The beauty of the sky has been depicted more than once by artists, described by writers and poets, even people who are very far from art stare into this alluring abyss, admire it, finding neither words nor sufficient emotions to express those feelings that stir the soul and mind. The heights attract a person in any role, it is beautiful with its crystal blue surface, no less attractive are its seething streams of white-gray clouds, replaced by light inclusions of cirrus clouds or lush cumulus “lambs”. And no matter how melancholy the cloudy sky may look, enveloping with its depth, deafening and oppressing with its entire mass, it also causes a storm of emotions and experiences, bringing thoughts to a special wave.
Beauty is seen by the beholder
Each person perceives the world differently. For some, it is gloomy and gray, while others, on the contrary, see only a blooming, green planet full of colors. We also evaluate the heavens above our heads differently. If we take into account a person with ordinary color perception, then he will see the sky as it is commonly considered - blue, gray, pinkish at sunset, smoky-gray at dawn.
In fact, these colors are only what our eyes and brain are able to convey to us. It is easiest for human eyes to perceive a cloudy sky as gray. In clear weather, we have endless azure overhead, but in reality the atmospheric dome is closer violet shade, if you look at it from the Earth.
In this publication, we will find out why the sky is gray on a cloudy day and what determines the saturation of this color; we will also find out how its color changes throughout the day and year and what affects these processes.
Bottomless ocean above
Above the territory European countries The sky in the warm season usually amazes with its richness. Sometimes you can say about it that it is blue-blue. However, if we devote at least one day to what is happening above our heads and carefully observe natural processes, then you can notice a gradation of color, which changes very much from the moment the sun rises until the moment it completely sets.
In summer, the sky seems so clear and visually high due to low humidity, lack of large quantity clouds that, accumulating water, gradually descend closer to the ground. In clear weather, our gaze does not even look hundreds of meters ahead, but at a distance of 1-1.5 km. That is why we perceive the sky as high and bright - the absence of interference in the path of light rays in the atmosphere ensures that they do not refract, and the eyes perceive its color as blue.
Why does the sky change color
This change is described by science, although not as picturesquely as by writers, and is called diffuse radiation of the sky. Speaking in simple and accessible language for the reader, the processes of color formation in the skies can be explained as follows. The light that the sun emits passes through the air layer around the Earth, which scatters it. This process occurs more simply with short-length waves. During maximum rise heavenly body above our planet, at a point located outside its direction, the brightest and most saturated blue color will be observed.
However, when the sun sets or rises, its rays travel tangentially to the surface of the Earth, the light emitted by them needs to travel more long haul, which means they disperse in the air to a much greater extent than during the day. As a result, a person perceives the sky in pink and red colors in the morning and evening. This phenomenon is most visible when there is a cloudy sky above us. Clouds and clouds then become very bright, the glow of the setting sun colors them in stunning
Stormsteel
But what is a cloudy sky? Why does it become like this? This phenomenon is one of the links in the water cycle of nature. Rising upward in the form of steam, water particles enter the atmospheric layer with a lower temperature. Accumulating and cooling on high altitude, they connect with each other, turning into drops. At that moment when these particles are still very small, beautiful white cumulus clouds appear to our eyes. However, the larger the drops become, the more gray there is in the clouds.
Sometimes, looking at the sky through which these huge “lambs” are swimming, you can see that one part of them is colored grey colour, others even take on a steely thunderous hue. This transformation is explained by the fact that drops in clouds have different sizes and shape, which is why they refract light differently. When the sky is completely cloudy, it is entirely painted in mousy gray tones, only white light reaches us.
Vast smoky expanses
There are days when the gray cloudy sky does not have a single clearing. This happens when the concentration of clouds and clouds is very high, they envelop the entire visual space above. Sometimes they are perceived as a huge pressing mass, ready to collapse on your head. Moreover, this phenomenon is most characteristically demonstrated in autumn and winter, when the air temperature is low, but the humidity, on the contrary, is high and is at the level of 80-90%.
