The history of space exploration is the most striking example of celebration human mind over unruly matter in the shortest possible time. From the moment a man-made object first overcame Earth's gravity and developed sufficient speed to enter Earth's orbit, only a little over fifty years have passed - nothing by the standards of history! Most of population of the planet vividly remembers the times when a flight to the moon was considered something out of science fiction, and those who dreamed of piercing the heavenly heights were recognized as best case scenario, crazy people who are not dangerous to society. Today, spaceships not only “travel the vast expanse”, successfully maneuvering in conditions of minimal gravity, but also deliver to earth's orbit cargo, astronauts and space tourists. Moreover, the duration of a flight into space can now be as long as desired. long time: the shift of Russian cosmonauts on the ISS, for example, lasts 6-7 months. And over the past half century, man has managed to walk on the Moon and photograph its dark side, blessed Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and Mercury with artificial satellites, “recognized by sight” distant nebulae with the help of the Hubble telescope, and is seriously thinking about colonizing Mars. And although we have not yet succeeded in making contact with aliens and angels (at least officially), let us not despair - after all, everything is just beginning!

Dreams of space and attempts at writing

For the first time, progressive humanity believed in the reality of flight to distant worlds at the end of the 19th century. It was then that it became clear that if the aircraft is given the speed necessary to overcome gravity and maintains it for a sufficient time, it will be able to go beyond the limits earth's atmosphere and gain a foothold in orbit, like the Moon, revolving around the Earth. The problem was in the engines. The existing specimens at that time either spat extremely powerfully but briefly with bursts of energy, or worked on the principle of “gasp, groan and go away little by little.” The first was more suitable for bombs, the second - for carts. In addition, it was impossible to regulate the thrust vector and thereby influence the trajectory of the apparatus: a vertical launch inevitably led to its rounding, and as a result the body fell to the ground, never reaching space; the horizontal one, with such a release of energy, threatened to destroy all living things around (as if the current ballistic missile were launched flat). Finally, at the beginning of the 20th century, researchers turned their attention to a rocket engine, the operating principle of which has been known to mankind since the turn of our era: fuel burns in the rocket body, simultaneously lightening its mass, and the released energy moves the rocket forward. The first rocket capable of taking an object beyond gravity, designed by Tsiolkovsky in 1903.

View of Earth from the ISS

First artificial satellite

Time passed, and although two world wars greatly slowed down the process of creating missiles for peaceful use, space progress still did not stand still. Key moment post-war period - the adoption of the so-called package layout of rockets, used in astronautics to this day. Its essence is the simultaneous use of several rockets placed symmetrically with respect to the center of mass of the body that needs to be launched into Earth orbit. This provides a powerful, stable and uniform thrust, sufficient for the object to move at a constant speed of 7.9 km/s, necessary to overcome gravity. And so, on October 4, 1957, a new, or rather the first, era in space exploration began - the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, like everything ingenious, simply called “Sputnik-1”, using the R-7 rocket, designed under the leadership of Sergei Korolev. The silhouette of the R-7, the ancestor of all subsequent space rockets, is still recognizable today in the ultra-modern Soyuz launch vehicle, which successfully sends “trucks” and “cars” into orbit with cosmonauts and tourists on board - the same four “legs” of the package design and red nozzles. The first satellite was microscopic, just over half a meter in diameter and weighed only 83 kg. It completed a full revolution around the Earth in 96 minutes. " Star life The journey of the iron pioneer of astronautics lasted three months, but during this period he covered a fantastic distance of 60 million km!

