Each people is the keeper and collector of its own wisdom. The pearls of such wisdom are proverbs - simple and short, but very rich and accurate folk sayings. Proverbs decorate our speech, make it witty, lively and expressive. In them, the main rules of life were passed on from fathers to sons, from grandfathers to grandchildren.

Vietnamese Without learning there is no skill. Russian equivalent: Learning is light, not learning is darkness. And kings make mistakes. Russian equivalent: Simplicity is enough for every wise man.

German It is useless to carry firewood into the forest. Russian equivalent: They don’t carry firewood into the forest. Any beginning is difficult. Russian equivalent: The first pancake is lumpy

Arabic Mistakes are the provisions of the hasty. Russian equivalent: If you hurry, you will make people laugh. Sometimes silence speaks louder than words. Russian equivalent: The word is silver, silence is gold.

Armenians There's still work left until tomorrow - consider it stuck. Russian equivalent: Don’t put off until tomorrow what you can do today. He who lives with a thief will learn to steal. Russian equivalent: Whoever you hang out with, that's how you'll gain

Turkish There is no person without flaws. Russian analogue. The horse has four legs and he stumbles. The one who carries the water breaks the jug. Russian analogue. He who does nothing makes no mistakes

Persian In the goat's mouth the grass is sweet. Russian analogue. Every man to his own taste. The resulting vinegar is better than the promised halva. Russian analogue. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

English He who sleeps with dogs will wake up with fleas. Russian analogue: Whoever you mess with, that's how you'll gain. Actions speak louder than deeds. Russian analogue. Actions speak louder than words.

Emelyanova Daria and Eremina Alina

The enthusiastic exclamation of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin attracts attention to proverbs and increases interest in this small genre of oral folk art: “What a luxury, what a meaning, what a use in every saying of ours! What gold!”

A wise saying Academician Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev convinced us of the relevance of the chosen topic:

“Deep penetration into the culture of the past and the cultures of other peoples brings times and countries closer together.”

What are proverbs? What's interesting about the proverb? What is their theme? We answered these questions in literature lessons. We wanted to know more about this genre of oral folk art, namely:

Problematic issue of the project:

Are there proverbs similar to Russian ones in the literature of other nations?

Hypothesis:

In the folklore of the peoples of the world there are wise sayings that are similar in theme and meaning to Russian proverbs.

Objective of the project:

Introduction to proverbs different nations and their Russian analogues.

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Municipal educational institution - secondary school No. 3 of the city of Atkarsk, Saratov region

Named after Hero of the Soviet Union Antonov V.S.

RESEARCH PROJECT

PROVERBS OF THE PEOPLES OF THE WORLD AND THEIR RUSSIAN ANALOGUES

Emelyanova Daria,

Eremina Alina,

students of grade 7 "B"

MOU-SOSH No. 3.

Scientific adviser:

Prokopenko Valentina Stepanovna,

teacher of Russian language and literature.

2017

1. Introduction.

Justification for choosing the topic.

Relevance of the project. _________________________________________ 3

1. Main part. _______________________________________________4

1. Theoretical part.

What is a proverb._________________________________________ 5

Proverbs about proverbs._________________________________ 5

Sayings about proverbs. ______________________________ 5

1. Practical part. Study.

Proverbs of the peoples of the world and their Russian analogues._______________ 6

1. Conclusion. _____________________________________________________ 6

List of used literature. _______________________________ 7

INTRODUCTION

We will present a research project« Proverbs of the peoples of the world and their Russian analogues.”

Why did we choose this topic?

The enthusiastic exclamation of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin attracted our attention to proverbs and increased interest in this small genre of oral folk art: “What a luxury, what a meaning, what a use is every saying of ours! What gold!”

And the wise statement of Academician Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev convinced us of the relevance of the chosen topic:

“Deep penetration into the culture of the past and the cultures of other peoples brings times and countries closer together.”

