white clergy - 7551, monastics - 718 (104 men and 614 women), honorary citizens - 2789, merchants - 1969, burghers - 64,339, peasants - 1,190,749, regular troops - 2,507, retired and permanent lower ranks, their wives and daughters - 207,836, colonists - 563, foreigners - 106,476, foreign subjects - 208, persons of other classes - 1,681. National composition The population was very diverse: in addition to Russians (among them there were a few Little Russians, in the Syzran district), the province was inhabited by Mordovians (Erzya and Moksha), Tatars, Meshcheryaks, and Chuvashs. The Russians entered the province when the Chuvash, Mordovians and Tatars were already living here.

Administrative structure

In 1796, the province was divided into 10 districts: Alatyrsky, Ardatovsky, Buinsky, Karsunsky, Kurmyshsky, Samara, Sengileevsky, Stavropolsky, Syzransky and Simbirsk. The following year, Insarsky, Saransk and Sheshkeevsky districts were transferred from the abolished Penza province (returned in 1801). In 1798, three districts were abolished: Ardatovsky, Sengileevsky and Sheshkeevsky (the first two were restored in 1802).

After two Trans-Volga districts (Stavropol and Samara) became part of the Samara province in 1850, until the collapse Russian Empire Simbirsk province consisted of 8 districts:

Simbirsky,
Sengileevsky,
Syzransky,
Buinsky,
Karsunsky,
Kurmyshsky,
Alatyrsky,
Ardatovsky.

There were 39 dean districts; populated areas - 1641, including 8 cities, 550 villages, 119 villages, 967 villages and 12 settlements. According to the estimate of the provincial zemstvo for 1897, 218,863 rubles were allocated for mandatory expenses, and 229,037 rubles for optional expenses, including 28,860 rubles for the maintenance of the council. Income was calculated at 437,893 rubles. The zemstvo had an emeritus cash register (by January 1, 1898 it had 112,301 rubles). By January 1, 1898, the total capital of the provincial zemstvo was 1,266,705 rubles.

In 1920, Kurmyshsky district went to the Chuvash Autonomous Okrug, and Buinsky - to the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. After 4 years, Sengileevsky district was abolished.

In 1928, the province and all its districts were abolished, their territory became part of the Middle Volga region.

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Occupies 43491 sq. a verst or 4,530,312 dessiatines; borders in the north with the Kazan province, in the east with the Volga, separating it from the Samara province (only in two places, opposite Simbirsk and in Syzran, the S. province passes to the left bank of the Volga), in the south - with Saratov, in the west - with Penza And Nizhny Novgorod provinces. From the fact that the Volga makes up the E border of the N. lips. and flows from N to S, one might conclude that surface slope S. lips from N to S; but in general the slope of the lips. is not determined by the flow of the Volga, but on the contrary, by the S. lips. decreases greatly in opposite direction , namely from South to North, which is proven by the flow of almost all other rivers and especially the two most significant - Sura and Sviyaga. The Volga Mountains serve as a wall separating two opposite slopes. The Sviyaga flows almost parallel to the Volga at a very close distance from it. The highest part of the lips. southern - namely Syzran district. The heights of this y. mainly directed from E to W, then many branches separate from themselves, mainly to the N and NE. The main hill is just to the east. the extremity that makes up the Samara bow is sharply outlined by the flow of the Volga and above its level appears to be very high and steep-rocky; but the further it goes from the bow to the west, the more its sharp outlines are smoothed out. In the southwest corner of the lips, at the closest distance between each other, pp. flow out. Sura and Barysh; somewhat north the beginning of the river comes from them. Syran, even higher are the two peaks of Sviyaga. It is obvious that the local area, which serves as a watershed, has the shape of a tent, along the inclined sides of which the mentioned rivers and some of their tributaries merge. The lateral branches of the main ridge of the Syzran Mountains, going to the north, are distinguished by their considerable extent; the most significant of them, called the White Mountains, runs along the right bank of the Sviyaga and merges with the Volga ridge near the city of Simbirsk. The most significant heights of the N. lips. so-called Otmaly, or Votmaly, in the very southeast. parts of it. They look like small chalk hills covered with small forests, but they also rise above the highlands. South and east parts of S. province, as well as part of Simbirsk and Karsun districts. very pitted with ravines; There are very few continuous, flat areas; rivers and especially ravines have a very steep drop. To the north-west of the city of Simbirsk, from the left bank of the Sviyaga, a fairly open plain begins, occupying the entire Buinsky district, highly raised in the middle and significantly sloping on the sides on the east towards the Sviyaga and on the west towards the Sura, as shown by the flow of many small rivers. However, the very outskirts of these slopes lie very high, and near the city of Simbirsk the level of Sviyaga is almost 30 fathoms higher than the level of the Volga. Western part of the lips. (Ardatovsky district, half of Kurmyshsky and Alatyrsky and a small part of Karsunsky), lying on the left side of the Sura, is more low-lying, and there are few mountains in it, small narrow ridges are found only on the right. bank of the river Alatyr. There are a lot of open spaces here. The number of all rivers and streams in the province. very large, and they all belong to the Volga basin. R . The Volga flows in the east. lip border throughout 450 centuries. Shir. Volga within the lips. nowhere less than 500 soot. Below Simbirsk, opposite Stavropol, in the place where, blocked by the Samara Luka, the river makes a sharp turn to the E, lat. during the low-water season it extends to 4 ver. The lowest part of the east. the coast is located between Panskaya Sloboda and the village. Kriush. The height of the mountains above the level of the Volga gradually increases, the further they go from the border of the Kazan province, and reaches its greatest limits in the ridge of the Samara Luka, where some are raised up to 1000 feet. The mountains are named after nearby villages and other tracts: first from the Kazan lips. there are “Gorodishchenskie” - which received their name from the remains of a fortification or ancient fortification surrounded by an earthen rampart; they are adjacent to the Undorovskie mountains, extending to Simbirsk, the highest part of which, under the name “Ventsa”, is raised above the Volga by almost 500 feet; then the “Kremenskie” mountains, to which the “Shilovskaya Vyshka” belongs, a separate hill near the village. Shilovki, then “Sengileevskie” and “Novodevichy”, and from the border of Sengileevsky district. the ridge of the Samara bow begins with Syzransky. This part of the coast, famous folk songs and legends, inhabited, as can be seen from historical documents, back in the 17th century, it is distinguished by a remarkably beautiful location that attracts many travelers. At 130 v. below Simbirsk, near the mouth of the river. Usy, the Volga turns sharply to E at the foot of the rocky mountains and flows in this direction for 70 centuries; then against the mouth of the river. Soka again turns just as sharply, almost at a right angle, to the south and, having passed ver. 25, opposite the city of Samara, turns to the west, and from the city of Syzran it again takes its main south-eastern direction. The entire length of the banks of this peninsula, counting from the mouth of the river. Usy to the city of Syzran, extends to the 200th century; its smallest width is approx. 20th century between the villages Perevolokoy and Zheguli. North side of the Samara Luka and part of the east side. are called "Zheguli" or "Zheguli Mountains". In this area there are the most elevated and picturesque points, among which the most famous mountains are Karaulnaya and Molodets. From the south sides Mountain chain The Samara bow descends to the Volga in ledges or terraces and does not always approach the river, but retains the same rocky character; it is more cut through by gorges and pitted with caves than the northern part. There are fewer forests on it than in Zheguli, and in some places there are none at all. The highest points of this slope are located near the village. Stary Kostychi and its name. "Kostychevsky" mountains. Behind them, below Syzran, rises the treeless ridge of the Kashpirsky Mountains. The coast of the Samara Luka is interesting with legends, mainly about Stenka Razin, partly about Ermak and other atamans of the Volga freemen. The loose clay and calcareous rocks of the banks of the Volga, which are quite easily influenced by the atmosphere and water, are extremely conducive to the formation of caves and coastal cliffs. From the end of August to November 1785, the Volga coast in the city of Simbirsk subsided. Then very large areas the lands descended in ledges, and several houses in the city collapsed. Part of the Volga bank collapsed along with buildings in the 70s. XIX century in the city of Sengiley. Similar subsidence occurs on Sura. So, in 1865, in the spring, part of the mountain on which the village stands. Poretskoye, settled, and several houses were damaged. The Volga is navigable in the lips. all over. There are 23 piers on the Volga, the most significant of which are: S., Syzranskaya and Novodevicheskaya. When ss. Kriushakh and Morkvashakh are piers for wintering ships (backwaters) and mechanical workshops of two shipping companies. Steamship crossings across the Volga - in Simbirsk and near the village. Farm laborers (see). Along the Volga within the lips. many islands, for the most part covered with forest. Important for lips. has r. Sura. It flows over the lips. OK. 413 ver.; top part its currents in Syzran district. Due to the speed of the current and shallow water, it is inconvenient even for rafting. On Sura in 1898 there were 21 piers, the most important of which were Promzinskaya, Bolshe-Bereznikovskaya, Kurmyshskaya and Poretskaya. More than 1 million rubles worth of cargo was sent from all Sura piers. Of the 40 tributaries of the river. The suras are more significant: Barysh, having up to 150 ver. dl., Alatyr, Kirya and Piana. The Sviyaga River flows along the uu. Sengileevsky, Simbirsk and Buinsky; there are many mills on it. The Usa River flows through the Sengileevsky and Syzran districts. (length 110 ver.). The Syzran River flows through the Syzran district. (150 ver.); there are many mills on it. Lakes and swamps are found only in river valleys; they occupy small spaces; low-lying damp places are found mainly in the western part of the province. About the geology of the lips. prof. A.P. Pavlov in his work “The Lower Volga Jurassic” says the following: “The northern province is covered, as is known, with deposits of all systems, starting with the Carboniferous, and the Tertiary, Cretaceous, Jurassic and the so-called tier of variegated marls systems reach particular development here, that is, precisely those systems, the delimitation and division of which now raises so many controversial issues.” Indeed, regarding the geological structure of the lips. a controversy arose between A.P. Pavlov and S.N. Nikitin (see article by S.N. Nikitin: “Notes on the Jurassic of the environs of Syzran and Saratov”, “Izv. Geol. com.” for 1887, No. 8 , and A.P. Pavlova, “On the Callovian layers of S. province and their relationship to the Oxfordian ones,” Izv. Geol. com., vol. VII, 1889, no. 2).