The first living creatures in orbit

The success of the first launch inspired the designers, and the prospect of sending them into space Living being and returning him safe and sound no longer seemed impossible. Just a month after the launch of Sputnik 1, the first animal, the dog Laika, went into orbit on board the second artificial Earth satellite. Her goal was honorable, but sad - to test the survival of living beings in space flight conditions. Moreover, the return of the dog was not planned... The launch and insertion of the satellite into orbit was successful, but after four orbits around the Earth, due to an error in the calculations, the temperature inside the device rose excessively, and Laika died. The satellite itself rotated in space for another 5 months, and then lost speed and burned up in dense layers of the atmosphere. The first shaggy cosmonauts to greet their “senders” with a joyful bark upon their return were the textbook Belka and Strelka, who set off to conquer the heavens on the fifth satellite in August 1960. Their flight lasted just over a day, and during this time the dogs managed to fly around the planet 17 times. All this time, they were watched from monitor screens in the Mission Control Center - by the way, it was precisely because of the contrast that white dogs were chosen - because the image was then black and white. As a result of the launch, the spacecraft itself was also finalized and finally approved - in just 8 months, the first person will go into space in a similar apparatus.

In addition to dogs, both before and after 1961, monkeys (macaques, squirrel monkeys and chimpanzees), cats, turtles, as well as all sorts of little things - flies, beetles, etc., were in space.

During the same period, the USSR launched the first artificial satellite Sun, the Luna-2 station managed to softly land on the surface of the planet, and the first photographs of the side of the Moon invisible from Earth were obtained.

The day of April 12, 1961 divided the history of the exploration of space into two periods - “when man dreamed of the stars” and “since man conquered space.”

Man in space

The day of April 12, 1961 divided the history of the exploration of space into two periods - “when man dreamed of the stars” and “since man conquered space.” At 9:07 Moscow time, the Vostok-1 spacecraft with the world's first cosmonaut on board, Yuri Gagarin, was launched from launch pad No. 1 of the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Having made one revolution around the Earth and traveled 41 thousand km, 90 minutes after the start, Gagarin landed near Saratov, standing on long years the most famous, revered and beloved person on the planet. His “let’s go!” and “everything is visible very clearly - space is black - the earth is blue” were included in the list of the most famous phrases humanity, his open smile, ease and cordiality melted the hearts of people around the world. The first manned flight into space was controlled from Earth; Gagarin himself was more of a passenger, albeit an excellently prepared one. It should be noted that the flight conditions were far from those that are now offered to space tourists: Gagarin experienced eight to tenfold overloads, there was a period when the ship was literally tumbling, and behind the windows the skin was burning and the metal was melting. Several malfunctions occurred during the flight. various systems ship, but fortunately the astronaut was not injured.

Following Gagarin's flight, significant milestones in the history of space exploration fell one after another: the world's first group space flight, then the first female cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova went into space (1963), the first multi-seat spacecraft flew, Alexey Leonov became the first person to go into open space(1965) - and all these grandiose events are entirely due to domestic cosmonautics. Finally, on July 21, 1969, the first man landed on the Moon: American Neil Armstrong took that “small, big step.”

Best View in the Solar System

Cosmonautics - today, tomorrow and always

Today, space travel is taken for granted. Hundreds of satellites and thousands of other necessary and useless objects fly above us; seconds before sunrise, from the bedroom window you can see the planes of the solar panels of the International Space Station flashing in rays still invisible from the ground, space tourists with enviable regularity they set off to “cruise the open spaces” (thus embodying the ironic phrase “if you really want to, you can fly into space”) and the era of commercial suborbital flights is about to begin with almost two departures daily. The exploration of space by controlled vehicles is absolutely amazing: there are pictures of stars that exploded long ago, and HD images of distant galaxies, and strong evidence of the possibility of the existence of life on other planets. Billionaire corporations are already coordinating plans to build space hotels in Earth’s orbit, and projects for the colonization of our neighboring planets no longer seem like an excerpt from the novels of Asimov or Clark. One thing is obvious: once overcome gravity, humanity will again and again strive upward, to the endless worlds of stars, galaxies and universes. I would only like to wish that the beauty of the night sky and myriads of twinkling stars, still alluring, mysterious and beautiful, as in the first days of creation, never leaves us.

Space reveals its secrets

Academician Blagonravov focused on some new achievements Soviet science: in the field of space physics.

