Complex sentences with different types communications- This complex sentences , which consist of at least from three simple proposals , interconnected by coordinating, subordinating and non-union connection.
To understand the meaning of such complex structures It is important to understand how the simple sentences included in them are grouped together.
Often complex sentences with different types of connections are divided into two or several parts (blocks), connected using coordinating conjunctions or without unions; and each part in structure represents either complex sentence, or simple.
For example:
1) [Sad I]: [there is no friend with me], (with whom I would drink the long separation), (whom I could shake hands from the heart and wish many happy years)(A. Pushkin).
This is a complex sentence with different types of connections: non-union and subordinating, consists of two parts (blocks) connected non-union; the second part reveals the reason for what is said in the first; Part I is a simple sentence in structure; Part II is a complex sentence with two attributive clauses, with homogeneous subordination.
2) [Lane was all in the gardens], and [grew at the fences linden trees, now casting, under the moon, a wide shadow], (so fences And gates on one side they were completely buried in darkness)(A. Chekhov).
This is a complex sentence with different types of connections: coordinating and subordinating, consists of two parts connected by a coordinating connecting union and, the relations between the parts are enumerative; Part I is a simple sentence in structure; Part II - complex sentence with subordinate clause; the subordinate clause depends on the main thing and is joined to it by the conjunction so.
A complex sentence can contain sentences with different types of conjunction and non-conjunction connections.
These include:
1) composition and submission.
For example: The sun set and night followed day without interval, as is usually the case in the south.(Lermontov).
(And is a coordinating conjunction, as is a subordinating conjunction.)
The outline of this proposal:
2) composition and non-union communication.
For example: The sun had long since set, but the forest had not yet died down: the turtle doves were murmuring nearby, the cuckoo was crowing in the distance.(Bunin).
(But - coordinating conjunction.)
The outline of this proposal:
3) subordination and non-union connection.
For example: When he woke up, the sun was already rising; the mound obscured him(Chekhov).
(When - subordinating conjunction.)
The outline of this proposal:
4) composition, subordination and non-union connection.
For example: The garden was spacious and there were only oak trees; they began to bloom only recently, so that now through the young foliage the entire garden with its stage, tables and swings was visible.
(And is a coordinating conjunction, so is a subordinating conjunction.)
The outline of this proposal:
In complex sentences with coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, coordinating and subordinating conjunctions may appear side by side.
For example: The weather was beautiful all day, but as we approached Odessa, it began to rain heavily.
(But - a coordinating conjunction, when - a subordinating conjunction.)
The outline of this proposal:
Punctuation marks in sentences with different types of communication
In order to correctly place punctuation marks in complex sentences with different types of connections, it is necessary to select simple sentences, determine the type of connection between them and select the appropriate punctuation mark.
As a rule, a comma is placed between simple sentences in complex sentences with different types of connections.
For example: [In the morning, in the sun, the trees were covered with luxurious frost] , and [it went on like this two hours], [then the frost disappeared] , [the sun has closed] , and [the day passed quietly, thoughtfully , with a drop in the middle of the day and anomalous lunar twilight in the evening].
Sometimes two, three or more simple offers most closely related to each other in meaning and can be separated from other parts complex sentencesemicolon . Most often, a semicolon occurs in place of a non-union connection.
For example: (When he woke up), [the sun had already risen] ; [the mound obscured it].(The sentence is complex, with different types of connections: with non-union and union connections.)
At the site of the non-union connection between simple sentences within a complex possible Also comma , dash And colon , which are placed according to the rules for placing punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence.
For example: [The sun has long since set] , But[the forest has not yet died down] : [doves gurgled nearby] , [the cuckoo crowed in the distance]. (The sentence is complex, with different types of connections: with non-union and union connections.)
[Leo Tolstoy saw a broken burdock] – and [lightning flashes] : [the idea of an amazing story about Hadji Murad appeared](Paust.). (The sentence is complex, with different types of connections: coordinating and non-conjunctive.)
