Letter b written inside a word, not after prefixes to separate the consonant from those following it in pronunciation And, e, Yu, I, for example: quarry, loach, weeds, clerk, family, gun, at night, rye, passerine, curious, fox, fox, fox, whose, whose, whose, I drink, I sew.Note. Letter b before O written in some foreign words, for example: battalion, broth, guillotine, carmagnola, companion, minion, pavilion, postman, champignon.§ 72. Letter b written to indicate the softness of a consonant, except h, sch(see § 75), at the end of a word, for example: drink, darkness, horse, and in the middle of a word before a hard consonant, for example: threshing, request, nanny, less.To indicate the softness of a consonant that comes before another soft consonant, b is written in the following cases: If, when a word is changed, the second soft consonant becomes hard, and the first consonant retains its softness, for example: nanny (nanny), wedding (wedding), eighth (eighth). To indicate softness l, for example: herring, flatter, smaller, finger. In all other cases, before soft consonants, including before h, sch, letter b not written, for example: bones, early, nurse, tip, mason.Note. Between two soft ones l letter b not written, for example: illusion, booming.§ 73. Letter b also written in the following cases: In those formed from the numerals five, six, seven, eight, nine syllable numerals in which both parts are declined, for example: fifty (fifty, fifty), sixty, seventy, eighty, nine hundred, but: fifteen (fifteen, fifteen), sixteen, etc. . p. In creative forms. pad. plural h., for example: children, people, also four. In an indefinite form before -xia and in the imperative mood before -xia And -those, for example: drink - get drunk; fix it - fix it,correct; weigh in - weigh in, weigh it.§ 74. Letter b not written: In adjectives with suffix -sk- formed from nouns in b, for example: Kazansky (Kazan), Kemsky (Kem), Siberian (Siberia), Zversky (beast), January (January). Note. The adjectives September, October, November, December, June, densky (day-day) are written with b; adjectives formed from Chinese names on -ny , for example: Yunnanese (from Yunnan).In the family pad. plural h. from nouns to -nya with a preceding consonant or th and in those formed from them using the suffix -To- diminutives, for example: cherry - cherry, cherry; slaughterhouse - slaughterhouse; reading room - reading room; but: bathhouse - bathhouse, bathhouse; apple tree - apple tree, apple tree; also village - villages, hamlet; young lady - young ladies; kitchen - kitchen, kitchenette.§ 75. After sizzling ( and, h, w, sch) letter b written only in the following cases: At the end of nouns female in them and wine pad. units h., for example: rye, night, mouse. At the end of the 2nd person unit. h. present and future tense of the verb after the final w, for example: you carry - you rush, you carry - you rush, you accept - you accept. At the end of the verb in singular. h. imperative mood, and letter b is preserved before -xia , for example: smear - smear yourself; hide - hide; eat. In plural. part of the imperative mood before -those, - be careful, for example: smear - smear yourself; hide - hide; eat. At the end of the verb in indefinite form, and letter b written before -xia, for example: cut, cut your hair. In all dialects after the final w And h , for example: completely, gallop, away, and also in the adverb wide open. At the end of the particles: you see, you see, only, you see.
§ 71. The letter ь is written inside a word not after prefixes to separate the consonant in pronunciation from those following it and, e, yu, i, for example: quarry, loach, weeds, clerk, family, gun, at night, rye, passerine, curious, fox, fox, fox, whose, whose, whose, I drink, I sew.
Note. The letter ь before o is written in some foreign words, for example: battalion, broth, guillotine, carmagnola, companion, minion, pavilion, postman, champignon.
§ 72. The letter ь is written to indicate the softness of a consonant, except ch, sch (see), at the end of a word, for example: drink, darkness, horse, and in the middle of a word before a hard consonant, for example: threshing, request, nanny, less.
To indicate the softness of a consonant placed before another soft consonant, ь is written in the following cases:
If, when a word is changed, the second soft consonant becomes hard, and the first consonant retains its softness, for example: nanny (nanny), wedding (wedding), eight (eighth).
To denote softness l, for example: herring, flatter, smaller, finger.
In all other cases, the letter ь is not written before soft consonants, including before h, sch, for example: bones, early, nurse, tip, mason.