On such days the clouds are very close to earth's surface, they are located only a hundred or two meters from it. The description of a cloudy sky often has melancholic and depressive notes, and this is most likely connected precisely with those sensations that arise when you feel alone with this gloomy colossus, ready to fall on you with rain and cold.
But everything could have been different...
What tones the sky plays depends on the intensity light radiation and wavelengths reaching the planet, so in winter even in clear days it is gray-blue. But the closer spring is and the higher the sun is located, the brighter its blue, especially on days when the haze dissipates in upper layers atmosphere that distorts light.
Scientists have found that on other planets the sky may not have the blue and blue colors we are accustomed to. gray colors, on Mars, for example, it is pink even at the height of daylight.
When the wind throws a white fluffy transparent cape over the beautiful blue sky, people begin to look up more and more often. If at the same time it also puts on a large gray fur coat with silver threads of rain, then those around it hide from it under umbrellas. If the outfit is dark purple, then everyone is sitting at home and wants to see the sunny blue sky.
And only when such a long-awaited sunny blue sky appears, which puts on a dazzling blue dress, decorated with golden rays of the sun, people rejoice and, smiling, leave their homes in anticipation of good weather.
The question of why the sky is blue has worried human minds since time immemorial. Greek legends have found their answer. They claimed that this shade was given to it by the purest rock crystal.
During the time of Leonardo da Vinci and Goethe, they also sought an answer to the question of why the sky is blue. They believed that the blue color of the sky is obtained by mixing light with darkness. But later this theory was refuted as untenable, since it turned out that by combining these colors, you can only get tones of the gray spectrum, but not color.
After some time, the answer to the question of why the sky is blue was attempted to be explained in the 18th century by Marriott, Bouguer and Euler. They believed that this was the natural color of the particles that made up the air. This theory was popular even at the beginning of the next century, especially when it was established that liquid oxygen– blue, and liquid ozone – blue tones.
Saussure was the first to come up with a more or less sensible idea, who suggested that if the air were completely pure, without impurities, the sky would turn out to be black. But since the atmosphere contains various elements(for example, steam or water drops), then they, reflecting the color, give the sky the desired shade.
After this, scientists began to get closer and closer to the truth. Arago discovered polarization, one of the characteristics of scattered light that bounces off the sky. Physics definitely helped the scientist in this discovery. Later, other researchers began to look for the answer. At the same time, the question of why the sky is blue interested scientists so much that to find out, a huge number of different experiments were carried out, which led to the idea that main reason appearance blue color is that the rays of our Sun are simply scattered in the atmosphere.
Explanation
The first to create a mathematically based answer for molecular light scattering was the British researcher Rayleigh. He hypothesized that light is scattered not because of impurities in the atmosphere, but because of the air molecules themselves. His theory was developed - and this is the conclusion the scientists came to.
The sun's rays make their way to the Earth through its atmosphere (a thick layer of air), the so-called air envelope of the planet. The dark sky is completely filled with air, which, despite being completely transparent, is not empty, but consists of gas molecules - nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), as well as water droplets, steam, ice crystals and small pieces hard material(for example, particles of dust, soot, ash, ocean salt and so on.).
Some rays manage to pass freely between gas molecules, completely bypassing them, and therefore reach the surface of our planet without changes, but most rays collide with gas molecules, which become excited, receive energy and are released into different sides multi-colored rays, completely coloring the sky, resulting in us seeing a sunny blue sky.
White light itself consists of all the colors of the rainbow, which can often be seen when it is broken down into its component parts. It so happens that air molecules scatter blue and violet colors the most, since they are the shortest part of the spectrum because they have the shortest wavelength.
When mixed in an atmosphere of blue and purple flowers with a little red, yellow and green, the sky begins to “glow” blue.
Since the atmosphere of our planet is not homogeneous, but rather different (it is denser near the Earth’s surface than above), it has different structure and properties, we can observe blue tints. Before sunset or sunrise, when the length of the sun's rays increases significantly, blue and violet colors are scattered in the atmosphere and absolutely do not reach the surface of our planet. The yellow-red waves, which we observe in the sky during this period of time, successfully reach.
