Crimean Tatars(Crimean qırımtatarlar, kyrymtatarlar, singular qırımtatar, kyrymtatar) or Crimeans (Crimean qırımlar, kyrymlar, singular qırım, kyrym) are a people historically formed in Crimea. They speak the Crimean Tatar language, which belongs to Turkic group Altai family languages.
Overwhelming majority Crimean Tatars- Sunni Muslims, belong to the Hanafi madhhab.
Dossier
Self-name:(Crimean Tatar) qırımtatarlar, qırımlar
Number and range: Total 500,000 people
Ukraine: 248,193 (2001 census)
- Republic of Crimea: 243,433 (2001)
- Kherson region: 2,072 (2001)
- Sevastopol: 1,858 (2001)
Uzbekistan: from 10,046 (2000 census) and 90,000 (2000 estimate) to 150,000 people.
Türkiye: from 100,000 to 150,000
Romania: 24,137 (2002 census)
- Constanta County: 23,230 (2002 census)
Russia: 2,449 (2010 census)
- Krasnodar region: 1,407 (2010)
- Moscow: 129 (2010)
Bulgaria: 1,803 (2001 census)
Kazakhstan: 1,532 (2009 census)
Language: Crimean Tatar
Religion: Islam
Included: in Turkic-speaking peoples
Related peoples: Krymchaks, Karaites, Kumyks, Azerbaijanis, Turkmen, Gagauz, Karachais, Balkars, Tatars, Uzbeks, Turks
Settlement of the Crimean Tatars
Crimean Tatars live mainly in Crimea (about 260 thousand) and adjacent areas of continental Ukraine, as well as in Turkey, Romania (24 thousand), Uzbekistan (90 thousand, estimates from 10 thousand to 150 thousand), Russia ( 4 thousand, mostly in Krasnodar region), Bulgaria (3 thousand). According to local Crimean Tatar organizations, the diaspora in Turkey numbers hundreds of thousands of people, but there are no exact data on its numbers, since Turkey does not publish data on national composition population of the country. The total number of residents whose ancestors are in different time immigrated to the country from Crimea, estimated in Turkey at 5-6 million people, however most of these people have assimilated and consider themselves not Crimean Tatars, but Turks of Crimean origin.
Ethnogenesis of the Crimean Tatars
Crimean Tatars formed as a people in Crimea in the XIII-XVII centuries. The historical core of the Crimean Tatar ethnic group is the Turkic tribes that settled in Crimea, special place in the ethnogenesis of the Crimean Tatars among the Kipchak tribes, who mixed with the local descendants of the Huns, Khazars, Pechenegs, as well as representatives of the pre-Turkic population of Crimea - together with them formed the ethnic basis of the Crimean Tatars, Karaites, Krymchaks.
Historical background
The main ethnic groups that inhabited Crimea in ancient times and the Middle Ages were the Taurians, Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans, Bulgars, Greeks, Goths, Khazars, Pechenegs, Polovtsians, Italians, Circassians (Circassians), and Asia Minor Turks. Over the centuries, the peoples who came to Crimea again assimilated those who lived here before their arrival or themselves assimilated into their environment.
TO mid-XIII century, Crimea was conquered by the Mongols under the leadership of Khan Batu and included in the state they founded - the Golden Horde.
The key event that left its mark on further history Crimea, was the conquest of the southern coast of the peninsula and the adjacent part of the Crimean Mountains by the Ottoman Empire in 1475, which previously belonged to the Republic of Genoa and the Principality of Theodoro, and the subsequent transformation Crimean Khanate into a vassal state to the Ottomans and the entry of the peninsula into the Pax Ottomana - the “cultural space” of the Ottoman Empire.
The spread of Islam on the peninsula had a significant impact on the ethnic history of Crimea. According to local legends, Islam was brought to Crimea in the 7th century by the companions of the Prophet Muhammad Malik Ashter and Gazy Mansur.
History of the Crimean Tatars
Crimean Khanate
The process of formation of the people was finally completed during the period of the Crimean Khanate.
The state of the Crimean Tatars - the Crimean Khanate existed from 1441 to 1783. For most of its history, it was dependent on the Ottoman Empire and was its ally. Ruling dynasty in Crimea there was a clan of Gerayev (Gireev), the founder of which was the first khan Hadji I Geray. The era of the Crimean Khanate is the heyday of Crimean Tatar culture, art and literature.
WITH early XVI century, the Crimean Khanate waged constant wars with the Moscow state and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (until the 18th century, mainly offensive), which was accompanied by the capture large quantity captives from among the peaceful Russian, Ukrainian and Polish populations.
As part of the Russian Empire
In 1736 Russian troops led by Field Marshal Christopher (Christoph) Minich, burned Bakhchisarai and devastated foothill Crimea. In 1783, as a result of Russia's victory over the Ottoman Empire, Crimea was first occupied and then annexed by Russia.
At the same time, the policy of the Russian imperial administration was characterized by a certain flexibility. Russian government made the ruling circles of Crimea their support: the entire Crimean Tatar clergy and the local feudal aristocracy were equated with Russian aristocracy with all rights reserved.
The oppression of the Russian administration and the expropriation of land from Crimean Tatar peasants caused mass emigration of Crimean Tatars to Ottoman Empire. The two main waves of emigration occurred in the 1790s and 1850s.
Revolution of 1917
Crimean Tatar women on a postcard from 1905
The period from 1905 to 1917 was a continuous growing process of struggle, moving from humanitarian to political. During the revolution of 1905 in Crimea, problems were raised regarding the allocation of land to the Crimean Tatars, the conquest political rights, creation of modern educational institutions.
