Made an invaluable contribution to European culture. Literature, architecture, philosophy, history, other sciences, state system, laws, art and myths of ancient Greece laid the foundation for modern European civilization. Greek gods known all over the world.
Greece today
Modern Greece little known to most of our compatriots. The country is located at the junction of West and East, connecting Europe, Asia and Africa. Length coastline is 15,000 km (including islands)! Our map will help you find a unique corner or island, which I haven’t been to yet. We offer daily feed news. In addition, for many years we have been collecting photo And reviews.Holidays in Greece
Acquaintance with the ancient Greeks in absentia will not only enrich you with the understanding that everything new is well-forgotten old, but will also encourage you to go to the homeland of gods and heroes. Where, behind the ruins of temples and the debris of history, our contemporaries live with the same joys and problems as their distant ancestors thousands of years ago. An unforgettable experience awaits you rest, thanks to herself modern infrastructure surrounded by virgin nature. On the site you will find tours to Greece, resorts And hotels, weather. In addition, here you will learn how and where to register visa and you will find Consulate in your country or greek visa center.Real estate in Greece
The country is open to foreigners wishing to purchase real estate. Any foreigner has the right to this. Only in border areas do non-EU citizens need to obtain a purchase permit. However, searching for legitimate houses, villas, townhouses, apartments, correct design transactions and subsequent maintenance represent a difficult task that our team has been solving for many years.Russian Greece
Subject immigration remains relevant not only for ethnic Greeks living outside their own historical homeland. The immigrant forum discusses how legal issues, as well as the problems of adaptation in the Greek world and, at the same time, the preservation and popularization of Russian culture. Russian Greece is heterogeneous and unites all immigrants who speak Russian. At the same time, in last years the country does not meet the economic expectations of immigrants from countries former USSR, in connection with which we are seeing a reverse migration of peoples.Catalonia continues to insist on its desire for independence - much to the disappointment of Spain and European Union. However, Catalonia is not the only region in the EU demanding independence or greater autonomy. As many as seven regions want independence and thereby undermine an already weakened Europe.
1. Scotland, UK
In 2014, Scotland held a historic referendum on secession from the United Kingdom - then about 55% of participants voted against.
Now the country's First Minister Nicola Sturgeon, head of the independent Scottish National Party, is calling for a second referendum - when it becomes clear how the UK will leave the EU.
Scotland, with a population of 5.2 million, has been semi-autonomous since 1998, with its own parliament, resolving issues education, health, justice and protection environment, while diplomacy and defense remain the prerogative of London.
Sturgeon has openly condemned the violent actions of Spanish police during the Catalan independence referendum.
2. Flanders, Belgium
Belgium, one of the capitals united Europe, itself is not at all united. The country gained independence in 1830 as a buffer between France and Germany, and combines two peoples: Flemish-speaking conservative northerners and French-speaking left-wing southerners.
Today in Flanders nationalist sentiments stronger than ever, and the separatist New Flemish Alliance (N-VA) took one of the leading positions in the political field, and also became a key partner in the coalition government.
The N-VA party is pushing for the creation of a Flemish Republic and has a chance of winning the 2018 elections.
Flemish Minister-Minister Geert Bourgeois called on the Spanish government to begin negotiations with the “legitimate leaders of a peaceful people.”
3. Basque, Spain
The separatist organization ETA was founded in 1959 to promote the interests of the Basque region. It later turned into a terrorist organization with an estimated 829 victims.
ETA carried out its last violent action in 2010, and in April of this year the organization disarmed.
Today ETA members joined the Franco-Spanish Basque political party called Sortu, which achieves " complete freedom» for 2.2 million Basques.
In Bilbao, 40 thousand people took part in a demonstration in support of the Catalan referendum.
The president of the autonomy, Inigo Urcullu, called for recognition of the Catalan and Basque nations.
4. New Caledonia, France
In November next year this archipelago in the south Pacific Ocean with a population of about 280 thousand people intends to hold a referendum on independence from France.
New Caledonia has been under French rule since 1853, but the territory agreed with Paris in 1998 to expand its autonomy, although many activists say not all promises have been kept in practice.
New Caledonia has a quarter of the planet's known nickel resources, but, as is the case with colonies, it does not control all the proceeds.