In difficult syntactic constructions, breaking up into large logical-syntactic blocks, which themselves are complex sentences or in which one of the blocks turns out to be a complex sentence, punctuation marks are placed at the junction of the blocks, indicating the relationship of the blocks, while maintaining internal signs placed on their own syntactic basis.
For example: [The bushes, trees, even stumps are so familiar to me here] (that wild felling has become like a garden to me) : [I caressed every bush, every pine tree, every Christmas tree], and [they all became mine], and [it’s the same as if I planted them], [this is my own garden](Priv.) – there is a colon at the junction of blocks; [Yesterday a woodcock stuck his nose into this foliage] (to get a worm from under it) ; [at this time we approached], and [he was forced to take off without throwing off the layer of old aspen foliage from his beak](Priv.) – there is a semicolon at the junction of blocks.
Particular difficulties arise placement of punctuation marks at the junction of the composing And subordinating conjunctions (or coordinating conjunction and union word). Their punctuation obeys the laws of forming sentences with coordinating, subordinating and non-union connections. However, there are also special attention require sentences in which several conjunctions appear nearby.
In such cases, a comma is placed between conjunctions if the second part does not follow double union then, yes, but(in this case the subordinate clause may be omitted). In other cases, a comma is not placed between two conjunctions.
For example: Winter was coming and , When the first frosts hit, living in the forest became difficult. - Winter was approaching, and when the first frosts hit, it became difficult to live in the forest.
You can call me, but , If you don't call today, we'll leave tomorrow. – You can call me, but if you don’t call today, then we’ll leave tomorrow.
I think that , if you try, you will succeed. – I think that if you try, you will succeed.
Parsing complex sentence with different types of connection
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with different types of connection
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2. Indicate the type of sentence based on emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine (based on grammatical basics) the number of simple sentences and find their boundaries.
4. Determine the semantic parts (blocks) and the type of connection between them (non-union or coordinating).
5. Give a description of each part (block) by structure (simple or complex sentence).
6. Create a proposal outline.
SAMPLE EXAMPLE OF A COMPLEX SENTENCE WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONNECTION
[Suddenly a thick fog], [as if separated by a wall He me from the rest of the world], and, (so as not to get lost), [ I decided
The text, if we consider it in the system of generalized functional categories, qualifies as the highest communicative unit. This is an integral unit consisting of communicative-functional elements organized into a system to implement the communicative intention of the author of the text in accordance with the speech situation.
The text implements a structured presented activity, and the structure of the activity presupposes a subject and an object, the process itself, the goal, the means and the result. These components of the activity structure are reflected in different indicators text - content-structural, functional, communicative.
The units of the text are: utterance (realized sentence), interphrase unity (a number of utterances combined semantically and syntactically into a single fragment). Interphrasal unities, in turn, are combined into larger fragments-blocks that provide integrity to the text due to the implementation of distant and contact semantic and grammatical connections. At the compositional level, units of a qualitatively different plan are distinguished - paragraphs, paragraphs, sections, chapters, sub-chapters, etc.
The structure of the text is determined by the topic, the information expressed, the conditions of communication, the purpose of a particular message and the chosen style of presentation.
The text as a speech work consists of sequentially combined verbal means (statements, interphrase unities). However, the meanings contained in the text are not always conveyed only through verbal means. There are also non-verbal means for this; within the framework of a statement and interphrase unity, this can be word order, juxtaposition of parts, punctuation marks; to emphasize meanings - means of emphasis (italics, discharge, etc.) For example, when combining the statements “My son went to school. “Daughter is going to kindergarten”, the opposite meaning did not find any verbal expression; In addition, the predicate “went” is replaced by a dash. Within more complex components of the text, there may be significantly more such non-verbalized meanings. For example, the use of question marks and exclamation marks, replacing entire lines of dialogue.
