In total there were 83 large hikes and the rest. Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh

Soon after Easter 1113, nine centuries ago, Vladimir II (baptized Vasily) Vsevolodovich Monomakh became the Grand Duke of Kyiv. The time of Monomakh's life was cruel - two misfortunes constantly and bloodily tormented Rus', one strengthening the other: hordes of foreigners and internal internecine unrest.

Monomakh coped with both troubles - as a result, he drove the Polovtsians beyond the distant mountains and brought Rus' together.

The Holy Blessed Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh (1053-1125) is invaluable to us as the first collector of Russian lands, as a profound Orthodox writer, peacemaker and reformer, but mainly as an Orthodox ruler who led the Russian people to understand their fatherland as Holy Rus'...

Combatant

He received the honorary family nickname “Monomakh” (combatant) from his grandfather - his mother’s father, Emperor of Byzantium Constantine IX Monomakh. In the male line, he is the great-grandson of Vladimir the Baptist, the grandson of Yaroslav the Wise, the son of Vsevolod Yaroslavich, who was the first of the great princes to be called “Prince of All Rus'.”

Someone will be surprised, but, despite the distance in time, we can see Monomakh as a living person, clear to us. Messages about him are contained in many chronicles; Three of his literary works have reached us: the marvelous “Teaching to Children”, “Letter” to his son’s murderer, cousin Oleg Svyatoslavich, and “Prayer”. Historian V.N. Tatishchev gives us his portrait: “He had a handsome face, large eyes, reddish and curly hair, a high forehead, a wide beard, not very tall in stature, but strong in body and strong.” Monomakh’s courage was supported by wisdom: “It’s a good thing,” he said, “to be careful yourself, but God’s savings are better than man’s.” In his old age, he told us about his daring youth, when “driving around the plain, he caught wild horses with his own hands,” about princely hunts, about the vicissitudes of this deadly fun: “Two tours threw me with their horns along with the horse, a deer gored me, and One trampled two moose with his feet, the other gored with his antlers. The boar tore off the sword on my thigh, the bear bit me on the knee, a fierce beast (they think it was a leopard) jumped on my hips and overturned the horse with me, and God kept me unharmed. And he fell from his horse a lot, broke his head twice, and damaged his arms and legs - in his youth he damaged them, not valuing his life, not sparing his head...”

Chronicler St. Nestor speaks about the cause of troubles, revealing the algorithm of disasters in Rus': “God, in his anger, brings foreigners to the earth, and then in grief people remember God; internecine war happens because of the devil's temptation... We see how the playgrounds are trampled down, and there are a lot of people on them, how they push each other, staging spectacles designed by the devil, - and the churches stand empty... That's why we accept all kinds of executions from God and enemy raids; by God’s command we accept punishment for our sins...”

Chosen by Russia

The Polovtsians made their first raid on Rus' when Monomakh was 15 years old, in 1068. The furious blow of the horde fell on Pereyaslavl, a city bordering the Steppe, where his father reigned at that time. Russian cities flared up, caravans of Russian slaves reached foreign lands. These ruins will become a system. Monomakh in his “Instructions” recalls: “And he made peace with the Polovtsian princes, minus one twenty, both with his father and without his father.” The world was bought literally - with money, precious fabrics, livestock. That is why Vladimir completes his phrase “and gave away a lot of cattle and a lot of his clothes.” This is how the issue of survival was resolved at that time. At the same time, the Polovtsians could not be trusted; they easily broke their word. Having bought off one, another came.

The problem had to be solved radically.

Monomakh climbed into the combat saddle at the age of 13, by today's standards an unintelligent teenager, and spent six decades on campaigns. He says: “And in total there were 83 great campaigns, and the rest I don’t even remember the smaller ones.” One or two a year, not counting minor fights - an endless string of battles. It was as if Rus' itself had chosen Monomakh as its prince; she slowly selected leaders from many other princes to accomplish the great Russian cause.

He lived for more than thirty years in Pereyaslavl Russky (now a city deservedly with the prefix “Khmelnitsky”), ruled a principality on the border with the Steppe. Pereyaslavl was the first to take the blow of the nomads during the raid.

The Instruction concentrates the military experience of his life. “When you go to war, do not be lazy, do not rely on the commander; indulge neither in drinking, nor in food, nor in sleeping...”

Golden belt

Monomakh is a younger contemporary of Saints Anthony and Theodosius. In 1073, he was 20 years old when the Great Assumption Church was founded, to which the Russian people would flow for centuries. The Kiev-Pechersk Patericon reports: “The blessed Prince Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh, then still young, witnessed that wondrous miracle when fire fell from the sky and the hole burned out, where the foundation of the church was then laid according to the size of the belt.”

“According to the size of the belt” - we are talking about a golden belt, which, as the author of the Patericon reports, was miraculously sent by command of the Mother of God Herself to Rus' as a measure of length for the construction of Her temple. Vladimir was ill at that time “and they girded him with that golden belt, and he immediately recovered through the prayers of our holy fathers Anthony and Theodosius.” This had significance for all subsequent Russian history. Monomakh reigned in Rostov at that time. The Patericon conveys: “And during his reign, the lover of Christ Vladimir, taking the dimensions of that divine church of Pechersk, created a similar church in everything in the city of Rostov of the same height, width and length... and all this was repeated according to the model of that Great Church, marked by God " Immediately after Rostov, Monomakh reigned in Smolensk, where he also built a church modeled on the Great Church; the proportions were typical: “20 in width, 30 in length, and 30 in wall height, with a top of 50,” with a belt length of 108 cm.