Beginning on January 2, 1959, with each flight of Soviet space rockets, radiation research was carried out on long distances from the earth. The so-called outer radiation belt of the Earth, discovered by Soviet scientists, was subjected to detailed study. Studying the composition of radiation belt particles using various scintillation and gas-discharge meters, located on satellites and space rockets, made it possible to establish that in the outer belt there are electrons of significant energies up to a million electron volts and even higher. When braking in shells spaceships they create intense, penetrating x-ray radiation. During the flight of an automatic interplanetary station towards Venus, the average energy of this x-ray radiation at distances from 30 to 40 thousand kilometers from the center of the Earth, amounting to about 130 kiloelectronvolts. This value changed little with the distance, which allows one to judge that the energy spectrum of electrons in this region is constant.

Already the first studies showed instability of the outer radiation belt, movements of the maximum intensity associated with magnetic storms caused by solar corpuscular flows. Recent measurements from an automatic interplanetary station launched towards Venus have shown that although changes in intensity occur closer to Earth, the outer boundary of the outer belt at calm state magnetic field remained constant both in intensity and spatial location for almost two years. Research recent years also made it possible to construct a model of ionized gas shell Earth based on experimental data for a period close to maximum solar activity. Our studies have shown that at altitudes less than a thousand kilometers, the main role is played by atomic oxygen ions, and starting from altitudes lying between one and two thousand kilometers, hydrogen ions predominate in the ionosphere. The extent of the outermost region of the Earth’s ionized gas shell, the so-called hydrogen “corona,” is very large.

Processing the results of measurements carried out on the first Soviet space rockets showed that at altitudes from approximately 50 to 75 thousand kilometers outside the outer radiation belt Flows of electrons with energies exceeding 200 electron volts were discovered. This allowed us to assume the existence of a third outermost belt of charged particles with a high flux intensity, but lower energy. After the launch of the American Pioneer V space rocket in March 1960, data were obtained that confirmed our assumptions about the existence of a third belt of charged particles. This belt is apparently formed as a result of the penetration of solar corpuscular flows into the peripheral regions of the Earth's magnetic field.

New data were obtained regarding the spatial location of the Earth's radiation belts, and an area of ​​increased radiation was discovered in the southern part Atlantic Ocean, which is associated with the corresponding magnetic terrestrial anomaly. In this district bottom line The Earth's internal radiation belt drops to 250 - 300 kilometers from the Earth's surface.

The flights of the second and third satellites provided new information that made it possible to map the distribution of radiation by ion intensity above the surface globe. (The speaker demonstrates this map to the audience).

For the first time, currents created by positive ions included in solar corpuscular radiation were recorded outside the Earth's magnetic field at distances of the order of hundreds of thousands of kilometers from the Earth, using three-electrode charged particle traps installed on Soviet space rockets. In particular, on the automatic interplanetary station launched towards Venus, traps were installed oriented towards the Sun, one of which was intended to record solar corpuscular radiation. February 17, during a communication session with automatic interplanetary station, its passage through a significant flow of corpuscles (with a density of the order of 10 9 particles per square centimeter per second). This observation coincided with the observation of a magnetic storm. Such experiments open the way to establishing quantitative relationships between geomagnetic disturbances and the intensity of solar corpuscular flows. On the second and third satellites, the radiation hazard caused by cosmic radiation outside the Earth's atmosphere was studied in quantitative terms. The same satellites were used for research chemical composition primary cosmic radiation. The new equipment installed on the satellite ships included a photoemulsion device designed to expose and develop stacks of thick-film emulsions directly on board the ship. The results obtained are of great scientific value for elucidating the biological influence of cosmic radiation.

Flight technical problems

Next, the speaker focused on a number of significant problems that ensured the organization of human flight into space. First of all, it was necessary to resolve the issue of methods for launching a heavy ship into orbit, for which it was necessary to have powerful rocket technology. We have created such a technique. However, it was not enough to inform the ship of a speed exceeding the first cosmic speed. It was also necessary high accuracy launching the ship into a pre-calculated orbit.

It should be borne in mind that the requirements for the accuracy of orbital movement will increase in the future. This will require movement correction using special propulsion systems. Related to the problem of trajectory correction is the problem of maneuvering a directional change in the flight trajectory of a spacecraft. Maneuvers can be carried out with the help of impulses transmitted by a jet engine in individual specially selected sections of trajectories, or with the help of thrust that lasts for a long time, for the creation of which electric jet engines (ion, plasma) are used.

