Oil is the best and cheapest fuel for industry and transport. Also in ancient times it was known to people, but to get it in large quantities began only in the middle of the last century. The oil was nicknamed “black gold” for its color and invaluable qualities.
At first, people used oil as fuel. They never even dreamed of what amazing treasures this black, sticky, unpleasant-looking liquid concealed. Oil formed at the bottom former seas and lakes in very ancient times, when no human foot had yet set foot on the ground. Of what? From the remains of plants and living creatures that inhabited bodies of water. Over millions of years, these decaying remains accumulated and combined with other substances.
Gradually, underground seas of black liquid - oil - formed. There is a lot of “black gold” in the depths of the earth. There is a lot of it in Russia. How is oil processed? First, it is cleaned of sand, water, mineral salts and gases, and then sent to the pipeline into special devices.
When refining oil, we obtain: kerosene, gasoline, tar, fuel oil, rocket and motor fuel. Neither car nor spaceship, nor the train would be able to travel if there was no oil. (We consider samples of available derivatives from oil distillation). Paraffin also owes its origin to oil.
It turns out that colored pencils, soap, paper and paints are made from paraffin, combining it with others chemicals. Scientists have learned to create substances that do not exist in nature. For example, rubber or rubber, as it is also called. It is used to produce car tires, balls, and rubber boots.
Your mothers and fathers use aromatic perfumes and cologne, but the pleasant smell is given to perfumes by odorous substances derived from petroleum. what kind of treasures does it hide within itself! Therefore, people should appreciate and remember that oil, like other minerals, must be used carefully, avoiding overspending.
There are many minerals that are mined from the depths of the Earth. All of them are extremely important because they allow you to obtain the necessary comfortable life things. They make it possible to heat homes, eat, move through space at high speed, make wonderful decorations, and much more. During research, scientists discover very Interesting Facts about minerals that allow you to learn more about the secrets hidden in the underground depths.
- Coal is the most common fossil used as fuel.. Few people know that from a 20-meter layer of peat under pressure only a 2-meter layer of coal is formed. If a similar layer of dead vegetation lies at a depth of 6 km, then the coal seam will be only 1.5 m deep.
- Malachite is a semi-precious stone used to make stunning jewelry. The largest stone that was recovered weighed 1.5 tons. Having discovered such a treasure, the miners presented it to Empress Catherine II. Later, the stone became an exhibit at the St. Petersburg Museum of the Mining Institute.
- Obsidian – volcanic glass. This material has high density. It is formed under the influence of very high temperatures during an eruption of magma. Archaeologists were able to find evidence that the first surgical instruments were made from this material.
- Today, every person knows what oil is and how it occurs. The first theory of the origin of this mineral suggested that oil is nothing more than whale urine. Black gold began to be mined by collecting it from the surface of reservoirs. IN present time Oil is pumped out from the depths of the Earth using pumping stations.
- Scientists continue to present new interesting facts about metals. So, gold has been recognized as one of the most flexible metals. It is even used to make sewing threads. One ounce of gold can produce a thread about 80 km long.
- Iron ore has been used by humans for a long time. Archaeologists have been able to prove that The production of the first objects from iron ore dates back to the 1st-13th centuries. BC. The people of Mesopotamia were the first to use this mineral.
- Sodium chloride or salt is mined in the greatest number
. Despite the necessity of this mineral for human life, only 6% of it is used as food. To sprinkle roads during icy conditions, 17% salt is used. The lion's share This mineral is used by industry and accounts for 77% of all production.
- Extraordinary interesting story has the queen of metals – platinum. In the 15th century it was discovered by Spanish travelers who arrived on the shores of Africa. After studying this material, its refractoriness was discovered. For this reason, platinum was considered unusable and was valued below the value of silver.
- Silver has long been famous for its bactericidal properties.. More warriors ancient Rome used it for treatment. If a person suffered serious wounds in battle, then healers covered the injury sites with silver plates. After such procedures, the wounds healed quickly and without any complications.
- Marble has been used since ancient times for finishing rooms and creating various decorative elements.. This is due to the amazing hardness of the material and its wear resistance. Marble retains its original appearance for 150 years even when exposed to temperature, moisture or sunlight.
- Diamonds are recognized as the hardest minerals mined from the depths of the earth. In this case, a blow delivered by a hammer with great strength, can break the stone into small pieces.
- Uranium is a metal that is considered one of the heaviest chemical elements
. Uranium ore contains a negligible amount of pure metal. Uranium has 14 stages of transformation. All elements that are formed during the transformation are radioactive. Only lead, which is the final stage of transformation, is considered safe. It will take about a billion years to completely convert uranium into lead.