What are proverbs? What's interesting about the proverb? What is their theme? We answered these questions in literature lessons. We wanted to know more about this genre of oral folk art, namely:

Problematic issue of the project:

Are there proverbs similar to Russian ones in the literature of other nations?

We assumed that

Hypothesis:

In the folklore of the peoples of the world there are wise sayings that are similar in theme and meaning to Russian proverbs.

Objective of the project :

Acquaintance with proverbs of different nations and their Russian analogues.

While working on the project, we decided on the following: tasks:

Studied theoretical information about proverbs and sayings,

We got acquainted with collections of proverbs from different peoples of the world,

We compared them with Russian analogues,

We found illustrations for proverbs,

We have compiled an electronic collection of proverbs from the peoples of the world.

Research methods: study of a literary source, analysis, description,systematization, generalization of the collected material.

Object of study: Proverbs of the peoples of the world.

Subject of study:Russian analogues of proverbs of other nations.

Result of work: Creation of an electronic illustrated collection of proverbs and a presentation to 7th grade students in literature lessons.

MAIN PART.

At the beginning of working on the topic, we turned to the dictionary and found out the meaning of the words “proverb” and “saying”.

(This information is reflected on the slide).

A proverb is a short wise saying that has an instructive meaning, containing a complete thought, worldly wisdom.

A saying is a bright, apt folk expression. A saying differs from a proverb in that it is part of a judgment.

We can read about what a proverb is in V.I.’s dictionary. Dahl: “A proverb is a short parable; She herself says that “naked speech is not a proverb.” This is a judgement, a sentence, a teaching, expressed in an oblique manner and put into circulation...

“There is no fee from a proverb”, “You cannot escape from a proverb”... No one knows who composed it; but everyone knows her and obeys her. This work and heritage is common, like joy and sorrow itself, like the experienced wisdom suffered by an entire generation, expressed in such a verdict ... "

Proverbs and sayings have been created over hundreds of generations. These short and wise sayings capture love for the motherland, courage, bravery, faith in the triumph of justice, and the concept of honor. The topics of proverbs and sayings are countless. They talk about learning, knowledge, family, hard work and skill.

Proverbs live in every nation, pass from century to century, and pass on the accumulated experience to new generations. The importance and beauty of proverbs were appreciated by the people themselves: “Speech without a proverb is like food without salt” (Amharic), “A proverb is an assistant to all matters” (Russian).

Proverbs about the Motherland appeared among all nations earlier than others. They express the ardent love of the people for their Fatherland.

Russian Proverbs about the Motherland:

For fish - the sea, for birds - the air, and for man - the Motherland.

Living in a foreign land means shedding tears.

There is no more beautiful country in the world than ours.

Beloved homeland - dear mother.

In a foreign land, even a dog grieves.

Everyone has their own side.

Every pine tree makes noise in its own forest.

To live is to serve the Motherland.

Be not only the son of your father - be also the son of your people. A man without a homeland is like a nightingale without a song.

The native land is sweet even in a handful.

The peoples of the world about their homeland:

A brave young man is born for the Motherland (Nogai).

The homeland is more expensive than another country (Bashkir).

There is also a tiger (Afghan) dog on his street.

Everyone is drawn to their native camp (Adyghe).

Without the beloved Motherland, the sun does not warm (Shorskaya).

It is better to lay down bones in the Motherland than to gain glory in a foreign land (Ukrainian).

You can leave your home, but not your homeland (Azerbaijani).

Homeland - foreign berry - bloody tear (Estonian).

All nations are unanimous in the statement that labor is the main value of life: “A tree is famous for its fruits, a man for his labors” (Azerbaijani proverb), “Without labor you cannot pull a fish out of a pond.”

Countless proverbs ridicule the lazy and gullible: “I came running at the smell of barbecue, but it turned out that the donkey was being branded.”

Many proverbs reflect an understanding of the move natural phenomena: “Every evening is followed by a morning” (Turkish), “The morning is wiser than the evening” (Russian).

