The Chilean Observatory Las Campanas is an observatory in Chile. It is located in the mountains of the Atacama Desert. Besides the fact that the most incredible and most interesting people on our planet, there is also the clearest and brightest starry sky on the planet. At the same time, 30 people live on the territory of this observatory.
The main miracle of this observatory is the Magellan telescope. There are two of them here; they have a mirror diameter of 6.5 meters. And life here begins after sunset. Scientists spend about 30 minutes every evening to calibrate the instrument. During the day, when astronomers sleep off after working at night, their places are taken by engineers who monitor the instruments in daytime. If you are lucky enough to get here, they will gladly welcome you, show you and tell you what is so interesting here.
But why does humanity need astronomy? When people come here, they ask this question, so much money and time is spent trying to recognize these dead distant stars. What's the use of astronomy other than pretty pictures? The desire to see the unknown, the desire to understand what is far away there, is there anyone alive there? People have always strived there, to that dark, distant height, and having been here, you will be able to touch the space odyssey yourself.
Mauna Kea Observatory - international project, including a number of independent research centers; The telescopes are located on the top of the Mauna Kea volcano at an altitude of 3730 m to 4190 m above sea level in the USA, on the island of Hawaii. Founded in 1967. The observatory grounds are managed and leased by the University of Hawaii. Mauna Kea Observatory is one of the world's premier optical observing sites in the infrared and visible areas spectrum, as it is at a significant altitude and isolated in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.
Founded in 1964 on the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. The observatory is managed by the Canary Institute of Astrophysics. Is one of the first international observatories in the world to install telescopes different countries, since this area has excellent astroclimatic conditions. Later, the main optical observations were transferred to the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on La Palma. The Teide Observatory is considered one of largest observatories peace.
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I present to your attention an overview of the best observatories in the world. These can be the largest, most modern and high-tech, located in amazing places observatory, which allowed them to get into the top ten. Many of them, such as Mauna Kea in Hawaii, have already been mentioned in other articles, and many will be an unexpected discovery for the reader. So, let's move on to the list...
Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii
Located on the Big Island of Hawaii, atop Mauna Kea, MKO is the world's largest array of optical, infrared, and precision astronomical equipment. The Mauna Kea Observatory building houses more telescopes than any other in the world. 
Very Large Telescope (VLT), Chile
The Very Large Telescope is a complex operated by the Southern European Observatory. It is located on Cerro Paranal in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile. The VLT actually consists of four separate telescopes, which are usually used separately, but can be used together to achieve very high angular resolution. 
South Polar Telescope (SPT), Antarctica
The telescope with a diameter of 10 meters is located at the Amundsen-Scott Station, which is South Pole in Antarctica. SPT started its astronomical observations at the beginning of 2007. 
Yerkes Observatory, USA
Founded back in 1897, Yerkes Observatory has no high technology, like the previous observatories on this list. However, it is rightfully considered “the birthplace of modern astrophysics.” It is located in Williams Bay, Wisconsin, at an altitude of 334 meters. 
ORM Observatory, Canaries
The ORM Observatory (Roque de Los Muchachos) is located at an altitude of 2,396 meters, making it one of the best locations for optical and infrared astronomy in the northern hemisphere. The observatory also has the largest aperture optical telescope in the world. 
Arecibo in Puerto Rico
Opened in 1963, the Arecibo Observatory is a giant radio telescope in Puerto Rico. Until 2011, the observatory was operated by Cornell University. Arecibo's pride is its 305-meter radio telescope, which has one of the largest apertures in the world. The telescope is used for radio astronomy, aeronomy and radar astronomy. The telescope is also known for its participation in the SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) project. 
Australian Astronomical Observatory
Situated at an altitude of 1164 meters, the AAO (Australian Astronomical Observatory) has two telescopes: the 3.9-meter Anglo-Australian Telescope and the 1.2-meter British Schmidt Telescope. 
Tokyo University Atacama Observatory
Like the VLT and other telescopes, the University of Tokyo observatory is also located in the Chilean Atacama Desert. The observatory is located at the top of Cerro Chainantor, at an altitude of 5,640 meters, making it the highest astronomical observatory in the world. 
ALMA in the Atacama Desert
The ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array) observatory is also located in the Atacama Desert, next to the Very Large Telescope and the University of Tokyo Observatory. ALMA has a variety of 66, 12 and 7 meter radio telescopes. This is the result of cooperation between Europe, USA, Canada, East Asia and Chile. More than a billion dollars were spent on the creation of the observatory. Particularly worth highlighting is the most expensive currently existing telescope, which is in service at ALMA. 
Astronomical Observatory of India (IAO)
Situated at an altitude of 4,500 meters, the India Astronomical Observatory is one of the highest in the world. It is managed by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics in Bangalore.
