Syntactic connection is a connection that arises between the components of a complex sentence.
The generally accepted types of syntactic connection are coordinating connection (composition) and subordinating connection (subordination), as well as non-union connection.
A coordinative connection is a connection between syntactically equal units (words or sentences). Factories and plants. Not in the morning, but in the evening.
Subordinating connection - This is the connection between the main clause. and subordinate clauses. He said that (what?) will come.
Practical work No. 17
The beginning is in the notebook: D
Related languages
In order to concretely imagine how the concept of language kinship was formed, let us schematically depict the path along which linguistics moved from collecting various linguistic factors to building a theory that explains them. Researchers have long noticed that the structures of many Euro-Asian languages have common features, for example, Polish woda, Russian water, English water, German wasser, but Japanese mizdu, Chinese shui, or Old Russian oko, Polish oko, German auge, Lithuanian akis, but Japanese me, Chinese yangjing. From thousands of such facts, a general picture emerges. It turned out that it is important to compare ancient words and morphemes. This is due to the fact that words from the so-called international dictionary coincide in very distant languages, for example, Russian radio-Japanese radio (5 identical sounds out of 6), Russian radio-Belarusian rada (3 sounds out of 6 do not coincide). Such words have spread. in connection with recent achievements of science and culture, therefore they do not need to be taken into account when determining the most ancient relations between languages. Only a comparison of original (original) words, roots, and service affixes will be reliable.
The concept of the comparative historical method
Comparison of languages; highlighting common words, roots, etc.; establishing regular phonetic correspondences between languages; establishing the temporal correlation and sequence of phonetic changes; restoration of the supposed sound of common words, roots and affixes in antiquity - these are the tasks for the solution of which at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries. it was necessary to create a new branch of the science of language - comparative historical linguistics.
Comparative-historical linguistics (linguistic comparative studies) is a field of linguistics devoted primarily to the relationship of languages, which is understood historically and genetically (as a fact of origin from a common proto-language).
6. Typology on a general scientific scale is a method of studying complex objects by comparing them, identifying their common or similar features and combining similar objects into certain classes (groups, types). Typology of languages, or linguistic typology, deals with the study of the basic, essential features of languages, their grouping, the derivation of general patterns observed in a number of languages, and the establishment of types of languages.
Common features may be due to the common origin of languages, i.e. their kinship or genealogy, as well as prolonged geographical and/or cultural contact. In the first case, as a result of commonality, languages are systematized into “language families” (groups, macro-families, etc.), in the second case, they form “language unions”. In cases where the commonality of structural features of languages is not due to either their primary genealogical relationship or secondary areal affinity, it is possible to identify common features due to the structural capabilities of the language itself, which are based on the physiological, cognitive, mental and emotional capabilities of a person as its carrier. Only when studying such commonalities and differences in linguistics is the idea of a type used as a certain unification of objects (in this case, languages) taking into account their common features.
7.Morphological classification
Morphological classification of languages
a classification based on the similarities and differences of linguistic structure, as opposed to the genealogical classification of languages (See Genealogical classification of languages). Until linguistic typology aimed to create a typological classification of languages (See Classification of languages), all typological classifications were almost exclusively morphological, since morphology for a long time was the most developed area of linguistics. However, M. k. I. initially it was not thought of as being associated exclusively with the morphological level of language (see Levels of language), but received its name due to the fact that the focus of its creators was the formal aspect of language. Basic concepts of M.K.I. - morpheme and word
Non-union and allied coordinating connections are one of the ways of constructing. Without them, speech is poor, because they provide more information and are capable of containing two or more sentences telling about different events.
Complex sentences and their types
Depending on the number of parts, complex structures are divided into two- and polynomial. In any of the options, the elements are connected either by a conjunction (which, in turn, is provided by the corresponding part of speech) or by a non-conjunction.
Depending on what types of relationships are present, complex formations create the following groups:
- Complex sentence with non-union and allied coordinating connection: The sky suddenly darkened, a distant rumble was heard, and a wall of rain covered the ground, driving down dust and washing away the city smog.
- Constructions that combine elements with a subordinating relationship, for example: The house we entered was depressing, but in this situation we had no choice.
- Complex sentences with subordinating and non-union types of connections: No matter how he hurried, his help was late: another car took the wounded.
- In polynomial constructions, subordinating, non-union and allied coordinating connections can be used simultaneously. The next time the phone rang, my mother answered it, but heard only the voice of a robot informing her that her loan was overdue.
It is important to be able to distinguish between complex sentences and constructions complicated, for example, by homogeneous predicates. As a rule, in the first case, the syntactic lexical unit contains several grammatical stems, while in the second there will be one subject and several predicates.