We read many proverbs from different peoples of the world on different topics and selected Russian proverbs that were close in meaning to them. We have a small collection of proverbs from the peoples of the world and their Russian equivalent.

CONCLUSION

Proverbs from different countries are very similar to each other, because at all times and among all peoples such human vices as cowardice, greed, laziness have always been condemned, and such qualities as resourcefulness, hard work, kindness, on the contrary, were welcomed and respected.

Comparing proverbs and sayings of different peoples of the world shows how much common all peoples have, which, in turn, contributes to their better mutual understanding and rapprochement. This idea is confirmed by the Bashkir proverb: “Friendship of peoples is their wealth.”

Most of the world's proverbs and sayings are imbued with the pathos of humane ideas and pure feelings; contact with their world gives a person joy and emotional excitement.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Literature. 7th grade. Textbook for general education institutions. At 2 o'clock / auto-state V.Ya. Korovina. – M.: Education, 2009

Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. / Ed. N.Yu. Shvedova. - M., 2000.

www.VsePoslovicy.ru

English proverbs and their Russian analogues

A bad compromise is better than a good lawsuit. A bad peace is better than a good quarrel.
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. A bird in your hands is worth two in the bushes.
A bully is always a coward. A bully is always a coward (Well done among sheep, but well done by the sheep itself).
A burden of one’s choice is not felt. I can't bear my own burden.
A castle that parleys is half done. The claw got stuck and the whole bird was lost.

A cat may look at a king. The cat can look at the king (The dog and the ruler are free to lie).
A cock is valiant on his own dunghill. The rooster is brave on his dung heap (Every sandpiper is great in his swamp).
A cursed cow has short horns. God does not give a horn to a carnivorous cow.

A drop of honey catches more flies than a hogshed of vinegar. A drop of honey can catch more flies than a barrel of vinegar.

A fool and his money are soon parted. A fool quickly parts with his money (A fool has a hole in his fist).

A fool may ask more questions in an hour than a wise man can answer in seven years. A fool can ask more questions in an hour than a smart person can answer in seven years.

A friend in need is a friend indeed. A true friend is known in trouble.

A good anval does not fear the hammer. A good anvil is not afraid of a hammer.

A good husband should be deaf and a good wife should be blind. A good husband should be deaf, and a good wife should be blind.

A good name is better than riches. A good name is better than wealth.

A guilty conscience is a self-accuser. A bad conscience doesn't let you sleep.

A living dog is better than dead lion. A living dog is better than a dead lion (Better is a pigeon in a plate than a capercaillie on a lek).

A man can die but once. A person can die only once (Two deaths cannot happen, but one cannot be avoided).

A man is as old as he feels, and a woman as old as she looks. A man is as old as he feels, and a woman is as old as she looks.

A man is known by the company he keeps. Tell me who your friend is and I will tell you who you are.

A misty morning does not signify a cloudy day. A foggy morning does not mean a cloudy day.

A sound mind in a sound body. IN healthy body healthy mind

A wonder lasts but nine days. The miracle lasts only nine days (Everything gets boring).

Absence makes the heart grow fonder. Absence makes the heart love more deeply.

Accidents will happen in the best regulated families. Scandals happen in the best families.

Actions speak louder than words. Actions speak louder than words.

Adversity is a good teacher - Trouble is a good teacher

All bread is not baked in one oven. Bread is baked in different ovens (People are different).

All is not gold that glitters. Not all that glitters is gold.

All married women are not wives. Not all married women are wives.

All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. All work and no fun turns Jack into stupid child(Mix business with idleness, you will live a century with fun).
An apple a day keeps the doctor away. An apple a day - and you don’t need a doctor (Onion for seven ailments).

An idle brain is the devil’s workshop. The devil finds something to do in an idle brain.

An old dog will learn no new tricks. An old dog will not learn new tricks (Teaching an old dog is the same as treating a dead dog).
Anything to make it tougher. It doesn't get any easier hour by hour.