MAP OF SIMBIRSK PROVINCE

Geologically, the province was studied by Pallas, Strangweis, Shirokshin and Guryev, Murchinson, Yazykov, Pander, prof. G. D. Romanovsky, Wagner, P. V. Eremeev, Trautschold, Sintsov, Laguzen and others. Outcrops of Jurassic rocks according to rights. banks of the Volga are observed in two areas quite far apart from each other: in uu. Simbirsk and Syzran. Between the northern N. section of the mountain and south. Syzransky lies a vast area, occupied partly by newer (Cretaceous and Tertiary) deposits, partly by Paleozoic limestones (Carboniferous and Permian limestones of the Samara Luka). Sediments of the lower Volga reach greatest development near the village of Gorodishche. The nature of these deposits was clarified in the work of Prof. A. N. Pavlova “Lower Volga Jurassic” (pp. 22 - 32). The outskirts of the village of Polivny represent the southernmost. the limit of the mountain's distribution in the north. parts of lips Here the Jurassic strata, which gradually fell to the south, are hidden under the level of the Volga, and in the coastal outcrops they are replaced by sediments of the Lower Cretaceous system, which occupied only the tops of the coastal outcrops in the vicinity of Undor and even further to the village of Bessonkova and formed the hills of the high bank of the Volga. In the vicinity of the north, these Lower Cretaceous rocks, in turn, are covered by Upper Cretaceous (and a few western and Tertiary); these newer deposits extend south to the vicinity of the village. Usolye, where they are suddenly replaced by coal deposits, rising steeply in the form of quite significant hills (about 1 thousand ft.), and in places in the form of completely vertical walls, at the foot of which it is interrupted further distribution Cretaceous and Tertiary strata. This ridge of calcareous heights, eroded in many places, cut by ravines and more or less rounded, can be traced. from Zheguli and Usolye far to the southwest to the village of Troekurovka, even further along the river. Syzran, where the last outcrops of Carboniferous limestone are indicated. The outcrops of ancient rocks did not, however, put a limit to the spread of Mesozoic formations to the south. Following down the Volga, we again encounter gray Jurassic clay, containing the same fossils as in the Gorodishche clay, and a little further, near the village. Kashpur, there is a powerful development of aucella sandstones, conglomerates, resinous shales and generally rocks developed in the vicinity of the villages of Polivny and Gorodishche; somewhat south of Kashpur, all these rocks, as well as near Polivna, disappear under the level of the Volga, giving way to Lower Cretaceous sediments. Numerous lip studies. There are still many questions that have not been clarified. According to the research of Prof. Pavlov Gorodishchenskaya clay, in it there is a trace of fauna characterizing the virgas layers of the Russian Jurassic. He met in it representatives of the genera Рinna, Trigonia, Aporrhais, Buccinum, Purritella, Aucella and sea ​​urchins come across less often. Remains of Per Figatus Buch, Per Quenstedti Rllr, Per biplex Sow (Per Pallasianus) turned out to be common even in the lowest parts of the observable belt. In geological terms, in general terms, S. lips. represents the following: sowing. part of the province adjacent to Kazan - Triassic sediments; to the east part limited rights. along the banks of the Volga, there are Carboniferous and Cretaceous formations, torn and cut in many places by Tertiary sediments; In the west, chalk and supra-Cretaceous sediments of the Eocene formation are distributed, giving way to Cretaceous soil towards the south. In different places of the lips. bones of mammoth and other animals were discovered. Among the mineral resources, in addition to good clay (used for making dishes and bricks), chalk, stone, sulfur pyrites are found in Simbirsk, Alatyr and Kurmysh districts; native sulfur in Syzran district, where in the past there were sulfur factories. In Syzransky district. There are also: saltpeter, salt springs, asphalt, so-called. tar, or oil, sandstone and oil shale. In Simbirsk district There is asphalt and oil shale. In Syzransky district. The production of asphalt and tar developed. Salt is mined by some peasants for home use in the Syzran district, ocher in the Alatyr, Kurmysh and Karsun districts. Iron ore is found in different places on the lips. In the kingdoms imp. Catherine II in Buinsky district. was a cast iron smelter. factory. Chalk is mined in large quantities (especially near the village of Shilovki, Simbirsk district, and in the dachas of the city of Sengileya), clay and stone (limestone, etc.) in many places, millstones in Simbirsk, Sengileevsky and Syzran district. Large deposits of peat; the floodplains of pp. are especially rich in it. Volga, Sura, Sviyaga and Usa. Near the village Undor of Simbirsk u. salty-sulfur and ferruginous sources, which could be, according to prof. Kazan University Wagner, very useful for curing many chronic diseases. In Ardatovsky, Karsunsky, Syzransky district, near Syzran, village. Repyevka also has mineral springs in Samara Luka. The layers of the chalk formation, widespread in most of the province, contain phosphate lime, which is almost never used. The climate of the northern province is similar to the climate of neighboring provinces. Over a small space, its climatic conditions in the north and south differ little from each other. Most important are the differences arising from the altitude above sea level. sea, more or less protective position and vegetation cover. Due to the low altitude, protection from the north and the absence of forests, spring and summer are warmer, snow falls late and melts earlier on the banks of the Volga and Syzran, in the south. parts of the Syzran district, compared with the elevated, densely wooded north-east. part of the Samara Luka, where summer and spring are colder, snow falls earlier and melts much later. average temperature in Simbirsk: year 3.3°, January - 13.4°, April 3.5°, July 20.3°, September 10.9°. Precipitation amount: Yazykovo (northern part of the province) 483, Simbirsk 443, Chertkovo (Sengileevsky district) 406, Syzran 374 mm. Summer precipitation decisively predominates, with the most rain falling in June and July. Snow cover lasts from 4 to 5 months. The dominant winds that bring the most rain and snow are southwest; people call SW - rotten corner. In the forests of S. lips. Of the coniferous trees, spruce is found only in Alatyr and Kurmysh districts. along the Sura and its tributaries, there are pine trees all over the lips. along the sands, most of all in the Surskaya dacha and in the south. parts of Karsun district Deciduous forests in Northern provinces. much more than conifers. The dominant species is oak, then birch, aspen, linden, and maple. Mixed deciduous forests generally predominate. Forests of S. lips. can be considered rich. In the 60s XIX table. the total number of forests was more than 1/3 of the area of ​​the entire bay. In general, the forests are located quite evenly, only some parts of the lips. almost completely stripped of forests, namely the entire south. part of Syzran district, northern Simbirskogo, southeast. Buinsky and parts of uu. Alatyrsky and Kurmyshsky, lying on the left side of the river. Alatyr. Especially the wooded west. part of Buinsky, eastern Alatyrsky (Surskaya dacha) and the north-eastern Samara bow. In the south half of the province and in general in the mountains the forest is predominantly small, firewood, but in uu. north for the most part he is tall, a drill worker, and in good condition. In Kurmysh, Alatyr and Buinsky there is even a ship one. Over the past 40 years, forests have been significantly cleared; proper forestry exists only in the forests of state appanages and some private individuals. In the northern province there are generally many appanage lands, which is explained by the fact that during the reign of the imp. Nicholas I, all state-owned lands of S. province, except for the Surskaya forest dacha, were transferred to the specific department. In 1896, the zemstvo covered 1,348,849 dessiatines of forests. Of this number, private landowners owned 463,812, appanage 721,178, treasury 127,454, cross. total 31719, cities 4682 and zemstvo 4 dessiatines. There is a lot of madder growing in the forests, which peasant women use as a dye. In addition to various kinds of berries, wild cherries and apple trees are very common in the forests, and in the steppes - the so-called. wild almond, or bean. From wild animals to the lips. There are wolves, foxes, white and black hares, jerboas, ferrets, arctic foxes, muskrats, bears, etc. Previously there were martens and ermine. The Chuvash mainly engage in hunting. Among the birds, in addition to hazel grouse and partridges, which are the subject of commercial hunting, there are many different breeds of ducks, waders, etc. ; In summer, steppe birds - bustards and little bustards - arrive. There is quite a lot of fish, especially in the Volga and Sura. The Volga is home to beluga, stellate sturgeon, sturgeon, sterlet, pike perch, catfish and various small breeds. The so-called fish is also caught in large quantities. settlement; This fish is bought mainly by Chuvash people. The same species of fish are found in Sura as in the Volga, excluding only beluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon and vyselki. Sursk sterlet is sent to the capitals, where it is valued more than Volga sterlet. Trout is occasionally caught in some mountain rivers. Residents in S. province. according to the 1897 census, 1,549,461 (749,801 men and 799,660 women); of which the urban population is 54,142 people. and 55,033 women, a total of 109,175 people. According to lip review. for 1898 there were: descendants of nobles. 3439, personal. 2971, white clergy 7,551, monastics 718 (104 men and 614 women), honorary. citizens 2789, merchants 1969, burghers 64339, cr. 1190749, regular troops 2507, retired and permanent lower ranks, their wives and daughters 207836, colonists 563, foreigners 106476, foreign nationals 208, persons etc. estates 1681. Orthodox 1407317, schismatics and sectarians 31384, Roman Catholics 1831, Protestants 1283, Armenian Gregorians 4, Jews 472, Mohammedans 144440, baptized Tatars 4031 who fell away from Orthodoxy, 441 pagans. Most of all schismatics in uu. Syzran (12 thousand) and Alatyr (9 thousand). In uh. In Karsun, Simbirsk and Sengileevsk the number of schismatics is from 3 to 4 thousand in each. There are 8 monasteries, churches: Orthodox 263 stone and 458 wooden, Edinoverie 5, Roman Catholic. 2, Protestant 2. Synagogue 1, mosques 159. Tribal composition The population is very diverse: in addition to the Russians (among them there are a few Little Russians, in the Syzran district) - Mordovians (Erzya and Moksha), Tatars, Meshcheryaks, Chuvash. The Russians entered the province when the Chuvash, Mordovians and Tatars were already living here. Mordvinians currently make up 1/9 of the total population, Chuvash 1/11, Tatars and Meshcheryaks 1/12. The country that now makes up Northern provinces has been inhabited since very ancient times. The first more definitive information about it is found in Arab writers, some of whom were here personally in the 10th century, when the caliphate established relations with the Bulgars. According to these sources, in the southern part of the lips. The Burtases lived (cf. A.F. Selivanov, “Materials for the history of the Burtases”), along the banks of the Volga, especially in the north. from now city ​​S. - Mordovians. In the XIII table. Tatars appear in the region. In the 14th century, with the strengthening of the princes of Nizhny Novgorod, they extended their power in the Mordovian land to the upper reaches of the Sura, which served as the border from the Horde possessions. However, at this time, except for the city of Kurmysh and, perhaps, a few secluded farmsteads or outposts, the Nizhny Novgorod princes did not arrange anything here. In all likelihood, Russian colonization did not extend here further than the river. Alatyr; on the right bank of the Sura it did not exist until the last quarter of the 16th century, from the end of which the establishment of the Russians within the current Northern province became more noticeable. Even under Tsar Ivan the Terrible, Alatyr arose, then many villages in uu. Syzran and Sengileevsky. Fortresses were built to protect against the attacks of freemen and golytba, which always held on the Volga, but at the end of the 16th century they especially strengthened due to the assignment of peasants to landowners. In 1648, Simbirsk was founded and a defensive line was built to the southwest from earthen rampart with a ditch and a wooden wall, and in some places with abatis, towers and forts. She continued on to the present day. Penza province; its remains are still quite significant. The former fortified forts now exist under the name of suburbs and villages. In 1680 the city of Syzran was built. The oldest people in the Russian occupation of the area first received civil rights; in Kurmysh and Alatyr, a voivodeship administration was established back in the 16th century, and they and their districts were ranked among Nizhny Novgorod region . With the conquest of Kazan, the space between the Volga and Sura was brought under the jurisdiction of Kazan, and when Simbirsk was founded, it began to be called Simbirsk region. During the first division of Russia into provinces in 1708, all of today. S. lips became part of the Kazan province. In 1780, the Simbirsk governorship was formed. In its true form of lips. exists since 18 5 0, when two Trans-Volga y. (Stavropol and Samara) became part of the Samara province. The main occupation of the residents is agriculture. In 1896, the zemstvo allocated 2,779,141 dessiatines of various lands. and, in addition, the forest is 1,348,849 des. Out of 2,779,141 des. belonged to: total peasants and single-family homesteaders 1665275, private. owners 863208, appanage 223242, treasury 8813, cities 18396, peasants. soil bank 190, zemstvo, etc. 17 des. From 1886 to January 1 1899, the noble bank accepted 503,575 dessiatines, valued and 32,270,201 rubles as collateral; issued a loan of 18,107,200 rubles. Krestyansk. The bank issued loans in the amount of 1,477,383 rubles. for the purchase of 26312 des. land for 1670 thousand rubles. According to Simb. Kaz. Chambers for 1898, peasants own 1,603,602 dessiatines. allotment land; together with the purchased land, the peasants have 1,642,041 dessiatines at their disposal. Of this amount of land belongs to the former estates. peasants 461,153 des. (28.8%), ex. appanage peasants. 980172 dec. On average per 1 husband. per capita accounts for 2.36 dessiatines. Most of the land owned by peasants is arable land - 1,223,626 dessiatines. (76.3%). Of this amount (with three-field farming) 18,500 dess. in each field (4.5%) is allocated for public ploughing, the collection from which is used to pay off food debts. Peasants have 83,759 des. (5%). There are not enough meadows to feed livestock, so the peasants are forced to hire over 30 thousand dessiatines. meadows Inconvenient land 142071 des. (8.8%). In Karsun district. The percentage of inconvenient land reaches 17.2%, in Sengileevsky - 11.2%. Former premises cross. rent 93743 des., specific 75376, state. 5564 des. From cereals and agricultural products. Plants in the winter field are sown everywhere with rye, in the spring field - in the north. parts of lips Ch. arr. oats and buckwheat, in the south, in addition, there is a lot of millet, and in the east. parts of Syzran district - and wheat; in addition, peas, lentils, potatoes, flax, hemp, sunflowers, etc. From garden and melon plants - watermelons, cucumbers, cabbage, hops, melons, etc. Tobacco is grown in the cities. Ardatov and Alatyr and their districts, as well as in uu. Kurmyshsky, Syzransky and a few others. Tobacco and hops are of low quality. Significant potato crops are explained by the existence of starch and potato-molasses plants. (up to 60 in the provinces, most of all in Simbirsk district). Flax growing is more developed in Ardatovsky and Alatyrsky districts, on the right bank of the Sura. Fruit trees grown include apples, pears, dulis, plums and bergamots. Gardening is practiced more along the banks of the Volga, but fruit orchards are also found in other areas. Gardens are mostly planted along mountainous river banks, with slopes facing south. Gardening and horticulture are mostly non-commercial in nature. An exception is the residents of the villages closest to the city of Simbirsk, who grow potatoes, cabbage, etc. for sale. Garden vegetables are grown for sale of seeds in the city of Simbirsk and in some villages of Ardatovsky and Simbirsk uy. Gardens located on the right also have an industrial character. bank of the Volga. Melon growing is industrial in nature. Syzran and Sengileevsky. Beekeeping is more common in wooded counties; The Mordovians and Chuvash are especially involved in it. Agricultural culture of the lips. is generally at a low level of development; Only a few private farms have introduced a multi-field system. Thanks to the zemstvo, which has established warehouses of agricultural implements and seeds at the zemstvo administrations, the latter reach the peasants in the amount of several tens of thousands annually. The Simbirsk Society of Agriculture organized it with funds from the lips. zemstvo and min. earth at his farm agricultural. 1st category school. According to data for 1898, on peasant lands there were 508,902 des. Private owners had 122,182 dessiatines under winter sowing, 88,427 dessiatines of spring crops under oats, 9,759 dessiatines under wheat, and so on. spring bread 35952 dess. The following were sown on all lands: rye 683955 quarters, spring wheat 95474, oats 576819, barley 5718, buckwheat 36182, peas 28657, millet 22237, spelled 57704, flax 6263, other spring grains 34567 and potatoes 28 8110. Removed rye 1778700, spring wheat 145987, oats 5 1 7560, barley 8518, buckwheat 9009, peas 25757, millet 137809, spelt 53583, flax 5442, rest. spring bread 44153 and potatoes 514123 quarters. Average grain harvest for 5 years (from 1893 to 1897): rye 39.1, spring 30.7, average hay harvest 19.7. from 1st decade; There is a shortage of 2,084,300 pd of bread received from the allotment land to feed the peasants, and 1,674,007 pd of hay. This deficiency is replenished partly by renting arable land and meadows, and partly by outside earnings. Peasants engaged in fishing, 125,897 people. (8.7% of the peasant population). Their earnings are calculated at 5,995,511 rubles. Cattle in S. lips. there were 1,531,704 goals. (1897), including 288,890 horses, 325,995 cattle and 916,819 small horned animals. The zemstvo gives a subsidy to Simbir. rural society household to establish a nursery for breeding stock on his farm. Particular development has occurred in the lips. horse breeding. There were 52 horse farms in 1898, with 176 sires and 1,337 dams. Largest number head - in Karsun district. Lip. The zemstvo opened a stable in 1898 in Simbirsk to support state-owned producers. horse breeding. Horse trading is carried out mainly in the so-called. "Team Fair" in Simbirsk. In 1897, horses worth up to 544,210 rubles were brought in and sold for 375,435 rubles. Sheep are raised on many landowner farms; There are more than 700 thousand of them. (including up to 50 thousand fine wool); the wool from them goes to cloth and sheepskin factories. Fine-fleece sheep breeding is more developed in uy. Syzran (up to 24 thousand heads) and Simbirsk (more than 12 thousand heads). The main industry handicraft industry make up different types timber crafts, widespread in all counties, especially in Karsun, Alatyr, Ardatov and Syzran. The main ones are the production of carts, carts, sleighs, wheels, wheel hubs, bending arches, rims and runners, making wooden utensils, shovels, baskets, logs and troughs, weaving bast shoes, weaving matting and preparing sacks. In total, he is engaged in various timber trades in the province. up to 7 thousand people, for an amount over 200 thousand rubles. Other handicrafts that are noteworthy for their size include: felting warm shoes, sewing boots and mittens, sewing hats and caps, tailoring, weaving scarves, weaving ropes and weaving fishing gear. The first two of these crafts (felting shoes and sewing boots and mittens) are widespread throughout the province, but especially in Uy. Karsun, Simbirsk and Syzran; it employs up to 3 thousand people, worth 130 thousand rubles, and sewing boots and mittens - up to 1,500 people, worth 100 thousand rubles. 1,600 people are employed in tailoring, costing 55 thousand rubles. They do rope twisting in Buinsky district. Hand-weaving scarves is common in Karsun and Alatyr districts. Totally occupied by handicrafts. 15,285 people, including in the u. Karsunsky 5940, in Simbirsk and Syzran up to 2 thousand each (1898). To develop handicrafts, the zemstvo organizes handicraft departments at agricultural exhibitions. A permanent exhibition of handicrafts exists near the lips. zemstvo government. Some schools have craft workshops. Among the local non-handicraft trades, the most common are: forestry work, fishing, resin and tar production, as well as carriage and farrier trades; In 1898, up to 26 thousand people were engaged in them, earning over 680 thousand rubles. Waste trades - mainly agricultural work, barge hauling, herding livestock, beating wool. In Karsun district. up to 3 thousand people engaged in carpentry and farriery. Up to 6 thousand were engaged in barge hauling, 3500 in wool beating, and agriculture. jobs for up to 32 thousand people, mainly from uy. Ardatovsky, Buinsky and Syzransky. The earnings of all of them are over 700 thousand rubles. IN total In 1898, the population earned up to 2 million rubles from handicraft and waste industries. There were 6,080 factories, factories and small industrial establishments in 1898, with 18,709 workers and a total production of 10,639,967 rubles. The main place is occupied by the manufacture of cloth, flour milling and distillation. Cloth factories 18; In 1898, they produced, mainly for supply to the military department, various types of cloth worth 4,575,429 rubles. Distilleries 14; they consumed 1,482,149 pd of supplies. (including potatoes 942098 pd.), alcohol smoked 37047727°. There are 3,375 flour mills (of which 18 are roller mills); the amount of their production is 289,217 rubles. 5 vodka factories purified and prepared vodka worth 114,653 rubles. The amount of production is 3 asphalt and 9 tar plants. equal to 310,400 rubles; in addition there are in the lips. 7 sawmills (RUR 153,650), 3 wax candles (RUR 141,010), 78 tanneries, 2 glass, 3 brewing, 9 soap, 10 lard, 216 sheepskin, 156 wool carding, 12 fulling, 36 boiler, 16 potato-molasses, 52 potato- grating mills, 3 stationery mills, 1 wool spinning mill, 1 wrapping paper mill, 460 oil mills, 33 malt mills, 7 iron foundries, 96 potash mills, 244 brick mills, 7 3 pottery mills, 230 dyeing mills, 41 glue mills, 59 coolers, 696 grain mills, 24 rope mills, 1 spi check, 84 tar-resin, 2 artificial mineral waters, 1 belt plant, 2 gilzovye, 3 chalk, 1 lime, 1 chemical, 1 cheese factory. In 1898, excise taxes received 3,031,577 rubles, including 2,576,640 rubles from wine and alcohol, 258,900 rubles from lighting petroleum oils, and 143,986 rubles from patent fees. 1,430 patents were issued for the wine trade. In 1897, 16,035 documents for the right to trade and trade were issued, including certificates of 1 gil. 16, 2 gil. 883; The treasury received 239,253 rubles in trade duties. Vacation trade lips. consists mainly of selling grain products, then cloth, alcohol, asphalt, etc. Before the construction of railways, goods were mainly sent by rivers. In 1898, goods worth 9,785,091 rubles were shipped from the Volga and Sur piers, including rye and rye flour worth 1,744,025 rubles, oats worth 987,727 rubles, wheat and wheat flour worth 812,717 rubles, cloth worth 677,177 rubles. and wine alcohol for 243,600 rubles. There were 82 fairs, to which in 1898 goods worth 7 1/2 million rubles were brought and 4,100 thousand rubles were sold. Most important have fairs: "Sbornaya" in Simbirsk (brought for 5 million rubles, sold for 3668 thousand rubles), "Kreshchenskaya" in Syzran (brought for 375,000 rubles, sold for 310,000 rubles), "Troitskaya" in Karsuna (adv. 548 thousand rubles, sale 332 thousand rubles). Market trade was carried out in 93 points, in some of them 2 or 3 times a week. Approximately 5 million rubles worth of goods are brought to the bazaars and sold. Provincial and district zemstvo fees, in addition to arrears, 985,524 rubles should have been received by 1898, 800,307 rubles were collected, 761,389 rubles remained in arrears. City revenues in 1898 received 517,861 rubles, expenses were incurred for 517,670 rubles. Railways pass through the province. roads Syzran-Vyazemskaya and Moscow-Kazanskaya with branches to Syzran and Simbirsk. Post. The roads are 915 miles long. Postal and telegraph institutions in 1899 55. The exchange of simple correspondence is carried out at 10 volost boards. The telephone network exists in Simbirsk. total amount postal-tlgr. income in 1898 - 206,736 rubles, net income - 106,943 rubles. Zemstvo post office exists in 5 districts (it does not exist in the districts of Karsunsky, Buinsky and Syzransky). S. lips is divided into 8 districts: Simbirsk, Sengileevsky, Syzransky, Buinsky, Karsunsky, Kurmyshsky, Alatyrsky and Ardatovsky. There are 39 dean districts. There are 1641 populated areas, including 8 cities, 550 villages, 119 villages, 967 hamlets and 12 settlements. In 1887 in the province. there were 588 educational institutions, with 27,240 students. According to data for 1898 in the province. 944 textbooks manager, including secondary children for husbands. gender 4, for women's children. gender 3, city 5, district 3, religious 3, pro-gymnasiums for women. 3, teachers' seminary, Chuvash teachers' school, 7 vocational schools and 91 4 primary schools. In all educational departments. 39,221 students studied. and 11,156 girls, a total of 50,377 people. There were 853 teachers in the villages, namely: min. folk enlightenment and zemstvo 466, church parish. 207, 164 literacy schools, 16 others. There were students in the ministry. schools and zemstvos 22777 small. and 4775 virgins, church parish. - 5892 boys and 1590 girls, literacy schools - 3264 boys. and 952 girls, in the rest - 721 boys. and 150 girls. Over the past 5 years, agricultural classes have begun to develop rapidly in rural schools. On plots of land allocated for this purpose, students from 240 schools, under the guidance of teachers, plant orchards, vegetable gardens and sow crops. In 55 schools, students are engaged in beekeeping. I taught at 14 elementary. There are craft classes (training in tailoring, blacksmithing, metalworking and turning, carpet weaving). In 1898, funds were received from the state for the maintenance of city vocational and primary schools. treasury 38,094 rubles, from zemstvos 97,150 rubles, cities 48,954 rubles, rural. total 127,877 rubles, from other sources 41,438 rubles. At the church parish uch. and literacy schools spent 162,657 rubles. In areas inhabited by Tatars, there are madrassas and mektebes, where education is conducted exclusively in the Tatar language. There were 132 such schools in 1898, with 6,217 students. To train teachers, there is a teacher's seminary in the village. Poretsky (100 students) and Chuvash school(training teachers for foreign teaching), with 126 students. Public libraries in Simbirsk, Sengiley, Syzran, Karsun, Ardatov and Buinsk. There were 42 free public libraries in 1898. People's readings in 1898 they were settled in the cities. Simbirsk, Kurmysh and Syzran, as well as at 2 asphalt and tar plants. In 1897 gub. zemstvo spent on public education 16774 rub. The Archival Commission (since 1894) has a museum (4,620 antiquities and 3,490 coins) and a library of 1,196 volumes; she published 7 op. on the history of the region and publishes its own magazines. General doctors (since 1861); total sat down farms (since 1859), containing rural households. 1st category school in Simbirsk and a farm and arranging rural households. fair exhibitions; total fine arts, hunters, horse racing, poultry farming, fishing enthusiasts, etc. All societies are concentrated in the province. city. In the lips mountains "S. Provincial Ved.," "S. Eparch. Ved." and "Bestn. S. Zemstvo" are published, and in the city of Syzran - "Syzran Announcement Sheet". Dept. state bank (in Simbirsk and Syzran), department. yard and cross. banks (in Simbirsk), dept. Volzhsko-Kamsky (in Simbirsk and Syzran). City banks in Simbirsk, Syzran, Alatyr, Ardatov, Sengiley and Buinsk. In 1898, city banks received a net profit of 68,148 rubles. General mutual loan in Simbirsk and Alatyr. In 1898 in the province. there were 82 doctors, 17 veterinarians. There were 13 pharmacies, of which 3 were in villages (Poretsky and Promzin, Alatyrsky district and Bolshoi Berezniki, Karsunsky district). There are 36 hospitals, with 1241 beds, of which the provincial zemstvo hospital has 216 beds; there is a paramedic school with 29 students. (23 women and 6 men). In addition, in 13 ver. from lips city ​​colony for doo