Look how cute he is! - Natasha brings me closer to the cage and sticks her hand inside, which the baby immediately grabs and seems to shake. - Such beautiful cubs of orangutans are very rare. Have you noticed how much he looks like his mother?
But of course! Monkeys have everything like people (Moscow Koms. - 1986. - 29 n.).
In this sense, the following example is interesting:
And on his shaved, purple face he lost:
Completely bonkers! (A. Bely. Petersburg).
Pauses, hesitations in speech, and sharp intonation breaks are depicted using punctuation marks. The timbre, intensity, and paralinguistic accompaniment of speech are usually depicted descriptively (shouted, waving his arms; looked, squinting his eyes). However, such a verbal depiction of facial expressions and gestures is not necessary. For example, a question, surprise, can be conveyed by signs: So did you see him? - “???”
Various figures of default, also related to non-verbalized means, are also used to convey meanings in the text.
On the other hand, verbalization of “silent” languages (sign languages, facial expressions) can be carried out in the text. This, in particular, is served by various stage directions in dramatic works or the author’s descriptions of corresponding gestures and facial expressions in prose works.
So-called “silent” languages are a full-fledged means of communication in real life. However, they are widely presented in verbalized form and in text - artistic, journalistic. When perceiving a textual description of gestures, it is necessary to take into account their significance within a given linguistic community. In addition, the reader and the creator of the text may be separated in time, this can also provoke inadequacy of perception. For example, a comment is required on the description of the gesture in the text of A. Chekhov’s work “Fat and Thin”: Tolstoy, wanting to part amicably, extended his hand, and Thin shook two fingers and giggled.
Misunderstandings may arise when a foreign reader reads a text, since “silent” languages different nations may vary significantly. For example, nodding in agreement in the Arab world is perceived as a sign of bad manners if it refers to a stranger or an older person.
One can also call such a way of conveying meanings in a text as an intrusion into a uniformly organized space of elements of other texts, “texts within a text” (Yu.M. Lotman). These can be direct inclusions - epigraphs, quotes, links. There may be retellings and insertions of other stories, references to legends, “other people’s” stories, etc.
1. Articulation text. The text consists of several sentences. One, even a very common sentence, is not a text.
2. Semantic integrity text. It manifests itself, firstly, in the fact that any text is a statement in a specific topic(it is often named in the title); secondly, in the fact that by reporting something about the subject of speech, the author realizes his plan, conveying his attitude to what he is reporting about, his assessment of what is depicted (the main idea of the text). In addition, the text has a relative completeness(autonomy), it has a beginning and an end.
3. Connectivity text. It manifests itself in the fact that each subsequent sentence is built on the basis of the previous one, absorbing one or another part of it. What is repeated in the subsequent sentence from the previous one is called “given”, and what is communicated additionally is called “new”. “New” is usually emphasized by logical stress and is placed at the end of the sentence. For example: A well was dug in the yard. A frog (new) settled near the well (given). She (given) sat (new) all day long in the shade of the well frame.
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with different types of connection
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2. Indicate the type of sentence according to emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine (based on grammatical basics) the number of simple sentences and find their boundaries.
4. Determine the semantic parts (blocks) and the type of connection between them (non-union or coordinating).
5. Give a description of each part (block) by structure (simple or complex sentence).
6. Create a proposal outline.
Sample analysis of a complex sentence with different types of connection
[Suddenly he leaned thick fog], [as if he had separated me from the rest of the world with a wall], and, (in order not to get lost), [I decided to return to the path], (which, in my opinion, should have been on the left and behind).
■> and> ((conjunction to), [noun], (sel. which)}.
will determine goals.
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, with different types of connections: non-conjunctive, coordinating and subordinating, consists of three parts connected without a union (parts I and II) and a coordinating connecting conjunction And (II and III parts); Part I is a simple sentence, Part II is a simple sentence, Part III is a complex sentence with two subordinate clauses (target and attributive) with parallel subordination. The subordinate clause depends on the entire main clause and answers the question for what purpose?, joins the union to . The attributive clause depends on the noun path, answers the question which one?, is joined by a conjunctive word which.
Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.
Suddenly a thick fog fell (1) and (2) in order not to get lost (3) I decided to return to the path (4) which should have been on the left.
Explanation (see also Rule below).
(Suddenly a thick fog fell), and (,(in order not to get lost), [I decided to return to the path], (which should have been on the left)).
Commas numbered 2 and 3 highlight the subordinate clause “so as not to get lost.” Comma number 1 separates the parts of a complex sentence: “Suddenly a thick fog fell” and “I decided to return to the path.” Comma number 4 separates the subordinate clause “which should have been on the left” from the main clause “I decided to return to the path.”
Two blocks, the first is a simple sentence, the second is an IPP. Between blocks coordinating connection, salary 1.
Word all of a sudden cannot possibly be a common member. In this task, such cases, firstly, do not happen, and secondly, did the hero suddenly decide to return? No, he decided to do this so as not to get lost.
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 1234
Rule: Punctuation marks in sentences with different types of connections. 20 Unified State Examination
TASK 20 Unified State Exam. PUNCTUATION MARKS IN SENTENCES WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONNECTION
In task 20, students must be able to place punctuation marks in a complex sentence consisting of 3-5 simple ones.
This the most difficult task tests the graduate’s ability to apply the following knowledge in practice:
1) at the level of a simple sentence:
Understanding that there is no sentence without a basis;
Knowledge of the features of the base one-part sentences(impersonal, etc.)
Understanding what's in simple sentence can be homogeneous predicates and subjects, punctuation marks between which are placed according to the rules of homogeneous members.
2) at the level of a complex sentence:
The ability to determine the main and subordinate clauses in the composition of the IPP on the issue;
The ability to see conjunctions (conjunctive words) in subordinate clauses;
Ability to see demonstrative words in the main
The ability to see homogeneous subordinate clauses, in which punctuation marks are placed in the same way as homogeneous clauses.
3) at the level of a complex sentence:
The ability to see parts of the BSC and separate them with a comma. General minor member does not happen in this task.
4) at the level of the entire proposal as a whole:
The ability to see those places in a sentence in which two conjunctions meet: there may be two subordinating conjunctions or a coordinating and subordinating conjunction.
Let's collect all the basic punctuation rules that are important when completing the task and number them for convenience.
| BP 6 If in a complex sentence there are coordinating and subordinating conjunctions nearby (And and ALTHOUGH, AND and HOW, AND and IF, BUT and WHEN, AND and THAT, etc.), then you need to find out if after the subordinate part there are correlative words THAT, SO or another coordinating conjunction (A, BUT, HOWEVER, etc.). A comma is placed only when these words are missing after the subordinate clause. For example: [Curtain rose], and, (as soon as the audience saw their favorite), [the theater shook with applause and enthusiastic screams] Compare: [Curtain rose], and (as soon as the public saw their favorite) So the theater trembled with applause and enthusiastic shouts]. and, (although her words were familiar to Saburov), [they suddenly made my heart ache]. [The woman talked and talked about her misfortunes], and (although her words were familiar to Saburov), But[they suddenly made my heart ache]. |
As you can see, rules 5 and 6 are very similar: we choose either to write TO (BUT...) or to put a comma.
Let's consider the proposals from the RESHUEGE database and the algorithm for working on the proposal.
[Claim](1) what? ( What Brazilian carnivals delight and fascinate)(2) And(3) (When(4) when? That convinced yourself (5) of what? ( how much the eyewitnesses were right).
1. Let's highlight the basics.
1- Affirm (one-part, predicate)
2- carnivals delight and fascinate
3- we saw
4- convinced yourself
5- eyewitnesses are right
2. We highlight conjunctions and correlative words. Please note that there are AND and WHEN nearby and that there is THAT.