Apropos of nothing. Neither to the village nor to the city.

Appearances are deceptive. Appearances are deceptive.

As the fool thinks, so the bell clinks. There is no law for a fool.

Attheworld'send. To be, to be, to live, etc. in the middle of nowhere.

Avoid someone or something like the plague. Like hell from incense.

Bacchus has drowned more men than Neptune - Bacchus drowned more people than Neptune

But one claw snagged, the bird is bagged. The claw gets stuck - the whole bird is lost.

Brave against sheep, but himself a sheep against the brave. Well done against the sheep, and against the well done the sheep itself.

Bowed heads don’t get chopped off. A fault confessed is half redressed.

Be my guest and have the rest. You are welcome to our hut.

Better one small fish than an empty dish. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

Better never begin than never make an end. I picked up the tug, don’t say it’s not strong.

Beat the air. Pour from empty to empty, pound water in a mortar.

Barking dogs rarely bite. Barking dogs rarely bite (He who threatens a lot does little harm).

Beauty is but skin deep. Beauty is deceiving.
Beauty is in the eye of the gazer. Beauty lies in the eye of the beholder.

Beggars must be no choosers. A beggar doesn't have to choose.

Better bend than break. It's better to bend than to break.

Between friends all is common. Friends have everything in common.

Birds of a feather flock together. Birds of a feather. Birds of a feather flock together. The apple never falls far from the tree.

Brandishing fists after the fight never proves anyone’s might. After a fight they don’t wave their fists.

Business before pleasure. First business, and then pleasure (When you finish your business, go for a walk).

Children are poor man's riches. Children are the poor man's wealth.

Constantly dropping wears away a stone. Drop by drop the stone is sharpened.

Creditors have better memories than debtors. Creditors have a better memory than debtors.

Dance to smb's pipe. Dancing to someone else's tune.

Discretion is the better part of value. Caution is the best part of valor (God protects the careful).
Diamond cut diamond. Diamond is cut by diamond

Don’t cry out before you are hurt. Don't scream before you get hurt (Don't scream before you die).

Don't look agithorse in the mouth. They do not look at a given horse's teeth.

Don’t put all your eggs in one basket. Don't put all your eggs in one basket (Don't put everything on one card).

Don’t teach your grandmother to suck eggs. Don’t teach your grandmother how to suck eggs (Eggs don’t teach a chicken).

Don’t trouble troubles till troubles trouble you. Don't bother trouble until trouble troubles you.

East or west home is best. East or West, at home is best (Away is good, but at home is better).

Every bullet has its billet. Each bullet has its own target (What happens, cannot be avoided).

Every cloud has a silver lining. Every cloud has a silver lining (Every cloud has a silver lining).

Every dog ​​has his day. Every dog ​​has its own day (There will be a holiday on our street).

Every man has his faults. Every person has their own shortcomings.

Facts are stubborn. Facts are stubborn things.

Fine feathers birds. With beautiful plumage, birds become beautiful.

Fine words butter no parsnips. You can’t butter parsnips with beautiful words (they don’t feed the nightingale with fables).

First catch your hare, then cook him. First, catch the hare, and then you will cook dishes from it (Don’t say hop until you jump over).

Fish begins to stink at the head. The fish rots from the head.

Forewarned is forearmed. Forewarned means forearmed (Warning is the same as caution).

Friendship cannot stand always on one side. Friendship should be mutual.

Glutton: one who digs his grave with his teeth. A glutton is a person who digs his own grave with his own teeth.

God helps those who help themselves. God helps those who help themselves.

God is God but don’t be a clod. Trust in God, and don’t make a mistake yourself.

Gratitude is the heart's memory. Gratitude is a memory of the heart.

Gray hair is sign of age, not of wisdom. Grey hair- a sign of age, not wisdom.

Great cry little wool. There is a lot of screaming, but not enough wool (Much ado about nothing).

Half a loaf is better than no bread. Half a loaf is better than no bread at all.