Note. Between two soft l the letter ь is not written, for example: illusion, gullivy.
§ 73. The letter ь is also written in the following cases:
In those formed from the numerals five, six, seven, eight, nine complex numerals in which both parts are declined, for example: fifty (fifty, fifty), sixty, seventy, eighty, nine hundred, but: fifteen (fifteen, fifteen), sixteen and etc.
In creative forms. pad. plural h., for example: children, people, also four.
In the indefinite form before -sya and in the imperative mood before -sya and -those, for example: drink - get drunk; correct - correct, correct; weigh - weigh, weigh.
§ 74. The letter ь is not written:
In adjectives with the suffix -sk-, formed from nouns ending in ь, for example: Kazansky (Kazan), Kemsky (Kem), Sibirsky (Siberia), Zversky (beast), Yanvarsky (January).
Note. The adjectives September, October, November, December, June, den (day-day) are written with ь; Adjectives formed from Chinese names in -n are also written, for example: Yunnan (from Yunnan).
In the family pad. plural h from nouns ending in -nya with a preceding consonant or th and in those formed from them using a suffix -k- diminutives, for example: cherry - cherry, cherry; slaughterhouse - slaughterhouse; reading room - reading room; but: bathhouse - bathhouse, bathhouse; apple tree - apple tree, apple tree; also village - villages, hamlet; young lady - young ladies; kitchen - kitchen, kitchenette.
§ 75. After hissing words (zh, ch, sh, shch), the letter ь is written only in the following cases:
At the end of feminine nouns in them. and wine pad. units h., for example: rye, night, mouse.
At the end of the 2nd person unit. Part of the present and future tense of the verb after the final w, for example: you carry - you carry, you carry - you rush, you accept - you accept.
At the end of the verb in singular. part of the imperative mood, and the letter ь is preserved before -sya, for example: smear - smear yourself; hide - hide; eat.
In plural including the imperative mood before -those, -tes, for example: smear - smear yourself; hide - hide; eat.
At the end of the verb in an indefinite form, and the letter ь is written before -sya, for example: cut, cut your hair.
In all adverbs after the final w and h, for example: completely, gallop, away, as well as in the adverb wide open.
At the end of the particles: you see, you see, just, you see.
“Soundings that are close to each other differ in spelling unstressed endings future tense perfect form -yeah and imperative mood -ite, For example: choose - choose, write out - write out, wipe - wipe, shout - shout, knock - knock...»
“The hyphen... is not repeated at the beginning of the next line, including when a hyphen is hyphenated difficult words, For example set wedge, monotype keyboard.»
“In no case should you make transfers that distort the meaning of the word, are dissonant or create ambiguous interpretations that distract the reader from the correct perception of the content (for example, brigade in the field, foreman at a construction site, procedure, bad luck for the team and so on.)."
“It is impossible to separate particles from preceding or subsequent words by transfer same, would, whether, ka, That, de.»
M. V. Shulmeister. Manual dialing. - M.: Book, 1966.
- -ushch - ( -yushch - ) (actual), -eat -(strad.), if the verbs from which they are formed are I conjugation, for example: writing, struggling, reading, readable;
- -asch - ( -box - ) (actual), -them -(strad.), if the verbs from which they are formed are II conjugation, for example: meaningful, breathing, seer, standing, visible.
Note 1. Participle movable written with a suffix -them - .
Note 2. From verb disdain active participle is written fastidious.
- In adverbs no need(meaning “aimless”, for example: there's no need to go there), reluctantly; in prepositional combinations despite, regardless of; V interrogative particle really.
- In a verb prefix under- , indicating non-compliance with the required standard, for example: underfulfill(perform below the required standard), overlook(not enough, bad look, miss something), lack of sleep(sleep less than normal).
Note. From verbs with a prefix under- it is necessary to distinguish between verbs with a prefix before- having a negation ahead of them Not and denoting an action not completed, for example: don't finish reading the book, don't finish your tea, didn't finish watching the play.
- At verbs, including participial forms, For example: she doesn't drink, doesn't eat, does not speak; can't help but see; not looking, despite, leisurely.
Note. The verb forms used in common parlance are numb, numb, numb, and numb are written together.