5. Corsica, France
Corsica is a Mediterranean island with a population of 330 thousand people. Today it is part of France, but the population speaks own language.
In June 2014, the separatist Front national liberation Corsica (FLNC) has ended its armed struggle and is now pursuing its demands through political means.
Currently, Corsica has a special administrative status that gives it certain powers within the framework of autonomy, while nationalists occupy leading positions in the island's assembly.
The Corsica Assembly emphasized the "indisputable legitimacy of the Catalan government."
6. Faroe Islands, Denmark
These wealthy regions of northern Italy are set to hold referendums as early as October 22 that will ask voters whether they want more autonomy from Italy's central government. These referendums do not oblige anyone to anything and are aimed at clarifying public opinion.
Lombardy and Veneto together make up almost a third of the Italian economy and claim a larger share of tax revenue.
Prepared by Taya Aryanova
Let's continue about foreign affairs: now let's talk about Belgium and the amazing power of art :-)
In 1830, Belgium became one of the countries that followed the very inspiring example of France. Belgian Revolution turned out to be quite successful: during it, the southern provinces separated from the Netherlands and formed an independent constitutional kingdom, and this revolution began... with the production of an opera in Brussels.
The territories that unite today's Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg are united by general history. In the XIV-XVI centuries. century, these territories were part of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1555 the Netherlands passed into the hands of Spanish king. During this period, the Dutch-speaking provinces were swept by the Reformation, which led to religious schism and the Dutch Revolution, which resulted in the recognition of the independence of the Republic of the United Provinces from Spanish Empire in 1581. The southern parts of the Netherlands remained under the rule of the Habsburg Monarchy. In 1797, both Austrian and northern lands The Netherlands passed into the possession of France for 20 years. The Congress of Vienna in 1815 defined new borders European countries. The northern and southern Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liege formed a unitary state - the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, but disagreements between the north and south soon led to conflicts. For more than two centuries, these parts developed separately from each other. The Walloon-speaking part of the Catholic southern provinces did not want to adopt the Dutch language and the Protestant religion. In the conditions of the revolutionary situation in Europe, an uprising was inevitable.
The July Revolution in France caused unrest in the United Kingdom. The starting point of the revolution was the production on August 25, 1830 in Brussels of the opera "The Mute of Portici", based on real events revolt against Spanish rule in Naples in 1647. The romantic-nationalistic mood of the performance captivated the Brussels residents; in response to calls for struggle sounding from the stage, the audience rose, repeating “Long live freedom!”, “To arms!”, and with these words rushed from the theater to the square. People joined them, two police patrols were sent against the crowd, but their commander was hit hard on the head with a certain piece of furniture ( "par un meuble", as French Wikipedia tells us) before he could give the order, and without the order the soldiers did not dare to intervene. The crowd took over the armory and post office, as well as the toy store - to take drums from there. That same night, the people seized the Palace of Justice, then attacked the houses of the minister in charge of language policy the Netherlands, and the state printing house was burned. Soon similar riots occurred in other cities. Inspired by the support, a group of Brussels residents demanded that King Willem I resign as head of government. There has been no talk of Belgian independence from the Netherlands yet. The new Belgian flag (Belgian tricolor) was raised over the Assembly. After the declaration of independence of Belgium, this flag became national symbol kingdoms.
King Willem I sent his son, the future Willem II, to Brussels for negotiations, while his other son Frederick stopped with six thousand troops at Vilvoorde, which was negatively received by the people. The king did not want to satisfy demands for tax separation between Belgium and the Netherlands, and opposed the introduction of freedom of speech and other reforms. In September, unrest in Brussels became alarming. In a short period of time, Freikorps emerged - volunteer paramilitary forces. On September 23, a 12,000-strong army entered Brussels, which caused even greater discontent among the population, which was also joined by volunteers from other cities and foreign legions. After four days of battles, on the night of September 26-27, the Dutch army was forced to begin a retreat. Losses on both sides amounted to 1,200 killed and many wounded. Since two-thirds of the Dutch troops consisted of soldiers from the southern provinces, infected with the spirit of revolution, the army quickly disintegrated.
Already during the battles on September 23, a Committee (provisional government) was created, consisting of 9 respected residents of Brussels. On October 4, the committee declared the independence of the Belgian provinces and two days later created a commission to create a constitution, appointing members of the court and governing bodies.