In February 1917, Crimean Tatar revolutionaries watched with great preparedness political situation. As soon as it became known about serious unrest in Petrograd, already on the evening of February 27, that is, on the day of dissolution State Duma, on the initiative of Ali Bodaninsky, the Crimean Muslim Revolutionary Committee was created.
In 1921, the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as part of the RSFSR. State languages it contained Russian and Crimean Tatar. The basis administrative division autonomous republic the national principle was established.
Crimea under German occupation
Deportation
The accusation of cooperation of the Crimean Tatars, as well as other peoples, with the occupiers became the reason for the eviction of these peoples from Crimea in accordance with the Decree of the State Defense Committee of the USSR No. GOKO-5859 of May 11, 1944. On the morning of May 18, 1944, an operation began to deport peoples accused of collaborating with German occupiers, to Uzbekistan and adjacent areas of Kazakhstan and Tajikistan. Small groups were sent to the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the Urals, and the Kostroma region.
In total, 228,543 people were evicted from Crimea, 191,014 of them were Crimean Tatars (more than 47 thousand families). Every third adult Crimean Tatar was required to sign that he had read the decree, and that escaping from the place of special settlement was punishable by 20 years of hard labor, as a criminal offense.
A significant number of displaced people, exhausted after three years life under occupation, died in places of deportation from hunger and disease in 1944-45. Estimates of the number of deaths during this period vary greatly: from 15-25% according to estimates of various Soviet official bodies to 46% according to the estimates of activists of the Crimean Tatar movement, who collected information about the dead in the 1960s.
Return to Crimea
Unlike other peoples deported in 1944, who were allowed to return to their homeland in 1956, during the “thaw,” the Crimean Tatars were deprived of this right until 1989 (“perestroika”).
The mass return began in 1989, and today about 250 thousand Crimean Tatars live in Crimea (243,433 people according to the 2001 All-Ukrainian Census).
The main problems of the Crimean Tatars after their return were mass unemployment, problems with the allocation of land and the development of infrastructure of the Crimean Tatar villages that had arisen over the past 15 years.
Arsen BekirovFrom the outside, the Crimean Tatar people seem monolithic, but when communicating with Tatars, you can often hear: “Zarema’s father-in-law is “thirty”, and her mother-in-law is a Kerch Nogayka” or “my dad is a Tatar from Bakhchisarai, and my mother is a Uskut.” These are the names of subethnic groups - sort of “peoples within a people.”
It is believed that the Crimean Tatar people consist of three sub-ethnic groups: steppe people (Nogai), highlanders (Tats) and south-coast people (Yalyboylu). Deportation weakened, but did not erase the differences: sympathy for “one’s own” is manifested at the everyday level, and in business, and in politics.
“The Slavs call this phenomenon nepotism. It is, to one degree or another, characteristic of all nations,” says political scientist Alime Apselyamova.
Some are politicians, others are scientists
In the leadership of the Crimean Tatar Majlis, the leading role is played by people from the South Coast. Head of the Majlis Mustafa Dzhemilev and his right hand Refat Chubarov is considered the native village of Ai-Serez (Mezhdurechye, near Sudak). Mufti of Crimea Emirali Ablaev is from the same place. However, Dzhemilev denies that he selected his associates based on their place of birth.
“I learned that Refat had roots from Ai-Serez only after he became my first deputy,” says the Crimean Tatar leader. Although his opponents claim that Dzhemilev and Chubarov are distant relatives.
The Stepnyakov-Nogays are distinguished by their passion for education and science. For example, the rector of the Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University Fevzi Yakubov was born in the Black Sea region. Many heads of KIPU are also Nogai - most of the deans and vice-rectors. Yakubov claims that the compatriot factor does not matter to him, but at the same time he admits that relations between subethnic types affect the atmosphere in the team.
“It happens that a person is incompetent, and then goes around and says that the tats or otuz did not let him work,” says the rector.
Nogai - people from the steppe
The Nogai type of Crimean Tatars was formed in the steppe regions of the peninsula. The Nogai mixed the blood of the Polovtsians, Kypchaks and partly the Nogais - a people who now live in the North Caucasus. In the appearance of most steppe dwellers there are elements of Mongoloidity: they are distinguished by small stature and narrow eyes. According to linguistic and folklore characteristics, the steppe Crimean Tatars are divided into three groups: people from the northwestern Crimea (the current Saki, Chernomorsky and Razdolnensky regions), residents of the central steppe and eastern Nogai - mainly people from the Leninsky region. The latter consider themselves “real” steppe inhabitants, in contrast, for example, to the Evpatoria Nogai, among whom there are many fair-skinned people with brown or dark brown hair.
Features: among the Crimean Tatars there is a widespread belief that Nogai men are distinguished by their prudence and calm disposition. Women, on the contrary, are more temperamental and often control their husbands.
Tats - children of the mountains
Before deportation, the Tats lived in the mountainous and foothill regions of Crimea. Crimean Tatars call this territory “orta yolak” - middle zone. They contain the genes of almost all the tribes and peoples that have inhabited Crimea since ancient times: Taurians, Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans, Goths, Greeks, Circassians, Khazars and others. Externally, Tats look like residents of Eastern Europe, including Ukrainians. Historians are still arguing about the origin of the word “tats” - according to one version, this is how Christians who converted to the Muslim faith were called during the time of the Crimean Khanate.
Features: Bakhchisarai Tats are considered intelligent, Balaklava Tats are stubborn and hot-tempered.