Examples of maneuvers include transition to a higher orbit, transition to an orbit entering the dense layers of the atmosphere for braking and landing in a given area. The latter type of maneuver was used when landing Soviet satellite ships with dogs on board and when landing the Vostok satellite.

To carry out a maneuver, perform a number of measurements and for other purposes, it is necessary to ensure stabilization of the satellite ship and its orientation in space, maintained for a certain period of time or changed according to a given program.

Turning to the problem of returning to Earth, the speaker focused on following questions: speed braking, protection from heating when moving in dense layers of the atmosphere, ensuring landing in a given area.

The braking of the spacecraft, necessary to dampen the cosmic speed, can be carried out either using a special powerful propulsion system, or by braking the apparatus in the atmosphere. The first of these methods requires very large reserves of weight. Using atmospheric resistance for braking allows you to get by with relatively little additional weight.

The complex of problems associated with the development of protective coatings during braking of a vehicle in the atmosphere and the organization of the entry process with overloads acceptable for the human body represents a complex scientific and technical problem.

The rapid development of space medicine has put on the agenda the issue of biological telemetry as the main means medical supervision and scientific medical research during space flight. The use of radio telemetry leaves a specific imprint on the methodology and technology of biomedical research, since a number of special requirements are imposed on the equipment placed on board spacecraft. This equipment must have a very light weight, small dimensions. It should be designed for minimal energy consumption. In addition, the onboard equipment must operate stably during the active phase and during descent, when vibrations and overloads are present.

Sensors designed to convert physiological parameters into electrical signals must be miniature and designed for long-term operation. They should not create inconvenience for the astronaut.

The widespread use of radio telemetry in space medicine forces researchers to pay serious attention to the design of such equipment, as well as to matching the volume of information necessary for transmission with the capacity of radio channels. Since the new challenges facing space medicine, will lead to further deepening of research, to the need for a significant increase in the number of registered parameters, and the introduction of systems that store information and coding methods will be required.

In conclusion, the speaker focused on the question of why for the first space travel The option of orbiting the Earth was chosen. This option represented a decisive step towards the conquest of outer space. They provided research into the issue of the influence of flight duration on a person, solved the problem of controlled flight, the problem of controlling the descent, entering the dense layers of the atmosphere and safely returning to Earth. Compared to this, the flight recently carried out in the USA seems of little value. It could be important as an intermediate option for checking a person’s condition during the acceleration stage, during overloads during descent; but after Yu. Gagarin’s flight there was no longer a need for such a check. In this version of the experiment, the element of sensation certainly prevailed. The only value of this flight can be seen in testing the operation of the developed systems that ensure entry into the atmosphere and landing, but, as we have seen, testing similar systems developed here in the Soviet Union for more difficult conditions, was reliably carried out even before the first human space flight. Thus, the achievements achieved in our country on April 12, 1961 cannot be compared in any way with what has been achieved so far in the United States.

And no matter how hard, the academician says, people abroad who are hostile to the Soviet Union try to belittle the successes of our science and technology with their fabrications, the whole world evaluates these successes properly and sees how much our country has pulled ahead along the path technical progress. I personally witnessed the delight and admiration that was caused by the news of the historic flight of our first cosmonaut among the broad masses of the Italian people.

The flight was extremely successful

Report on biological problems space flights were made by academician N. M. Sissakyan. He described the main stages in the development of space biology and summed up some of the results of scientific biological research related to space flights.

The speaker cited the medical and biological characteristics of Yu. A. Gagarin's flight. In the cabin, barometric pressure was maintained within 750 - 770 millimeters of mercury, air temperature - 19 - 22 degrees Celsius, relative humidity - 62 - 71 percent.

In the pre-launch period, approximately 30 minutes before the launch of the spacecraft, the heart rate was 66 per minute, the respiratory rate was 24. Three minutes before the launch, some emotional stress manifested itself in an increase in heart rate to 109 beats per minute, breathing continued to remain even and calm.