It began with Monomakh and was continued by descendants that the main princely churches of Rus' were consecrated in honor of the feast of the Dormition of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The son of Monomakh, Yuri Dolgoruky, as Paterik says, “during his reign, he built a church in the city of Suzdal to the same extent.” The grandson of Monomakh, Andrei Bogolyubsky erected the Assumption Cathedral in his new capital - in Vladimir. Under the great-grandson, through the eldest son, Mstislav, the Assumption Cathedral appeared in Vladimir Volynsky... And 390 years after the consecration of the Great Church, in 1479 in the Moscow Kremlin, the Assumption Cathedral became the main temple of the state, around which all Russian lands gathered, as in his time under Monomakh.

D.S. Likhachev noted: “Temples dedicated to the Dormition of the Mother of God occupy a special place in the culture of Ancient Rus'. Three points here attract our attention: their prevalence; location in the center of defensive structures (kremlins, monasteries); unity of the traditional architectural image."

This is how an epic is born

The external enemy, which is not surprising to us, naturally in due course united with the internal enemy and became an active force in internecine wars. The tip of the blow was again aimed at Monomakh personally, fate pointed a finger at him, concentrating forces in him.

For decades, Monomakh’s rival was Prince Oleg Svyatoslavich, a cousin and peer who more than once brought hordes of Polovtsians to Rus', who plundered and burned Russian cities, monasteries and villages. The struggle with Monomakh for Chernigov, the city that Oleg considered his own (his father owned), lasted many years. And one day Oleg Svyatoslavich achieved his goal. Vladimir's squad was weakened after another battle with the Polovtsians. In 1094, Oleg took advantage of the situation, recruited a horde of Polovtsians and brought them to Chernigov, promising rich booty.

“I took pity on Christian souls,” says Monomakh, “and on burning villages and monasteries... And I gave my father’s brother his table, and he himself went to his father’s table in Pereyaslavl...”

Epic picture!

Monomakh's squad was already quite small in number; together with women and children, no more than a hundred people came out of the gates of Chernigov. They moved through the Polovtsian army. Monomakh says: “And the Polovtsians licked their lips at us like wolves, standing at the carriage and on the mountains. God and St. Boris (it happened on June 24, on St. Boris) did not hand me over to them for profit, we reached Pereyaslavl unharmed.” And he concludes sadly: “And I sat in Pereyaslavl for three summers and three winters with my squad, and we suffered many troubles from war and hunger...”

But he also accumulated strength. Then the victories began.

In the epic image of Tugarin Zmeevich, a generalized image of the sworn enemy of Holy Rus', we can easily guess the formidable figure of the Polovtsian Khan Tugorkan, beaten by Monomakh at the walls of Pereyaslavl in 1096...

Peacemaker

Monomakh came into power and, as an influential person, wanting to stop internecine wars, even without being a Grand Duke, he several times initiated princely congresses to reconcile everyone with everyone. The first such congress took place in 1097 in Lyubech, in his castle on the Dnieper. For the Russians of that time, Lyubech meant a lot. Malusha, the mother of Vladimir the Baptist, was from Lyubech; near Lyubech, their grandfather Yaroslav the Wise in 1015 defeated the army of Svyatopolk the Accursed, the murderer of Boris and Gleb. The Monk Anthony, the founder of the Pechersk Monastery, was born in Lyubech...

The Tale of Bygone Years speaks about the congress: “Svyatopolk, and Vladimir, and Davyd Igorevich, and Vasilko Rostislavich, and Davyd Svyatoslavich, and his brother Oleg came, and gathered for a council in Lyubech to establish peace, and said to each other: “Why are we destroying the Russian land, arranging strife among themselves? But the Polovtsians are fighting our land separately and are glad that wars are going on between us. Let us unite with one heart from now on and guard the Russian land...” It seemed that they had eliminated the root cause of the strife there, and decided that from now on everyone will own what their father owned. Each of the grandsons of Yaroslav the Wise becomes the heir of his father. And on that they kissed the cross: “If from now on anyone goes against anyone, we will all be against him...”

What a glorious decision!

It's a pity, it was immediately violated.

But Monomakh continued to stick to his line. He organized two more congresses - in Gorodets near Kiev in the spring of 1098 and in Uvetichi on the right bank of the Dnieper in August 1100.

And peace was established within the Russian land.

Foreign policy

After the internal passions had subsided, the time had come to take the Polovtsians seriously. It was possible to radically solve the problem not at their borders, but in the distant steppes, in their settlements on the Don, in their lair.

Monomakh knew how to convince princes. In the spring of 1103, he undertook to persuade the Grand Duke of Kyiv Svyatopolk Izyaslavich to go on a campaign “against the filthy”. Negotiations took place near Kyiv on the shores of Lake Dolobsky. Here we see Monomakh’s virtuosity in negotiations. A spring mood reigned in Svyatopolk’s squad: “Now is not the time to take the villagers away from the field.” Monomakh did not retreat. As described by the historian Sergei Solovyov, the situation was like this: “They came together and sat in one tent - Svyatopolk with his squad, and Vladimir with his; They sat in silence for a long time, finally, Vladimir began: “Brother! You are the eldest, start talking about how we can provide for the Russian land?” Svyatopolk answered: “You better, brother, speak first!” Vladimir said to this: “How should I speak? Both your and my squad will be against me, they will say: he wants to destroy the villagers and the arable land; but I am amazed at how you feel sorry for the villagers and their horses, but you won’t think that a villager will plow in the spring on a horse, and a polovtsian will come, hit him with an arrow, take the horse, and his wife, and children, and set the threshing floor on fire; you won’t think about it!” The squad answered: “Indeed it is so” ... "

A long campaign is an expensive undertaking, but interested parties, who depended on war and the slave trade for their daily bread, opened their treasuries.

For the Polovtsians, the free life was over.