Yalyboylyu - southern guys
This is what the natives of the Southern Coast of Crimea are called, but in fact, the real Yalyboylu lived in the area from Foros to Alushta. The inhabitants of the Sudak region - the Uskuts - have their own characteristics.
The South Coast Tatars are descendants of the Greeks, Goths, Turks, Circassians and Genoese. Outwardly, the Yalyboylu are similar to the Greeks and Italians, but there are blue-eyed and light-skinned blonds.
Features: It is believed that South Coast people are distinguished by entrepreneurship and business acumen.
Many peoples have ethnographic types. For example, among Ukrainians there are Boikos, Polishchuks, Litvins, Lemkos
Families do not prevent mixed marriages. True, if family quarrels occur, husband and wife may reproach each other for “Yalyboy show-off” or “Nogai bitchiness”
“Differences are not at all an indicator of the disunity of the people. On the contrary, the presence of clearly defined ethnic groups indicates that the Crimean Tatars are a developing ethnic group,” says culturologist Vetana Veysova
The way they say
The dialects of the Nogais and Yalyboys differ in much the same way as Russian and Ukrainian language. The literary Crimean Tatar language is based on the Tat language - it combines the characteristics of the “northern” and “southern” dialects.
The origin of both large and small communities of the population - peoples, nationalities and various ethnographic groups is complex historical process, including migrations, wars, epidemics, deportations. Some populations became heterogeneous, which inevitably caused problems in understanding the history, culture, and evolution of both the communities themselves and the entire world.
To solve these problems, a number of classifications were compiled based on languages, specific subjects material culture, main phenotypic differences, etc. However, despite the existing good historical ethnogenetic and anthropogenetic reconstructions and classifications, it cannot be argued that they fully reflect the real historical fact. In this case, special biological (genetic) research, which has been rapidly developing recently, could help us.
One of these areas is the study of the morphological features of the structure of human hair, which are used not only in forensic medical examination, but also to determine various ethnic groups. Based on a large amount of hair research different nationalities unique results were obtained. It turned out that the edges of keratinocytes form specific “patterns”. They have, as it turned out, identical characteristics for individual genetically closely related groups that make up a particular people. The change in edge pattern occurs very slowly, perhaps over several millennia.
The purpose of this work is to analyze the research results and compare the “patterns” of hair keratinocytes using a new scientific raster-electronic method (SEM) of various ethnic and ethnographic groups of Crimea, but first of all, to clarify the ethno-anthropological composition of the group of “Crimean Tatars” (breakdown produced according to the ethnic self-identification of the subjects).
The problem of the origin of the Crimean Tatars is complex and poorly understood. Although ethnic history a lot is dedicated to the Crimean Tatar people scientific works and monographs by historians, ethnologists, philologists. Exists next versions ethnogenesis of this people. A.L. Jacobson in his work “Medieval Crimea” directly indicates that “the ancestors of the Crimean Tatars are the Mongols.” Philologists have a different version, who, based on the peculiarities of the Crimean Tatar language, classify these people as Kipchak tribes (Polovtsians). The same views, in particular, are shared by Turkologist G.T. Grunina, who believes that the bulk of the Turkic-speaking population of Crimea, as before Mongol invasion(if such a thing took place at all in the history of the peninsula), and after it there were Kipchaks (Cumans) and “only after the Mongol invasion” other Turkic tribes “came to the peninsula.”
The following peoples could take part in the formation of the Crimean Tatar ethnic group: Taurians, Scythians, Greeks, Byzantines, Sarmatians, Alans, Goths, Huns, Khazars, Proto-Bulgarians, Pechenegs, Polovtsy (Kypchaks), Horde, etc.
According to one version, “two powerful ethnic layers” formed in Crimea: the Tats, who inhabited the mountainous and coastal region peninsula, and Turkic, whose representatives inhabited the steppe and foothills.
Another classification, based on practical observations, the study of dialect differences in language, characteristics of the anthropological type, material and spiritual culture, made it possible to divide the Crimean Tatars into four groups (the fourth is conditional, characteristic for 1940). The first group includes the Crimean Tatars of the southern coast of Crimea (self-name “yaly-boylu” - “coastal”). Scientists include the second group as the population living between the First and Second ridges of the Crimean Mountains. They were called "tats". Conditionally introduced by scientists, the group of Crimean Tatars of the northern foothills lived in the lower reaches of the Chernaya, Belbek, Kachi, Alma and Bulganak rivers and had the self-name “Tatars”, less often “Turk”. And finally, the third group is the steppe Tatars of Crimea, or “Nogai”, “Nugai” (self-name “Mangyt”).
The South Coast Tatars were also called “tatami”. The ethnonym “janaviz” is also found. The Tat population of the eastern part of the mountainous Crimea retained the self-name “Tau-Boily”.
During the study, external biometric data were recorded, including: eye color, color, shape, length, thickness of hair, as well as the nature of their peripheral end, the nature and characteristics of the lines of the cuticle pattern, the number of the latter at a certain length. Hair was cut with scissors at the surface of the skin different parts head (temporal, frontal, parietal, occipital regions). Hair samples were at least 50 mm.
The shape of the hair was described using conventional notations; their length was measured according to generally accepted methods. Hair color was determined according to the color scale of G.G. Avtandilov (1964) for pathologists and forensic doctors. Brief color scale by G.G. Avtandilova includes 107 chromatic and achromatic colors and shades. There is a color nomenclature that provides scientifically based names for color shades. The color naming system has a uniform terminology. When examining hair, a MMU-modified light binocular microscope (magnitude 5000) was used.