At the moment the spacecraft took off and gradually gained speed, the heart rate increased to 140 - 158 per minute, the respiratory rate was 20 - 26. Changes in physiological indicators during the active phase of the flight, according to telemetric recordings of electrocardiograms and pneimograms, were within acceptable limits. By the end of the active section, the heart rate was already 109, and the respiration rate was 18 per minute. In other words, these indicators reached the values ​​characteristic of the moment closest to the start.

During the transition to weightlessness and flight in this state, the indicators of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems consistently approached the initial values. So, already in the tenth minute of weightlessness, the pulse rate reached 97 beats per minute, breathing - 22. Performance was not impaired, movements retained coordination and the necessary accuracy.

During the descent section, during braking of the apparatus, when overloads arose again, short-term, rapidly passing periods of increased breathing were noted. However, already upon approaching the Earth, breathing became even, calm, with a frequency of about 16 per minute.

Three hours after landing, the heart rate was 68, breathing was 20 per minute, i.e., values ​​​​characteristic of a calm, normal condition Yu. A. Gagarin.

All this indicates that the flight was extremely successful, well-being and general state The astronaut's performance was satisfactory during all phases of the flight. Life support systems were working normally.

In conclusion, the speaker focused on the most important upcoming problems of space biology.

Still from the film “Another Earth”

On April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person to travel into space. His flight lasted 108 minutes. Since then, every year on April 12, our country celebrates Cosmonautics Day. This holiday is an excellent occasion to tell your child about the history of space exploration, famous astronauts and scientific research.

A colorful, cheerful and very interesting book"Cosmos", which was released in March of this year. Several facts from it are on Rambler/Family right now.

Secret words

During the first flights, astronauts communicated with the Earth using secret words so that no one can guess how everything goes. These words were the names of flowers, fruits and trees. For example, cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov, in case of increased radiation, had to signal: “Banana!” For Valentina Tereshkova (the first female cosmonaut), the password “Oak” meant that the braking engine was working well, and “Elm” meant that the engine was not working.

Spacewalk

The next task after Gagarin's flight was a spacewalk. Alexey Leonov was the first to do this during his flight on the Voskhod-2 spacecraft. Then no one knew how to behave correctly in zero gravity. Having entered space, Leonov pushed off from the airlock and was violently spun, but the safety rope held the astronaut. Another problem awaited him: the suit suddenly became very inflated, and Leonov could not return to the ship. He simply did not fit into the hatch until he reduced the air pressure in the suit. Because of this, the spacewalk did not last 12 minutes, as planned, but twice as long.

Gravity and cosmic velocities

A space flight

Spaceports are built as close to the equator as possible so that the rocket can use the force of the Earth's rotation during takeoff. This is important because it is very difficult to fly into space. Massive cosmic bodies, such as planets, hold everything around them with enormous force. To fly away from the Earth to a distance from which it cannot pull you back, you need to gain a second escape velocity.

At the first escape velocity it is impossible to fly away from the Earth, but it is possible to enter a near-Earth orbit and revolve around our planet without falling or flying away. This is exactly what all artificial Earth satellites do, including the ISS.

ISS

Construction of the International Space Station (ISS) began in 1998, and the first astronauts settled on it on October 31, 2000. The ISS took 10 years to assemble as a huge, complex and very expensive construction kit. Its length is 110 meters. Six people live and work on the ISS at the same time. ISS in in every sense this word - international station, 23 countries are participating in this project. The ISS orbits the Earth 16 times per day, so astronauts see 16 sunrises and sunsets.

Record-breaking astronauts

It is very difficult to ensure the existence of an astronaut on an orbital station. The crews stayed at the first stations for no more than a month, but now they live on the ISS for six months. The longest flight in the world was made by Valery Polyakov - 438 days (14 months) in a row at the Mir station. And the world record for staying in space belongs to Gennady Padalka - during five flights he spent 878 days (2 years and 5 months) in orbit.