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Simbirsk province is an administrative-territorial formation with a center in Simbirsk, formed from the Simbirsk governorship in 1796. In 1924 it was renamed Ulnovskaya province. Abolished in 1928 during the economic zoning of the USSR. On January 19, 1943, the Ulyanovsk region was formed on part of the territory of the former Simbirsk province. Population According to the All-Russian Population Census of the Russian Empire in 1897, 1,549,461 people lived in the territory of the Simbirsk province (749,801 men and 799,660 women). Of these, 109,175 people were urban residents.

Social and national composition According to a review of the province for 1898, there were: hereditary nobles - 3439, personal - 2971, white clergy - 7551, monastics - 718 (104 men and 614 women), honorary citizens - 2789, merchants - 1969, burghers - 64 339, peasants - 1,190,749, regular troops - 2,507, retired and permanent lower ranks, their wives and daughters - 207,836, colonists - 563, foreigners - 106,476, foreign subjects - 208, persons of other classes - 1,681. National composition of the population was very diverse: in addition to the Russians (among them there were a few Little Russians, in the Syzran district), the province was inhabited by Mordovians (Erzya and Moksha), Tatars, Meshcheryaks, and Chuvashs.

The Russians entered the province when the Chuvash, Mordovians and Tatars were already living here. Administrative structure In 1796, the province was divided into 10 districts: Alatyrsky, Ardatovsky, Buinsky, Karsunsky, Kurmyshsky, Samara, Sengileevsky, Stavropol, Syzran and Simbirsk. The following year, Insarsky, Saransk and Sheshkeevsky districts were transferred from the abolished Penza province (returned in 1801). In 1798, three districts were abolished: Ardatovsky, Sengileevsky and Sheshkeevsky (the first two were restored in 1802).

After two Trans-Volga districts (Stavropol and Samara) became part of the Samara province in 1850, until the collapse of the Russian Empire, the Simbirsk province consisted of 8 districts: Simbirsk, Sengileevsky, Syzransky, Buinsky, Karsunsky, Kurmyshsky, Alatyrsky, Ardatovsky. There were 39 dean districts; populated areas - 1641, including 8 cities, 550 villages, 119 villages, 967 hamlets and 12 settlements. According to the estimate of the provincial zemstvo for 1897, 218,863 rubles were allocated for mandatory expenses, 229,037 rubles for optional expenses, including 28,860 rubles for the maintenance of the council. Income was calculated at 437,893 rubles.