Handsome is as handsome does. He is handsome who acts beautifully (He is not good who has a handsome face, but he is good who is good for business).

Hard words break no bones. Cruel words do not break bones (Swearing does not hang on the collar).

He that is afraid of wounds, must not come near a battle. If you're afraid of wolves, don't go into the forest.

He that would eat the fruit, must climb the hill. You can’t even pull a fish out of a pond without difficulty.

He who borrows sells his freedom. He who borrows sells his freedom.

He who likes skiing downhill must enjoy skiing uphill. If you love to ride, you also love to carry a sled.

He who pays the piper calls the tune. The one who pays the piper orders the tune.
Don't laughbestwholaughslast. He who laughs last laughs best.

Not that loseth wealth, loseth much, he that loseth friends, loseth more: but he who loseth his spirit loseth all. He who loses wealth loses much; he who loses friends loses even more; but he who loses his presence of mind loses everything.

Hell is paved with good intentions. Hell is paved with good intentions -

He who sacrifices his conscience to ambition burns a picture to obtain the ashes. He who sacrifices his conscience to his ambition burns the picture when he needs ashes.

Honesty is the best policy. Honesty is the best policy.

Honor and profit lie not in one sack. Honor and profit do not live together.

Hope for the best but prepare for the worst. Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst.

Husband and wife live the same life. Husband and wife, one of Satan.

If a man is destined to drown, he will drown even in a spoonful of water. If a person is destined to drown, he will drown even in a tablespoon of water.

If life gives you a lemon, make lemonade. In every pig you can find a piece of ham.

If the blind lead the blind both shall fall into the ditch. If a blind man leads a blind man, both will fall into a ditch (A blind man leads a blind man, neither of them can see).

If the cap fits, wear it. If the hat fits, wear it.

If wishes were horses beggers might ride. If wishes were horses, then beggars could ride horses (If only mushrooms grew in their mouths).

If you try to please all you will please none. If you try to please everyone, you will not please anyone.

If you wish to know what a man is, place him in authority. If you want to know what a person is like, give him power.

Ill news travels fast. Bad news travels fast (Bad news doesn't lie still).

Ill-gotten goods never prosper. Ill-gotten wealth is never used for future use (Stolen wealth disappears like ice melts).

In every beginning think of the end. When starting any business, think about how it might end.

It is easy to be wise after the event. It's easy to be smart after an event ( In hindsight strong).

It is never too late to mend. It's never too late to improve.

It is not work that kills men, it is worry. It's not work that kills people, but care.

It is too late to lock the stable-door when the horse is stolen. When a horse is stolen, it is too late to lock the stable doors (After a fight, they don’t wave their fists).

It’s a poor heart that never rejoices. Poor is the heart that never rejoices (He who knows how to have fun is not afraid of grief).

It’s not a gay coat that makes the gentleman. It is not an elegant jacket that makes a man a gentleman.

Least said, soonest mended. The less said, the faster it is fixed.

Let's go well alone. Leave the good alone (They do not seek good from goodness).

Life is not all beer and skittles. Life is not just beer and skittles (As the century drags on, there will be enough of everything).

Like a bull in chinashop. Like a bull in a china shop.

Like father, like son. Like father, like son (The apple doesn't fall far from the tree).

Little wit in the mind makes much work for the feet. A bad head gives no rest to your legs.

Lost time is never found again. Lost time cannot be returned.

Make hay while the sun shines. Make hay while the sun is shining.

Man does not live by bread alone. Man does not live by bread alone.

Man proposes, God disposes. Man proposes, but God disposes.

Many a true word is spoken in jest. A lot of truth is said in jest.

Marriages are made in heaven. Marriages are made in heaven.

Marry in haste and repent at leisure. You get married in a hurry, then you repent for a long time at your leisure (You get married in a hurry and for a long time torment).

Misfortunes never come singly. Misfortunes never come alone (When trouble comes, open the gate).