On November 3, elections to the National Congress took place. Only 46,000 male taxpayers over 25 years of age received the right to vote, representing 1% of the population. The first meeting of the new National Congress took place on November 10. It approved the independence of the Belgian provinces with the exception of Luxembourg, which was part of the German Confederation. The most important task of the National Congress was to create a Constitution for the new state. On February 7, 1831, the constitution was adopted. The Belgian constitution combined the ideas of the French and Dutch constitutions and the English state law. The main principle of the Belgian constitution was the separation of powers into legislative, executive and judicial. Legislature belonged to a parliament consisting of two chambers, and it was the parliament that was called the head of state. The king and ministers were appointed executive branch, wherein royalty was greatly limited: not a single law passed by the king was valid without the signature of one of the ministers. The courts became independent and sessions were open to the public. Residents of Belgium were guaranteed equality before the law, the right to freedom, private property, freedom of speech. However, suffrage contained a number of restrictions, but despite these restrictions, the Belgian constitution was considered the most progressive and liberal at the time of its creation. Belgium became the first state where the form of government was a parliamentary monarchy.
England and Prussia advocated for Belgian independence at the London Conference of 1830. On December 20, 1830, the European powers recognized the independence of the new state and its neutrality. However, England opposed the accession of a French prince to the Belgian throne, fearing a disguised annexation. She insisted on the election of a German prince, a relative of the English royal family, Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, who in 1831 became "King of the Belgians" under the name Leopold I.
The Dutch King Willem I opposed the decision of the London Conference and on August 2, 1831, moved troops to Belgium under the command of his son, the Prince of Orange. The hostilities lasted only 10 days. The Belgian armed forces were in complete disarray, without central control, internal administration and without proper organization. Belgium asked for military assistance to France. However, in the end, the London Conference recommended that King Willem cease hostilities. He was forced to agree and ordered the withdrawal of Dutch troops from Belgium, and at the same time they were withdrawn French troops. Although the treaty was already signed in 1831, Willem I for a long time denied Belgian independence. The final treaty was signed in 1839.
Belgian events interested Russia much more than what happened in France, since Nicholas I’s beloved sister Anna Pavlovna was married to the heir to the Dutch throne. In addition, Holland, thanks to its reliable banking system, served as a location for a number of Russian government loans. The Hague cabinet, together with the London one, according to a special convention of 1815, paid interest on the Russian debt, and these payments largely depended on the preservation of the integrity of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It was after the Belgian events that Nicholas I publicly declared his readiness to fight “against the general revolution, which is increasingly approaching” the borders of the empire. In October 1830, Russia received a request for help from the Hague court, and Nicholas ordered the troops to prepare for a campaign to rescue his brother and creditor.
Russia actually began preparations for this expedition, but a real campaign against Belgium turned out to be impossible from all points of view. Meanwhile, Russia's military preparations complicated the international situation and caused widespread discontent in Poland, which was to be used as a springboard for an attack on Europe and did not feel any joy at this prospect.
Duet from the 2nd act of the opera, which especially impressed the audience
Translation:
-Will you follow me?
- I won’t lag behind even a step,
I want to follow you to death...
- To glory! To glory!
– We will be united by a common death.
– Or crowned with a common victory.
It's better to die than to remain unhappy!
Is there any danger for the slave?
The yoke that oppresses us falls,
And the stranger will die under our blows!
Sacred love for the motherland,
Give us courage and pride;
I owe my life to my country;
He (apparently the enemy) owes me her freedom.
(until 1839), by state
Belgian Revolution- conflict of 1830, which led to the separation of the Southern Provinces from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the emergence of the independent Kingdom of Belgium. Predominantly Catholic partly French-speaking, partly Dutch-speaking population southern parts The Kingdom of the Netherlands protested against the dominant Protestant Northern Provinces. During the uprising in August and September 1830, the Flemish and Walloon parts separated from the Netherlands and formed the Kingdom of Belgium. Only a smaller part of Luxembourg remained in personal union with the Netherlands until 1890.