The zemstvo had an emeritus cash register (by January 1, 1898 it had 112,301 rubles). By January 1, 1898, the total capital of the provincial zemstvo was 1,266,705 rubles. In 1920, Kurmyshsky district went to the Chuvash Autonomous Okrug, and Buinsky - to the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. After 4 years, Sengileevsky district was abolished. In 1928, the province and all its districts were abolished, their territory became part of the Middle Volga region.

Simbirsk Governorate at Wikimedia Commons

Geographical position

By the beginning of the 20th century, the Simbirsk province occupied 50 thousand km² (&&&&&&&&&&043491.&&&&&0 43,491 versts²). It bordered in the north with the Kazan province, in the east with the Volga, separating it from the Samara province (covering the left bank of the Volga in only two places: opposite Simbirsk and in Syzran), in the south - with Saratov, in the west - with Penza and Nizhny Novgorod provinces.

In 1926, the area of ​​the province was 34,071 km².

Story

In 1801, Insarsky and Saransk districts were again transferred to the newly restored Penza province. And in the Simbirsk province the Ardatovsky and Sengileevsky districts were again restored.

In 1848, the Karamzin Public Library opened in Simbirsk.

In 1881, Kerensky was born in Simbirsk.

Simbirsk province was among 17 regions recognized as seriously affected during the famine of 1891-1892.

In the summer of 1920, in connection with the formation of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the Chuvash Autonomous Region, Buinsky district was excluded from the province, and a number of volosts were transferred from the Spassky district of the TASSR to the Melekessky district of the Simbirsk province: Zhedyaevsky, Matveevsky, Yurtkulsky.

In September 1920, 6 volosts of the Kurmysh district were transferred to the ChuvAO.

On January 6, 1926, by decision of the Samara Provincial Executive Committee, the Melekessky district was transferred to the Ulyanovsk province.

On May 14, 1928, during the economic zoning of the USSR, the province was abolished, and its territory became part of the Ulyanovsk District and the Syzran District of the Middle Volga Region. See article: Ulyanovsk district and Syzran district

Geology

Professor A.P. Pavlov in his work “Lower Volga Jurassic” said the following about the geology of the province:

Geologically, the province was explored by Pallas, Strangweis, Shirokshin and Guryev, Murchinson, Yazykov, Pander, Professor G.D. Romanovsky, Wagner, P.V. Eremeev, Trautschold, Sintsov, Laguzen and others. Outcrops of Jurassic rocks along the right bank of the Volga were observed in two areas quite far apart from each other: in Simbirsk and Syzran districts. Between the northern Simbirsk section of the mountain and the southern Syzran section lay a vast area, occupied partly by newer (Cretaceous and Tertiary) deposits, partly by Paleozoic limestones (Carboniferous and Permian limestones of the Samara Luka).

The deposits of the lower Volga reached their greatest development near the village of Gorodishche. The surroundings of the village of Polivny represented the most southern limit distribution of the mountain in the northern part of the province. Here the Jurassic strata, gradually falling to the south, were hidden under the level of the Volga, and in the coastal outcrops they were replaced by sediments of the Lower Cretaceous system, which occupied only the tops of the coastal outcrops in the vicinity of Undor and even further to the village of Bessonkova and formed the hills of the high bank of the Volga. In the vicinity of Simbirsk, these Lower Cretaceous rocks, in turn, were covered by Upper Cretaceous (and somewhat to the west by Tertiary); these newer deposits stretched in the south to the outskirts of the village of Usolya, where they were suddenly replaced by coal deposits, rising steeply in the form of quite significant hills (about 300 m), and in places in the form of completely vertical walls, at the foot of which the further spread of Cretaceous and Tertiary strata was interrupted . This ridge of calcareous heights, eroded in many places, cut through by ravines and more or less rounded, could be traced from Zhiguli and Usolye far to the southwest to the village of Troekurovka, even further along the Syzran River, where the last outcrops of carboniferous limestone were indicated. The outcrops of ancient rocks did not, however, put a limit to the spread of Mesozoic formations to the south.

Downstream of the Volga, gray Jurassic clay was again encountered, containing the same fossils as in the Gorodishche clay, and a little further, near the village of Kashpura, a powerful development of aucella sandstones, conglomerates, resinous shales and generally rocks developed in the vicinity of the villages of Polivny and Gorodishche was observed . Somewhat south of Kashpur, all these rocks, as well as near Polivna, were hidden under the level of the Volga, giving way to Lower Cretaceous sediments. Numerous studies of the province until the beginning of the 20th century did not clarify many questions. According to Professor Pavlov’s study of Gorodishche clay, it contained traces of fauna characterizing the virgas layers of the Russian Jurassic. He met representatives of the Lat clans there. Pinna, Trigonia, Aporrhais, Buccinum, Purritella; Aucellas and sea urchins are found less frequently. Remains of Per Figatus Buch, Per Quenstedti Rllr, Per biplex Sow (Per Pallasianus) turned out to be common even in the lowest parts of the observable belt.

Geologically, in general terms, the Simbirsk province represented the following: the northern part of the province, adjacent to the Kazan province, had Triassic sediments; in the eastern part, limited by the right bank of the Volga, there were Carboniferous and Cretaceous formations, torn and cut in many places by Tertiary sediments; In the west, chalk and supra-Cretaceous sediments of the Eocene formation were distributed, giving way to Cretaceous soil to the south. In different places of the province, the bones of mammoth and other animals were discovered.

Minerals

In the floodplains of the Volga, Sura, Sviyaga and Usa rivers there were rich deposits of peat. Mineral springs (including). Phosphoric acid lime in the layers of the Cretaceous formation, common in most of the province.

Climate

The climate of the Simbirsk province was similar to the climate of neighboring provinces. Over a small area, its climatic conditions in the north and south differed little from each other. Most important were the differences arising from the altitude above sea level, the greater or lesser protection of the position and the vegetation cover.

Due to the low altitude, protection from the north and the absence of forests, spring and summer were warmer, snow fell late and melted earlier on the banks of the Volga and Syzran, in the southern part of Syzran district, compared with the elevated, densely wooded northeastern part of the Samara Luka, where summer and spring were colder, the snow fell earlier and melted much later.

The average temperature in Simbirsk was: annual - +3.3 °C, January - −13.4 °C, April - +3.5 °C, July - +20.3 °C, September - +10.9 °C . The amount of precipitation was: Yazykovo (western part of the province) - 483 mm, Simbirsk - 443 mm, Chertkovo (Sengileevsky district) - 406 mm, Syzran - 374 mm. Summer precipitation decisively predominated, with the most rain falling in June and July. The snow cover lasted for 4-5 months. The dominant winds that brought the most rain and snow were the western winds, popularly nicknamed the “rotten corner.”

Natural resources

In the forests of the Simbirsk province, among coniferous trees, spruce was found only in the Alatyr and Kurmysh districts along the Sura and its tributaries, pine - throughout the province along the sands, most of all it was found in the Surskaya dacha and in the southern part of the Karsun district. There were much more deciduous forests in the Simbirsk province than coniferous ones. The dominant species were oak, then birch, aspen, linden, and maple. In general, mixed deciduous forests predominated.

Simbirsk province could be considered rich in forests. In the 1860s, the total number of forests was more than 1/3 of the area of ​​the entire province. In general, the forests were distributed quite evenly, only some parts of the province were almost completely bare of forests, namely the whole South part Syzran district, northern Simbirsk, southeastern Buinsky and parts of Alatyr and Kurmysh districts, lying on the left side of the Alatyr River. The western part of Buinsky, the eastern Alatyr district (Surskaya Dacha) and the northeastern Samara Luka were especially wooded. In the southern half of the province and in the mountains in general, the forest was predominantly small, firewood, but in the northern districts it was mostly tall, combat forest; in the districts of Kurmysh, Alatyr and Buinsky there was even ship forest. Over the next 40 years, the forests were significantly cleared; proper forestry existed only in the forests of state appanages and some private individuals.

There were many appanage lands in the Simbirsk province, which was explained by the fact that during the reign of Emperor Nicholas I, all state-owned lands of the Simbirsk province, except for the Surskaya forest dacha, were transferred to the appanage department. In 1896, zemstvo covered 1,473,617.5 hectares of forests. Of this number, private landowners owned 506,714.6 hectares, the appanage - 787,887 hectares, the treasury - 139,243.5 hectares, peasant communities- 34,653 hectares, cities - 5,115.1 hectares and zemstvo - 4.4 hectares.

There was a lot of madder growing in the forests, which peasant women used as a dye. In addition to various kinds of berries, wild cherries and apple trees were very common in the forests, and in the steppes - the so-called wild almonds, or beans.

Among the wild animals in the province there were wolves, foxes, white and black hares, jerboas, ferrets, arctic foxes, muskrats, bears, etc. Previously there were martens and ermine. Of the birds, in addition to hazel grouse and partridges, which were the subject of commercial hunting, there were many different breeds of ducks, waders and other birds; In the summer, steppe birds arrived - bustards and little bustards.

There was quite a lot of fish, especially in the Volga and Sura. In the Volga there were beluga, stellate sturgeon, sturgeon, sterlet, pike perch, catfish and various small species. By the beginning of the 20th century, the so-called settlement was still caught in huge quantities. The same species of fish were found in Sura as in the Volga, excluding only beluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon and vyselka. Sursk sterlet was sent to the capitals, where it was valued more than Volga sterlet. Trout was occasionally caught in some mountain rivers.

Population

Number

In 1905, there were 1,750,600 people in the province. As of August 20, 1920, according to the results of the All-Russian Population Census, the population of the province (without Buinsky district) was 1,622,702 people, of which 168,851 were urban. ethnically The population of the province was distributed as follows:

County	Russians	Mordovians	Chuvash	Tatars
Province as a whole	68,0 %	12,4 %	10,5 %	8,8 %
Alatyrsky	73,0 %	26,7 %	…	…
Ardatovsky	59,6 %	39,4 %	…	…
Buinsky	17,3 %	3,8 %	44,3 %	34,6 %
Karsunsky	85,3 %	8,3 %	2,3 %	3,9 %
Kurmyshsky	52,5 %	6,4 %	25,9 %	15,0 %
Sengileevsky	78,9 %	10,7 %	4,6 %	4,5 %
Simbirsk	77,1 %	4,9 %	7,4 %	9,8 %
Syzransky	88,7 %	4,1 %	3,4 %	3,1 %

Religion

In 1898 Orthodox there were 1,407,317 people, Muslims - 144 440, schismatics And sectarians - 31 384, baptized Tatars who fell away from Orthodoxy, - 4031, Roman Catholics - 1831, Protestants - 1283, Jews - 472, pagans - 441, Armenian-Gregorian- 4. Most of the schismatics were in the Syzran (12 thousand) and Alatyr (9 thousand) districts. In the districts of Karsunsky, Simbirsk and Sengileevsky the number of schismatics was from 3 to 4 thousand in each.

There were 8 monasteries, 263 Orthodox stone churches and 458 wooden ones, 5 Edinoverie churches, 2 Roman Catholic churches, 2 Protestant churches. In addition, there were 159 mosques and one synagogue.

Noble families

Administrative structure

In 1796, as a result of the transformation of the Simbirsk governorship into a province, the following were abolished: Kotyakovsky, Kanadeisky and Tagai districts and the province was divided into 10 districts: Alatyrsky, Ardatovsky, Buinsky, Karsunsky, Kurmyshsky, Samara, Sengileevsky, Stavropol, Syzran and Simbirsk.

From 1851 to 1920, the province included 8 counties:

№	County	County town	Square, verst²	Population (1897), pers.
1	Alatyrsky	Alatyr (12,209 people)	4 832,1	158 188
2	Ardatovsky	Ardatov (4,855 people)	3 972,7	189 226
3	Buinsky	Buinsk (4,213 people)	4 758,4	182 056
4	Karsunsky	Karsun (3,805 people)	6 678,4	217 087
5	Kurmyshsky	Kurmysh (3,166 people)	3 786,6	161 647
6	Sengileevsky	Sengilei (5,734 people)	5 408,3	151 726
7	Simbirsk	Simbirsk (41,684 people)	6 038,9	225 873
8	Syzransky	Syzran (32,383 people)	8 015,6	242 045

There were 39 dean districts; populated areas - 1641, including 8 cities, 550 villages, 119 villages, 967 villages and 12 settlements.

On May 27, 1920, by resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars, Buinsky Uyezd was transferred to the newly formed Autonomous Tatar Republic.

In September 1920, several volosts of the Kurmysh district were transferred to the Chuvash Autonomous Okrug.