Weightlessness

Still from the movie "Gravity"

Still from the movie "Gravity"

In zero gravity, a lot changes. For example, the distance between the vertebrae increases and people grow taller. There was a case when a person became 10.5 cm taller! It’s also very easy to move around in zero gravity - astronauts simply fly inside the space station. Therefore, muscles lose strength and bones become fragile. The leg muscles suffer the most. In order not to forget how to walk, astronauts take vitamins and exercise every day. They train on a treadmill, to which they are held by ropes so as not to fly away.

Photos from space

Spacecraft fly high above the Earth, but from them you can clearly see everything that is happening on the planet - as if in front of you is a living map. Many satellites constantly photograph the Earth and thereby help draw maps, forecast the weather, warn about storms and volcanic eruptions, observe the migrations of animals and fish, and monitor environmental pollution. Photos from space are also used for agricultural, environmental and many other purposes.

Landing

Many astronauts say that the descent leaves the most vivid impressions of the entire space flight. Through the porthole they see the flames that engulf the ship as it passes through the dense layers of the atmosphere. The ship is lowered to Earth using a large parachute, but it does not open immediately so as not to cause too strong a jerk. First, a very small parachute opens, it pulls out a second, larger one, and only then the main large parachute opens. The entire parachute descent takes 15 minutes.

Recovery

Immediately after the astronaut returns to Earth, the recovery course begins. This takes as much time as a person spent in orbit, and sometimes more. You need to relearn how to balance, train your muscles and strengthen your heart.

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Books

• Space Exploration, Liz Barneu. Space has always fascinated me and made me dream. But it was only in the middle of the 20th century that the first astronauts finally flew into space. Atlas "Space Exploration" takes us into incredible adventure…
• , <не указано>. The publication includes sections: - Ten the most important terms- Earth's atmosphere - Important dates space exploration - Getting to the moon - The first man in space - The first man on…

(Shorygina T.A. For children O space And Yuri Gagarin - first astronaut Earth: Conversations, leisure, stories. -M.:Sfera, 2014.-128s.)

The first great step of humanity is to

fly out behind atmosphere and become a satellite of the Earth. Rest

relatively easily, even to the point of moving away from our solar system.

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky

Program content:introduce children to the history of space exploration and the achievements of scientists ( Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky,Sergei Pavlovich Korolev) in the field of space exploration. Expand children's understanding of space technology (artificial satellites, orbital space stations ,spacesuits, spaceship). To develop and maintain children's interest in pilots-cosmonauts ( Yu. Gagarin, V. Tereshkova and others.), admire them heroic deeds. To cultivate a sense of pride that the world's first astronaut was a citizen of our country.

PROGRESS OF THE CONVERSATION

Since ancient times, people have dreamed of flying like birds.

The heroes of fairy tales and ancient legends rode to the skies on everything: golden chariots, fast arrows, even bats!

Remember what the heroes of your favorite fairy tales flew on.

Right! Aladzin flew on a magic flying carpet, Baba Yaga rushed over the earth in a mortar, Ivanushka was carried on the wings of geese-swans.

Centuries passed, and people managed to conquer the airspace of the Earth. First they rose into the sky on balloons and airships, later they began to ply air ocean on airplanes and helicopters.

But humanity dreamed of flights not only in the air, but also in outer space, about which the great Russian scientist and poet Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov said this:

The abyss has opened, the stars are full, the stars have no number, the abyss has its bottom!

The mysterious starry abyss of space attracted people, calling them to look into it and solve its mysteries!

Once upon a time great scientist, founder of the science of astronautics - Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky , said: “Humanity will not remain on Earth, it will conquer the circumsolar space.”

“But a person will fly, relying not on the strength of his muscles, but on the strength of his mind,” the scientist added to what was said.

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky began to study astronautics in those distant times when people had not even properly mastered the Earth’s airspace: there were no powerful airplanes, no helicopters, no rockets. He was ahead of his time by many decades!

The fate of this remarkable Russian scientist is unusual.

He was born on September 5, 1857 into a poor family in Izhevsk. Kostya grew up as a cheerful, cheerful, mischievous boy. He loved to climb fences with his friends, play blind man's buff and hide and seek, and fly a paper kite into the sky.