IN XIV-XVI centuries The Northern and Southern Provinces made up the Burgundian Netherlands, later the Spanish Netherlands. During the religious schism and the Eighty Years' War, the Calvinist north freed itself from Spanish rule and formed the Republic of the United Provinces. By decision of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the northern and southern provinces were reunited, together with the Bishopric of Liege and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, into the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. However, the accumulated differences in cultural, religious and economic development various parts the new kingdom for 250 years led to major disagreements, which soon resulted in revolution.
Belgium and the Netherlands before 1815
The territories that unite today's Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg are united by a common history. From the 14th to the 16th centuries, the territories with the exception of the Bishopric of Liège within the Burgundian Netherlands were part of the Holy Roman Empire. At the same time, Flanders and Brabant occupied the leading cultural and economic role. In 1555, the Netherlands passed into the hands of the Spanish King Philip II (Spanish Netherlands).
Inspired by the support of the Belgians, a group of Brussels residents demanded Willem I's resignation of van Maanen on 28 August. There has been no talk of Belgian independence from the Netherlands yet. A new Belgian flag was raised over the Assembly. The colors were taken from the flag of the Brabant Revolution, but in a vertical arrangement similar to the French tricolor. After the declaration of independence of Belgium, this flag became the national symbol of the kingdom.
Willem I, although he abandoned attempts to introduce the Dutch language everywhere, did not give freedom of speech and was against holding government reform. The king sent his son Willem II to Brussels for negotiations, while his other son Frederick stopped with six thousand troops at Vilvoorde, which was negatively received by the people. Willem I did not want to satisfy demands for a tax division between Belgium and the Netherlands.
In September, unrest in Brussels became alarming. In a short period of time, Freikorps emerged. On September 23, a 12,000-strong army entered Brussels, which caused even greater discontent among the population, which was also joined by volunteers from other cities and foreign legions. After four days of battles, on the night of September 26-27, the Dutch army was forced to begin a retreat. Losses on both sides amounted to 1,200 killed and many wounded. Since 2/3 of the Dutch troops consisted of soldiers from the southern provinces, infected with the spirit of revolution, the army quickly disintegrated. By the end of October, almost the entire territory of Belgium was captured by the Freikorps.
Formation of a new state
Already during the battles on September 23, an Assembly was created, consisting of respected residents of Brussels. The committee consisted of nine people and took over the role of the Belgian provisional government (French)Russian. On 4 October the committee declared the independence of the Belgian provinces and two days later appointed a commission to create a constitution, members of the court and governing bodies.
On November 3, elections to the National Congress took place. Only 46,000 male taxpayers over 25 years of age received the right to vote, representing 1% of the population. The first meeting of the new National Congress, consisting of 200 people, took place on November 10. It approved the independence of the Belgian provinces with the exception of Luxembourg, which was part of the German Confederation. The Congress lasted until the first parliamentary elections on September 8, 1831. The president of the congress, Surlet de Choquier, became regent.
Constitution
The most important task of the National Congress was to create a Constitution for the new state. The model was the draft of a commission led by Baron Gerlach. Other members of the commission were the young lawyers Paul Deveau, Joseph Lebeau, Jean-Baptiste Nothomb and Charles de Broucker. On February 7, 1831, the constitution was adopted with minor changes.
The Belgian constitution combined ideas from the French constitutions of 1791, 1814 and 1830, the Dutch constitution of 1815 and English state law. The main principle of the Belgian constitution was the separation of powers between the legislative, executive and judicial branches. The parliament, consisting of two chambers, was named the de facto head of state.
The king and ministers were appointed by the executive branch, while royal power was greatly limited: not a single law passed by the king was valid without the signature of one of the ministers. The courts became independent and sessions were open to the public. Residents of Belgium were guaranteed human rights, such as equality before the law, the right to freedom, private property, and freedom of speech. However, suffrage contained a number of restrictions.
Despite the restrictions on suffrage, the Belgian constitution was considered the most progressive and liberal at the time of its creation. Belgium became the first state with a parliamentary monarchy form of government. The Belgian Constitution had a great influence on the constitutions of the Netherlands, Luxembourg and the Kingdom of Sardinia of 1848 and the Prussian constitution of 1850. The Spanish constitution of 1837, the Greek constitution of 1844-1864, and the Romanian constitution of 1866 are almost identical copies of the Belgian one. In Belgium, the constitution of 1831 is still in force today.