Money makes the mare go. Even a mare works for money (With money in the world, a fool rides in a carriage).

Money spent on the brain, is never spent in vain. Money spent to develop the mind is never wasted.

Never swap horses crossing a stream. Horses are not changed at the crossing.

No bees no honey, no work no money. Who does not work shall not eat.

No fool like an old fool. There is no such fool as an old fool (Gray hair in the beard, demon in the rib).

No man is a hero to his valet. No man is a hero in the eyes of his servant.

No news is good news. No news is good news.

No two minds think alike. So many heads, so many minds.

None but the brave deserve the fair. Only the brave deserve beauties.

Of two evils choose the least. Of two evils choose the less.

Once bitten, twice shy. Once bitten, he is doubly timid (a frightened crow is afraid of a bush).

One cannot put back the clock. You can't turn the clock back (You can't turn back the past).

One cannot run with the hare and hunt with the hounds. You cannot run away with a hare and at the same time hunt it with the hounds (You cannot serve two masters).

One man's meat is another man's poison. What is food for one person is poison for another.

Patience is a plaster for all sores. Patience is a band-aid for all wounds.

Patience is power; with time and patience the mulberry leaf becomes silk. Patience is strength. Time and patience turn the mulberry leaf into silk.

People who live in glass houses should not throw stones. People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.

Practice makes perfect. Practice makes perfect (Skill makes a master).

Pride goes before a fall. Pride comes before the fall (The devil was proud, but fell from heaven).

Promise little, but do much. Promise less, deliver more.

Skeptics are never deceived. You can't fool a skeptic.

Seeing is believing. Seeing is believing.

Since we cannot get what we like, let us like what we can get. Since we cannot have what we want, let us want what we can have.

Spare the rod and spoil the child. If you spare the rod, you will spoil the child.

Strike while the iron is hot. Strike while the iron is hot.

The absent are always in the wrong. Absentees are always wrong.

The appetite comes with eating. Appetite comes with eating.

The chain is no stronger than its weakest link. A chain is no stronger than its weakest link (Where it is thin, it breaks).

The course of true love never did run smooth. The path of true love is never smooth.

The exception proves the rule. Exception proves the rule.

The face is the index of the mind. The face is a mirror of thoughts (What is brewing in the heart cannot be hidden on the face).

The girl looks fine but she isn’t mine. Masha is good, but not ours.

The leopard cannot change his spots. A leopard cannot change its spots (You cannot wash a black dog white).

The man who lives only by hope will die with despair. He who lives only in hopes will die in despair.

The only real equality is in the cemetery. The only place where everyone is truly equal is the cemetery.

The proof of the pudding is in the eating. To know what a pudding is like, you need to taste it.

The shoemaker makes a good shoe because he makes nothing else. A shoemaker makes good shoes because he does nothing else.

The way to a man’s heart is through his stomach. The way to a man's heart is through his stomach.

The weakest goes to the wall. The weakest one goes to the wall (Smyrna will beat the dog and kick).

The woman who tells her age is either too young to have anything to lose, or too old to have
anything to gain. A woman who does not hide her age is either too young and has nothing to lose, or too old and has nothing to seek.

There are two sides to every question. Every question has two sides (Every coin has a flip side).

Time heals all wounds. Time heals all wounds.

To know everything is to know nothing. To know everything means to know nothing.

To be on one's guard. Keep your eyes open, keep your ears open.

To be back at the bottom of the ladder. Stay, find yourself, etc., with nothing.

Train hard fight easy. Hard to learn, easy to fight.

Trust but verify. Trust but check.

Truth lies at the bottom of a well. The truth is hidden at the bottom of the well.

Velvetpawshidesharpclaws - Velvet paws hide sharp claws

Virtue is its own reward. Virtue is its own reward.

We must learn to forgive and forget. We must learn to forgive and forget.

Well begun is half done. Well started, half done.

What cannot be cured must be endured. What cannot be corrected must be tolerated.