One day, Kostya’s mother gave Kostya a balloon filled with light gas. The boy attached a box to it, put a beetle in it and sent the ballooning beetle flying.

Kostya loved to fantasize and come up with amazing stories: either he imagined himself as an extraordinary strongman, capable of lifting the Earth, or as a tiny midget man.

When the boy was 11 years old, he became seriously ill and lost his hearing. After his illness, Kostya was no longer able to study at a regular school, and his mother began to study with him.

A few years later, the boy found textbooks in his father’s library and began to study on his own.

Then his father sent him to Moscow. In the capital, young Tsiolkovsky spent hours in libraries, studying physics, mathematics, chemistry and other sciences. In those years, his ability to invent and inclination towards exact sciences clearly manifested itself.

From his early youth, the future scientist was interested in space flights. And all later life he dedicated to the creation of the theory of astronautics.

Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich (1857-1935) - Russian scientist and inventor, founder of modern cosmonautics.

Dear Guys! Let's think together about what we can use to fly into space? Neither an airplane nor a helicopter are suitable for such flights! After all, planes and helicopters need to rely on air to fly. But in space, as you know, there is no air! Tsiolkovsky proved that mastering space only possible with a rocket! He developed the theory of the rocket apparatus, proposed using liquid fuel for it, thought through the structure of the structure and derived the basic formula for its movement.

This remarkable scientist vividly painted in his imagination the whole picture of space flight. He suggested that people would soon launch Earth satellites into space, and spaceships would fly to other planets in the solar system. In addition, he predicted that there would be a real space home permanently located in outer space, where astronauts would live for a long time, doing research.

All the scientist’s ideas came to life! They revolve around the Earth artificial satellites , created orbital space stations where they live and workastronauts, people study other planets: the Moon, Mars, Venus... Listen to how Tsiolkovsky imagined the state of weightlessness in the cabin of a spaceship:

“All objects not attached to the rocket have come out of their places and are hanging in the air, not touching anything. We ourselves also do not touch the floor and accept any position: we stand on the floor, on the ceiling, and on the wall.

The oil, shaken out of the bottle, takes the shape of a ball; we break it into parts and get a group of small balls.”

When you read these terms, it seems that the scientist himself has been to space and experienced a state of weightlessness!

Astronauts aboard the International Space Station talk about the manifestation of the laws of physics in conditions of weightlessness.

And here is how he describes the orbital space station: “We need special housing - safe, bright, with the desired temperature, with oxygen, an influx of food, with amenities for living and working.”

Orbital stations. Space

The last years of his life, the founder of astronautics lived in the city of Kaluga.

Video recording of a fragment of an excursion at the State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics in Kaluga - a story about the rocket project developed by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky in 1911, using the example of an electrified model built according to the author's drawings and drawings.

One day, the future famous designer came to see the scientist. interplanetary spacecraft Sergei Pavlovich Korolev . Korolev read Tsiolkovsky’s works with enthusiasm and dreamed of creating an interplanetary rocket. Sergei was still very young, heIt was only twenty-four years. Tsiolkovsky warmly received the young man. Sergei Pavlovich said that the goal of his life is to “break through to the stars.” Tsiolkovsky smiled and answered: “This is a very difficult matter, young man, believe me, an old man. It will require knowledge, perseverance and many years, maybe a lifetime...”

Korolev later wrote: “I left him with one thought - to build rockets and fly them. The whole meaning of my life has become one thing - to break through to the stars.” And he succeeded brilliantly! was created by Korolev Jet Research Institute , in which projects of interplanetary aircraft were created. Under his leadership, powerful rockets for launching artificial satellites were built here.

Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, who for many years was simply called the Chief Designer, managed to bring Tsiolkovsky’s ideas to life.

In 1957, on October 4, an event occurred that shocked the whole world - it was launched first artificial earth satellite .

It was the first man-made object that did not fall to the Earth, but began to revolve around it.

What was it like? Earth satellite ?

It was a small ball with a diameter of about 60 cm, equipped with a radio transmitter and four antennas.

All radio and television companies in the world interrupted their broadcasts to hear his signals coming from deep space to Earth!