At night, when the sun's rays cannot reach a certain side of the planet, the atmosphere there becomes transparent, and we see “black” space. This is exactly how astronauts above the atmosphere see it. It is worth noting that the astronauts were lucky, because when they are more than 15 km above the surface of the earth, during the day they can simultaneously observe the Sun and the stars.
Color of the sky on other planets
Since the color of the sky largely depends on the atmosphere, it is not surprising that different planets it different colors. It’s interesting that Saturn’s atmosphere is the same color as our planet’s.
The sky of Uranus is a very beautiful aquamarine color. Its atmosphere consists mainly of helium and hydrogen. It also contains methane, which completely absorbs red and scatters green and blue colors. Neptune's skies are blue: in the atmosphere of this planet there is not as much helium and hydrogen as ours, but there is a lot of methane, which neutralizes red light.
The atmosphere on the Moon, the Earth's satellite, as well as on Mercury and Pluto is completely absent, therefore, light rays are not reflected, so the sky here is black, and the stars are easily distinguishable. Blue and green colors The sun's rays are completely absorbed by the atmosphere of Venus, and when the Sun is near the horizon, the skies are yellow.
The relevance of my topic lies in the fact that it will be interesting and useful for listeners because many people look at the clear blue sky and admire it, and few know why it is so blue, what gives it such a color.
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Preview:
- Introduction. With. 3
- Main part. With. 4 -6
- My classmates' guesses
- Conjectures of ancient scientists
- Modern point of view
- Different colors of the sky
- Conclusion.
- Conclusion. With. 7
- Literature. With. 8
1. Introduction.
I like it when the weather is clear, sunny, the sky is without a single cloud, and the color of the sky is blue. “I wonder,” I thought, “why is the sky blue?”
Research topic:Why the sky is blue?
Purpose of the study:find out why the sky is blue?
Research objectives:
Find out the assumptions of ancient scientists.
Find out the modern scientific point vision.
Observe the color of the sky.
Object of study- popular science literature.
Subject of study- blue color of the sky.
Research hypotheses:
Let's say the clouds are made of water vapor and the water is blue;
Or the sun has rays that paint the sky this color.
Study plan:
- View encyclopedias;
- Find information on the Internet;
- Remember the topics studied about the world around you;
- Ask mom;
- Find out the opinions of classmates.
The relevance of my topic lies in the fact that it will be interesting and useful for listeners because many people look at the clear blue sky and admire it, and few know why it is so blue, what gives it such a color.
2. Main part.
My classmates' guesses.
I wondered what my classmates would answer to the question: why is the sky blue? Maybe someone's opinion will coincide with mine, or maybe it will be completely different.
24 students of the 3rd grade of our school were surveyed. Analysis of the responses showed:
8 students suggested that the sky is blue because of the water that evaporates from the Earth;
4 students answered that the color blue is calming;
4 students think that the color of the sky is influenced by the atmosphere and the sun;
3 students believe that space is dark and the atmosphere is white, resulting in the color blue.
2 students believe that a ray of sun is refracted in the atmosphere and the color blue is formed.
2 students suggested this option - the blue color of the sky - because it is cold.
1 student - this is how nature works.
It’s interesting that one of my hypotheses coincides with the most common opinion of the guys - clouds consist of water vapor, and water is blue.
Conjectures of ancient scientists.
When I started looking for an answer to my question in the literature, I learned that many scientists were racking their brains in search of an answer. A lot of hypotheses and assumptions were made.
For example, ancient Greek, to the question - why is the sky blue? - I would answer immediately without hesitation: “The sky is blue because it is made of the purest rock crystal!” The sky is several crystal spheres, inserted into one another with amazing accuracy. And in the middle is the Earth, with seas, cities, temples, mountain peaks, forest roads, taverns and fortresses.
This was the theory of the ancient Greeks, but why did they think so? The sky could not be touched, one could only look at it. Watch and reflect. And make various guesses. In our time, such guesses would be called “ scientific theory“, but in the era of the ancient Greeks they were called guesses. And after long observations and even longer reflections, the ancient Greeks decided that this was a simple and beautiful explanation for this strange phenomenon like the blue color of the sky.