The obtained data were subjected to variation-statistical analysis. The name of the type of keratinocyte pattern was given according to that published in the monograph by Academician Yu.V. Pavlova (1996) classification. If a certain type of pattern in a subject was found in the overwhelming number of samples, then it was recognized as dominant for this person. And the characteristic found in the largest number of respondents in the group is recognized as dominant in the group.
Some of the names of the types of keratinocyte patterns originally appeared as a result of research by Academician Yu.V. Pavlova. Some are the result of research by expert Alexey Novikov. General group names are used here, such as: Uralic (for Finno-Ugric peoples), Slavic, Iranian, Turkish-Asia Minor (for ancient population Asia Minor), Turkish-Turkic, Turkic-Kypchak (i.e. Tatar), Turkic-Oguz (i.e. Turkmen), Northern Mongolian (i.e. Buryat), Western Mongolian (i.e. i.e. – Kalmyk), Indian (i.e. – Dravidian or Tamil), etc.
In our studies, the hair cuticle cells - keratinocytes - in the Crimean group of “Crimean Tatars” are large and have an arc. Mechanical damage to the free edges of the hair cuticle cells - cracks, breaks, splitting - indicates increased fragility of the hair, which is apparently associated with its genetic, chemical and morphological characteristics.
First of all, studies were carried out on adults of both sexes in the amount of 56 people identifying themselves as “Crimean Tatars”. The sample is random and due to the nature of the work of independent experts. The respondents evenly represented the Balaklava, Yalta, Alushta, Sudak-Feodosia, Sevastopol, Bakhchisarai, Simferopol, Kirov, Lenin-Kerch, Dzhankoy regions of Crimea, rural and urban area. Pilot study.
In each case, when taking hair samples, the person's genealogy was taken into account, the region from which the respondent originated, and information about all ethnic inclusions, if known, was indicated. Such data is necessary for comparison, because In this study, an important place was given to the issues of cross-breeding of the people under study, their ethnic drift. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the extreme conservatism of the Crimean Tatar population before the Second World War, before the deportation in 1944, during which miscegenation was extremely low, communities were often endogamous.
In the studied Crimean group of “Crimean Tatars”, 33 types of keratinocyte patterns were found, of which the most common were: Chinese in 31 subjects (55.36%), Italian – in 27 (48.21%), Kurdish – in 25 (44.64%), Greek, Central Ural, Japanese and Turkish-Asia Minor – in 20 (35.71%), Latvian – in 14 (25.00%), Armenoid – in 13 (23.21%), Korean and Indian – in 12 (21.43%), North Mongolian – in 11 ( 19.64%), Germanic – 10 (17.86%), Turkic-Kypchak (Tatar) – 9 (16.07%), Iranian, Uzbek, Gypsy – 8 (14.29%), Iraqi – 7 (12.50%), Slavic – in 6 subjects (10.71%) from total number. This fact indicates that the “Crimean Tatars” are not a monoethnic group, but represent a complex multiethnic composite.
As can be seen from the data presented, among the “Crimean Tatars” the “Chinese” type of keratinocyte pattern turned out to be dominant (55.36%), which dominated in every two out of five carriers of this type (41.94%) and in every fifth in the group as a whole (23.21%).
The Japanese type was found in 20 people. (35.71%), Korean – for 12 people. (21.43%). Signs of all three types were found in 40 respondents, which amounted to 71.43%. This includes 32 people with the Ural (35.71%) and North Mongolian types (19.64%). Taking into account the fact that the same person can be a carrier of different anthropological types, we took these into account only once. As a result, there were 48 representatives of the “Golden Horde complex”, which amounted to 85.71% of the entire group. However, the Far Eastern anthropological type (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian) dominates only in every third respondent of the entire group (33.93%).
Most likely, representatives of the Chinese peoples came to Eastern Europe along with the troops of Batu Khan in the 13th century. In addition to them, the Tungus-Manchu, Japanese, Korean, Altai and other Siberian and Far Eastern peoples and nationalities could and should have been under the leadership of the Mongols. Initially, apparently, they could be localized in the Volga-Ural basin, where the core of the “Golden Horde” formed. Consequently, assimilated Ural peoples must also be taken into account as part of this population. In general, this community can easily be called “Golden Horde”. It is distinguished by its relative integrity, characteristic specificity, compatibility and is represented by a complex of Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian (northern, eastern and central groups) and Ural anthropological types.
The second dominant type is the “Italian” anthropological type of keratinocyte pattern (48.21%), which predominated in one out of three carriers of this type (37.04%) and in every sixth in the group as a whole (17.86%). Taking into account the closeness of the French type (4 people = 7.14%), there are only 31 people, which would be 55.36%. However, in two cases the speaker of Italian and French coincided, therefore, we have 29 people of the Western Mediterranean type, which is 51.79%. That is, half. The appearance of the Italian type in Crimea may be associated with the late Middle Ages, when in the 12th-15th centuries, when intensive Venetian, Genoese and minor Lombardy and Montferrat colonization of the southern coast took place. A certain number of Italians could have appeared with the Romans who came to Crimea in the 1st century. BC. – VI century AD A small number of French colonists, apparently, arrived here in the 14th-15th centuries. together with the Genoese.