The Polovtsy were defeated, 20 khans lay dead, one tried to pay off - he gave gold and silver, horses and cattle. Monomakh judged this way: “How many times did you vow not to fight, and then kept fighting the Russian land?..” The Khan found no mercy. And Vladimir said to the brother princes, paraphrasing the Psalmist: “This is the day that the Lord has given, let us rejoice and be glad on this day, for God has delivered us from our enemies...”

But complete deliverance was far from complete.

The most famous campaign on the Steppe was the campaign of 1111; it was essentially a penitential procession of the Cross, where the priesthood marched in battle formations under banners with prayerful singing.

The enemy had to be struck at the very heart, otherwise the problem of external influence would remain, in principle, unresolved. Seven centuries later, the Russian army delivered such blows to Paris, and 834 years later to Berlin.

S.M. Solovyov reports: “Svyatopolk, Vladimir and Davyd went with their sons, they went on the second Sunday of Lent...” They walked through the snow on a sleigh, then abandoned the sleigh.

The first battle took place on Friday 24 March; The Polovtsians were defeated. “The next day the Russians cheerfully celebrated the resurrection of Lazarus and the Annunciation, and on Sunday they went further.”

On Holy Monday there is a general battle. The Polovtsians gathered a huge army from all over the Steppe, outnumbering the Russian regiments. Chopping was in progress. But two Russian squads stood prayerfully in ambush. And a miracle happened: “Finally, Vladimir and Davyd set out with their regiments; Seeing them, the Polovtsians rushed to run and fell in front of Vladimirov’s regiment, invisibly struck by an angel; many people saw their heads fly, cut off by an invisible hand. Svyatopolk, Vladimir and Davyd glorified God, who gave them such a victory against the filthy... The winners asked the prisoners: “How did you have such strength, and you could not fight with us, but immediately ran away?” They answered: “How can we fight with you? Others ride above you in light and terrible armor and help you.” The chronicler explains: these are angels sent from God.

Guderian was a down-to-earth person, so he answered a similar question: “T-34.” We will hear what their successors will answer in the new century.

“And Monomakh remained in the people’s memory for a long time as the main and only hero of the Don campaign...”

This is how Russian victories are achieved - in repentance, in fraternal unity, where the leader and the priesthood are in front under the holy banners.

Didn't crave power

In 1113, on Bright Week, Grand Duke Svyatopolk Izyaslavich suddenly died. He was highly regarded by the ruling elite. But the people did not like him: Svyatopolk was pious, but selfish. He could, for example, engage in speculation in a salt-free year, taking salt from the monks, who specially brought it for the poor. Out of greed, he allowed incredible benefits to Jewish moneylenders. Rezniks (usurers-interest-bearers) prospered, and artisans and merchants, having taken out a loan and finding themselves for some reason in difficult circumstances, as in our days, fell into bondage and went bankrupt. They lost not only property, but families and their very freedom. The rebellion flared up with particular force when Monomakh refused to take the place of the Grand Duke, since the eldest in the family were the Svyatoslavichs - Davyd (an insignificant person) and Oleg - Monomakh's long-term rival.

N.M. Karamzin writes about Monomakh’s refusal to come to Kyiv: “This refusal had unfortunate consequences: the people of Kiev did not want to hear about another sovereign; and the rebels, taking advantage of the lack of leadership, robbed the house of a thousand, named Putyata, and all the Jews who were in the capital under the special protection of the selfish Svyatopolk.”

When the pogrom happened, which is usually called the first Jewish pogrom in Rus', the “Monomakh party” again sent ambassadors to Monomakh: “Come, prince, to Kyiv; if you don’t come, then know...” The situation threatened to develop into a senseless and merciless riot, with the looting of the prince’s palace and even monasteries.

Charter and Teachings

Monomakh has arrived.

The riot has subsided. But with a condition. Tatishchev says: “However, they publicly asked him for justice for the Jews, who took away all trades from Christians and under Svyatopolk had great freedom and power, because of which many merchants and artisans went bankrupt.” The reason for anger at the Gentiles was not only economic, but also religious: “They seduced many into their faith and settled in houses among Christians, which had never happened before, for which they wanted to beat them all and plunder their houses.”

Monomakh, having assembled a Council of thousand and other boyars, carried out reforms. The “Economic Package” formed the basis of the Monomakh Charter and became an integral part of the “Long-Russian Pravda”. IN. Klyuchevsky shows that in that era “capital was extremely expensive: with a short-term loan, the amount of monthly growth was not limited by law... Vladimir Monomakh, having become the Grand Duke, limited the duration of charging annual growth to half the capital: such growth could only be taken for two years and after that, the creditor could seek only capital from the debtor, i.e. the debt further became interest-free; whoever took such an increase in the third year lost the right to seek capital itself...” The “Charter” strictly stipulated the conditions under which a free person could become a slave. A person who received a loan of bread or other “dacha” could not be turned into a slave.

On the Jewish question, Tatishchev conveys the decision: “Now, from the entire Russian land, all Jews with all their property should be expelled and will not be allowed in in the future...” The decision was of a situational nature and was not implemented. Jews lived in Kyiv until the Mongol invasion, until 1240.

The deep basis of Monomakh’s “Charter” are moral principles, later formulated by him in the famous “Instruction for Children.” His instructions sound like the teachings of a spiritual elder whom you want to listen to:

Do not miss a single night - if you can, bow to the ground; if you get sick, then three times...

In general, do not forget the more wretched, but, as much as you can, feed and serve the orphan and the widow yourself, and do not let the strong destroy a person.

Kill neither the right nor the guilty, and do not command him to be killed; even if you are guilty of death, then do not destroy any Christian soul.