Leadership of the viceroyalty/province

Governors General of the Viceroyalty

FULL NAME.	Title, rank, rank	Time to fill a position
Meshchersky Platon Stepanovich	prince, lieutenant general, Simbirsk and Kazan governor	1780-1781
Yakobi Ivan Varfolomeevich	Lieutenant General, Simbirsk and Ufa Governor	1782
Apukhtin Akim Ivanovich	Simbirsk and Ufa Governor-General	1783-1784
Igelstrom Osip Andreevich	Baron, Simbirsk and Ufa Governor-General	1784-1791
von Peutling Alexander Alexandrovich		1792-1793
Derfelden Otto Ivanovich		1793-1794
Vyazmitinov Sergey Kuzmich	and about. Simbirsk and Ufa Governor-General, from 1795 to 1796. simultaneously commander of the Orenburg Corps	1794-1796

Viceroyal Rulers

Governors of the province

FULL NAME.	Title, rank, rank	Time to fill a position
Karpov Alexander Dmitrievich	Lieutenant General / Privy Councilor	12.12.1796-31.07.1797
Tolstoy Alexander Vasilievich	actual state councilor/privy councilor	18.08.1797-22.05.1799
Kromin Matvey Ilyich		18.07.1799-20.09.1799
Sushkov Vasily Mikhailovich	actual state councilor	1799-1803
Khovansky Sergey Nikolaevich	prince, state councilor / actual state councilor	1803-1808
Nechaev Ivan Ivanovich		1809-1812
Dolgorukov Alexey Alekseevich		14.03.1808-17.05.1815 (1812-1814)
Dubensky Nikolai Porfirievich	actual state councilor	17.05.1815-27.05.1817
Magnitsky Mikhail Leontievich	actual state councilor	14.06.1817-1819
Umantsov Andrey Petrovich	baron, actual state councilor	1819-1821
Lukyanovich Andrey Fedorovich	State Councillor	15.06.1821-28.08.1826
Bakhmetev Alexey Nikolaevich	governor general	From 8.1825 to 12.1828, the province was governed in addition to the governor and the governor general
Zhmakin Alexander Yakovlevich	State Councillor	28.08.1826-02.07.1831
Zagryazhsky Alexander Mikhailovich	State Councillor	02.07.1831-05.03.1835
Zhirkevich Ivan Stepanovich	actual state councilor	05.03.1835-27.07.1836
Khomutov Ivan Petrovich	actual state councilor	03.08.1836-1838
Komarov Nikolay Ivanovich	actual state councilor	27.02.1838-07.05.1840
Gevlich Avksentiy Pavlovich	actual state councilor	1840-1843
Buldakov Nikolay Mikhailovich	actual state councilor	06.12.1843-1849
Cherkassky Pyotr Dmitrievich	prince, actual state councilor	01.02.1849-1852
Bibikov Nikolay Petrovich	actual state councilor	10.12.1852-01.06.1856
Izvekov Egor Nikolaevich	actual state councilor	01.06.1856-23.06.1861
Anisimov Mikhail Ivanovich	actual state councilor, acting. d. (approved 01/12/1862)	23.06.1861-01.01.1865
Velio Ivan Osipovich	baron,	01.01.1865-02.12.1866
Orlov-Davydov Vladimir Vladimirovich	Count, His Majesty's Retinue, Major General	06.12.1866-12.10.1868
von Goyningen Huene Alexander Fedorovich	Baron, Privy Councilor	24.01.1869-16.10.1869
Eremeev Dmitry Pavlovich	with the rank of chamber cadet,	02.11.1869-19.01.1873
Dolgovo-Saburov Nikolay Pavlovich	actual state councilor	26.05.1873-01.11.1886
Terenin Mikhail Nikolaevich	chamberlain, actual state councilor (privy councilor)	08.01.1887-22.01.1893
Akinfov Vladimir Nikolaevich	actual state councilor (privy councilor)	30.01.1893-22.07.1902
Rzhevsky Sergey Dmitrievich	with the rank of chamberlain, actual state councilor	28.08.1902-25.10.1904
Yashvil Lev Vladimirovich	prince, state councilor	25.10.1904-1906
Starynkevich Konstantin Sokratovich	major general	1906-23.09.1906
Dubasov Dmitry Nikolaevich	actual state councilor	07.10.1906-28.02.1911
Klyucharyov Alexander Stepanovich	privy councilor	28.02.1911-29.11.1916
Cherkassky Mikhail Alekseevich	prince, state councilor	29.11.1916-05.03.1917
Golovinsky Fedor Alexandrovich	provincial commissar	March 6-December 1917

Provincial leaders of the nobility

FULL NAME.	Title, rank, rank	Time to fill a position
Nagatkin Ivan Ivanovich	captain 1st rank	1780-1784
Meshcherinov Afanasy Stepanovich	collegiate assessor	1784-1787
Poroshin Ivan Andreevich	State Councillor	1787-1789
Samarin Vasily Nikolaevich	seconds major	1789-1792
Ermolov Nil Fedorovich	guard ensign	1792-1795
Bestuzhev Vasily Borisovich	Colonel	1795-1798
Bakhmetev Ivan Alexandrovich	court councilor	1798-1802
Ermolaev Alexander Fedorovich	actual state councilor	1802-1820
Barataev Mikhail Petrovich	prince, captain	1820-1835
Bestuzhev Grigory Vasilievich	major general	04.04.1835-1841
Yurlov Pyotr Ivanovich	staff captain	20.03.1841-1846
Naumov Mikhail Mikhailovich	lieutenant colonel	1846-1847
Aksakov Nikolay Timofeevich	court councilor (state councilor)	14.06.1847-06.03.1859
Ermolov Alexander Ivanovich	actual state councilor	06.03.1859-09.06.1871
Terenin Mikhail Nikolaevich	with the rank of chamberlain, collegiate assessor (actual state councilor)	09.06.1871-08.01.1887
Obolensky Ivan Mikhailovich	prince, with the rank of chamberlain, retired lieutenant (in the position of horsemaster)	12.01.1889-13.06.1897
Polivanov Vladimir Nikolaevich	with the rank of chamberlain, actual state councilor	22.05.1898-1915
Protopopov Alexander Dmitrievich	actual state councilor	1915-1917

Lieutenant Governors

FULL NAME.	Title, rank, rank	Time to fill a position
Chirikov Nikolay Egorovich	State Councillor	18.08.1797-1807
Astafiev Nikolay Alekseevich	collegiate councilor (state councilor)	1807-1810
Dubensky Nikolai Porfirievich	State Councillor	1810-17.05.1815
Renkevich Efim Efimovich	Colonel	1815-03.08.1817
Shigorin Ivan Fedorovich	collegiate advisor	1817-1820
Tolstoy Sergei Vasilievich	count, collegiate advisor	1820-1821
Gribovsky Mikhail Kirillovich	collegiate advisor	15.01.1822-31.01.1826
Smirnoy Nikolai Fedorovich	collegiate advisor	26.02.1826-11.04.1831
Ognev Ivan Dmitrievich	State Councillor	11.04.1831-10.04.1836
Voskresensky Pyotr Gerasimovich	State Councillor	10.04.1836-1838
Sredny-Kamyshev	court councilor	01.02.1838-15.04.1838
Pribytkov Mikhail Alexandrovich	collegiate advisor	15.04.1838-21.10.1839
Vasiliev Pyotr Mikhailovich	collegiate advisor	24.10.1839-11.12.1841
Borozdin Alexander Dmitrievich	State Councillor	11.12.1841-22.01.1844
Budyansky Ivan Ivanovich	State Councillor	21.03.1844-1849
Muravyov Nikolay Mikhailovich	collegiate advisor	1849-25.05.1850
Okunev Illarion Alexandrovich	State Councillor	25.05.1850-03.02.1854
Yurkevich Nikolai Ilyich	court councilor, i. d. (approved 04/17/1855)	03.02.1854-01.06.1856
Ivanov Pavel Egorovich	collegiate advisor	01.06.1856-06.07.1856
Popov Nikolay Alekseevich	State Councilor (actual State Councilor)	24.07.1856-13.04.1861
Kotlyarevsky Andrey Ivanovich	State Councillor	05.05.1861-30.10.1864
Kosagovsky Pavel Pavlovich	court councilor, i. d. (approved with the work for collegiate councilors 10/29/1865), (state councilor)	30.10.1864-28.07.1867
Charykov Valery Ivanovich	with the rank of chamberlain, actual state councilor	18.08.1867-14.03.1869
Polivanov Dmitry Semenovich	actual state councilor	04.04.1869-22.11.1874
Albinsky Ippolit Petrovich	with the rank of chamber cadet, court councilor, and. d. (approved 01/01/1876)	24.01.1875-02.01.1876
Troinitsky Vladimir Alexandrovich	with the rank of chamber cadet, court councilor (state councilor)	23.01.1876-06.03.1886
Skalon Evstafiy Nikolaevich	actual state councilor	18.03.1886-30.08.1887
Ber Viktor Nikolaevich	State Councillor	14.01.1888-20.10.1889
Schlippe Vladimir Karlovich	with the rank of chamberlain, actual state councilor	16.11.1889-19.04.1890
Rzhevsky Sergey Dmitrievich	with the rank of chamberlain, state councilor	19.07.1890-05.07.1896
Naumov Alexander Petrovich	State Councillor	05.07.1896-14.03.1903
Artsybashev Alexander Mikhailovich	actual state councilor	14.03.1903-12.05.1907
Shilovsky Pyotr Petrovich	collegiate advisor	12.05.1907-22.02.1910
Shirinsky-Shikhmatov Andrey Alexandrovich	prince, court councilor (college councilor)	22.03.1910-04.03.1913
Arapov Alexander Viktorovich	State Councilor (actual State Councilor)	04.03.1913-06.12.1915
Shishkov Nikolay Leonovich	actual state councilor	1915-1917

Economy

Agriculture

The main occupation of the inhabitants of the province was agriculture. In 1896, the zemstvo covered 3,036,211.5 hectares of various lands and, in addition, 1,473,617.5 hectares of forests. Out of 3,036,211.5 hectares belonged to: peasant communities and single-yard owners - 1,819,312.9, private owners - 943,054.7, appanage - 243,891.9, treasury - 9,628.2, cities - 20,097.6, peasant land bank - 207.6, zemstvo and others - 18.6 hectares. From 1886 to January 1, 1899, the noble bank accepted 550,155.7 hectares as collateral, valued at 32,270,201 rubles; issued a loan of 18,107,200 rubles. Peasant Bank loans were issued in the amount of RUB 1,477,383. for the purchase of 28,745.9 hectares of land for 1,670 thousand rubles. According to information from the Simbirsk Treasury Chamber for 1898, peasants owned 1,751,935.2 hectares of allotment land; together with the purchased land, the peasants had 1,793,929.8 hectares at their disposal. Of this amount of land, 503,809.7 hectares (28.8%) belonged to former landowner peasants, and 1,070,837.9 hectares belonged to former appanage peasants. On average, there were 2.58 hectares per 1 male soul.

Most of the peasants' land was arable land - 1,336,811.4 hectares (76.3%). Of this amount (with three-field farming), 20,211.3 hectares in each field (4.5%) were allocated for public arable land, the collection from which was used to pay off food debts. Peasants had 91,506.7 hectares of meadows (5%). There were not enough meadows to feed livestock, so the peasants were forced to hire over 32,775 hectares of meadow. Inconvenient land amounted to 155,212.6 hectares (8.8%). In Karsun district the amount of inconvenient land reached 17.2%, in Sengileevsky - 11.2%. Former landowner peasants rented 102,414.2 hectares, specific - 82,348.3, state - 6078.7 hectares.

Of the grain grains and agricultural plants, rye was sown everywhere in the winter field, in the spring field - mainly oats and buckwheat in the northern part of the province, in the south, in addition, there was a lot of millet, and in the eastern part of the Syzran district - wheat; in addition, peas, lentils, potatoes, flax, hemp, sunflowers, etc. From garden and melon plants, watermelons, cucumbers, cabbage, hops, melons, etc. were planted. Tobacco was grown in the cities of Ardatov and Alatyr and their counties, as well as in the counties Kurmyshsky, Syzransky and a few others. The tobacco and hops received were of low quality. Significant potato crops were explained by the existence of starch and potato-molasses factories (up to 60 in the province, most of them in Simbirsk district). Flax growing was most developed in Ardatov and Alatyr districts, on the right bank of the Sura.

The fruit trees grown were apples, pears, dulis, plums and bergamots. Gardening was carried out mainly along the banks of the Volga, but fruit orchards were also found in other areas. Gardens were mainly planted along mountainous river banks with slopes facing south. Gardening and horticulture were mainly of a non-commercial nature. The exception was the residents of the villages closest to the city of Simbirsk, who raised potatoes, cabbage, etc. for sale. In Simbirsk and in some villages of Ardatovsky and Simbirsk district raised garden vegetables to sell seeds. The gardens located along the right bank of the Volga were also industrial in nature. Melon growing was industrial in nature in Syzran and Sengileevsky districts. Beekeeping was more common in wooded counties; The Mordovians and Chuvash were especially involved in it.

The agricultural culture of the province was generally at a low level of development; Only in some private farms was a multi-field system introduced. Thanks to the zemstvo, which established warehouses of agricultural implements and seeds at the zemstvo administrations, the latter were transferred to the peasants in the amount of several tens of thousands annually. The Simbirsk Society of Agriculture established an agricultural school of the 1st category at its farm with funds from the provincial zemstvo and the Ministry of Agriculture.