If the Italians and French are traditionally referred to as the western part of the Mediterranean community, then the Balkan-Armenoid group is traditionally referred to as its eastern part. First of all, this concerns the Greeks. Among the respondents, the study identified the Greek anthropological type in 20 people, which amounted to 35.71% of the group. The Turkish-Asia Minor anthropological type of representatives of the ancient population of Asia Minor and the Black Sea region was also found in 20 people, which is 35.71% of the group. And the Armenoid anthropological type was found in 13 people, which is 23.21% of the group. But taking into account that in some carriers the signs of different types may coincide, we ended up with 38 people, which amounted to 67.86% of the group. This reflects the realities of both the ancient population of Crimea and those who later arrived. The Turkish-Asia Minor anthropological type can correspond to both representatives of the ancient agricultural population of Crimea and representatives of Turkish expansion in the late Middle Ages and modern times. Greek - from the first appearance of the Greeks in Crimea in the 7th-6th-5th centuries. BC. until the first third of the 20th century. AD The Armenoid one may be associated with the appearance of the troops of the Pontic Emperor Mithridates VI Eupator here at the end of the 2nd century. BC, then - the Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire(not only the Byzantine dynasty, but also a significant part of the soldiers were Armenians). The large influx of Armenian population dates back to late Middle Ages and new times under the Genoese and Turks.
Of great interest in the study was the presence of the German anthropological type among the Crimean Tatars, residents of the Bakhchisarai-Balaklava region. This region was sometimes even unofficially called Gothia, believing that the descendants of the ancient Gothic-Germans remained there. According to the study, it was possible to establish that the German type among the Crimean Tatars is distributed extremely dispersed throughout the entire peninsula and is extremely rare: Sudak-Feodosia region - 3, Yalta - 1, Balaklava - 1, Bakhchisarai - 2, Dzhankoy - 1, Simferopol - 1 representative.
Also of interest was the discovery Slavic types among the Crimean Tatars. The Slavic type belongs to 10.71% of the group; separately “Russian” (possibly Alan?) type – 3.57%. Total – 14.29% of the group. However, Slavic types are localized in limited regions: the Kerch Peninsula, Yalta-Alushta and Simferopol regions. In addition to the German and Slavic groups Iranian peoples belong to the Indo-Europeans. The Iranian anthropological type was found among 17.39% and is represented in the following regions: Alushta, Simferopol, Bakhchisaray, Balaklava, Kerch. It is most often combined with the following types: Italian, Greek, Turkish-Asia Minor, Japanese, Turkic-Kypchak (Tatar), Chinese, Ural, Iraqi. Considering the departure of Iranian nomads, localization in transit regions and the presence of the Golden Horde complex, we can assume a later origin of the Iranians. In this case, it is doubtful to connect them with the ancient peoples of the Northern Black Sea region: Scythians, Cimmerians, Sauromatians, Sarmatians, Alans.
It is noteworthy that among the respondents the representation of the Caucasian population is extremely low: isolated cases of Georgian and Ossetian types were found and no more. At the same time, the Indian anthropological type was found in 12 respondents, which amounted to 21.43%, and the Gypsy type - in 8, which amounted to 14.29%. Taking into account the belonging of these types to the South Asian group, a total of 17 carriers were identified, which amounted to 30.36%.
It should be noted very high level Central Asian and Middle Eastern types of keratinocyte pattern in the study group as a whole: Kurdish - in 25 people. (44.64%), Iraqi – 7 (12.50%), Lebanese – 4 (7.14%), Kuwaiti – 2 (03.57%), together – 33 people. (58.93%).
It is significant that of the Turkic types, “Turkic-Kypchak” is represented in 9 people. (16.07%) and “Turkic-Oguz” (Turkmen-Turkish – 1 person, Azerbaijani – 2 people and Uzbek – 8 people) for 10 people. (17.86%). The North Mongolian anthropological type was found in 19.64% of the group.
Of these anthropological types, first of all, we were interested in the Turkic-Kypchak, which is often identified with the “Tatar”. It turned out that it is extremely rare among Crimean Tatars (up to 16%) and is localized in individual regions: Bakhchisarai, Yalta, Alushta and Kerch. Perhaps these are the remnants of the pre-Mongol Far East-Central Asian population of Crimea. It is tempting to assume that we found representatives of the Polovtsian (Kypchak) ethnic group.
What was surprising was the discovery of the Latvian anthropological type, which was unexpectedly numerous (25.00% of the entire group) and showed a certain localization in the so-called. “Gothic” region (71% between Bakhchisarai and Balaklava). It is also represented in the nearby Yalta region, as well as in the Sudak and Kerch-Lenin regions. It is often combined with the following types: Kurdish, Chinese, Mordovian; much less often - with Italian and Greek. This reflects a preference for belligerence rather than sedentism.
In general, the entire group of Crimean Tatars easily splits into northern and southern parts. The southern group includes representatives of the southern coast of Crimea from Balaklava to Feodosia. The anthropological types of this group are arranged in the following descending order: Italian, Chinese, Kurdish, Turco-Asia Minor, Ural, Greek, Japanese, Armenoid, Latvian, Korean, North Mongolian, Indian, Iraqi, Germanic, Turko-Kypchak, Iranian, Uzbek, gypsy, Lebanese.
Here the share of Italian increases sharply to 53.33% (among 30 people with South Coast roots). And up to 60.00% only among those living on the southern coast, without taking into account the descendants of mixed marriages with the northern group. Together with French, the share rises to 66.67%. And, accordingly, the share of the Chinese type also drops sharply to 43.33% with mixed marriages and to 40.00% for those from the south coast. Japanese: from one third to one quarter. Of the Golden Horde complex here, the percentage of the Ural type is unexpectedly large: more than 50%. The Korean type also grew from one-fifth of the whole group to one-fourth in the southern part without intermarriage. The Mongolian type (up to one third) was also strongly manifested among the southern coastal part of the group. The entire Golden Horde complex was found in 90% of the entire group.