Vladimir-Vasily Monomakh passed away into eternity on May 19, 1125 “on Alta, near his beloved church” Borisoglebskaya, “which he built and richly decorated with great dedication and labor.” This happened in the 73rd year of his unforgettable life. Monomakh was buried in Sophia of Kyiv, next to his grandfather, Yaroslav the Wise.

He remained in the memory of the people as “a brotherly lover, a beggar-lover and a kind sufferer for the Russian land”, as the most glorious ruler in the history of pre-Mongol Rus', when “Lithuania did not emerge from the swamp, and the Germans rejoiced that they were far beyond the blue sea... »

PRINCE HUNT

And behold, the dey was working hard; He first sat down in Chernigov, but came out of Chernigov, and until the summer he hunted for nothing with all his strength except for any other catch, except for Turov, like his father, who caught every animal. And here in Chernigov I acted: a wild horse tied my hands with my hands; I tied 10 and 20 live horses in the forests, and besides, while riding in Russia I had the same wild horses with my hands. Tura threw me 2 at the roses and with the horse, the deer threw me one big, and 2 moose trampled me with his feet, and the other horned; The boar pulled away the sword on my hip; The bear bit me at the knee of the lining, the fierce beast jumped onto my hips and the horse fell with me; and God has kept me safe. And I fell from my horse many times, I broke my head twice, and I strained my hand and nose in my weariness, not eating my belly, nor sparing my head. As soon as my youth had to do something, I myself did it, deeds in war and fishing, night and day, in the heat and in winter, not giving myself peace: it was not in vain for the posadniks, nor for the birichi, I myself did what was necessary, the whole outfit and in my house I did this; and in the hunters I myself kept the hunting outfit, and in the stables, and about the falcons and about the hawks.

TEACHINGS OF VLADIMIR MONOMACH (Translation)

ABOUT THE CONDUCT OF THE PRINCE.

In your house, do not be lazy, but watch over everything: do not rely on either the tiun or the youth, so that those who come to you do not ridicule your house or your dinner. When you go to war, do not be lazy, do not rely on the commander, do not indulge in food, drink, or sleep; and dress up the guards yourself and at night, having dressed up soldiers everywhere, also go to bed and get up early. Do not immediately take off your weapons: through negligence, a person suddenly dies. Beware of lies, drunkenness and fornication, for in this the soul and body perish. When you travel through your lands, do not allow the youths to do evil either to your own or to others, neither in villages nor in fields, so that they do not begin to curse you. Wherever you go, wherever you stop, give drink, feed the poor; honor the guest, no matter where he comes to you, whether simple, noble, or an ambassador; if you cannot give a gift, then write or drink: as they pass, they will glorify the person either good or evil throughout all lands.

If you forget this, then read it more often - and I will have no shame, and you will feel good. What good you can do, do not forget, and what you cannot do, learn; This is how my father, while at home, mastered five languages; This is something that commands respect from other countries. For laziness is the mother of everything (evil). What a person knows how to do, he forgets, and what he does not know how to do, he does not learn.

Princely strife and campaigns

And now I will tell you, my children, about my labors, how I worked, hiking and hunting from the age of 13. First of all, I went to Rostov, through the Vyatichi (land) - my father sent me, and he himself went to Kursk; then - to Smolensk with Headquarters Skordyatich; he again went to Berest with Izyaslav, and sent me to Smolensk; from Smolensk I went to Vladimir (Volynsky). That same winter, my brothers sent me to Berestia in a fire, where they burned it, their city was guarding there... Then Svyatoslav sent me against the Poles, I followed Glogova, to the Czech forest, walked on their land for 4 months... from there - to Turov, in the spring - to Pereyaslavl and also to Turov, Svyatoslav died, and I again went to Smolensk, and from Smolensk that same winter to Novgorod: in the spring to help Gleb, and in the summer with my father - near Polotsk, and in the next winter - with Svyatopolk near Polotsk, Polotsk was burned; he (Svyatopodk) went to Novgorod, and I fought with the Polovtsians on Odrsk, and from there to Chernigov... And again I came from Smolensk and fought through the Polovtsian troops to Pereyaslavl and found my father, who had come from the campaign. That same year, my father and Izyaslav and I went to Chernigov to fight Boris (Vyacheslavich) and defeated Boris and Oleg. Again we went to Pereyaslavl and stopped in Obrovo, and Vseslav burned Smolensk; and I, together with the Chernigovites, followed him, replacing one horse with another, but they did not capture (Vseslav) in Smolensk; on this path, pursuing Vseslav, I devastated the land and ravaged from Lukoml to Logozhsk; from there he went to fight against Drutsk, and from there (returned) to Chernigov. That winter, the Polovtsians ravaged all of Starodub, and I went with the Chernigov and Polovtsians, and on the Desna we captured the princes Asaduk and Sauk and killed their squad, and the next day, outside the New City, we dispersed the strong army of Belkatgin: we took away the swords and prisoners. I went to the Vyatichi for two winters - to Khodota and to his son... In the same year we chased the Polovtsy beyond Khorol, who took Goroshin. That same autumn we went with the Chernigov people and the Polovtsians, the Chiteevichs, to Minsk: we captured the city and left neither servants nor cattle in it.

There were 83 large campaigns, but I don’t remember the rest of the smaller ones. I made peace with the Polovtsian princes without one 20 both with my father and without my father; gave a lot of cattle and a lot of his clothes and released from prison the Polovtsian noble princes Sharukan 2 brothers, the Bagubarsovs - 3, the Ovchins - 4 brothers, and all other noble princes - 100. And the princes whom God gave alive into his hands: Koksus with his son, Aklan Burchevich, Tarevsky prince Azguluy and other glorious young warriors - 15, then he took them into captivity alive, beat them and threw them into the Slavliy river; Gradually, about 200 nobles were beaten at that time.