I decided to check why they thought that way. If we put a piece of ordinary glass, we will see that it is transparent. But if you stack a whole stack of such glasses and try to look through them, you will see a bluish tint.
This simple explanation of the color of the sky lasted for one and a half thousand years.
Leonardo da Vinci suggested that the sky is painted this color because “...light over darkness becomes blue...”.
Some other scientists had the same opinion, but still, later it became clear that this hypothesis is fundamentally incorrect, because if you mix black with white, you are unlikely to get blue, because the combination of these colors gives only gray and its shades.
A little later in the 18th century, it was believed that the color of the sky was given by the components of the air. According to this theory, it was believed that air contains many impurities, since fresh air would be black. After this theory, there were many more assumptions and conjectures, but not one could justify itself.
Modern point of view.
I turned to the opinion of modern scientists. Modern scientists have found the answer and proven why the sky is blue.
The sky is just air, that ordinary air that we breathe every second, that which cannot be seen or touched, because it is transparent and weightless. But we breathe transparent air, why does it become such a blue color above our heads?
The whole secret turned out to be in our atmosphere.
The sun's rays must pass through a huge layer of air before hitting the ground.
The sun's ray is white. A White color is a mixture of colored rays. Like the little rhyme that makes it easy to remember the colors of the rainbow:
- each (red)
- hunter (orange)
- wishes (yellow)
- know (green)
- where (blue)
- sitting (blue)
- pheasant (purple)
A ray of sun, colliding with air particles, breaks up into rays of seven colors.
Red and orange rays are the longest and pass from the sun directly into our eyes. And blue rays are the shortest, bounce off air particles in all directions and reach the ground less than all others. Thus, the sky is permeated with blue rays.
Different colors of the sky.
The sky is not always blue. For example, at night, when the sun does not send rays, we see the sky not blue, the atmosphere seems transparent. And through clear air, a person can see planets, stars. And during the day, the blue color again hides cosmic bodies from our eyes.
The color of the sky is red - at sunset, in cloudy weather, white or gray.
Conclusions.
So after doing my research I can do the following conclusions:
- the whole secret is in the color of the sky in our atmosphere- V air envelope planet Earth.
- A ray of sun passing through the atmosphere breaks up into rays of seven colors.
- Red and orange rays are the longest, and blue rays are the shortest..
- Blue rays reach the Earth less than others, and thanks to these rays the sky is permeated with blue.
- The sky is not always blue.
The main thing is that now I know why the sky is blue. My second hypothesis was partially confirmed; the sun has rays that paint the sky this color. The guesses of my two classmates turned out to be the closest to the correct answer.
We are all accustomed to the fact that the color of the sky is a variable characteristic. Fog, clouds, time of day - everything affects the color of the dome overhead. Its daily shift does not occupy the minds of most adults, which cannot be said about children. They are constantly wondering why the sky is physically blue or what makes a sunset red. Let's try to understand these not so simple questions.
Changeable
It’s worth starting by answering the question of what the sky actually represents. IN ancient world it was truly seen as a dome covering the Earth. Today, however, hardly anyone does not know that, no matter how high the curious explorer rises, he will not be able to reach this dome. The sky is not a thing, but rather a panorama that opens up when viewed from the surface of the planet, a kind of appearance woven from light. Moreover, if you observe from different points, it may look different. So, from rising above the clouds, a completely different view opens up than from the ground at this time.
A clear sky is blue, but as soon as clouds come in, it becomes gray, leaden or dirty white. The night sky is black, sometimes you can see reddish areas on it. This is the reflection of the artificial lighting of the city. The reason for all such changes is light and its interaction with air and particles. various substances in him.
The nature of color
In order to answer the question of why the sky is blue from a physics point of view, we need to remember what color is. This is a wave of a certain length. Light coming from the Sun to the Earth is seen as white. It has been known since Newton's experiments that it is a beam of seven rays: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Colors differ in wavelength. The red-orange spectrum includes waves that are the most impressive in this parameter. parts of the spectrum are characterized by short wavelengths. The decomposition of light into a spectrum occurs when it collides with molecules of various substances, and some of the waves can be absorbed, and some can be scattered.