The level of representation of Turkic types is traditionally low; it fluctuates between one seventh and one eighth of the group. While Caucasian types are insignificant and, perhaps, random, the share of Eastern Mediterranean types is expected to increase compared to the entire group: the Greek anthropological type is present in more than every second representative (53.33%), Turkish-Asia Minor and Armenoid - in every third . A total of 76.67% of the entire group.
The Near Asian-Middle Eastern types are represented by Kurdish (33.33%), Iraqi (20.00%) and Lebanese (13.33%). There are 17 people in total, which is 56.67% of the entire group. Quite low representation of South Asian patterns, about one in seven respondents. Minor representation of Iranian, Slavic, Turkic and Latvian patterns.
In general, the southern group demonstrates such average composition: nine-tenths Golden Horde types, three-quarters Eastern Mediterranean, two-thirds Western Mediterranean, half Near East-Middle Eastern types.
Anthropological types of the northern part of the group are arranged in the following descending order: Chinese, Kurdish, Turco-Asia Minor, Japanese, Italian, Ural, Greek, Indian, Latvian, Armenoid, Germanic, Korean, North Mongolian, Turko-Kypchak, Iranian, Gypsy, Uzbek .
Here the share of Chinese is traditionally large - 57.14% (dominant among the 25.71% of the northern group) and without mixed marriages - up to 73.68%. The share of the North Mongolian (dominant among 11.43%) and Korean (dominant among 5.71%) types falls compared to the average figure in the group, and the Japanese increases from one third to two fifths in the group (42.86%). The entire Golden Horde complex makes up 91.43% of the group. The representation of Eastern Mediterranean types is very high: the Turkish-Asia Minor anthropological type is present in two out of five (42.86%), Greek - in every third representative (31.43%), and Armenoid - in every fifth (22.86%). A total of 71.43% of the entire group.
The Near Asian-Middle Eastern types are represented by Kurdish (48.57%), which is dominant among 11.43% of the group, Iraqi (8.56%), Lebanese (5.71%) and Kuwaiti (2.86%) types. A total of 57.14% of the entire group. Together with mixed marriages, Western Mediterranean types made up 42.86% of the group (dominant among 17.14%), and South Asian and Latvian types each represented 31.43% (both dominant among 5.71%). Minor representation of Iranian, Slavic and Turkic patterns.
The northern group demonstrates the following composition: nine-tenths are the Golden Horde complex, almost three-quarters are East Mediterranean types, almost three-fifths are Western Asian-Middle Eastern, two-fifths are Western Mediterranean, one-third are South Asian and Latvian types.
The entire group of studied Crimean Tatars demonstrates the following composition: almost nine-tenths are Golden Horde types, two-thirds are Eastern Mediterranean, three-fifths are Western Asian-Middle Eastern, half are Western Mediterranean, one-third are South Asian and a quarter are Latvian types.
Based on the data obtained on the distribution of keratinocyte types in the scalp of representatives of the studied Crimean group of Crimean Tatars, it can be stated that this community is multi-ethnic. A significant proportion of its composition is occupied by Golden Horde anthropological types [Chinese (55.36%), Japanese (35.71%), Korean (21.43%), Central Ural (35.71%), North Mongolian (19.64%)], Eastern Mediterranean [Greek (35.71%), Turkish-Asia Minor (35.71%) and Armenoid (23.21%)], Near Asian-Middle Eastern or Afroasiatic [Kurdish (44.64%), Iraqi (12.50%), Kuwaiti, Lebanese], Western Mediterranean [Italian (48.21 %) and French], South Asian [Indian (21.43%) and Gypsy (14.29%)], Northern European [Latvian (25.00%), Germanic (17.86%) and Slavic (10.71%)], Turkic [Turkic-Oghuz ( 19.64%) and Turkic-Kypchak (16.07%)] and Iranian (14.29%). However, the basic anthropological type of this group can be considered the “Golden-Horde composite” for the northern part and the “Italian-Balkan-Caucasian composite” for the southern part. At the same time, the most likely candidates for the archaic part of the Crimeans may be population groups with Turkish-Asia Minor, Greek and Armenoid anthropological types, which corresponds to the ancient farmers of the peninsula.
There is too little Iranian to build an assumption about the participation of the Scythian-Sarmatian-Alan peoples in the ethnogenesis, and too little German to build an assumption about the participation of the Gothic peoples in the ethnogenesis. Perhaps the ethnically Crimean Goths were not German origin or were completely exterminated or moved outside the peninsula. Perhaps the Baltic (Latvian) peoples will take their place.
Turkic types were separated from the Golden Horde complex due to the fact that “Oguz” influences may be of very late origin, associated with the deportation of a large number of Crimean Tatars to Uzbekistan. The Turkic-Kypchak or “Tatar” type, in turn, appeared in Crimea very early and cannot always be tied specifically to the Mongol conquests. In addition, the latter type is not scattered among all regions, but, unlike Chinese, Japanese or Korean, is strictly localized and is not characteristic of the entire Crimean Tatar ethnic group, which does not give researchers the right to call this community “Tatar”.
Perhaps historically there should have been more Slavic types, but a significant number of supposed speakers among the northern part of the Crimean Tatars were resettled outside of Crimea or left it after its conquest and wars in the 18th-19th centuries. Unfortunately, natives of the Krasnoperekopsk, Chernomorsky, Razdolnensky, Belogorsk, Nizhnegorsky and Leninsky districts of Crimea were absent or only slightly represented among the respondents. But this did not exclude the possibility of detecting some trends and processes.