PRINCE HUNT

And here are my labors during the hunt... And here’s what I did in Chernigov: I tied wild horses with my own hands, in the forests there were 10 and 20 alive, and besides, while driving around Russia, I also caught wild horses with my own hands. For two rounds they threw me on the horns, along with the horse; One deer gored me, and 2 moose - one trampled with its feet, and the other gored with its horns, the boar tore off the sword on my thigh, the bear bit my sweatshirt at my knee, the fierce beast jumped on my hips and knocked down the horse along with me. But God kept me safe. He fell from his horse many times, broke his head twice, caused harm to his hands and feet in his youth, damaging them, not protecting his life, not sparing his head. What my boy needed to do, I did it myself; in war and on the hunt, night and day, in heat and frost, I did not give myself rest; not relying on either the mayor or the birichi, he himself did what was necessary: he established all order in his house; I myself kept the hunting outfit, took care of the grooms, falcons and hawks (I took care of it myself).

36. PRINCE VILLAGES

According to the Ipatiev Chronicle.

They fought until the evening, and from there they marched to the village of Meltekov, and from there they sent and plundered the herds of Igor and Svyatoslavl, in the forest, according to Rakhni 2, there were 3000 herd mares, and 1000 horses; Having sent around the village, he burned the village and the courtyards... But he went to the village of Igorevo 3, where he built a good courtyard; There was a lot of preparation in the Bretyanitsa 4 and in the cellars of wine and demovo, that there was no burden to take out any heavy goods, including iron and copper, 5 from the multitude of all that. Davydovich 6 commanded to take him on the carts and howl, and then commanded to set fire to the courtyard and the church of St. George, and his threshing floor, there are 9 hundred stacks in it...

And Svyatoslavl 7 divided that courtyard into 4 parts, and the cowwoman 8, and the Bretyanitsa, and the goods that could not be moved, and in the cellars there were 500 berks of honey, and 80 korchaks of wine; and the Church of the Holy Ascension was all peeled off, with silver vessels, and 9 and service plates, and everything was embroidered in gold, and two censers, and katsya 10, and a forged angel, and books and bells; and did not leave anything behind the prince, but divided everything and 7 hundred servants...

PRINCE VILLAGES (Translation)

...They fought until the evening; going from there, they stopped at the village of Meltekhova, and from there they sent and robbed the herds of Igor and Svyatoslav, in the forest along the (river) Rakhna: there were 3000 herd mares, and 1000 horses; Having dispersed to the villages, they burned the granaries and courtyards...

We went to Igor’s village, where he built a nice yard; there were a lot of supplies in the barns, in the cellars - wine and honey, and a lot of heavy goods of all kinds - iron and copper; They couldn’t take it out from the multitude of it all. The Davydovichs ordered to put it on the carts for themselves and the soldiers, and then to set fire to the courtyard, the church of St. George and his threshing floor, and there were nine hundred haystacks in it...

And then Svyatoslav’s court divided the treasury, barns, and property that could not be moved into 4 parts, and in the cellars there were 500 berks of honey, and 80 taverns of wine; The entire church of the Holy Ascension was robbed: silver vessels, church clothes, service vestments, everything embroidered in gold, two censers, a bound gospel, books and bells; they left nothing of the prince’s property, but divided everything, as well as seven hundred servants (people).

Tyn is a small fence.

Gorodnik - builder of the city wall, gorodni.

Lukno is a small measure of loose solids, compare with a basket.

Nagaev A.S., Ognev V.N. Workshop on the history of the USSR from ancient times to the beginning of the 17th century. M., 1991. P.34-54.

Lyubech Congress of 1097

(According to "The Tale of Bygone Years")

In 1097, Svyatopolk, Vladimir, Davyd Svyatoslavovich and his brother Oleg came and went to Lyubich to establish peace, saying among themselves: “Why are we destroying the Russian land, causing strife among ourselves? But the Polovtsians are destroying our lands and are glad that there is civil strife between us. From now on, we will all be unanimous and preserve the Russian land, let everyone keep his fatherland: Svyatopolk - Kyiv... Vladimir - Vsevolozhov [patrimony], Davyd, Oleg and Yaroslav - Svyatoslavl... And on that they kissed the cross: “If from now on anyone will be against anyone, against him we will all bear an honorable cross”...

Reader on the history of the USSR. Ed. IN AND. Lebedeva. T.1. M., 1949. P.76.

Princely villages

(According to the Ipatiev Chronicle)

They fought until evening; going from there, they stopped at the village of Meltekhova and from there they sent and robbed the herds of Igor and Svyatoslav, in the forest along the (river) Rakhna: there were 3,000 herd mares, and 1,000 horses; Having dispersed to the villages, they burned the granaries and courtyards...

We went to Igor’s village, where he built a nice yard; there were a lot of supplies in the barns, in the cellars - wine and honey, and a lot of heavy goods of all kinds - iron and copper; They couldn’t take it out from the multitude of it all. The Davydovichs ordered to lay carts for themselves and the soldiers, and then to set fire to the courtyard, the church of the crumpled George and his threshing floor, and there were nine hundred haystacks in it...

And then Svyatoslav’s court divided the treasury, barns, and property that could not be moved into 4 parts, and in the cellars there were 500 berks (1) honey, and 80 wine pots; The entire church of the Holy Ascension was robbed: silver vessels, church clothes, service vestments, everything embroidered in gold, two censers, a bound gospel, books and bells; they left nothing of the prince’s property, but divided everything, as well as seven hundred servants (people).

Reader on the history of the USSR. Ed. IN AND. Lebedeva. T.1. M., 1949. P.83.