- Copper is the only metal that does not produce sparks when rubbed Therefore, copper tools can be used in places where there is an increased risk of fire.
- You can constantly learn a lot about soil. Thus, scientists studied a common mineral resource – peat. They identified peculiar threads in it that are extremely durable. This discovery found its application in light industry. The first products made from peat threads were introduced in Holland. Peat is an excellent preservative. It preserves the remains that fell into it thousands of years ago. This allows scientists to learn interesting facts about the skeleton of a person who lived long before our days, and to examine the remains of already extinct animal species.
- Granite is known as a durable building material. But not everyone knows that it conducts sound much faster than air. Passing speed sound waves on granite 10 times more than passing through airspace.
Lesson objectives:; form initial concepts about the mineral resources of your country; consolidate knowledge about living and inanimate nature, distinguish between objects of nature and the world of things; interest in nature.
Progress of the lesson
Conversation with children about objects of living and inanimate nature.
The following objects are on the table: flowers, stone, doll.
IN. Today we will talk again about living and inanimate nature. Tell me which of these objects is alive and which is not. (Children's answers.) Why do you think that a flower is Live nature. Does stone belong to nature? What kind of nature is this? Why is a doll not nature? Guys, take one picture at a time, look at what is drawn on it, and if it is a living object, put the picture near a flower, if it is inanimate nature - near a stone, and if it is not nature, then put it near a doll. (Children look at the cards, the teacher checks with the children whether the task is completed correctly.) The teacher invites the children to sit on chairs.
Conversation with children using a physical mapyour country
Q. Let's remember what nature is? A wonderful writer and nature lover M. Prishvin wrote: “We are the masters of our nature and for us it is a storehouse of the sun with great treasures of life. Fish is water, birds are air, animals are forests and mountains, and man needs a homeland. And protecting nature means protecting the Motherland.” What is the name of our Motherland? Look at the map, what country is shown on it?
Our country is not that big anymore, but it has a lot of wealth. See how much is on the map Green colour, means a lot green forests. Blue color shows rivers and lakes. There are a lot of fish in the forest, and there are a lot of fish in the rivers and lakes. But there is also wealth inside the earth, in its depths. These riches are called minerals. These minerals are searched and found by people whose profession is geologists.
Imagine that we are geologists, and we are in a laboratory, and we will study minerals. A laboratory is where they examine, study, research various items, do experiments. Let's go to the tables, our laboratory will be there. (Children sit at tables.)
Experiments with children with minerals.
Q. The guys brought the minerals with a train, although it is a toy, the minerals are real. In the first carriage there are white pebbles. Take them in your hands and tell me what they are? (Chalk.) What is chalk for? Where did he come from? It turns out that long ago, where we live, there was a sea in which there were many snails in shells, time passed, the snails died, and their shells fell to the bottom of the sea. They were covered with sand and silt, their shells turned to chalk. People learned to extract chalk and use it. Doctors use purified chalk to give people healthy teeth and strong bones. This chalk is called calcium glucanate. Taste the tablet.
Let's try what's in the second trailer. (Salt.) Salt is also a mineral; it is mined in our state. At first it is called stone. Why do you think? And then it is ground, cleaned, and it becomes food. Why is it called food? Salt is mined near cities such as... (shows these cities on the map). but remember that we are geologists, and they are looking for minerals in the mountains, swamps, forests, overcoming any obstacles.
Children sit in front of the board, the teacher shows the cities and draws attention to the symbol on the map of oil.
IN. Look how many black triangles there are, they show that in these places, deep underground, a river flows, the water in which can burn. Geologists found this river and drove a steel pipe into the ground. (Show the picture.) A fountain came out of the pipe black water which is called oil. (Showing oil in a test tube.) It is thick and burns. In special factories, petroleum is used to make gasoline, kerosene, asphalt resin, plastic and many other things. What is gasoline and kerosene used for, and what is made from plastic?
The children are invited to take a cup from the tray and drink some water. What is this? ( Mineral water.) Mineral water is very useful for humans, and it is also found in the depths of our earth. We have many more minerals, such as..., but we will talk about them in the next lesson.
Alla Bueva
Abstract of the GCD “Introduction to mineral resources”
Cognition. Senior group.
Prepared by a teacher of the 1st category MBDOU children's garden No. 3d. Yasentsy.
Abstract of GCD.