Non-union designs
In this type of lexical constructions, 2 simple sentences or more can be combined, which are connected by intonation and meaning. They can communicate with each other in the following ways:
- Sentences are linked by enumeration. The evening gradually faded, night fell on the earth, the moon began to rule the world.
- Constructions in which elements are divided into several parts, two of which are opposite fragments. The weather was as if to order: the sky cleared of clouds, the sun was shining brightly, a light breeze blew across the face, creating a slight coolness. In this non-union construction, the second fragment, consisting of 3 simple sentences connected by enumerative intonation, explains its first part.
- A binary combination of simple elements into a polynomial complex structure, in which the parts are combined into semantic groups: The moon rose above the ridge, we did not immediately notice it: the haze hid its radiance.
A non-conjunctive, like a conjunctive coordinating connection, in a complete connection separates individual sentences from each other with punctuation marks.
Commas in non-union polynomial constructions
In complex compounds, their parts are separated by commas, semicolons, dashes and colons. Commas and semicolons are used in enumerative relations:
- The parts are small in size and connected to each other in meaning. After the storm there was silence, followed by a light whisper of rain.
- When parts are too common and not connected by a single meaning, a semicolon is used. Chamomiles and poppies covered the entire clearing; Grasshoppers were chirping somewhere below.
Non-union constructions are most often used to convey a large amount of information that is not always connected in meaning.
Dividing marks in non-union formations
These signs are used for the following types of relationships between elements of a syntactic structure:
- Dash - when the second part is sharply opposed to the first, for example: We knew about his fears - no one knew about his readiness to die.(In such a construction with a non-union, as well as a union, coordinating connection between parts, I would like to put the conjunction “but”).
- When the first part talks about a condition or time, then a dash is also placed between it and the second fragment. The rooster crowed - it's time to get up. In such sentences, the meaning of the conjunctions “if” or “when” is appropriate.
- The same sign is placed if the second part contains a conclusion about what was discussed in the first. There was no strength to object - he silently agreed. In such conjunction constructions, “therefore” is usually inserted.
- When the second part of the sentence is compared and determined by what is narrated in the first. He makes a speech - he breathes hope into people. In these constructions you can add “as if” or “as if”.
- In sentences with an explanatory connection and justification of the reason, a colon is used. I’ll tell you to the point: you can’t let your friends down.
Sentences with a non-union, as well as a union, coordinating connection between parts are separated by signs depending on their semantic relationship.
Complex constructions
In sentences of this type, a coordinating connection is used, carried out using coordinating conjunctions. In this case, between their parts there may be:
- Connective relationships interconnected by unions and, yes or, particles also, also and neither...nor. No birds chirp, no mosquito squeaks, no cicadas chirp.
- In separating relationships, conjunctions are used what and, or, particles either... or, not that... not that and others. Either the wind brings an incomprehensible sound, or it itself approaches us.
- Sentences with both non-union and allied coordinating connections with comparative relations indicate the identity of events, but in the second case with the use of conjunctions namely And that is. Everyone was happy to see him, that is, that’s what he read on their faces.
- Explanatory relationships tend to use conjunctions yes, but, ah, particles but, and therefore and others. A blizzard was raging outside the window, but it was warm near the fireplace in the living room.
Often it is conjunctions and particles that explain what connects simple sentences into a single complex structure.
Complex sentences with mixed types of communication
Constructions where a non-union and a union coordinating connection are present at the same time occur quite often. They can contain separate blocks, each of which contains several simple sentences. Within blocks, some elements are connected to others in meaning and are separated by punctuation marks with or without conjunctions. In a complex sentence with a non-conjunctive and a conjunctive coordinating connection, the boundary between them is the dividing marks, although the individual blocks may not be connected in meaning.
Subordinating connection
Subordination, or subordinating connection- the relationship of syntactic inequality between words in a phrase and a sentence, as well as between the predicative parts of a complex sentence.
In this connection, one of the components (words or sentences) acts as main, the other - like dependent.
The linguistic concept of “subordination” is preceded by a more ancient concept - “hypotaxis”.
Features of subordinating communication
To distinguish between coordinating and subordinating connections, A. M. Peshkovsky proposed a criterion of reversibility. Submission is characterized irreversible relations between the parts of the connection: one part cannot be put in place of another without damaging the overall content. However, this criterion is not considered decisive.
The significant difference between a subordinating connection (according to S. O. Kartsevsky) is that it functionally close to the dialogical unity of the informative (question-answer) type, firstly, and predominantly has pronominal nature of means of expression, Secondly .
Subordination in phrases and simple sentences
Types of subordinating connections in phrases and sentences:
- coordination
- adjacency
Subordination in a complex sentence
The subordinating connection between simple sentences as part of a complex sentence is made using subordinating conjunctions or allied (relative) words. A complex sentence with such a connection is called a complex sentence. The independent part in it is called main part, and dependent - subordinate clause.