According to data for 1898, on peasant lands there were 555,975.4 hectares under winter crops, 265,273.2 under oats, 78,891.6 under spring wheat, and 254,694.5 hectares under other spring grains. Private owners had 133,483.8 hectares under winter crops, 96,606.5 hectares under spring oats, 10,661.7 hectares under wheat and 39,277.6 hectares under other spring crops. The following were sown on all lands: rye - 683,955 quarters, spring wheat - 95,474, oats - 576,819, barley - 5718, buckwheat - 36,182, peas - 28,657, millet - 22,237, spelt - 57,704, flax - 6263 , other spring grains - 34,567 and potatoes - 288,110. Rye was harvested 1,778,700, spring wheat - 145,987, oats - 517,560, barley - 8518, buckwheat - 9009, peas - 25,757, millet - 137,809, spelt - 53,583, flax - 5,442, other spring grains - 44,153 and potatoes 0,514,123 quarters. The average grain harvest over the five-year period (from 1893 to 1897) was: rye - 586.3 kg per 1 ha, spring bread - 460.3, average hay harvest - 295.4 kg per 1 ha; At the same time, there was not enough bread received from the allotment land to feed the peasants - 34,141.9 tons, and hay - 27,421.1 kg. This deficiency was replenished partly by renting arable land and meadows, partly by outside earnings. There were 125,897 peasants engaged in fishing. (8.7% of the peasant population). Their earnings were calculated at 5,995,511 rubles.

There were 1,531,704 heads of livestock in the Simbirsk province (1897), including 288,890 horses, 325,995 cattle and 916,819 small horned animals. The zemstvo gave a subsidy to the Simbirsk Society of Agriculture for the establishment of a nursery for breeding livestock on its farm. Horse breeding has received particular development in the province. There were 52 stud farms in 1898, with 176 sires and 1,337 dams. The largest number of factories was in Karsun district. The provincial zemstvo opened a stable in Simbirsk in 1898 to support the producers of the state horse breeding. Horse trading was carried out mainly at the so-called “Collective Fair” in Simbirsk. In 1897, horses worth up to 544,210 rubles were brought in, and sold for 375,435 rubles. Sheep were bred on many landowner farms; there were more than 700 thousand heads (including up to 50 thousand fine-wool ones); the wool from them went to cloth and sheepskin factories. Fine-fleece sheep breeding is more developed in the Syzran (up to 24 thousand heads) and Simbirsk (more than 12 thousand heads) counties.

Industry and trade

The main branch of the handicraft industry consists of various types of wood crafts, common in all counties, especially in Karsun, Alatyr, Ardatov and Syzran. The main ones are the production of carts, carts, sleighs, wheels, wheel hubs, bending arches, rims and runners, making wooden utensils, shovels, baskets, logs and troughs, weaving bast shoes, weaving matting and preparing sacks. In total, he is engaged in various timber trades in the province. up to 7 thousand people, for an amount over 200 thousand rubles. Other handicrafts that are noteworthy for their size include: felting warm shoes, sewing boots and mittens, sewing hats and caps, tailoring, weaving scarves, weaving ropes and weaving fishing gear. The first two of these crafts (felting shoes and sewing boots and mittens) are widespread throughout the province, but especially in Uy. Karsun, Simbirsk and Syzran; it employs up to 3 thousand people, worth 130 thousand rubles, and sewing boots and mittens - up to 1,500 people, worth 100 thousand rubles. 1,600 people are employed in tailoring, costing 55 thousand rubles. They do rope twisting in Buinsky district. Hand-weaving scarves is common in Karsun and Alatyr districts. A total of 15,285 people are employed in handicrafts, including in Karsunsky 5940, in Simbirsk and Syzran up to 2 thousand each (1898). To develop handicrafts, the zemstvo organizes handicraft departments at agricultural exhibitions. A permanent exhibition of handicrafts exists near the lips. zemstvo government. Some schools have craft workshops. Among the local non-handicraft trades, the most common are: forestry work, fishing, resin and tar production, as well as carriage and farrier trades; In 1898, up to 26 thousand people were engaged in them, earning over 680 thousand rubles. Waste trades - mainly agricultural work, barge hauling, herding livestock, beating wool. In Karsun district. up to 3 thousand people engaged in carpentry and farriery. Up to 6 thousand were engaged in barge hauling, 3500 in wool beating, and agriculture. jobs for up to 32 thousand people, mainly from uy. Ardatovsky, Buinsky and Syzransky. The earnings of all of them are over 700 thousand rubles. In total, in 1898 the population earned up to 2 million rubles from handicraft and waste industries. There were 6,080 factories, factories and small industrial establishments in 1898, with 18,709 workers and a total production of 10,639,967 rubles. The main place is occupied by the manufacture of cloth, flour milling and distillation. Cloth factories 18; In 1898, they produced, mainly for supply to the military department, various types of cloth worth 4,575,429 rubles. Distilleries 14; they consumed 1,482,149 pd of supplies. (including potatoes 942098 pd.), alcohol smoked 37047727°. There are 3,375 flour mills (of which 18 are roller mills); the amount of their production is 289,217 rubles. 5 vodka factories purified and prepared vodka worth 114,653 rubles. The amount of production is 3 asphalt and 9 tar plants. equal to 310,400 rubles; in addition there are in the lips. 7 sawmills (RUR 153,650), 3 wax candles (RUR 141,010), 78 tanneries, 2 glass, 3 brewing, 9 soap, 10 lard, 216 sheepskin, 156 wool carding, 12 fulling, 36 boiler, 16 potato-molasses, 52 potato- grating mills, 3 stationery mills, 1 wool spinning mill, 1 wrapping paper mill, 460 oil mills, 33 malt mills, 7 iron foundries, 96 potash mills, 244 brick mills, 73 pottery mills, 230 dyeing mills, 41 glue mills, 59 kulev mills, 696 grain mills, 24 rope mills, 1 match chny, 84 tar and tar, 2 artificial mineral waters, 1 belt factory, 2 gilzovye, 3 chalk, 1 lime, 1 chemical, 1 cheese factory. In 1898, excise taxes received 3,031,577 rubles, including 2,576,640 rubles from wine and alcohol, 258,900 rubles from lighting petroleum oils, and 143,986 rubles from patent fees. 1430 patents were issued for the wine trade. In 1897, 16035 documents were selected for the right to trade and trade, including certificates of 1 gil. 16, 2 gil. 883; The treasury received 239,253 rubles in trade duties. Vacation trade lips. consists mainly of selling grain products, then cloth, alcohol, asphalt, etc.

Plan:

Introduction

• 1 Geographical position
• 2 Geology
• 3 Minerals
• 4 Climate
• 5 Natural resources
• 6 Population
  • 6.1 Number
  • 6.2 Social and national composition
  • 6.3 Religion
  • 6.4 Noble families
• 7 History
• 8 Economics
  • 8.1 Agriculture
  • 8.2 Industry and trade
  • 8.3 Transport and communications
  • 8.4 Banks
• 9 Administrative structure
• 10 Education and culture
• 11 Healthcare and care
• 12 Famous people
Notes
Literature

Introduction

Simbirsk province- an administrative-territorial formation with a center in Simbirsk, formed from the Simbirsk governorship in 1796. In 1924 it was renamed Ulyanovsk province. Abolished in 1928 during the economic zoning of the USSR. On January 19, 1943, the Ulyanovsk region was formed on part of the territory of the former Simbirsk province.

1. Geographical location

By the beginning of the 20th century, the Simbirsk province occupied 49.5 thousand km². It bordered in the north with the Kazan province, in the east with the Volga, separating it from the Samara province (covering the left bank of the Volga in only two places: opposite Simbirsk and in Syzran), in the south - with Saratov, in the west - with Penza and Nizhny Novgorod provinces.

2. Geology

Professor A.P. Pavlov in his work “Lower Volga Jurassic” said the following about the geology of the province:

Geologically, the province was explored by Pallas, Strangweis, Shirokshin and Guryev, Murchinson, Yazykov, Pander, Professor G. D. Romanovsky, Wagner, P. V. Eremeev, Trautschold, Sintsov, Laguzen and others. Outcrops of Jurassic rocks along the right bank of the Volga were observed in two areas quite far apart from each other: in Simbirsk and Syzran districts. Between the northern Simbirsk section of the mountain and the southern Syzran section lay a vast area, occupied partly by newer (Cretaceous and Tertiary) deposits, partly by Paleozoic limestones (Carboniferous and Permian limestones of the Samara Luka).

The deposits of the lower Volga reached their greatest development near the village of Gorodishche. The vicinity of the village of Polivny represented the southernmost limit of the mountain's distribution in the northern part of the province. Here the Jurassic strata, gradually falling to the south, were hidden under the level of the Volga, and in the coastal outcrops they were replaced by sediments of the Lower Cretaceous system, which occupied only the tops of the coastal outcrops in the vicinity of Undor and even further to the village of Bessonkova and formed the hills of the high bank of the Volga. In the vicinity of Simbirsk, these Lower Cretaceous rocks, in turn, were covered by Upper Cretaceous (and somewhat to the west by Tertiary); these newer deposits stretched in the south to the outskirts of the village of Usolya, where they were suddenly replaced by coal deposits, rising steeply in the form of quite significant hills (about 300 m), and in places in the form of completely vertical walls, at the foot of which the further spread of Cretaceous and Tertiary strata was interrupted . This ridge of calcareous heights, eroded in many places, cut through by ravines and more or less rounded, could be traced from Zhiguli and Usolye far to the southwest to the village of Troekurovka, even further along the Syzran River, where the last outcrops of carboniferous limestone were indicated. The outcrops of ancient rocks did not, however, put a limit to the spread of Mesozoic formations to the south.

Downstream of the Volga, gray Jurassic clay was again encountered, containing the same fossils as in the Gorodishche clay, and a little further, near the village of Kashpura, a powerful development of aucella sandstones, conglomerates, resinous shales and generally rocks developed in the vicinity of the villages of Polivny and Gorodishche was observed . Somewhat south of Kashpur, all these rocks, as well as near Polivna, were hidden under the level of the Volga, giving way to Lower Cretaceous sediments. Numerous studies of the province until the beginning of the 20th century did not clarify many questions. According to Professor Pavlov’s study of Gorodishche clay, it contained traces of fauna characterizing the virgas layers of the Russian Jurassic. He met representatives of the Lat clans there. Pinna, Trigonia, Aporrhais, Buccinum, Purritella; Aucellas and sea urchins are found less frequently. Remains of Per Figatus Buch, Per Quenstedti Rllr, Per biplex Sow (Per Pallasianus) turned out to be common even in the lowest parts of the observable belt.

In geological terms, in general terms, the Simbirsk province represented the following: the northern part of the province, adjacent to the Kazan province, had Triassic sediments; in the eastern part, limited by the right bank of the Volga, there were Carboniferous and Cretaceous formations, torn and cut in many places by Tertiary sediments; In the west, chalk and supra-Cretaceous sediments of the Eocene formation were distributed, giving way to Cretaceous soil to the south. In different places of the province, the bones of mammoth and other animals were discovered.

3. Minerals

In addition to clay, chalk and limestone, pyrite deposits were known on the territory of the province (Simbirsk, Alatyr and Kurmysh districts); on the territory of the Syzran district there are deposits of sulfur, saltpeter, rock salt, deposits of natural asphalt, sandstone and oil shale. Deposits of iron ore were known.

In the floodplains of the Volga, Sura, Sviyaga and Usa rivers there were rich peat deposits. Mineral springs (including Undorovsky mineral spring). Phosphoric acid lime in the layers of the Cretaceous formation, common in most of the province.

4. Climate

Map of the province. 1822

The climate of the Simbirsk province was similar to the climate of neighboring provinces. Over a small area, its climatic conditions in the north and south differed little from each other. Most important were the differences arising from the altitude above sea level, the greater or lesser protection of the position and the vegetation cover.

Due to the low altitude, protection from the north and the absence of forests, spring and summer were warmer, snow fell late and melted earlier on the banks of the Volga and Syzran, in the southern part of Syzran district, compared with the elevated, densely wooded northeastern part of the Samara Luka, where summer and spring were colder, the snow fell earlier and melted much later.

The average temperature in Simbirsk was: annual - +3.3 °C, January - −13.4 °C, April - +3.5 °C, July - +20.3 °C, September - +10.9 °C . The amount of precipitation was: Yazykovo (western part of the province) - 483 mm, Simbirsk - 443 mm, Chertkovo (Sengileevsky district) - 406 mm, Syzran - 374 mm. Summer precipitation decisively predominated, with the most rain falling in June and July. The snow cover lasted for 4-5 months. The dominant winds that brought the most rain and snow were the western winds, popularly nicknamed the “rotten corner.”

5. Natural resources

Simbirsk peasants in the forest (1878)

In the forests of the Simbirsk province, among coniferous trees, spruce was found only in the Alatyr and Kurmysh districts along the Sura and its tributaries, pine - throughout the province along the sands, most of all it was found in the Surskaya dacha and in the southern part of the Karsun district. There were much more deciduous forests in the Simbirsk province than coniferous ones. The dominant species were oak, then birch, aspen, linden, and maple. In general, mixed deciduous forests predominated.