Note

1. Berkovets - a measure of mass or weight equal to 10 poods (more than 160 kg).

Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh

(According to the Laurentian Chronicle)

“Instruction to Children” or “Testament” of Prince Vladimir Monomakh was written by him in 1117. “Instruction” combines various genres - autobiography, confession, moral teaching, testament - and is an example of medieval princely ethics. An incomplete text of the “Teaching” was preserved only in the Laurentian Chronicle, compiled at the end of the 14th century. Monk Lavrenty as the next edition of The Tale of Bygone Years.

About the behavior of the prince

In your house, do not be lazy, but watch over everything: do not rely on either the tiun or the youth, so that those who come to you do not ridicule your house or your dinner. When you go to war, do not be lazy, do not rely on the commander, do not indulge in food, drink, or sleep; and equip the guards yourself and at night, having dressed up soldiers everywhere, also go to bed and get up early. Do not immediately take off your weapons: through negligence, a person suddenly dies. Beware of lies, drunkenness and fornication, for in this the soul and body perish. When you travel through your lands, do not allow the youths to do evil either to your own or to others, neither in the fields nor in the villages, so that they do not begin to curse you. Wherever you go, wherever you stop, give drink, feed the poor; honor the guest, no matter where he comes to you, whether simple, noble, or an ambassador, if you can’t, with a gift, then with food, drink: as they pass, they will glorify the person either good or evil throughout the whole earth.

What good you can do, do not forget, and what you cannot do, learn; This is how my father... mastered five languages; This is something that commands respect from other countries. For laziness is the mother of everything (evil). What a person knows how to do, he forgets, and what he does not know how to do, he does not learn.

About princely campaigns

There were 83 large campaigns, but I don’t remember the rest of the smaller ones. I made peace with the Polovtsian princes without one 20 both with my father and without my father. He gave a lot of cattle and a lot of his clothes and released from prison the Polovtsian noble princes Sharukan 2 brothers... and all the other noble princes - 100. And the princes whom God gave alive into his hands... and other glorious young warriors - 15, then they He was taken into captivity alive, beaten and thrown into the Slavliy River; Gradually, about 200 nobles were beaten at that time.

Princely hunt

And here are my works during the hunt... And here’s what I did in Chernigov: I tied up wild horses with my own hands, in the forests there were 10 and 20 alive, and besides that, while traveling around Rus', I also caught wild horses with my own hands. For two rounds they threw me on the horns, along with the horse; one deer gored me, and two elk - one trampled with its feet, and the other gored with its horns, a boar tore off the sword on my thigh, a bear bit my sweatshirt (1) at my knee, a fierce beast jumped on my hips and knocked down the horse along with me . But God kept me safe. He fell from his horse many times, broke his head twice, caused harm to his arms and legs in his youth, damaging them, not sparing his head... In war and on the hunt, night and day, in the heat and frost, he did not give himself rest; not relying on either the mayor or the birichi (2), he himself did what was necessary: he established all order in his house; I myself kept the hunting outfit, took care of the grooms, falcons and hawks (I took care of it myself).

Reader on the history of the USSR. Ed. IN AND. Lebedeva. T.1. M., 1949. P.81.

Prince Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh (1053-1125) received the nickname Monomakh after his mother, the daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine Monomakh. He was the prince of Chernigov, then of Pereyaslavl (Pereyaslavl South), and from 1113 - of Kyiv. He spent his entire life fighting the Polovtsians and their usual ally, Prince Oleg Svyatoslavich. Vladimir Monomakh made 83 large campaigns and trips in his lifetime, but he could not remember any smaller ones.

The reason for the correspondence between Monomakh and Oleg was the murder of Monomakh’s youngest son, Izyaslav, in the battle with Oleg. Heeding the advice of his eldest son Mstislav, who was baptized by Oleg Svyatoslavich, Monomakh sent this letter to Oleg with words of reconciliation.

TEACHING

I, thin, by my grandfather Yaroslav, blessed, glorious, named in baptism Vasily, Russian name Vladimir, beloved father and mother from the family of Monomakhs... and Christians for the sake of people, for how many of them I kept by my mercy and by my father’s prayer from everyone trouble! Sitting on the sleigh, I thought in my soul and gave praise to God, who saved me until these days, a sinner. My children or anyone else, when listening to this letter, do not laugh, but whichever of my children loves it, let him accept it in his heart and not become lazy, but work.

First of all, for the sake of God and your soul, have the fear of God in your heart and give generous alms, this is the beginning of all good. If anyone doesn’t like this letter, then let them not laugh, but they will say: on a long journey, while sitting on a sleigh, he said something absurd.

For ambassadors from my brothers met me on the Volga and said: “Hurry to us, and we will drive out the Rostislavichs and take away their volost; if you don’t go with us, then we will be on our own, and you will be on your own.” And I answered: “Even though you are angry, I cannot go with you or break the kiss of the cross.”

And, having released them, he took the Psalter, unbent it in sorrow, and this is what came out to me: “Why are you sad, my soul? Why are you embarrassing me?” And so on. And then I collected these favorite words and arranged them in order and wrote them. If you don't like the last ones, at least take the first ones.

“Why are you sad, my soul? Why are you troubling me? Trust in God, for I believe in him.” “Do not compete with the wicked, do not envy those who do iniquity, for the wicked will be destroyed, but those who obey the Lord will rule the earth.” And a little more: “And there will be no sinner; you will look at his place and you will not find him. But the meek will inherit the earth and enjoy peace. The sinner plots against the righteous and gnashes his teeth at him; the Lord will laugh at him, for he sees that the day will come His. Sinners have drawn their weapons, they are drawing their bows to pierce the poor and needy, to slay the upright in heart. Their weapons will pierce their hearts, and their bows will be broken. A little is better for the righteous than much riches for sinners. For the power of sinners will be broken, but the Lord strengthens the righteous. Just as sinners perish, He has mercy and gifts on the righteous. For those who bless Him will inherit the earth, but those who curse Him will be destroyed. A man’s feet are guided by the Lord. When he falls, he will not be broken, for the Lord supports his hand. He was young and old, and has not seen the righteous forsaken, nor his descendants begging for bread. The righteous give alms every day and lend, and his descendants will be blessed. Turn away from evil, do good, find peace and drive away evil, and live forever and ever." (...)