Thus, based on the pilot study and the results of the analysis of anthropological macro-microscopic data on the structure of the cuticle of scalp hair, taking into account that the group itself is small, we can only make a very cautious preliminary assumption that the Crimean group of Crimean Tatars represents part of the characteristic Crimea, a community that is a complex ethnic composite that was formed throughout last millennium. In its formation, there probably was a partial miscegenation with the Golden Horde population of Eastern Europe. Among the processes that continue, one can note the erasure of narrow group barriers, increased regional migration, powerful urbanization, widespread loss of traditions, the replacement of local traditions with stylized Soviet or Arab-Turkish ones, and against this background, as a consequence, acculturation and strong intra-group and extra-group group miscegenation. The data obtained do not yet allow us to identify the Crimean Tatars with the Tatars, Turks, Slavs (including Ukrainians), Scythians, Sarmatians, Khazars, Germans (including Goths), Mongols and Celts. But they provide an opportunity to create historical reconstructions. For example, the participation of a large number of forcibly mobilized Chinese population from China destroyed by the Mongols in the campaign of Batu Khan.
The Crimean group of Crimean Tatars under study constitutes a significant part of Crimean society according to the latest population census. In linguistic, cultural and religious spheres of life, as well as in ethnic and genetic-anthropological relations, they represent a unique and specific Crimean community.
Our research can be used by anthropologists, ethnographers, historians, political scientists involved in research of Crimean society, will help to gain a deeper insight into the essence of the problems of the history of Crimea, and reduce the severity of interethnic relations in Crimea. But most importantly, there is a need to conduct a large-scale study of the main groups of the Crimean population, which could solve many issues of modern history.
Those who are interested in the situation and development trends of new Russian regions know that the situation in this territory is traditionally influenced by, or rather, one of them, namely the Crimean- Tatar population. Let's look at the nuances of the issue. It is proposed to look at how many and whether all of them influence the political trends of the peninsula.
Strict statistics
It must be said that studies concerning the population have not been carried out for a long time on the territory of Ukraine (to which the peninsula previously belonged). More or less accurately, the question of how many Tatars live in Crimea can be answered in numbers from thirteen years ago. The census was carried out in 2001. According to her data, 2,033,700 people lived on the peninsula, 24.32% were Crimean Tatars. Future trends can only be predicted based on various indicators fertility and mortality in ethnic groups. There are no exact data, but it is possible with high probability think that percentage has now changed in favor of the people in question. It is known that the increase is estimated to be slightly less than one percent per year.
A little history
Some sources claim that previously this people were the main people on the peninsula. If you set out to find out how many Tatars lived in Crimea different periods, then we get the following data. They began to populate the area in the thirteenth century. Over the course of approximately two centuries, their numbers have increased significantly. Science believes that at that time a third of the population of Crimea belonged to this ethnic group. The change in the level of ratio was facilitated by the fact that the Tatars themselves lived not only in agriculture and cattle breeding, but also in the slave trade.
They caught foreigners and sent them to markets. The question of how many Tatars there are in Crimea worried the surrounding residents. Since they were afraid of the raids of this tribe. By the way, big hikes were not attempted often.
Are all Crimean Tatars?
There is also a small nuance concerning modernity and influencing processes. When studying how many Tatars there are in Crimea, you will invariably come across the heterogeneity of the people. So, some of their fellow tribesmen belong to a different, so to speak, branch. On the peninsula, about half a percent of the population considers themselves Kazan Tatars. And this is a completely different nationality. There is also a stratification among the Crimean Tatars. They are divided into three large groups, determined by the places of settlement of their ancestors: coast, steppe or mountains. For the political unity of the people this circumstance has little effect, mainly on everyday relationships.
One of the most popular themes of the fighters against totalitarianism during the period of perestroika, who enthusiastically worked to expose the bloody Stalinist regime and the imperial ambitions of the USSR, was the fate of the Crimean Tatars. Without sparing color and emotion, they described the cruel and inhumane methods of operation of the punitive machine of the Stalinist regime, which doomed innocent people to unreasonable suffering and hardship as a result of deportation in May 1944. Today, after more than two decades, when the initial euphoria of perestroika revelations gave way to the desire to calmly and balancedly understand this or that problem, the deportation of the Crimean Tatars can be looked at as historical problem, discarding the ideological and political husk. Separate the wheat from the chaff, so to speak.
Who are the Crimean Tatars?
The Crimean peninsula with a favorable climate and fertile lands in all centuries it has attracted peoples from all corners of the world. West, east, north - everyone strove for the warm southern shores, where they did not have to kill so much to get food. At different times, Scythians, Sarmatians, Greeks, Romans, Goths, Huns, Pechenegs, and Polovtsians lived on the peninsula. From time immemorial, the ancient Russians occupied the eastern part of the peninsula, being part of the Tmutarakan principality, which existed in the 10th-12th centuries. And this almost heavenly corner of Tauris was called. In 1223, the Mongol Tatars appeared for the first time on the land of ancient Taurida, capturing and plundering the city of Sudak. In 1239, they made the peninsula a Tatar ulus and gave it the name Crimea. The Crimean Tatars are one of the fragments of the Golden Horde.