Types of subordinating connections in a complex sentence:
- allied subordination
- subordination of sentences using conjunctions.
I don't want the world to know my mysterious story(Lermontov). - relative subordination
- subordination of sentences using allied (relative) words.
The moment came when I realized the full value of these words(Goncharov). - indirect interrogative submission(interrogative-relative, relative-interrogative)
- subordination with the help of interrogative-relative pronouns and adverbs connecting the subordinate clause with the main one, in which the member of the sentence explained by the subordinate clause is expressed by a verb or a noun with the meaning of a statement, perception, mental activity, feeling, internal state.
At first I couldn’t realize what exactly it was(Korolenko). - sequential submission (inclusion)
- subordination, in which the first subordinate clause refers to the main part, the second subordinate clause - to the first subordinate clause, the third subordinate clause - to, the second subordinate clause, etc.
I hope that this book says quite clearly that I was not shy about writing the truth when I wanted to.(Bitter). - mutual submission
- mutual dependence of the predicative parts of a complex sentence, in which the main and subordinate clauses are not distinguished; relations between parts are expressed by lexical-syntactic means.
Before Chichikov had time to look around, he was already grabbed by the arm by the governor(Gogol). - parallel subordination (subordination)
Notes
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See what a “Subordinate relationship” is in other dictionaries:
The connection between two syntactically unequal words in a phrase and a sentence: one of them acts as the main word, the other as the dependent one. New textbook, implementation of the plan, answer correctly. see coordination, control, adjacency; IN… …
A connection that serves to express the relationship between the elements of a phrase and a sentence. Subordinating connection, see subordination. Compositional connection, see essay... Dictionary of linguistic terms
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The connection that arises between the components of a complex sentence. Contents 1 Description 2 Types of syntactic connection 3 Notes ... Wikipedia
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This article or section describes a certain linguistic phenomenon in relation only to the Russian language. You can help Wikipedia by adding information about this phenomenon in other languages and typological coverage... Wikipedia
Subordination, or subordinating relationship, is a relationship of syntactic inequality between words in a phrase and a sentence, as well as between the predicative parts of a complex sentence. In this connection, one of the components (words or sentences) ... ... Wikipedia
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In the Russian language there are two types of syntactic relations - coordinating and subordinating relations. It is the connection, together with, that serves as the basis for everything.
The essay involves a combination of words or parts that are practically equal from a syntactic point of view (Clouds quickly ran across the sky, birds frightened by the wind rushed about. She read the poem loudly, confidently, expressively. Smart and handsome, he was always an eligible bachelor). Subordination, on the contrary, indicates the dependent position of one word (or part of a sentence) on another (Put on the table. I left the room because it became stuffy).
The coordinating connection is heterogeneous. There are adversative, connecting, dividing varieties. The indicator is the union. At the same time, some Russian scholars call them “formless words,” since they have neither their own form nor their own meaning. Their task is to establish equal relationships of different types (meanings) between words and parts of a sentence.
The coordinating adversative connection is expressed using (but, however, nevertheless, a, yes (meaning “but”) (It was very cold in the morning, but the sun was shining brightly. I doubted my success, but no one listened to me).
The coordinating connection is present in sentences whose action occurs at one moment. It is expressed by connecting conjunctions (and, yes and, too, neither...nor, also, not only...but also, yes (meaning “and”) (I was very afraid to ride the carousel, and my friends were pretty cowardly. Not only The children liked the last series, but the adults also tried not to miss a single episode).
Coordinating disjunctive conjunctions (or, then...that, or, not that...not that) are an indicator that only one action is possible from all of the above, or that these actions occur in turn (Either you leave us a receipt, or we will not give you the required amount Either snow is falling from the cloudy sky, or a fine cold rain is falling... Either tears of pain were rolling down his face, or simply drops of rain were flowing down).
A coordinating connection in a simple sentence is needed in order to push its boundaries, to show that several subordinate members are in the same relationship with the main one (The guests and the preacher came. He was angry, but not angry. See you today or in a couple of days. This was not seen only children, but also adults).
Such equal relationships may consist of:
- qualifying and qualifying words. (We saw each other later in the evening. She was waiting in the park, in the gazebo).
- Explanatory parts of a sentence with explained words, to which they are attached either with the help of conjunctions or without them (The prefix, or prefix, is used to form new words).
- Accessory members with the words to which they are attached. (Some guests, especially young ones, were surprised by the splendor of the holiday.)
Some philologists believe that words combined using a coordinating connection form coordinating phrases. Usually all the words in them are expressed in one part of speech (wild and free; daring but careful). However, there are other constructions in which parts of the coordinating phrase are expressed by different parts of speech (Brave (adj.), but excited (adj.)).