What is bred in the bone will come out in the flesh. What is nourished in the bones will manifest itself in the flesh (The wolf molts every year, but the custom does not change).

What is worth doing at all is worth doing well. If something is worth doing, then it must be done well.

What the eye does not see the heart does not grieve over. What the eye does not see, the heart does not hurt (Out of sight, out of mind).

What the fool does in the end, the wise man does in the beginning. What a fool does in the end, a wise man does in the beginning.

When poverty comes in at the door, love flies out at the window. When poverty enters the door, love flies out the window (Hud Roman, when his pocket is empty, Martyn is good, when there is altyn).

When the cat is away, the mice will play. When the cat is away, the mice frolic (The cat is out of the house - the mice dance).
Where there's a will, there is a way. If there is a desire, there will be an opportunity.

Whom Gods would destroy, they first make mad. Those whom the gods want to destroy, they first deprive them of their minds.

Worry gives a small thing a big shadow. Anxious thoughts create large shadows for small objects.

You can take the horse to the water, but you can don't make him drink. You can lead a horse to water, but you cannot force it to drink (You can’t take everything by force).

You cannot make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear. You can't make a silk wallet from a pig's ear.

You never know what are you can do till you try. You never know what you are capable of until you try yourself.

Zeal is fit for wise men but is mostly found in fools. Diligence is needed only by the smart, but it is found mainly in fools.

Dark water in the clouds

Studying language clichés
in a school lesson

Often, seemingly the simplest topics and concepts pose a certain difficulty for studying at school. This is the case, for example, with the study of proverbs, sayings and language clichés, with which the Russian language is so rich.

At first glance, there seems to be nothing complicated here, but it is enough to look at any special study to understand how complex this area of ​​​​literature is. Let's start with the definitions themselves. What is considered a proverb, what is a saying, and what is just a stable phrase?

In serious literature, methods of structural analysis and typological studies are used to study these linguistic units. All this, of course, can only add difficulties for schoolchildren, who need to be taught only the very basics of knowledge.

And therefore, it is reasonable to structure a lesson dedicated to this difficult topic in a special way, structure it according to the principle of a quiz, so that students independently try to figure out how certain artistic units function.

We will divide the lesson into three parts. In the introduction, we will offer students the definitions of proverbs and sayings, as they are given in the literary encyclopedic dictionary.

“A proverb is a short, rhythmically organized, figurative folk saying that is stable in speech. When used in a figurative meaning - according to the principle of analogy - to its literal meaning... a proverb contains an aphoristically condensed expression of some facet of folk experience; the subject of the statement is considered in the light of the generally accepted truth expressed by the proverb.”

“A proverb is a figurative expression that aptly defines and evaluates any phenomenon of life. A saying is often based on a metaphor, comparison, hyperbole, idiomatic expression, or paradox. Unlike a proverb, a saying is always monomonic, always represents a part of a judgment and is usually devoid of a general instructive meaning.”

Having this initial knowledge about the subject, you should proceed to the second, main part of the lesson. The teacher offers the class proverbs, sayings and language clichés from other languages, and the students, in turn, must find Russian equivalents for them. Immediately warn the class that they first need to pay attention not to the external form, but to the essence of the expressions, this will make it easier to choose the appropriate “answer.” (But, after the work is completed, we will still invite students to answer the question: what is the difference between proverbs, sayings and phraseological units?)

Material for the game:

Foreign proverbs and sayings
and their Russian analogues

1. The one who walks will cross the steppe (Finnish).
The one who walks will master the road.

2. There is no person without flaws (Turkish).
The horse has four legs, and even he stumbles.

3. He who carries water breaks the jug (Turkish).
He who does nothing makes no mistakes.

4. And kings make mistakes (Vietnamese).
Simplicity is enough for every wise man.

5. Bread with crust (Lithuanian) everywhere.
There is no rose without thorns.

6. The new jug contains cold water (Persian).
The new broom sweeps cleanly.

7. If a cat had wings, sparrows would not live (Lezgin).
God does not give horns to a carnivorous cow.

8. A hurrying cockroach will get into the soup (Udmurt).
If you hurry, you will make people laugh.

9. There is no point in scolding the cat when the cheese is eaten (French).
After a fight they don’t wave their fists.

10. As you go to bed, so will you sleep (Gagauzian).
As it comes back, so will it respond.

11. I drew a dragon, but it turned out to be a worm (Vietnamese).
I shot at a sparrow and hit a crane.

12. There is a lot of black in the sea, but not all of them are seals (Finnish).
All that glitters is not gold.

13. A wife and husband are like chopsticks: always in pairs (Vietnamese).
Husband and wife, one of Satan.

14. If two cooks are busy at one stove, dinner burns (Assyrian).
Too many cooks spoil the broth.

15. Separation is the death of love (French).
Out of sight, out of mind.

16. Fight like a fish on the kitchen table (Vietnamese).
Fight like a fish on ice.

17. Drunk like a lord (English).
Drunk as hell.

18. When pigs fly (English).
After the rain on Thursday.

19. In the goat’s mouth there is sweet grass (Persian).
Every man to his own taste.

20. The resulting vinegar is better than the promised halva (Persian).
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

21. If my aunt had a beard, she would be my uncle (Persian).
If wishes were horses beggars might ride.

At the end of the lesson, students express own opinion about the material covered, share their observations on how proverbs and sayings function in the Russian language environment.

The teacher summarizes the lesson and draws the necessary conclusions. By the way, we should not forget that many Russian proverbs and sayings have almost literal equivalents in other languages.

The teacher can also expand the material for comparison using the most different sources, not only are suitable here special dictionaries, but also collections of aphorisms, simply fiction.

Exercise "Comparing proverbs by meaning"

Many nations have proverbs and sayings that are similar in meaning. For example, the Russian proverb “Don’t feed the wolf, he keeps looking into the forest” corresponds to the German “If you put a frog on a golden chair, it will still jump into a puddle again.”

Our proverb “The apple doesn’t fall far from the tree” is similar to the German proverb “Like the tree, like the pear.”

The table shows German proverbs on the left and Russian ones on the right. Determine which proverbs correspond to each other in meaning.

German

1. Don’t be lazy, the manger won’t fit your mouth on its own.

1. Language will bring you to Kyiv.

2. He who begins a lot accomplishes very little.

2. Alone in the field is not a warrior.

3. The mistakes of others are good teachers.

3. Oats do not go to the horse.

4. Perfect actions do not need advice.

4. Measure seven times, cut once.

5. You can't go wrong with an eloquent tongue.

5. The master's work is afraid.

6. The face reveals a scoundrel.

6. Finished the job and go for a walk.

7. One is the same as no one.

7. From the world a thread - a naked shirt.

8. A rotten egg spoils the whole porridge.

8. There is no law for fools.

9. Think first, then start.

9. After a fight, they don’t wave their fists.

10. First the burden, then the rest.

10. Silence is a sign of consent.

11. In trouble, a hundred friends weigh very little.

11. My head is thick, but my head is empty.

12. Fresh fish is good fish.

12. True friends are known in trouble.

13. Rains form rivers.

13. You won’t be nice by force.

14. The more elegant a girl is, the less useful she is.

14. The thief’s hat is on fire..

15. No answer is also an answer.

15. Strike while the iron is hot.

16. You cannot force someone to love and sing.

16. A fly in the ointment.

17. Love for work makes work easy.

17. Learn from mistakes.

18. Stupid hands dirty the table and walls.

18. If you chase two hares, you won’t catch either.

Answers: 1-3, 2-18, 3-17, 4-9, 5-1, 6-14, 7-2, 8-16, 9-4, 10-6, 11-12, 12-15, 13-7, 14-11, 15-10, 16-13, 17-5, 18-8.

In a pair, the first digit (number) means the number German proverb, and the second - Russian.