Crimean Khanate
But Golden Horde disintegrates in 1443, and the Crimean Khanate is formed on the territory of the peninsula. It was independent for a very short time. Already in 1475, Khan Mengli-Girey recognized himself as a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. All important strategic points of the Khanate are headed by the Turks, and they are the actual masters of the Crimean Khanate. All local rulers are servants Turkish Sultan- he appoints and dismisses them, pays them a salary. Crimean Tatars Absolutely unaccustomed to the work of farmers, whom the Tatars consider slaves, they prefer to make their living by robberies against their closest neighbors. Eventually it becomes a local economy, a profitable business. There is no need to build new cities, schools, theaters. It’s easier to swoop down on your neighbors with a robber horde, destroy, burn, kill those who are not needed, and take those who are needed captive and sell them into slavery. Representative Polish king Martin Bronevsky, who spent several months in Crimea in 1578, left the following description of the Crimean Tatars: “This people is predatory and hungry, they do not value their oaths to their allies, but have only their own benefits in mind, they live by robberies and constant treasonous war.” This behavior suited the Ottoman Porte quite well in its aggressive policy towards everything. Christendom Of Eastern Europe.
The Crimean Khanate with its warlike subjects was the vanguard, ready to go anywhere for profitable booty. If Ottoman rulers reproached the descendants of Genghis Khan for being too proactive in terms of plunder, they replied that they could not feed themselves without raids for more than one hundred thousand Tatars, who had neither agriculture nor trade. It is in them that they see service to the padishah. In the second half of the 16th century alone, the Crimean Tatars carried out 48 raids on the Moscow state. In the first half of the 17th century, they captured more than 200 thousand Russians. The Ukrainian lands that were part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth suffered no less, and sometimes more. From 1605 to 1644 there were at least 75 raids by bloodthirsty neighbors. In just three years, from 1654 to 1657, Ukraine lost more than 50 thousand people due to the raids of the Crimean Tatars. Every year, 20 thousand slaves were taken out of Crimea and at least 60 thousand captives were used as slaves in the Khanate itself.
The Russian state did not want to tolerate a nest of robbers on its borders and many times not only gave an impressive rebuff, but also made numerous attempts to eliminate the Crimean Tatar threat. It was difficult, because the powerful Ottoman Empire stood behind the Crimean Khanate.
Crimean Tatars within the Russian Empire
The times have come when Russian state prevailed not only over the nest of robbers and slave traders, but also over powerful Turkey. This happened during Russian-Turkish war which Türkiye began with Russia in 1768. In January 1769, a 70,000-strong Tatar army tried to make its last raid on Russia in history, but ran into Russian regiments and was not only stopped, but also driven back. The Russian army, pursuing the Tatars, occupies the fortified line of Perekop, and successfully advances along the peninsula. Khan Selim-Girey III abandoned everything and fled to Istanbul, and the remaining Tatar nobles hastily submitted. The new Khan Sahib-Girey signed an agreement with Prince Dolgorukov in Karasubazar in 1772. under this treaty it was declared an independent khanate under the patronage of Russia. The Ottoman Empire confirmed this treaty with the Treaty of Kyuchuk-Kainardzhi in 1774, but secretly inspired anti-Russian uprisings in Crimea. Therefore, in 1783, after the abdication of the last Crimean Khan Shagin-Girey, Crimea, on the basis of the Manifesto of Empress Catherine II, was annexed to Russia.
Judging by historical documents the population of the annexed territory of Crimea was never infringed on their rights, and sometimes received them even more than the indigenous population Russian population Russian state. The local Crimean nobility received all the rights of the Russian nobility. Representatives of the Muslim clergy were guaranteed immunity. Military service did not apply to the Crimean Tatars. However, most of the Crimean Tatars moved to Turkey, and those remaining in Crimea dealt more than one stab in the back to the “Russian infidels” who destroyed familiar image the lives of robbers and slave traders.
Deportation of Crimean Tatars
The first time this happened was during Crimean War 1853-1856. As soon as enemy troops began landing on the territory of Crimea, a significant part of the Tatar population supported the enemies of Russia. At the same time, they rushed to oppress, rob and kill the Christian population, showing extraordinary cruelty. The Crimean Tatars avoided fair retribution for their treacherous behavior thanks to their excessive liberality. Therefore, they did exactly the same thing already in the 20th century during revolutionary events 1917. Having obtained permission from the Provisional Government to create Crimean Tatar military units Having received weapons, they were in no hurry to be on the front line. And they preferred to meet German troops rampant robberies against the entire Christian population.
A little over 20 years pass, and already during this time, the Crimean Tatars greeted German troops with joy and delight, went not only by conscription, but also voluntarily served in German punitive battalions, organized self-defense units against partisans, participated in executions, surpassing the Germans in cruelty. German sources reported that there were about 20 thousand Crimean Tatars in the service of Adolf Efendi. Now the mullah must read three prayers: 1st prayer: for achieving a quick victory and a common goal, as well as for health and long years Fuhrer Adolf Hitler. 2nd prayer: for German people and his valiant army. 3rd prayer: for the soldiers of the German Wehrmacht who fell in battle.
But retribution for betrayal resulted in the deportation of the Tatar population, which was carried out in May 1944. The entire Tatar population of Crimea was resettled as special settlers to Uzbekistan. Special settlers were allowed to take personal, household items and food up to 500 kg per family. Each train was accompanied by a doctor and two nurses with a supply of medicines; hot meals and boiling water were provided along the way. The list of products included meat, fish, flour, cereals, and fats. So there could be no talk of any starvation, to which the special settlers were supposedly doomed. When Stalin was in power, all orders were carried out very scrupulously.
Return
The massive return of Crimean Tatars occurred in 1989, in the wake of the perestroika movements. IN given time About 250 thousand Crimean Tatars live in Crimea. Since 1991, the Kurultai, the national parliament of the Crimean Tatars, has been in operation. Executive body is the Majlis - the national government.
Food for thought
For the whole world history Russia was almost never an attacker, but the countries that started the war against it first accused it of aggression...