Such constructions in a sentence are one member, forming homogeneous rows. (The passionate but chaotic monologue did not convince the listeners.)
Both coordinating phrases and sentences with a coordinating connection, when pronounced, are accompanied by the intonation of enumeration.
The coordinating connection in indicates the equality of the parts (I arrived on time, but the library was closed. We tried, but the glider never took off).
A subordinate relationship is a relationship between the parts of a complex sentence or phrase in which one part is the control one, and the second is subordinate to it. Based on this, we will analyze the types of subordinating connections in phrases and sentences. For clarity, each of the above cases will be considered with an example.
Types of subordinating connections in phrases
There are only three of them. These are coordination, control and adjacency.
Coordination
Gender, number and case of the main word in this type of connection are consistent with the dependent word.
Examples: beautiful flower, another world, ninth day.
As you can see, this type of connection is typical for phrases where the noun is the main word, and the adjective, participle or ordinal number is the dependent word. Also, a possessive pronoun can act as a dependent word, for example, in the phrase “our souls.” The type of subordinating connection here will be agreement.
Control
The main word in management makes the secondary one dependent with the help of case. The combinations of parts of speech here can be quite varied: verb and noun, participle or gerund and noun, noun and noun, numeral and noun.
Examples: sitting on a bench, knowing the truth, entering a room, a clay bowl, ten sailors.
In GIA and Unified State Examination tasks, students are often faced with the task of changing the type of phrase from control to coordination or vice versa. Without understanding the material, a graduate may make a mistake. The task is actually quite simple. To do this, it is enough to know the types of subordinating connections and be able to use them.
The classic version of the task is a connection of two nouns. For example, “corn porridge.” The subordinating word must be changed into an adjective. Then it turns out to be “corn porridge”; accordingly, no other types of subordinating connections, except agreement, are suitable here. This means that everything has been done correctly.
If it is necessary to change the connection from agreement to control, then we change the adjective to a noun and put it in a certain case in relation to the main word. So, from a “strawberry cocktail” you get a “strawberry cocktail”.
Adjacency
In this case, the main word is connected with the dependent word solely in meaning. Such a connection is made between a verb and an adverb, a verb and a gerund, a verb and a verb, a verb and an adjective or an adverb of comparative degree.
Examples: “smile happily”, “speaks while sobbing”, “I can swim”, “be smarter”, “it has become worse”.
It is quite simple to determine this connection: the dependent word does not and cannot have case and gender. This can be an infinitive, a gerund, comparative degrees of an adjective and an adverb.
We looked at all types of subordinating connections in a phrase. Now let's move on to a complex sentence.
Subordinating connection in a sentence
Types of subordinating connections in a complex sentence can be distinguished when there are several subordinate clauses. They connect to the main clause in different ways. For this reason, it can be noted that the subordination relationship, the types of which we will analyze, can be expressed in different ways depending on the nature of the subordination.
Consistent submission
With this type of connection, subordinate clauses come into subordination to each other sequentially. This sentence pattern resembles a nesting doll.
Example. I asked a friend for a guitar who was helping me put on a show where we played Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson.
The basis of the main sentence here is “I asked.” The subordinate clause that enters into a subordinating relationship with it has the stem “which helped to arrange.” From this sentence comes another subordinate clause, subordinate to it - “we played Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson.”
Parallel subordination
This is a type of complex sentence in which several subordinate clauses are subordinate to one main clause, but at the same time to different words.
Example. In that park where lilacs bloom magnificently in spring, I was walking with a friend whose image seemed cute to you.
The main sentence sounds like this: “I was walking in that park with a friend.” It has a built-in subordinate clause “where lilacs bloom magnificently in spring.” It obeys the phrase “in that park.” From him we ask the question “in what?” Another subordinate clause - “whose image seemed cute to you” - is built from the word “familiar”. We ask him the question “which one?”
Thus, we see that subordinate clauses are connected by a subordinating relationship with one main sentence, but at the same time with different parts of it.
Homogeneous Subordination
Subordinate clauses with homogeneous subordination are associated with one main clause. They refer to the same word and answer the same question.
Example. They guessed that their action would have consequences, that it was better to abandon the idea and let everything be as it was.
The main sentence is “they guessed.” From him we ask the question “about what?” Both subordinate clauses answer this question. In addition, both the first and second subordinate clauses are connected to the main sentence using the predicate “guessed.” From this we conclude that the sentence is with homogeneous subordination.
All the examples given refer to sentences where there is a subordinating connection, the types of which we have discussed. This information will be necessary for everyone who is going to take exams in the Russian language, especially the State Examination and the Unified State Exam, where there are a number of tasks to test such knowledge. It is important to remember that without understanding how phrases and sentences are constructed, it is impossible to fully master literate speech. Any person who wants to learn how to write without errors needs to know this.