Subject: " Introduction to minerals"
Target: Continuation acquaintance with mineral resources of Russia(coal, chalk, sand, clay, salt).Clarify the understanding of the properties of sand and clay in comparison (sand consists of grains of sand, coal and chalk, salt, their properties and differences. Consolidation and enrichment of knowledge about usefulness natural resources for humans. Development sensory sensations, interest, vocabulary development and speech activation. Cultivating a sense of pride in one's fatherland.
Facilities: a plate with sand, clay, coal, chalk, salt, jars of water, a hammer, a black sheet of paper, a globe.
on the table in plates laid out: coal, sand, clay, chalk, salt
Children, today we will talk to you about the natural resources of the Earth.
All natural resources that people extract from the depths of the Earth and from its surface are minerals.
Our country is rich in various minerals(teacher shows the field on the globe). Minerals person uses in national economy. Some are necessary in construction.
What do you think minerals used in construction?
Clay, sand, limestone
Others serve as fuel. Which?
Peat, coal, gas, oil.
Today we will talk to you about sand and clay - the most common natural fossils, which are formed under the influence of the destruction of mountains.
Let's compare sand and clay:
Children examine, feel, throw
After experimenting, children do conclusions:
Clay is soft, you can sculpt from it, it does not allow water to pass through well.
Sand is dry, free-flowing, it can be sculpted from raw material, but when it dries, the building breaks down, sand allows water to pass through well.
Children, do you want to know what sand is made of? Take a black sheet of paper and put some sand.
-children draw conclusions: sand consists of tiny grains of sand, so it is free-flowing
Then I turn my attention to coal
I suggest experiments: put a piece of coal in water, hit it with a hammer, draw it on paper.
What is he like?
It is black, glitters in the sun, hard, sinks in water, disintegrates upon impact, and leaves marks.
The main property of coal is flammability (teacher showing how coal burns)
Then I show some coal deposits on the globe
Coal is used to heat residential buildings, as fuel in factories. from coal get paints, medicines (Activated carbon) and etc. useful material.
Then I suggest you pay attention to the chalk. Chalk is made from shell rock, which is mined near the sea, and school chalk is made from it.
children looking at chalk: draw, throw water, break)
- Children draw conclusions: it happens different color, brittle, splits, opens, it leaves marks - you can draw.
-Next let's look at salt: what is it for? where can I find it (showing deposits in Russia)
What properties does salt have? how can I check?
After experimenting (taste it, throw it into water, what is it made of? crush it with a hammer)
- Salt: white in color, salty, fragile, consists of crystals, needed for cooking.
Clarifying children's knowledge:
1. What minerals you know?
2. What are they for? minerals?
At the end of the lesson, I propose to draw, the theme is "Winter Landscape" (chalk on a black sheet of paper)
Publications on the topic:
Lesson summary “Getting to know the metro” Summary of GCD in preparatory group"Introducing the Metro" Goal: To introduce children to the history of the Metro. Program content.
Abstract of the educational activity “Getting to know the cow” Lesson No. 5 “Getting to know the cow” Purpose: introducing children to domestic animals Tasks: - introducing children to the cow; - consolidate the concept.
Abstract of the GCD “Introduction to the Olympic Games” SUMMARY OF NODS ( open lesson). Educational area: “COGNITION”, Formation complete picture world with elements of physical education Theme.
Summary of OOD “Meeting the Pig” Lesson No. 9 “Getting to know the pig” Goal: introducing children to domestic animals Tasks: - introducing children to the pig; - consolidate the concept.
Lesson summary “Introducing the number 6” Topic: “Getting to know the number 6” Image. goal: 1) Introduce the number 6. 2) Learn to count within six. 3) Practice ordinal counting.
Summary of a lesson in the middle group on familiarization with minerals “In Search of Natural Treasures” Topic: “In search of natural treasures.” Goal: Develop cognitive abilities And voluntary attention children through search activities.
Lesson summary “Introduction to electricity” Program content. Continue to introduce children to electricity. Introduce children to history electric lamp and its device.
Municipal state preschool educational institution
Iskitimsky district Novosibirsk region
kindergarten "Rodnichok" Lebedevka
Summary of GCD for older children
"In the world of minerals"
Completed by: teacher
first classification category
Vdovina S. G.
Target: Formation of local history curiosity, cognitive interest to the environment and the world inanimate nature native land.
Tasks:
- Introduce children to the properties of minerals (sand, clay, coal, chalk), compare how they differ.
- Develop the ability to install cause-and-effect communications.
- Bring up careful attitude to natural resources.
- Continue to introduce the profession of geologist.
- Strengthen skills research activities; the ability to identify the properties and qualities of proposed materials through experiments.