- In participles:
- a) in short form, For example: debt not paid, the house is not finished, the coat is not sewn;
- b) in full form when the participle contains explanatory words (see §88, paragraph 4), and also when the participle contains or implies opposition, for example: he did not bring the finished work, but only some sketches.
- With nouns, adjectives and adverbs, if there is or is implied opposition, for example: It was not luck that led us to success, but endurance and composure; It’s not death that’s scary, it’s your disfavor that’s scary.(Pushkin); the morning came not clear, but foggy; the train is neither fast nor slow(implied: “with some average speed»); not tomorrow(there cannot but be a contrast here).
- a) if with an adjective, participle or adverb, the explanatory word is a pronoun starting with neither, For example: no one (no one, etc.) needs a thing, never encountered error, no one benefits from doing this;
- b) if it is not part of intensifying negations not far, not at all, not at all, not at all, not at all etc., preceding a noun, adjective or adverb, for example: he's not our friend at all, is far from the only desire, not a fair decision at all, not the best solution at all, not nearly enough.
Note. Some cases should be noted separate writing particles Not. Particle Not written separately:
- With pronouns and pronominal adverbs, for example: not me, not this one, no other, not like that, not otherwise, not this way.
- With intensifying adverbs, as well as with prepositions and conjunctions, for example: Not good, not quite, not really, not from..., not under..., not that... not that.
- At unchangeable words, not formed from adjectives and acting as a predicate in a sentence, for example: No need, do not mind, not sorry.
- For all words written with a hyphen, for example: all non-commercial and industrial enterprises; it's not said in Russian; they don't sing like before.
Note. Philosophical term not me written with a hyphen.
The expression is written separately not once, For example: More than once he accused himself of being overly cautious.(Fadeev).
About the rules §§4-6:
“The presence of these rules is a forced necessity caused by the special situation of hissing and ts in the system of phonemes of the Russian language (their unpairedness in softness and hardness). Syllabic principle Russian graphics are not able to dictate the writing here e or O.»
V. F. Ivanova. Tough questions spelling: A manual for teachers. - M.: Education, 1982.
- At the endings of nouns and adjectives, for example: shoulder, knife, hut, shoulder, Fomich, cloak, boundary, rein, soul, candle, sling, stranger, big.
- In suffixes:
- a) nouns:
- -OK, For example: horn, cockerel, hook, borscht;
- -onok, For example: teddy bear, mouse, little pebble, barrel;
- -onk-a, For example: little book, shirt, little hand; Also money;
- -ov -, For example: hedgehog, penny, brocade, canvas;
- -He(with fluent O), For example: ridiculous;
Note. Foreign words written according to pronunciation, for example: cruchon, major, ramrod - ramrod, Chaucer(last name), but: gesture, tablet.
B. In all other cases after and, h, w, sch a letter is written under stress e , although pronounced O, namely:
- In verb endings -eat, -yet, -eat, -yote, For example: you're lying, lies etc., you bake, bakes etc.
- In a verb suffix -yovyva -, For example: obscure, migrate, Also obscuring, migration.
- In the suffix of verbal nouns -yovk -,
For example: migration, demarcation. - In the suffix of nouns -er -, For example: conductor, retoucher, trainee, boyfriend.
- In the suffix of participles passive voice -yonn - (-yon -) and in words formed from such participles, for example: tense, tense, tension, tensely; detached, detachment; softened, softness; simplified, simplification; scientist, scholarship; crushed; burnt, burner.
- In words in the root of which the accent is pronounced O, alternating with e in other forms or in other words of the same root, for example: yellow(turn yellow) hard(harsh), millstone(millstone), acorn(acorns), perch(poles); cheap, cheap(get cheaper) silk(silky), fur(woolen), lattice, lattice(sieve), wallet(wallet), whisper(whisper); canoe(shuttle), bang(brow), crap(devils), black(black), even(odd), tap dance(tapping) report, check(deduction, subtract) dash(trait), liver(liver), twine(becheva); brush(bristle), click(click), slap in the face, cheeks(cheek); in the roots verb forms: burned, set fire, burned, set fire(burn, set on fire) walked(walking) chew(chew).