Investigation of the cause
Many scientists have tried to explain why the sky is blue in terms of physics. All researchers sought to discover a phenomenon or process that scatters light in the planet's atmosphere in such a way that, as a result, only blue light reaches us. The first candidates for the role of such particles were water. It was believed that they absorb red light and transmit blue light, and as a result we see the sky of blue color. Subsequent calculations, however, showed that the amount of ozone, ice crystals and water vapor molecules in the atmosphere is not enough to give the sky a blue color.
The reason is pollution
On next stage Research by John Tyndall suggested that dust plays the role of the desired particles. Blue light has the greatest resistance to scattering, and therefore is able to pass through all layers of dust and other suspended particles. Tindall conducted an experiment that confirmed his assumption. He created a smog model in the laboratory and illuminated it with bright white light. The smog took on a blue tint. The scientist made an unambiguous conclusion from his research: the color of the sky is determined by dust particles, that is, if the Earth’s air was clean, then the skies above people’s heads would glow not blue, but white.
Lord's Research
The final point on the question of why the sky is blue (from the point of view of physics) was put by the English scientist, Lord D. Rayleigh. He proved that it is not dust or smog that colors the space above our heads in the shade we are familiar with. It's in the air itself. Gas molecules absorb most and primarily the longest wavelengths, equivalent to red. The blue dissipates. This is precisely how today we explain the color of the sky we see in clear weather.
Those who are attentive will notice that, following the logic of scientists, the dome overhead should be purple, since this color has the shortest wavelength in the visible range. However, this is not a mistake: the proportion of violet in the spectrum is much smaller than blue, and human eyes are more sensitive to the latter. In fact, the blue we see is the result of mixing blue with violet and some other colors.
Sunsets and clouds
Everyone knows that in different time days you can see different colour sky. Photos of beautiful sunsets over the sea or lake are a perfect illustration of this. All kinds of shades of red and yellow combined with blue and dark blue make such a spectacle unforgettable. And it is explained by the same scattering of light. The fact is that during sunset and dawn, the sun's rays have to travel a much longer path through the atmosphere than at the height of the day. In this case, light from the blue-green part of the spectrum is scattered into different sides and the clouds located near the horizon become colored in shades of red.
When the sky becomes clouded, the picture changes completely. unable to overcome the dense layer, and most of they simply do not reach the ground. The rays that managed to pass through the clouds meet with water drops of rain and clouds, which again distort the light. As a result of all these transformations, white light reaches the earth if the clouds are small in size, and gray light when the sky is covered by impressive clouds that absorb part of the rays for the second time.
Other skies
It's interesting that on other planets solar system When viewed from the surface, one can see a sky very different from that on earth. On space objects deprived of the atmosphere, the sun's rays freely reach the surface. As a result, the sky here is black, without any shade. This picture can be seen on the Moon, Mercury and Pluto.
The Martian sky has a red-orange hue. The reason for this lies in the dust that fills the planet’s atmosphere. She is painted in different shades red and orange. When the Sun rises above the horizon, the Martian sky turns pinkish-red, while the area immediately surrounding the disk of the luminary appears blue or even violet.
The sky above Saturn is the same color as on Earth. Aquamarine skies stretch over Uranus. The reason lies in the methane haze located in the upper planets.
Venus is hidden from the eyes of researchers by a dense layer of clouds. It does not allow rays of the blue-green spectrum to reach the surface of the planet, so the sky here is yellow-orange with a gray stripe along the horizon.
Exploring the space overhead during the day reveals no less wonders than studying the starry sky. Understanding the processes occurring in the clouds and behind them helps to understand the reason for things that are quite familiar to the average person, which, however, not everyone can explain right away.