3. Mark subordinate clauses: We put all sentences in which there are subordinating conjunctions in parentheses.
(What Brazilian carnivals delight and fascinate)
(When We saw its unique bright beauty for the first time)
(how much the eyewitnesses were right).
4. We establish which subordinate clauses belong to the main ones. To do this, we pose questions from the main ones to the supposed subordinate ones.
[They claim] what? ( What Brazilian carnivals delight and fascinate). 1 component found. Comma 1 is placed according to rule 4 [ = ], (which is = and =).
There are two subordinate clauses left and one without subordinating conjunction. We check whether it is possible to ask questions from him.
[That convinced yourself] when? ( When We saw its unique bright beauty for the first time)
[convinced yourself] of what? ( how much the eyewitnesses were right). The second component has been found. Commas 4 and 5 are placed according to rule 4.
(when - =), [then- = ], (how much - =) Two different subordinate clauses to one main clause, a clause of time very often stands BEFORE the main clause.
Components 1 and 2 are connected coordinating conjunction And at one compound sentence. This is comma 2.
Scheme: |[ = ], (what- = and =)|, and |(when - =), [then- = ], (as far as - =)|
It remains to find out whether a comma is needed 3. Between AND and WHEN, according to rule 6, a comma is not needed, since TO is located after the subordinate clause.
Complexity parsing offers consists mainly in the fact that for him successful implementation It is necessary to have an “excellent” command of all material on the topic. Analysis becomes more complicated if its object is a complex sentence, for example, with different types of connections, because detailed characteristics requires not only the entire structure as a whole, but also each of its individual elements. Let's look at specific example syntactic analysis of complex sentences with different types of connections.
So, we have a proposal:
Suddenly a thick fog fell, as if it was separating me from the rest of the world like a wall, and in order not to get lost, I decided to return to the path, which, in my opinion, should have been on the left and behind.
1. Let's prove what's in front of us complex sentence with different types of connections, and build its diagram:
[Suddenly a thick fog fell] 1, [as if it separated me from the rest of the world with a wall] 2, and, (so as not to get lost) 3, [I decided to return to the path] 4, (which, in my opinion, should have been on the left and behind) 5.
5 grammar basics(respectively, 5 parts) indicate that the sentence is complex. All parts can be combined into 2 blocks: parts 1 and 2 (BSP) + 3, 4 and 5 (SPP with two subordinate clauses). Both blocks are connected by a coordinating conjunction. It follows that the connection between the parts is non-union, subordinate and coordinating (main).
| 1, 2|, and, |(to...) 3, [noun] 4, (which) 5.
2. Let us characterize the proposal as a whole and each block separately. The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory and, as we have already proven, complex, with different types of connections.
Block 1 (BSP) in the description is quite simple, so let’s pay attention to block 2 – SPP with two subordinate clauses.
In our SPP - parallel subordination(both subordinate clauses refer to different words in the main part, answer various questions etc.). ...so as not to get lost - clause of purpose(decided to return for what purpose?), it refers to the entire sentence and is introduced through the subordinating conjunction “to”; ...which, in my opinion, should have been on the left and behind - a subordinate attributive (what path?), it refers to the noun “path” in the main part and is attached using the conjunctive word “which”.
3. A significant number of textbooks offer a more detailed syntactic analysis, so we will characterize each part of a complex sentence as a simple sentence.
Suddenly a thick fog rolled in...
…as if he separated me from the rest of the world with a wall... Narrative, unspoken, simple, two-part, extended, complete, uncomplicated.
…so as not to get lost... Narrative, non-narrative, simple, single-part. (impersonal), undistributed, incomplete, uncomplicated.
…I decided to return to the path... Narrative, unspoken, simple, two-part, extended, complete, uncomplicated.
…which, |according to my considerations|, should have been on the left and behind... Narrative, non-vocal, simple, two-part, extended, complete, complicated by an introductory phrase.
We hope that the analysis of this proposal will help you when working with similar cases.
Good luck in learning Russian syntax!
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