- IN prepositional case pronouns What: about what, on what, as well as in words and, never mind.
Note. The rules of §4, as well as all others, do not apply to surnames: they are written in accordance with the spellings in official personal documents.
Note 3: For possible vowel alternations, see §§13 and 14.
"In the roots ber - - bir -, der - - dir -, mer - - world -, per - - pir -, ter - - shooting range -, shine - - shine -, burned - - zhig -, stel - - steel -, even - - cheat -, is written And, if followed by the suffix -a -... in otherwise is written e... Exceptions: combine, combination.»
Rosenthal D. E. et al., Handbook of spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. - M.: CheRo, 1999.
Note 4: Unions A, And, less often But, if they form one whole with the following introductory words, are not separated by a comma, for example: which means, and consequently, but therefore, but of course and so on.
§ 203. The closing parenthesis that ends a sentence is followed by the punctuation mark required by the sentence as a whole, regardless of what character may appear before the closing parenthesis, for example:
His only son, my grandfather Lev Aleksandrovich, during the rebellion of 1762 remained faithful to Peter III, did not want to swear allegiance to Catherine - and was imprisoned in the fortress along with Izmailov (the fate and union of these names is strange!)(Pushkin).
Note. When there are internal and external brackets at the end of a sentence, it is allowed, if necessary, to use brackets of different designs (round and square).
b is written here according to the PRINCIPLE OF GRAPHIC-MORPHOLOGICAL ANALOGIES.
The letter ь is a graphic equalizer for the declension paradigms of nouns such as night, rye (like spruce) and as a graphic equalizer morphological categories imperative mood: cut (like throw), as well as infinitive: take care (like take). This happens only in writing, which, however, with a certain autonomy writing extremely important. It is traditionally believed that the spelling of the letter ь serves as a grammatical signal.
1: the letter ь signals the feminine gender of the words night, rye, etc.
However, the “signaling function” of the letter ь in certain categories of words is only a consequence, and not the reason for its use. The reason is the influence of certain graphic-morphological models, i.e. morphological analogy. Feminine words like rye, night give the same graphical paradigm of declension with words like door (cf.: door - door, rye - rye, night - night), while the words male such as doctor, hut have the same graphic paradigm as words like table (cf.: table - table, doctor - doctor, hut - hut).
When distributing words according to types of declension, use the letter ь after sibilants as presenter sign ancestral The meanings of words in Russian grammars are usually not taken into account. The third declension includes feminine nouns “based on soft consonants and hissing zh and sh”
- However, the fact that the letter ь creates graphic uniformity in declension paradigms is taken into account as a leading feature when presenting this material to non-Russians.
From a purely sound point of view, the use of a soft sign after sibilants in feminine words is redundant: without it, the final /h/ and /sh/ (night, power) would be pronounced softly, as they are pronounced in the words key, ivy, and in the words rye , mouse, from a purely sound point of view, writing a soft sign is sometimes even harmful, since, for example, when studying the Russian language in dialect conditions, it can lead to incorrect soft pronunciation hard /sh/ and /zh/.
The letter ь after the sibilants in imperative form graphically consolidates, of course, relative uniformity, since in linguistically these forms are not uniform: some of them are formed with the help of the suffixes /and/ (sit) and /ы/ (lie), others act as a pure base (walk, throw). The letter ь graphically combines only forms of the imperative mood with pure stems for hissing (don't cry) and forms of the imperative mood with pure stems for the final paired consonant (throw).
By the way, B Old Russian language in the relevant grammatical forms after all hissing ones, since they were originally soft, “er” was written (i.e. ь as a sign of a reduced front vowel). Not only daughter, night, mouse were written, but also doctor, knife, husband, etc. However, over time, after the hardening of /zh/ and /sh/ and the disappearance of the reduced vowels, these spellings got lost. After zh and sh they begin to use not only ь, but also ъ. In Lomonosov's "Russian Grammar" the spellings are presented: speech, daughter, key, sword, but: ladle, knife.
So, the letter ь (phonetically by no means necessary) is used primarily not as a signal of difference (in order to distinguish between night and doctor, crying and not crying, by its presence or absence), but as a written graphic equalizer of unambiguous (grammatical) categories