Truly, my children, understand that God, who loves mankind, is merciful and merciful. We humans are sinners and mortals, and if someone does evil to us, we want to devour him and shed his blood as quickly as possible. And our Lord, possessing both life and death, endures our sins above our heads throughout our entire lives. Just as a father, loving his child, beats him and again draws him to himself, so our Lord showed us victory over our enemies, how to get rid of them and defeat them with three good deeds: repentance, tears and alms. And this, my children, is not a heavy commandment from God, how to get rid of your sins and not lose the kingdom of heaven by doing these three things.

For God’s sake, don’t be lazy, I pray you, don’t forget those three things, they’re not hard. Neither seclusion, nor monasticism, nor fasting, which other virtuous people endure, but in small deeds one can receive God’s mercy.

“What is a person, how do you think about him?” “Great are You, O Lord, and wonderful are Your works. The human mind cannot comprehend Your wonders,” and again we say: “Great are You, O Lord, and Wonderful are Your works, and blessed and glorious is Your name forever throughout all the earth.” For who will not praise and glorify Your power and Your great miracles and blessings arranged in this world: how the sky is structured, or how the sun, or how the moon, or how the stars, and darkness, and light? And the land was laid on the waters, Lord, by Your providence! Various animals and birds and fish are adorned by Your providence, Lord! And let us marvel at this miracle, how he created man from dust, how diverse human faces are; If we collect all people, they do not all have the same appearance, but each has its own facial appearance, according to God’s wisdom. And let us marvel at how the birds of heaven come from paradise, and first of all into our hands, and do not settle in one country, but both the strong and the weak go throughout all lands, at God’s command, so that the forests and fields are filled. Yet God gave this for the benefit of people, for food and joy. Great, Lord, is Your mercy towards us, since You created these blessings for the sake of sinful man. And the same birds of heaven are wise by You, Lord: when You command, they will sing and make people happy; and when you do not command them, even those who have a tongue will become numb. “And blessed, O Lord, and greatly glorified!” “He created and performed all kinds of miracles and these good things. And whoever does not praise You, Lord, and does not believe with all his heart and with all his soul in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, let him be cursed!”

MONOMACH'S STORY ABOUT HIS LIFE

And now I will tell you, my children, about my work, how I worked on the road and on hunts from the age of thirteen. (...)

And from Chernigov to Kyiv I went to see my father about a hundred times, traveling in one day, until Vespers. And in total there were eighty campaigns and three great ones, and the rest I don’t even remember the smaller ones. And he made peace with the Polovtsian princes, minus one, twenty, both with his father and without his father, and he gave away a lot of cattle and a lot of his clothes. And he released so many of the best Polovtsian princes from the shackles: two Sharukan brothers, three Bagubars brothers, four Osenev brothers, and a hundred other best princes in total. And God gave the princes themselves alive into the hands: Koksus and his son, Aklan Burchevich, the Tarev prince Azguluy and fifteen other young knights, these I, bringing alive, cut up and threw into that river Salnya. And separately he killed about two hundred of their best husbands at that time.

And this is how I worked, hunting, while I was sitting in Chernigov; and having left Chernigov, and until this year, he hunted and took without difficulty, not counting other hunts, outside Turov, where he and his father hunted every animal.

And this is what I did in Chernigov: I tied ten and twenty wild horses with my own hands in the forests, live horses, in addition to the fact that, while riding across the plain, I caught the same wild horses with my own hands. Two aurochs threw me with their horns along with the horse, one of the deer gored me, and of the two moose, one trampled with its feet, the other gored with its antlers. The boar tore off the sword on my thigh, the bear bit my sweatshirt at the knee, the fierce beast jumped on my hips and overturned the horse with me, and God kept me unharmed. And he fell from his horse a lot, broke his head twice and damaged his arms and legs - in his youth he damaged it, not valuing his life, not sparing his head.

What my boy had to do, he did it himself - in war and on hunts, night and day, in heat and cold, without giving himself rest. Without relying on mayors or birichi, he himself did what was necessary; He also established the entire routine in his own house. And among the hunters he himself established the hunting schedule, and among the grooms, he took care of the falcons and hawks.

Also, he did not allow the poor bastard and the wretched widow to be offended by the powerful, and he himself observed the church order and the service.

Do not judge me, my children or anyone else who reads it: I do not praise myself or my courage, but I praise God and glorify His mercy for protecting me, a sinner and a bad person, for so many years from those mortal dangers, and He did not create me lazy, bad, but fit for all human deeds. After reading this letter, try to do all sorts of good deeds, glorifying God with His saints. After all, children, do not be afraid of death, neither war nor the beast, do the work of a man, as God sends to you. For if I have been protected from war, and from beasts, and from water, and from falling from a horse, then none of you can harm yourself or be killed until it is commanded by God. And if death happens from God, then neither father, nor mother, nor brothers can take you away from it, but if it is a good thing to beware yourself, then God’s protection is better than man’s.

LETTER OF MONOMACH TO OLEG SVYATOSLAVICH

O me, long-suffering and sad! You struggle a lot, soul, with your heart and you overcome my heart; We are all perishable, and therefore I think about how not to appear before the terrible Judge without repenting and making peace with each other. (...)