- Establish safety rules when conducting experiments.
- Continue to introduce the riches of our native land.
Progress of the lesson:
Children enter the group and greet the guests.
Educator: (On the table there is equipment for geologists: a compass, a hammer-pick, a map, a rope, pencils, a notebook and containers for samples.) Look, guys, what kind of equipment is on the table
Children: Equipment for geologists.
Educator: Guys, tell me who are geologists?
Children: Geologists are people who study and search for minerals.
Educator: What are minerals?
Children: Minerals are natural resources that people extract from the depths of the earth or from its surface and use in their households.
Educator: Guys, let us be geologists today and go on an expedition to a mineral deposit.
We collect a backpack and what is needed on the expedition.
Educator: Ready.
Educator: Will we become geologists?
Children:
Everyone will be proud of us.
Yes! Yes! Yes! (Clap overhead)
What awaits us ahead?
High mountain (show with hands)
Stormy river (showing with hands)
You can’t get around it (they stomp their feet)
You can’t swim through it (“they’re floating”)
You can’t fly past it (“wings”)
We need to go straight.
We can do anything, we can do anything
And we will achieve our goal.
Yes! Yes! Yes! (Clap overhead)
Here is our first obstacle. There is a stormy river running here, we need to carefully walk across the bridge and not fall. (Children walk across the bridge. And they see a poster on the easel “Chernorechensky Quarry”)
Educator: Guys, who can tell where we came?
Children: To the Chernorechensky quarry (or to the chalk deposit)
Children: They mine chalk here. Chalk is a type of limestone.
Educator: We select a sample and move on. Our next obstacle is the tunnel.
.(Children walk through the “tunnel”. And they see a poster of the “Yelbashinsky quarry” on the easel)
Educator: Guys, who can tell where we have come now?
Children: To the “Yelbashinsky career”
Educator: What do they get from this quarry?
Children: Sand and clay. Sand is mined on the banks of the Berd River.
Educator: We select samples and move on.
Our next obstacle is a “swamp.” (Jumping on two legs over bumps, through a swamp.)
And they see a poster on the easel (“Gorlovsky cut”) Educator: Guys, who can tell where we have come now?
Children: To the “Gorlovsky cut”
Educator: What is being mined at this mine?
Children: Coal.
Educator: We select a sample and go to the laboratory.
Why are we going there?
Children: To research and conduct experiments with minerals and find out where they can be used.
Let's go back. And we go to the laboratory.
Educator: Here we are in the laboratory. Take off your backpacks. Take out samples and place them on the table. Put on your aprons and I'll lay out the samples.
Guys, remember what rules must be followed when conducting experiments.
1. Listen carefully to an adult.
2. Do not put anything in your mouth or try it.
3. Don't shout or make noise.
4. Special substances can only be used by adults, and children should watch.
Educator: Guys, guess the riddle and we’ll experiment. (The teacher makes a riddle about clay. Ask any child to tell about clay. A story about clay.) Tell what icon clay is indicated on the map.
Guys, listen to the next riddle.
(The teacher makes a riddle about sand.)
Right. This is sand. (A child’s story about sand) Tell me what icon indicates sand on the map.
Experiment with sand and clay.
Equipment: plastic bottles according to the number of children, water in a decanter, sand, clay.
We cut plastic bottles upper part We turn the bottles over and insert them into the second part. Pour sand into one bottle and clay into the other. And pour water equally.
We observe whether water passes through sand and clay.
Conclusion: Sand passes water well, but clay does not. It becomes limp and sticky.
Listen to the next riddle.
(The teacher makes a riddle about coal.)
That's right, it's coal. (Descriptive story for children about coal.)
Educator: You said that coal is hard, but if you hit it with something heavy, what will happen to it?.. Let's see what happens to it. (We put coal in a napkin and hit it with a hammer. It crumbled, which means the coal is hard but brittle.) Tell me what icon is used to indicate coal on the map?
And the last riddle. (The teacher makes a riddle about chalk.) Descriptive story children about chalk. Tell me what icon the chalk is shown on the map.
Guys, chalk can still get angry, do you want to check? Take a pipette, fill it with lemon juice and drop it onto the chalk. What happened?
Children's answer.
Conclusion: (children answer)
Guys, let's go to our map. You were such a great guy today, share your impressions of the trip. (children's answer) This is a map of the Novosibirsk region. Today we selected samples and conducted experiments with them. You told me a lot about minerals. Name them (coal, chalk, clay, sand.) These minerals are mined in the Iskitim region. They are indicated by icons on the map.