Simbirsk province could be considered rich in forests. In the 1860s, the total number of forests was more than 1/3 of the area of ​​the entire province. In general, the forests were distributed quite evenly, only some parts of the province were almost completely bare of forests, namely the entire southern part of the Syzran district, the northern Simbirsk, the southeastern Buinsky and parts of the Alatyr and Kurmysh districts, which lay on the left side of the Alatyr River. The western part of Buinsky, the eastern Alatyr district (Surskaya dacha) and the northeastern Samara Luka were especially wooded. In the southern half of the province and in the mountains in general, the forest was predominantly small, firewood, but in the northern districts it was mostly tall, combat forest; in the districts of Kurmysh, Alatyr and Buinsky there was even ship forest. Over the next 40 years, the forests were significantly cleared; proper forestry existed only in the forests of state appanages and some private individuals.

There were many appanage lands in the Simbirsk province, which was explained by the fact that during the reign of Emperor Nicholas I, all state-owned lands of the Simbirsk province, except for the Surskaya forest dacha, were transferred to the appanage department. In 1896, zemstvo covered 1,473,617.5 hectares of forests. Of this number, private landowners owned 506,714.6 hectares, the appanage - 787,887 hectares, the treasury - 139,243.5 hectares, peasant communities - 34,653 hectares, cities - 5,115.1 hectares and zemstvo - 4.4 hectares.

There was a lot of madder growing in the forests, which peasant women used as a dye. In addition to various kinds of berries, wild cherries and apple trees were very common in the forests, and in the steppes - the so-called wild almonds, or beans.

Among the wild animals in the province there were wolves, foxes, white and black hares, jerboas, ferrets, arctic foxes, muskrats, bears, etc. Previously there were martens and ermine. The Chuvash were mainly engaged in hunting. Of the birds, in addition to hazel grouse and partridges, which were the subject of commercial hunting, there were many different breeds of ducks, waders and other birds; In the summer, steppe birds arrived - bustards and little bustards.

There was quite a lot of fish, especially in the Volga and Sura. In the Volga there were beluga, stellate sturgeon, sturgeon, sterlet, pike perch, catfish and various small species. By the beginning of the 20th century, the so-called settlement was still caught in huge quantities; This fish was bought mainly by the Chuvash. The same species of fish were found in Sura as in the Volga, excluding only beluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon and vyselka. Sursk sterlet was sent to the capitals, where it was valued more than Volga sterlet. Trout was occasionally caught in some mountain rivers.

6. Population

6.1. Number

According to the All-Russian Population Census of the Russian Empire in 1897, 1,527,848 people lived in the territory of the Simbirsk province (728,909 men and 798,939 women). Of these, 108,049 people were urban residents.

6.2. Social and national composition

According to a review of the province for 1898, there were: hereditary nobles - 3439, personal nobles - 2971, white clergy - 7551, monastics - 718 (104 men and 614 women), honorary citizens- 2789, merchants - 1969, burghers - 64,339, peasants - 1,190,749, regular troops - 2,507, retired and permanent lower ranks, their wives and daughters - 207,836, colonists - 563, foreigners - 106,476, foreign nationals - 208 , persons of other classes - 1681.

The national composition of the population was very diverse: in addition to the Russians (among them there were a few Little Russians, in the Syzran district), the province was inhabited by Mordovians (Erzya and Moksha), Tatars, Meshcheryaks, and Chuvash.

The Russians settled the province when the Chuvash, Mordovians and Tatars already lived here.

Coat of arms of the province with official description, approved by Alexander II (1878)

National composition in 1897:

6.3. Religion

Cathedral Mosque in Buinsky district (1876)

In 1898, there were 1,407,317 Orthodox people, Mohammedans - 144,440, schismatics and sectarians - 31,384, baptized Tatars who fell away from Orthodoxy - 4031, Roman Catholics - 1831, Protestants - 1283, Jews - 472, pagans - 441, Armenian-Gregorian - 4. Most of the schismatics were in the Syzran (12 thousand) and Alatyr (9 thousand) counties. In the districts of Karsunsky, Simbirsk and Sengileevsky the number of schismatics was from 3 to 4 thousand in each.

There were 8 monasteries, 263 Orthodox stone churches and 458 wooden ones, 5 Edinoverie churches, 2 Roman Catholic churches, 2 Protestant churches. In addition, there were 159 mosques and one synagogue.

6.4. Noble families

• Kalovskys
• Sazonovs
• Linguists

7. History

Map of Simbirsk province 1859

The territory of the province has been inhabited since very ancient times. The first more definitive information about it is found in Arab writers, some of whom were here personally in the 10th century, when the caliphate established relations with the Bulgars. According to these sources, the Burtases lived in the southern part of the province, and the Mordovians lived along the banks of the Volga, especially to the north of the place where Simbirsk was located. In the 13th century, Tatars appeared in the region. In the 14th century, with the strengthening of the Nizhny Novgorod princes, they extended their power in the Mordovian land to the upper reaches of the Sura, which served as the border from the Horde possessions. However, at this time, except for the city of Kurmysh and, perhaps, a few secluded farmsteads or outposts, the Nizhny Novgorod princes did not arrange anything here. In all likelihood, Russian colonization did not extend here further than the Alatyr River. It was not on the right bank of the Sura until the last quarter of the 16th century, from the end of which the settlement of Russians within the current Simbirsk province became more noticeable.

Even under Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the city of Alatyr arose, then many villages in the Syzran and Sengileevsky districts. Fortresses were built to protect against the attacks of freemen and golytba, which always held on the Volga, but at the end of the 16th century they especially strengthened due to the assignment of peasants to landowners. In 1648, Simbirsk was founded and to the southwest a defensive line was built from an earthen rampart with a ditch and a wooden fence, and in some places with abatis, towers and forts. She went further, to the Penza province; its remains were quite significant even by the end of the 19th century. The former fortified forts existed at that time under the name of suburbs and villages.

In 1680 the city of Syzran was built. The oldest people in the Russian occupation of the area first received civil rights; A voivodeship administration was established in Kurmysh and Alatyr back in the 16th century, and they and their districts were included in the Nizhny Novgorod region. With the conquest of Kazan, the space between the Volga and Sura was brought under the jurisdiction of Kazan, and when Simbirsk was founded, it became known as the Simbirsk district. During the first division of Russia into provinces in 1708, the territory became part of the Kazan province. In 1780, the Simbirsk governorship was formed. In 1850, two Trans-Volga districts (Stavropol and Samara) became part of the Samara province.

8. Economy

8.1. Agriculture

The main occupation of the inhabitants of the province was agriculture. In 1896, the zemstvo covered 3,036,211.5 hectares of various lands and, in addition, 1,473,617.5 hectares of forests. Out of 3,036,211.5 hectares belonged to: peasant communities and single-yard owners - 1,819,312.9, private owners - 943,054.7, appanage - 243,891.9, treasury - 9,628.2, cities - 20,097.6, peasant land bank - 207.6, zemstvo and others - 18.6 hectares. From 1886 to January 1, 1899, the noble bank accepted 550,155.7 hectares as collateral, valued at 32,270,201 rubles; issued a loan of 18,107,200 rubles. The Peasant Bank issued loans in the amount of 1,477,383 rubles. for the purchase of 28,745.9 hectares of land for 1,670 thousand rubles. According to information from the Simbirsk Treasury Chamber for 1898, peasants owned 1,751,935.2 hectares of allotment land; together with the purchased land, the peasants had 1,793,929.8 hectares at their disposal. Of this amount of land, 503,809.7 hectares (28.8%) belonged to former landowner peasants, and 1,070,837.9 hectares belonged to former appanage peasants. On average, there were 2.58 hectares per 1 male soul.

Most of the peasants' land was arable land - 1,336,811.4 hectares (76.3%). Of this amount (with three-field farming), 20,211.3 hectares in each field (4.5%) were allocated for public arable land, the collection from which was used to pay off food debts. Peasants had 91,506.7 hectares of meadows (5%). There were not enough meadows to feed livestock, so the peasants were forced to hire over 32,775 hectares of meadow. Inconvenient land amounted to 155,212.6 hectares (8.8%). In Karsun district the amount of inconvenient land reached 17.2%, in Sengileevsky - 11.2%. Former landowner peasants rented 102,414.2 hectares, specific ones - 82,348.3, state - 6078.7 hectares.

Of the grain grains and agricultural plants, rye was sown everywhere in the winter field, in the spring field - mainly oats and buckwheat in the northern part of the province, in the south, in addition, there was a lot of millet, and in the eastern part of the Syzran district - wheat; in addition, peas, lentils, potatoes, flax, hemp, sunflowers, etc. From garden and melon plants, watermelons, cucumbers, cabbage, hops, melons, etc. were planted. Tobacco was grown in the cities of Ardatov and Alatyr and their counties, as well as in the counties Kurmyshsky, Syzransky and a few others. The tobacco and hops received were of low quality. Significant potato crops were explained by the existence of starch and potato-molasses factories (up to 60 in the province, most of them in Simbirsk district). Flax growing was most developed in Ardatov and Alatyr districts, on the right bank of the Sura.

The fruit trees grown were apples, pears, dulis, plums and bergamots. Gardening was carried out mainly along the banks of the Volga, but fruit orchards were also found in other areas. Gardens were mainly planted along mountainous river banks with slopes facing south. Gardening and horticulture were mainly of a non-commercial nature. The exception was the residents of the villages closest to the city of Simbirsk, who bred potatoes, cabbage, etc. for sale. In Simbirsk and in some villages of the Ardatov and Simbirsk districts, garden vegetables were bred for the sale of seeds. The gardens located along the right bank of the Volga were also industrial in nature. Melon growing was industrial in nature in Syzran and Sengileevsky districts. Beekeeping was more common in wooded counties; The Mordovians and Chuvash were especially involved in it.

The agricultural culture of the province was generally at a low level of development; Only in some private farms was a multi-field system introduced. Thanks to the zemstvo, which established warehouses of agricultural implements and seeds at the zemstvo administrations, the latter were transferred to the peasants in the amount of several tens of thousands annually. The Simbirsk Society of Agriculture established an agricultural school of the 1st category at its farm with funds from the provincial zemstvo and the Ministry of Agriculture.

According to data for 1898, on peasant lands there were 555,975.4 hectares under winter crops, 265,273.2 under oats, 78,891.6 under spring wheat, and 254,694.5 hectares under other spring grains. Private owners had 133,483.8 hectares under winter crops, 96,606.5 hectares under spring oats, 10,661.7 hectares under wheat and 39,277.6 hectares under other spring crops. The following were sown on all lands: rye - 683,955 quarters, spring wheat - 95,474, oats - 576,819, barley - 5718, buckwheat - 36,182, peas - 28,657, millet - 22,237, spelt - 57,704, flax - 6263 , other spring grains - 34,567 and potatoes - 288,110. Rye was harvested 1,778,700, spring wheat - 145,987, oats - 517,560, barley - 8518, buckwheat - 9009, peas - 25,757, millet - 137,809, spelt - 53,583, flax - 5,442, other spring grains - 44,153 and potatoes 0,514,123 quarters. The average grain harvest over the five-year period (from 1893 to 1897) was: rye - 586.3 kg per 1 ha, spring bread - 460.3, average hay harvest - 295.4 kg per 1 ha; At the same time, there was not enough bread received from the allotment land to feed the peasants - 34,141.9 tons, and hay - 27,421.1 kg. This deficiency was replenished partly by renting arable land and meadows, partly by outside earnings. There were 125,897 peasants engaged in fishing. (8.7% of the peasant population). Their earnings were calculated at 5,995,511 rubles.

There were 1,531,704 heads of livestock in the Simbirsk province (1897), including 288,890 horses, 325,995 cattle and 916,819 small horned animals. The zemstvo gave a subsidy to the Simbirsk Society of Agriculture for the establishment of a nursery for breeding livestock on its farm. Horse breeding has received particular development in the province. There were 52 stud farms in 1898, with 176 sires and 1,337 dams. The largest number of factories was in Karsun district. The provincial zemstvo opened a stable in Simbirsk in 1898 to support the producers of the state horse breeding. Horse trading was carried out mainly at the so-called “Collective Fair” in Simbirsk. In 1897, horses worth up to 544,210 rubles were brought in, and sold for 375,435 rubles. Sheep were bred on many landowner farms; there were more than 700 thousand heads (including up to 50 thousand fine-wool ones); the wool from them went to cloth and sheepskin factories. Fine-fleece sheep breeding is more developed in the Syzran (up to 24 thousand heads) and Simbirsk (more than 12 thousand heads) counties.