Sovereignty of Belgium
London Conference
Since it was unprofitable for both Great Britain and Prussia to strengthen the position of France, both powers advocated the independence of Belgium at the London Conference of 1830. The British Foreign Minister Lord Palmerston spoke out against the interests of the French diplomat Talleyrand, recalling the right of peoples to self-determination. On December 20, 1830, the European powers declared the independence of the new state and regulated the payment of debts. Belgium had to pay 51.6% of the debts and assume an annual debt of 14 million guilders. For this, the Netherlands were obliged to provide Belgium with access to the port of Antwerp across the Scheldt and to the trade markets of the Dutch colonies.
The border between Belgium and the Netherlands was to be drawn as in 1790, which meant that Belgium had to give up parts of Limburg and Luxembourg to the Netherlands. However, Belgium refused to sign the protocol under these conditions, which led to a revision of the treaty. Since diplomats wanted to prevent war in Europe at any cost, Belgium acquiesced. The question of whether Maastricht and Luxembourg belonged to Belgium remained open, and the amount of debt was also revised.
Belgian-Dutch War
After the signing of the treaty, rebellious sentiments arose in the Netherlands. Willem I opposed the decision of the London Conference and entered Belgium with his troops on August 2, 1831.
On August 2, the Dutch army crossed the border at Poppel in Brabant. On 3 August, a Dutch army of 11,000 captured Turnhout, followed by Antwerp the next day. Until 12 August, the Belgian defense was losing on all fronts, the Dutch approached Leuven. It seemed that the new kingdom had lost its acquired independence. The constitution prohibited the presence of foreign armies on Belgian territory without the consent of parliament, but despite this, Leopold I decided on August 8 to let in French army. General Gerard's 50,000-strong army set off on August 9.
However, things did not come to the point of battles between the French and the Dutch troops. The London Conference made a statement to King Willem about the desirability of ending hostilities. King Willem I was forced to agree and ordered the withdrawal of Dutch troops from Belgium. Following this, the French army also left Belgium.
the army wore uniforms blue color. The guards' uniforms had buttonholes trimmed with cords.
276. CHILE. Line infantry, private.
During the Chilean War of Independence (1810-1818), the national liberation army did not have a single form. It appeared only in 1820. Chilean military personnel wore a shako, on the front of which was the country's coat of arms. The pompom was of the national color - red, white and blue. The officer's shako was complemented along the upper edge with a silver braid and a silver pompom, and the uniform had silver epaulettes. The trousers were the same color as the uniform.
Belgian revolution. 1830
The French July Revolution (1830) led to an explosion of discontent against William I Frederick (Prince of Orange, Count of Knoxau) - the ruler of the united Kingdom of the Netherlands. In August 1830, armed clashes took place in Brussels between the Belgian population and Dutch troops. At the beginning of September, uprisings swept through Verviers, Louvain, Antwerp and other cities. William I's 50,000-strong army initially prevailed over the hastily formed Belgian armed forces. Decisive battles unfolded in Brussels at the end of September. As a result of the support of France and England, almost all of Belgium was liberated from Dutch troops. In November, the National Congress declared the independence of Belgium.
277. NETHERLANDS. Horse artillery, senior non-commissioned officer. 1830
After its founding in 1798, this artillery unit was assigned to elite troops Dutch army. Her uniform is similar to that worn by the Dutch during the Battle of Waterloo (1815). During the campaign, the shako was covered with a cover made of waxed black linen. In 1841 the unit received new uniform, similar to a hussar's: a dark blue dolman with yellow buttonholes trimmed with cord, and a hussar's cap.
278. BELGIUM. Free Corps "Capiomont", senior non-commissioned officer. 1831
The revolution in Belgium contributed to the formation of free and civil military units, whose uniform differed significantly from the uniform of the regular troops. If free units most often wore redingote frock coats, then most of the civil guards had in their uniform something like a blouse, which at that time was considered part of work clothes. The headdress consisted of either a cylinder or a cylindrical shako covered with waxed cloth. Regular army had a French cut uniform.
Polish uprising. 1830-1831
After the July french revolution in the Kingdom of Poland in November 1830 there was an armed uprising. Polish rebels, among whom there were many veterans Napoleonic Wars, gathered about 80 thousand people into their troops with 158 guns. At the beginning of the uprising, Russian troops were forced to leave the country, but in May
1831 the Russian army inflicted a decisive defeat on the Polish national army at Ostroleka and captured Warsaw. The uprising was suppressed.