Look, brother, at our fathers: what did they save and what clothes did they need? All they have is what they have done for their souls. With these words, you, brother, should have been the first to send to me and warn me. When they killed the child, mine and yours, before you, you should have seen his blood and his body withered like a flower that first blossomed, like a slaughtered lamb, and said, standing over him, pondering the thoughts of your soul: “Woe is me, What have I done! And, taking advantage of his foolishness, for the sake of the untruth of this vain world, I made sin for myself, and brought tears to his father and mother! "

(...) If you feel bad, then your godson and his little brother are sitting next to you and eating your grandfather’s bread, and you are sitting on your own bread, and dress up about this. If you want to kill them, then you have both of them. For I do not want evil, but I want good for the brethren and the Russian land. And what you want to get by force, we, taking care of you, gave you your homeland in Starodub. God is my witness that your brother and I were dressing up if he couldn’t dress up without you. And we didn’t do anything wrong, we didn’t say: send with your brother until we settle things. If any of you does not want goodness and peace for Christians, may he not see peace from God for his soul in the next world!

I’m not saying this out of need, nor out of some misfortune sent by God, you yourself will understand, but my soul is dearer to me than this whole world.

At the Last Judgment, without accusers, I convict myself. And so on.

Reader on the history of the USSR. Volume 1. author unknown

35. TEACHING OF VLADIMIR MONOMACH

Excerpts from the “Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh” are given from the “Laurentian Chronicle”.

ABOUT THE CONDUCT OF THE PRINCE

Do not be lazy in your house, but see everything; Do not look at Tivun, nor at the boy, so that he who comes to you and your house and your dinner will not laugh. When you go to war, don’t be lazy, don’t look at the commander; Do not indulge in drinking, eating, or sleeping; and dress up the watchmen yourself, and the night, having dressed up howls from everywhere, also climb, and get up early; and don’t take your weapons off without looking at the flanks, otherwise a person will suddenly perish. Falsely watch out for drunkenness and fornication, for your soul and body will perish. Wherever you go on your way through your lands, do not allow the youth to do dirty tricks, neither your own nor strangers, neither in villages nor in everyday life, and do not begin to curse you. Where will you go, where will you stand, give something to drink and feed? and more honor the guest, from where will he come to you, either simple, or kind, or salt, if you cannot give free food, food and drink: for you glorify a person in passing throughout all lands, either good or evil...

If you forget this, read it often - and I will be free from litter, and you will be well. If you know how to do it, don’t forget what is good, but if you don’t know how to do it, teach him this, like my father (sitting at home, amazed 5 language, because there is honor from other lands. Laziness for everything... mother knows how , then he will forget, but he doesn’t know how, and he can’t teach that. But if you do good, don’t be lazy about anything good...

Princely strife and campaigns

And I will tell you, my children, my work, even I have worked, the ways of action and fishing since I was 13 years old. First, I went to Rostov, my father sent me through Vyatiche, and he himself went to Kursk; and the second time, to Smolinsk with Headquarters Skordyatich, then again went to Berestia with Izyaslav, and then the ambassador to Smolinsk; then Smolinsk died and Volodymyr died the same winter. That’s why Berestia sent her brother on the brand, who burned the byakha, that city of those dishes... Then Svyatoslav sent me to Lyakhy; walking for the Glogovs to the Czech Forest, walking into their lands for 4 months... and from there to Turov, and in the spring to Pereyaslavl, also to Turov. And Svyatoslav died, and went to Smolinsk, and Smolinsk that same winter went to Novugorod; to help Glebovi in the spring; and for the summer with his father near Poltesk, and for another winter with Svyatopolk near Poltesk; Ozhgosha Poltesk; he went to Novugorod, and I fought from Polovtsi to Odrysk; that Chernigov... And again he came to Smolinsk, and walked through the Polovechsky howl, beating, to Pereyaslavl, and his father climbed up from the regiment; That same year, Chernigov and Boris fought with their father and Izyaslav, and Boris and Olga won. And again with a breath I will Pereyaslavl, and with a stakhom in Obrov, and Vseslav Smolensk is still alive, and I am always with Chernigovtsi and two horses, and not, with a stakhm in Smolinsk; the same way along Vseslav burned the land and fought as far as Lukaml and Logozhsk, one going to Dryutsk, one going to Chernigov. And that winter, the Polovtsi conquered all of Starodub, and I marched from Chernigovtsi and from the Polovtsi on the Desna and seized Prince Asaduk and Sauk and beat up their squad; and in the morning outside the New City the strong howl of Belkatgin dispersed, and behold, the swords were full of waste. And in Vyatichi we marched for two winters against Khodota and his son... In the same summer we chased through Polovtsikh for Khorol, who also took Goroshin. And that autumn I died from Chernigovtsi and from Polovtsi, from Chiteevichi, to Mensk: I left the city, and did not leave behind either servants or cattle...

And all the paths are 80 and 3 great, but I won’t remember the lesser ones. And I created worlds with the Polovech princes without one 20, both with my father and besides my father, and giving a lot of cattle and many of my ports; and the princes of Polovech released only 2 brothers from Sharukan, 3 brothers from Bagubars, 4 brothers from Ovchina, and 100 of all the sculpted princes; and the princes themselves are alive in the hands of Dav: I’m having fun with my son. Aklan, Burchevich, Tarevsky prince Azguluy, and some of the young 15 kmetiy, then Vedas were alive, they were swept into that river in Slavliy; Not 200 people who were beaten at that time were beaten in turns...

PRINCE HUNT

TEACHINGS OF VLADIMIR MONOMACH (Translation)

ABOUT THE CONDUCT OF THE PRINCE.

Princely strife and campaigns

PRINCE HUNT

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