8.2. Industry and trade

The main branch of the handicraft industry consists of various types of wood crafts, common in all counties, especially in Karsun, Alatyr, Ardatov and Syzran. The main ones are the production of carts, carts, sleighs, wheels, wheel hubs, bending arches, rims and runners, making wooden utensils, shovels, baskets, logs and troughs, weaving bast shoes, weaving matting and preparing sacks. In total, he is engaged in various timber trades in the province. up to 7 thousand people, for an amount over 200 thousand rubles. Other handicrafts that are noteworthy for their size include: felting warm shoes, sewing boots and mittens, sewing hats and caps, tailoring, weaving scarves, weaving ropes and weaving fishing gear. The first two of these crafts (felting shoes and sewing boots and mittens) are widespread throughout the province, but especially in Uy. Karsun, Simbirsk and Syzran; it employs up to 3 thousand people, worth 130 thousand rubles, and sewing boots and mittens - up to 1,500 people, worth 100 thousand rubles. 1,600 people are employed in tailoring, costing 55 thousand rubles. They do rope twisting in Buinsky district. Hand-weaving scarves is common in Karsun and Alatyr districts. Totally occupied by handicrafts. 15,285 people, including in the u. Karsunsky 5940, in Simbirsk and Syzran up to 2 thousand each (1898). To develop handicrafts, the zemstvo organizes handicraft departments at agricultural exhibitions. A permanent exhibition of handicrafts exists near the lips. zemstvo government. Some schools have craft workshops. Among the local non-handicraft trades, the most common are: forestry work, fishing, resin and tar production, as well as carriage and farrier trades; In 1898, up to 26 thousand people were engaged in them, earning over 680 thousand rubles. Waste trades - mainly agricultural work, barge hauling, herding livestock, beating wool. In Karsun district. up to 3 thousand people engaged in carpentry and farriery. Up to 6 thousand were engaged in barge hauling, 3500 in wool beating, and agriculture. jobs for up to 32 thousand people, mainly from uy. Ardatovsky, Buinsky and Syzransky. The earnings of all of them are over 700 thousand rubles. In total, in 1898 the population earned up to 2 million rubles from handicraft and waste industries. There were 6,080 factories, factories and small industrial establishments in 1898, with 18,709 workers and a total production of 10,639,967 rubles. The main place is occupied by the manufacture of cloth, flour milling and distillation. Cloth factories 18; In 1898, they produced, mainly for supply to the military department, various types of cloth worth 4,575,429 rubles. Distilleries 14; they consumed 1,482,149 pd of supplies. (including potatoes 942098 pd.), alcohol smoked 37047727°. There are 3,375 flour mills (of which 18 are roller mills); the amount of their production is 289,217 rubles. 5 vodka factories purified and prepared vodka worth 114,653 rubles. The amount of production is 3 asphalt and 9 tar plants. equal to 310,400 rubles; in addition there are in the lips. 7 sawmills (RUR 153,650), 3 wax candles (RUR 141,010), 78 tanneries, 2 glass, 3 brewing, 9 soap, 10 lard, 216 sheepskin, 156 wool carding, 12 fulling, 36 boiler, 16 potato-molasses, 52 potato- grating mills, 3 stationery mills, 1 wool spinning mill, 1 wrapping paper mill, 460 oil mills, 33 malt mills, 7 iron foundries, 96 potash mills, 244 brick mills, 73 pottery mills, 230 dye mills, 41 glue mills, 59 kulev mills, 696 grain mills, 24 rope mills, 1 match chny, 84 tar and tar, 2 artificial mineral waters, 1 belt factory, 2 gilzovye, 3 chalk, 1 lime, 1 chemical, 1 cheese factory. In 1898, excise taxes received 3,031,577 rubles, including 2,576,640 rubles from wine and alcohol, 258,900 rubles from lighting petroleum oils, and 143,986 rubles from patent fees. 1,430 patents were issued for the wine trade. In 1897, 16,035 documents for the right to trade and trade were issued, including certificates of 1 gil. 16, 2 gil. 883; The treasury received 239,253 rubles in trade duties. Vacation trade lips. consists mainly of selling grain products, then cloth, alcohol, asphalt, etc.

There are 82 fairs, to which in 1898 goods worth 7.5 million rubles were brought and 4,100 thousand rubles were sold. The most important fairs are: “Sbornaya” in Simbirsk (brought for 5 million rubles, sold for 3,668 thousand rubles), “Kreshchenskaya” in Syzran (brought for 375,000 rubles, sold for 310,000 rubles), “Troitskaya” » in Karsun (principal 548 thousand rubles, sales 332 thousand rubles). Market trade was carried out in 93 points, in some of them 2 or 3 times a week. Approximately 5 million rubles worth of goods are brought to the bazaars and sold.

Provincial and district zemstvo dues, in addition to arrears, should have received 985,524 rubles by 1898, 800,307 rubles were collected, 761,389 rubles remained in arrears. City revenues in 1898 received 517,861 rubles, expenses were incurred for 517,670 rubles.

8.3. Transport and communications

Before railroads, goods were mainly shipped by rivers. In 1898, goods worth 9,785,091 rubles were sent from the Volga and Sur piers, including rye and rye flour worth 1,744,025 rubles, oats worth 987,727 rubles, wheat and wheat flour worth 812,717 rubles, cloth for 677,177 rubles. and wine alcohol for 243,600 rubles.

Passed through the province railways Syzran-Vyazemskaya and Moscow-Kazan with branches to Syzran and Simbirsk.

Postal roads had a length of 976 km. There were 55 postal and telegraph institutions in 1899. The exchange of simple correspondence was carried out under 10 volost boards. A telephone network existed in Simbirsk. The total amount of postal and telegraph income in 1898 was 206,736 rubles, net income - 106,943 rubles. Zemstvo post existed in 5 counties; she was not in the bridles of Karsunsky, Buinsky and Syzransky.

8.4. Banks

By the end of the 19th century, the province had branches of the State Bank (in Simbirsk and Syzran), branches of the Noble and Peasant Banks (in Simbirsk), branches of the Volga-Kama Bank (in Simbirsk and Syzran). City banks were located in the cities of Simbirsk, Syzran, Alatyr, Ardatov, Sengiley and Buinsk. In 1898, city banks received a net profit of 68,148 rubles. In Simbirsk and Alatyr there were mutual credit societies.

9. Administrative structure

Map of administrative divisions of Simbirsk province

In 1796, the province was divided into 10 districts: Alatyrsky, Ardatovsky, Buinsky, Karsunsky, Kurmyshsky, Samara, Sengileevsky, Stavropolsky, Syzransky and Simbirsk. The following year, Insarsky, Saransk and Sheshkeevsky districts were transferred from the abolished Penza province (returned in 1801). In 1798, three districts were abolished: Ardatovsky, Sengileevsky and Sheshkeevsky (the first two were restored in 1802). In 1850, two Trans-Volga districts (Stavropol and Samara) became part of the Samara province.

From 1850 to 1920, the province included 8 counties:

№	County	County town	Square, verst²	Population (1897), pers.
1	Alatyrsky	Alatyr (12,209 people)	4 832,1	158 188
2	Ardatovsky	Ardatov (4,855 people)	3 972,7	189 226
3	Buinsky	Buinsk (4,213 people)	4 758,4	182 056
4	Karsunsky	Karsun (3,805 people)	6 678,4	217 087
5	Kurmyshsky	Kurmysh (3,166 people)	3 786,6	161 647
6	Sengileevsky	Sengilei (5,734 people)	5 408,3	151 726
7	Simbirsk	Simbirsk (41,684 people)	6 038,9	225 873
8	Syzransky	Syzran (32,383 people)	8 015,6	242 045

There were 39 dean districts; populated areas - 1641, including 8 cities, 550 villages, 119 villages, 967 villages and 12 settlements.

According to the estimate of the provincial zemstvo for 1897, 218,863 rubles were allocated for mandatory expenses, and 229,037 rubles for optional expenses, including 28,860 rubles for the maintenance of the council. Income was calculated at 437,893 rubles. The zemstvo had an emeritus cash register (by January 1, 1898 it had 112,301 rubles). By January 1, 1898, the total capital of the provincial zemstvo was 1,266,705 rubles.

In 1920, Kurmyshsky district went to the Chuvash Autonomous Okrug, and Buinsky - to the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. After 4 years, Sengileevsky district was abolished.

In 1928, the province and all its districts were abolished, their territory became part of the Middle Volga region.

10. Education and culture

In 1887, there were 588 educational institutions in the province with 27,240 students.

According to data for 1898, there are 944 educational institutions in the province, including secondary schools for male children - 4, for female children - 3, city - 5, district - 3, theological - 3, women's pro-gymnasium - 3, teachers' seminary, Chuvash teacher's school, 7 vocational schools and 914 primary schools. In all educational institutions There were 39,221 boys and 11,156 girls studying, a total of 50,377 people. There were 853 schools in the villages, namely: from the Ministry public education and zemstvo - 466, parish - 207, literacy schools - 164, others - 16. There were 22,777 boys and 4,775 girls in ministerial and zemstvo schools, 5,892 boys and 1,590 girls in parish schools, 3,264 in literacy schools. boys and 952 girls, in the rest - 721 boys and 150 girls.

In 240 schools, under the guidance of teachers, orchards, vegetable gardens were planted and crops were planted. In 55 schools, students were involved in beekeeping. At 14 primary schools there were craft classes (training in tailoring, blacksmithing, plumbing and turning, carpet and carpet weaving).

In 1898, 38,094 rubles were received from the state treasury for the maintenance of urban vocational and primary schools, from zemstvos - 97,150 rubles, cities - 48,954 rubles, rural communities - 127,877 rubles, from other sources - 41,438 rubles. 162,657 rubles were spent on parish schools and literacy schools.

In areas inhabited by Tatars, there were madrassas and mektebes, where education was conducted exclusively in the Tatar language. There were 132 such schools in 1898, with 6,217 students.

To train teachers, there was a teacher's seminary in the village of Poretsky (100 students) and a Chuvash school (training teachers for foreign schools), with 126 students.

Public libraries were located in the cities of Simbirsk, Sengiley, Syzran, Karsun, Ardatov and Buinsk. There were 42 free public libraries in 1898. Public readings in 1898 were organized in the cities of Simbirsk, Kurmysh and Syzran, as well as at two asphalt and tar plants.

In 1897, the provincial zemstvo spent 16,774 rubles on public education.

The Archival Commission (since 1894) had a museum (4620 antiquities and 3490 coins) and a library of 1196 volumes; she published seven works on the history of the region and publishes her own magazines.

The province had the following public organizations: society of doctors (since 1861); Agricultural Society (since 1859), which maintained a 1st category agricultural school in the city of Simbirsk and a farm and organized agricultural fairs; societies of fine arts, hunters, horse racing, poultry farming, fishing enthusiasts, etc. All societies were concentrated in the provincial city.

In the provincial city, “Simbirsk Provincial Gazette”, “Simbirsk Diocesan Gazette” and “Bulletin of the Simbirsk Zemstvo” were published, in the city of Syzran - “Syzran Announcement Sheet”.

11. Healthcare and care

In 1898, there were 82 doctors and 17 veterinarians in the province. There were 13 pharmacies, of which 3 were in villages (Poretsky and Promzin, Alatyr district and Bolshie Berezniki, Karsun district); hospitals - 36, with 1241 beds, of which the provincial zemstvo - with 216 beds; it housed a paramedic school with 29 students (23 women and 6 men). In addition, 14 km from the provincial town there was a colony for the mentally ill, established with capital donated by Karamzin. At the expense of the district zemstvos, 16 hospitals, 16 clinics, 9 emergency rooms and 91 medical and paramedic stations were maintained. In 1898, the zemstvos spent 320,410 rubles on the medical unit, including the provincial zemstvo - 85,720 rubles. The cities spent 16,055 rubles on the same item.

Charitable institutions included: a house of hard work, city, zemstvo and noble almshouses and 3 shelters in Simbirsk, almshouses in the cities of Alatyr and Buinsk, several shelters for children. In the village of Rumyantsevo, Karsun district, with capital (400 thousand rubles) donated by N.D. Seliverstov, a two-class men's school was maintained vocational school(32 students), girls' school with a handicraft class (33 students), a boarding shelter (35 people), an almshouse (for 11 people) and a hospital (45 beds).

12. Famous people

• Fedotov, Vladimir Ivanovich (1924-2011) - Hero of socialist labor, nuclear industry worker. Born and raised in the Syzran district of the Simbirsk province, he studied in Syzran.

Notes

1. 1 2 The first general census of the Russian Empire in 1897 - demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_gub_97.php?reg=39.
2. Indeed, regarding the geological structure of the province, a controversy arose between A.P. Pavlov and S.N. Nikitin (see articles by S.N. Nikitin: “Notes on the Jurassic of the environs of Syzran and Saratov”, “News of the Geological Committee” for 1887, No. 8, and A.P. Pavlova, “On the Callovian layers of the Simbirsk province and their relation to the Oxford ones,” “News of the Geological Committee,” vol. VII, 1889, no. 2).
3. The nature of these deposits was clarified in the work of Professor A. N. Pavlov “Lower Volga Jurassic” (p. 22-32).
4. The first general census of the Russian Empire in 1897. Population distribution by native language and counties of 50 provinces European Russia- demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=1354. Application. Directory of statistical indicators. Demoscope Weekly.
5. Drawing of the cathedral mosque designed by architect Jacobson for the Buinsky district of the Simbirsk province.
6. See A.F. Selivanov, “Materials for the history of the Burtas.”

Literature

• Selivanov A. F. Simbirsk province - ru.wikisource.org/wiki/ESBE/Simbirsk_gubernia // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg. : 1890-1907.
• Simbirsk Zemskaya Newspaper - ru.wikisource.org/wiki/ESBE/Simbirskaya_Zemskaya_Gazeta // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg. : 1890-1907.
• Simbirsk Provincial Gazette - ru.wikisource.org/wiki/ESBE/Simbirsk_Provincial_Gazette // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg. : 1890-1907.
• Simbirsk Diocesan Gazette - ru.wikisource.org/wiki/ESBE/Simbirsk_diocesan_vedomosti // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg. ,