279. RUSSIA. Nizhny Novgorod infantry regiment, private. 1830
The uniform of the Russian army of this era is evidence of the changes that occurred in it during the Napoleonic Wars. The 1828 model shako was one of the tallest and narrowest in Europe. Infantry and cavalry regiments wore a shako, on the plaque of which the regimental number was depicted, crowned with a double-headed eagle. During a military campaign, the shako was covered with a cover made of waxed black cloth, on which the regimental designation stood out yellow. Shoulder straps with the inscription of the division number were red for the 1st regiment and white for the 2nd regiment of the division. During the parade and in summer time infantrymen wore white trousers.
280. POLAND. 10th Infantry Regiment, captain. 1831
Polish rebel army had the same uniform as the Russian troops. However, the main color of the Polish uniform was dark blue, with yellow serving as trim. Buttons and metal parts of the suit were made of cupronickel. The shako was decorated with a Polish eagle. After the suppression of the uprising, the Polish army was liquidated.
Peaceful period. 1830s |
Peaceful period. 1830s
The “Eternal Peace” proclaimed after the Napoleonic Wars turned out to be extremely fragile. IN Latin America fought against Spanish colonial rule, which led to widespread unrest in Europe. However, there were no wars between the great states. The main task of the armies became the maintenance of order, and the main attention was paid to their appearance. This made it possible to provide the army with elegant dress uniform and comfortable hiking gear.
281. FRANCE. Line infantry, grenadier. 1833
After the collapse of Napoleon French infantry white uniforms were reintroduced, but overcoats remained dark blue from 1820. In 1825 the shako became more rigid and acquired cylindrical shape. On its front, which before the July Revolution bore the coat of arms of the Royal House in the form of a fleur-de-lis, now appears an image of a Gallic rooster on a radiant background. In 1835, they began to make a shako with a less wide base. But the most significant innovation was the introduction in 1829 of red trousers, which would become distinctive feature French army military suit.
282. GREAT BRITAIN. 96th Infantry Regiment, Fusilier. 1833
Major uniform change british army After the Napoleonic Wars, the shako was introduced in 1815, a model of which was already widely used on the continent. In 1828 it was replaced by a shako with V-shaped leather trim on the sides, and a year later it was originally white
Peaceful period. 1830s |
with red the plume becomes completely white, then in 1835 it is replaced by a pompom. In 1839, the elegant star-shaped shako forehead badge was replaced by a simpler one. The rest of the uniform was only subjected to minor changes. Nevertheless, the general trend for all countries to improve uniforms also affected Great Britain, where soldiers’ uniforms acquired a dapper appearance and were not very comfortable in field conditions. In 1826, the English army introduced an overcoat with a tightly buttoned collar and epaulettes, supplemented a few years later with flaps on the cuffs. Until 1829, officers wore lapels only during parade and on special occasions. In 1830 it was established that gold should correspond to the line infantry, and silver to the militia. Regular soldiers continued to wear regimental braid until 1836, when they were replaced by white braid. Tight white trousers and matching leggings were included in the dress uniform until 1823, and later they began to be worn only in exceptional cases. Since 1833, gray trousers have had a red edging (303).
283. PRUSSIA. Guards Grenadier Regiment of Emperor Alexander, private. 1828
Uniforms since the Napoleonic Wars Prussian army largely borrowed features of Russian uniforms. IN in this case the tendency was to emphasize all the details of the costume that could glorify the soldier and give him a slimmer appearance. To emphasize his warlike appearance, the army began the custom of padding the shoulders of the greatcoat with batting. And to emphasize the warrior’s slenderness, the trousers were pulled upward with the help of straps, and downwards with a strip of fabric or leather stretched under the sole of the shoe, so that the trousers did not have folds. The shako became taller and narrower and was decorated with a pointed plume. As for leather equipment, it
281. France. Line infantry, grenadier. 1833 282. Great Britain.
96th Infantry Regiment, Fusilier. 1833283. Prussia. Guards Grenadier Regiment of Emperor Alexander, private. 1828284. Austria.
Infantry Regiment of Count Kinsky, Fusilier. 1837