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Presentation on the topic: Observatories of the world
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Special astrophysical observatory Special Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) - research institute Russian Academy Sci. The main instruments of the Observatory are the BTA optical telescope (Large Azimuthal Telescope) with a main mirror diameter of 6 meters and the RATAN-600 radio telescope (Radio Telescope of the Academy of Sciences) with a ring multi-element antenna with a diameter of 600 meters. Observatory employees provide astronomical observations at telescopes in accordance with the decision program committee and conduct their own research in various areas astrophysics and methods of astronomy.
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The South African Large Telescope SALT in the 1970s. South Africa's main observatories were merged into the South African Astronomical Observatory. The headquarters is located in Cape Town. The main instruments - four telescopes (1.9-m, 1.0-m, 0.75-m and 0.5-m) - are located 370 km from the city inland, on a hill overlooking the dry Karoo plateau. In 1948, a 1.9-m telescope was built in South Africa, it was the most big tool V Southern Hemisphere. In the 90s last century, the scientific community and the South African government decided that South African astronomy could not remain competitive in the 21st century without a modern large telescope. Initially, a project for a 4-m telescope similar to ESO NTT (New Technology Telescope) was considered New Technology) or more modern, WIYN, - at the Kitt Peak Observatory. However, in the end, the concept of a large telescope was chosen - an analogue of the Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) installed at the McDonald Observatory (USA). The project was called the Large South African Telescope, in the original - Southern African Large Telescope. Cost project for a telescope of this class is very low - only 20 million US dollars. Moreover, the cost of the telescope itself is only half of this amount, the rest is the cost of the tower and infrastructure. Another 10 million dollars, according to modern assessment, it will cost to maintain the instrument for 10 years. Such a low cost is due to both its simplified design and the fact that it is created as an analogue of something already developed.
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The Hobby-Eberly Telescope, and therefore SALT, are designed essentially as spectroscopic instruments for wavelengths in the range 0.35-2.0 µm. SALT is most competitive with scientific point vision when observing astronomical objects evenly distributed across the sky or located in groups of several arc minutes in size. Since the telescope will operate in a batch mode (queue-scheduled), studies of variability over a period of a day or more are especially effective. The range of tasks for such a telescope is very wide: research chemical composition and evolution Milky Way and nearby galaxies, study of objects with high redshift, evolution of gas in galaxies, kinematics of gas, stars and planetary nebulae in distant galaxies, search and study of optical objects identified with X-ray sources. The SALT telescope is located on the summit where telescopes of the South African Observatory are already located, approximately 18 km east of the village of Sutherland at an altitude of 1758 m. Its coordinates are 20°49" east longitude and 32°23" south latitude. The construction of the tower and infrastructure has already been completed. The journey by car from Cape Town takes approximately 4 hours. Sutherland is located far from all the main towns, so it has very clear and dark skies. Statistical research The results of preliminary observations, which were carried out for more than 10 years, show that the share of photometric nights exceeds 50%, and spectroscopic nights average 75%. Since this large telescope primarily optimized for spectroscopy, 75% is a completely acceptable figure. The average atmospheric image quality measured by the Differential Image Motion Monitor (DIMM) was 0.9". This system is placed slightly above 1 m above ground level. Note that the optical image quality is SALT - 0.6". This is sufficient for spectroscopy work. SALT (and therefore HET) are radically different from previous designs of large optical (infrared) telescopes. The SALT optical axis is installed at a fixed angle of 35° to the zenith direction, and the telescope can be rotated in azimuth by full circle. During the observation session, the instrument remains stationary, and the tracking system located in its upper part provides tracking of the object over a 12° area along a circle of heights. Thus, the telescope allows you to observe objects in a ring 12° wide in an area of the sky located 29 - 41° from the zenith. The angle between the telescope axis and the zenith direction can be changed (no more than once every few years) by studying different areas sky. The diameter of the primary mirror is 11 m. However, its maximum area usable for imaging or spectroscopy corresponds to a 9.2 m mirror. It consists of 91 hexagonal segments, each with a diameter of 1 m. All segments have a spherical surface, which dramatically reduces the cost of their production. By the way, the segment blanks were made at the Lytkarino plant optical glass, the primary processing was carried out there, the final polishing is carried out (at the time of writing this article is not yet completed) by Kodak. The Gregory corrector, which removes spherical aberration, is effective in the 4? area. Light can be transmitted via optical fibers to spectrographs of various resolutions in temperature-controlled rooms. It is also possible to mount a lightweight instrument at direct focus. Southern African Large Telescope (SALT). The segmented main mirror, tracking system structures and instrument compartment are visible. Telescope tower (SALT) BYuAT. A special alignment tower is visible in the foreground to ensure alignment of the main mirror segments.