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While playing on the street, I once noticed the sky, it was extraordinary: bottomless, endless and blue, blue! And only the clouds slightly covered this blue color. I wondered, why is the sky blue? I immediately remembered the song of the fox Alice from the fairy tale about Pinocchio “What a blue sky...!” and a geography lesson, where, while studying the topic “Weather,” we described the state of the sky, and also said that it was blue. So after all, why is the sky blue? When I got home, I asked my mother this question. She told me that when people cry, they ask heaven for help. The sky takes away their tears, so it turns blue like a lake. But my mother’s story did not satisfy my question. I decided to ask my classmates and teachers if they knew why the sky was blue? 24 students and 17 teachers took part in the survey. After processing the questionnaires, we received the following results:
At school, during a geography lesson, I asked the teacher this question. She answered me that the color of the sky can be easily explained from the point of view of physics. This phenomenon is called dispersion. From Wikipedia I learned that dispersion is the process of decomposing light into a spectrum. Geography teacher Larisa Borisovna suggested that I observe this phenomenon experimentally. And we went to the physics room. Vasily Aleksandrovich, a physics teacher, willingly agreed to help us with this. Using special equipment, I was able to trace how the dispersion process occurs in nature.
In order to find the answer to the question why the sky is blue, we decided to conduct a study. This is how the idea of writing a project came about. Together with my supervisor, we determined the topic, purpose and objectives of the research, put forward a hypothesis, determined research methods and mechanisms for implementing our idea.
Hypothesis: Light is sent to the Earth by the Sun and most often when we look at it, it appears dazzlingly white to us. Does that mean the sky should be white? But in reality the sky is blue. In the course of the study we will find explanations for these contradictions.
Target: find the answer to the question why the sky is blue and find out what its color depends on.
Tasks: 1. Familiarize yourself with theoretical material on this topic
2. Experimentally study the phenomenon of light dispersion
3. Observe the color of the sky at different times of the day and in different weather conditions
Object of study: sky
Item: light and color of the sky
Research methods: analysis, experiment, observation
Stages of work:
1. Theoretical
2. Practical
3. Final: conclusions on the research topic
Practical significance of the work: Research materials can be used in geography and physics lessons as a teaching module.
2. Main part.
2.1. Theoretical aspects Problems. Phenomenon blue sky from a physics point of view
Why is the sky blue - it is very difficult to find an answer to such a simple question. First, let's define the concept. The sky is the space above the Earth or the surface of any other astronomical object. In general, the sky is usually called the panorama that opens when looking from the surface of the Earth (or other astronomical object) towards space.
Many scientists have racked their brains in search of an answer. Leonardo da Vinci, watching the fire in the fireplace, wrote: “Light over darkness becomes blue.” But today it is known that the fusion of white and black produces gray.
Rice. 1. Leonardo da Vinci's hypothesis
Isaac Newton almost explained the color of the sky, however, for this he had to assume that the drops of water contained in the atmosphere have thin walls like soap bubbles. But it turned out that these drops are spheres, which means they have no wall thickness. So soap bubble Newton and burst!
Rice. 2. Newton's hypothesis
The best solution to the problem was proposed about 100 years ago English physicist Lord John Rayleigh. But let's start from the beginning. The sun emits a blinding white light, which means the color of the sky should be the same, but it is still blue. What happens to white light in the atmosphere? When passing through the atmosphere, as if through a prism, it breaks up into seven colors. You probably know these lines: every hunter wants to know where the pheasant sits. Hidden in these sentences deep meaning. They represent to us the primary colors in the visible light spectrum.
Rice. 3. Spectrum of white light.
The best natural demonstration of this spectrum is, of course, the rainbow.
Rice. 4 Visible light spectrum
Visible light is electromagnetic radiation, whose waves have different lengths. Yes and no visible light, our eyes do not perceive it. These are ultraviolet and infrared. We don't see it because its length is either too long or too short. Seeing light means perceiving its color, but what color we see depends on the wavelength. The longest visible waves are red, and the shortest are violet.
The ability of light to scatter, that is, to propagate in a medium, also depends on the wavelength. Reds light waves scatter the worst, but blue and violet colors have high ability to dispersion.
Rice. 5. Light scattering ability
And finally, we are close to the answer to our question, why is the sky blue? As mentioned above, white is a mixture of all possible colors. When it collides with a gas molecule, each of the seven color components of white light is scattered. At the same time, light with longer waves is scattered worse than light with short waves. Because of this, 8 times more blue spectrum remains in the air than red. Although violet has the shortest wavelength, the sky still appears blue due to the mixture of violet and green wavelengths. In addition, our eyes perceive blue better than violet, given the same brightness of both. It is these facts that determine the color scheme of the sky: the atmosphere is literally filled with rays of blue-blue color.
However, the sky is not always blue. During the day we see the sky as blue, cyan, gray, in the evening - red (Annex 1). Why is the sunset red? During sunset, the Sun approaches the horizon and Sunbeam directed towards the surface of the Earth not vertically, as during the day, but at an angle. Therefore, the path it takes through the atmosphere is much Furthermore that it takes place during the day when the Sun is high. Because of this, the blue-blue spectrum is absorbed in the atmosphere before reaching the Earth, and longer light waves of the red spectrum reach the Earth's surface, coloring the sky in red and yellow tones. The change in color of the sky is clearly related to the rotation of the Earth around its axis, and therefore the angle of incidence of light on the Earth.
2.2. Practical aspects. Experimental way to solve the problem
In the physics class I became acquainted with the spectrograph device. Vasily Aleksandrovich, a physics teacher, told me the operating principle of this device, after which I independently conducted an experiment called dispersion. A ray of white light passing through a prism is refracted and we see a rainbow on the screen. (Appendix 2). This experience helped me understand how this amazing creation of nature appears in the sky. With the help of a spectrograph, scientists today can obtain information about the composition and properties of various substances.
Photo 1. Demonstration of dispersion experience in
physics room
I wanted to get a rainbow at home. My geography teacher, Larisa Borisovna, told me how to do this. An analogue of the spectrograph was a glass container with water, a mirror, a flashlight and a white sheet of paper. Place a mirror in a container of water and place a white sheet of paper behind the container. We direct the light of a flashlight onto the mirror so that the reflected light falls on the paper. A rainbow has appeared on a piece of paper again! (Appendix 3). It is better to conduct the experiment in a darkened room.
We have already said above that white light essentially already contains all the colors of the rainbow. You can make sure of this and collect all the colors back to white by making a rainbow top (Appendix 4). If you spin it too much, the colors will merge and the disc will turn white.
Despite scientific explanation The formation of a rainbow, this phenomenon remains one of the mysterious optical spectacles in the atmosphere. Watch and enjoy!
3. Conclusion
In search of an answer to a question so often asked by parents children's question"Why the sky is blue?" I learned a lot of interesting and instructive things. The contradictions in our hypothesis today have a scientific explanation:
The whole secret is in the color of the sky in our atmosphere - in the air envelope of planet Earth.
A white ray of sun, passing through the atmosphere, breaks up into rays of seven colors.
Red and orange rays are the longest, and blue rays are the shortest.
Blue rays reach the Earth less than others, and thanks to these rays the sky is permeated with blue color
The sky is not always blue and this is due to axial movement Earth.
Experimentally, we were able to visualize and understand how dispersion occurs in nature. On class hour At school I told my classmates why the sky is blue. It was also interesting to know where one can observe the phenomenon of dispersion in our Everyday life. I found several practical areas application of this unique phenomenon (Appendix 5). In the future I would like to continue studying the sky. How many more mysteries does it hold? What other phenomena occur in the atmosphere and what is their nature? How do they affect humans and all life on Earth? Perhaps these will be the topics of my future research.
Bibliography
1. Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia
2. L.A. Malikova. Electronic manual in physics "Geometric optics"
3. Peryshkin A.V. Physics. 9th grade. Textbook. M.: Bustard, 2014, p.202-209
4. htt;/www. voprosy-kak-ipochemu.ru
5. Personal photo archive “Sky over Golyshmanovo”
Annex 1.
"The sky above Golyshmanovo"(personal photo archive)
Appendix 2.
Dispersion of light using a spectrograph
Appendix 3.
Light dispersion at home
"rainbow"
Appendix 4.
Rainbow top
Top at rest Top during rotation
Appendix 5.
Variation in human life
Diamond Lights on board an airplane
Car headlights
Reflective signs