Since then Russian word"satellite " entered the dictionaries of many peoples.

Scientists dreamed of human flight into space. But first they decided to test the safety of flights on our faithful four-legged helpers - dogs.

For test flights, they chose not purebred dogs, but ordinary mongrels - after all, they are hardy, unpretentious, and intelligent.

At first, future four-legged astronauts were trained for a long time. For this, engineers designed a special camera.

The very first dogs , rising in a rocket to a height of 110 km, name Gypsy and Desik . Both “cosmonauts” landed safely. Korolev was very happy about his luck, caressed the dogs, and treated them to delicious food.

Many dogs have flown into space more than once. They got used to being dressed in overalls and being attached to the cabin with belts.

Most dogs were brave, but one day a cowardly dog ​​rose into outer space, but he just had a nickname - Brave!

Bold was afraid to go into space the second time. In the evening before the flight, the dogs were taken out for a walk, as always. As soon as the laboratory assistant unfastened the leash, Bold rushed away. He ran far into the steppe and did not respond to the call, as if he felt that he would have to fly tomorrow morning.

What was to be done?

I had to choose one small dog from the dogs that always walked near the dining room. They fed him, washed him, trimmed his fur and dressed him in overalls

The launch went smoothly and the dog returned safely to Earth.

But Chief designer Nevertheless, he noticed the substitution and asked what the dog’s name was.

The employees answered him: “ Zeeb!

What a strange nickname! - Korolev was surprised. Then they explained to him that it stands for: “Spare for the missing bobby.” (When the flight was over, the sly dog ​​Bold returned to the squad as if nothing had happened!

The tests continued. Special ones have been made for dogs. spacesuits made of rubberized fabric And helmets made of transparent plastic.

They began to prepare the dogs for long flight into outer space. It was necessary to create for four-legged astronauts nutritional mixture , provide the cabin with air.

“Once a day, from under the tray in which the dog lay, abox filled with specially prepared dough-likemixture: this is both food and drink. The dogs were trained in advance to eat such foods and quench their thirst” (A. Dobrovolsky).

In 1960, on August 19, the Vostok spacecraft was launched with two four-legged cosmonauts - Squirrel And Arrow . These cute little dogs spent 22 hours in space. During this time, the spacecraft orbited the Earth 18 times.

In addition to dogs, there were mice and rats and plant seeds on board the ship.

Everyone returned safely to Earth. And in March 1961, other travelers went on a space flight - dogs Chernushka And Star .

The first space heroes... Space conquerors!

Photos of all these brave dogs spread all over the world.

Finally everything was ready for human spaceflight.

In 1961, on April 12th low-Earth orbit was withdrawn spaceship "Vostok". It was piloted by the world's first astronaut.

Do you know his name?

Right! The very first cosmonaut on Earth - Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin.

Archival video of Yuri Gagarin's flight.

This brave young man was the first of all people living on the planet to see the Earth from space.

And she seemed beautiful to him!

First cosmonaut

On a spaceship

He flew in interplanetary darkness,

Having made a revolution around the Earth.

And the ship was called "Vostok"

Everyone knows and loves him,

He was young, strong, brave.

We remember his kind look,

With a squint,

His name was Gagarin Yura.

How did a simple Russian boy become an astronaut?

Yuri Gagarin was born on March 9, 1934 in the Smolensk region. In 1941, the boy went to school, but the war interrupted his studies. Listen to the story of writer Yuri Nagibin about the first school day Yuri Gagarin.

After the war, the Gagarins settled in the city of Gzhatsk. The family was friendly and hardworking.

Yura studied well, was a capable, diligent and efficient boy.

In his youth, he became interested in sports, attended a flying club, studied the design of airplanes, and jumped with a parachute.

The sky attracted the talented young man! He finished aviation school and became a military pilot. Already at this time, Yuri dreamed of flying into space. When he learned that a cosmonaut corps was being created, he wrote an application asking to be accepted into this corps.

Soon Yuri Gagarin was accepted into the cosmonaut corps. Long and difficult training began.

What qualities do you think an astronaut should have?

Right! He must be brave, trained, strong! health and strong will, distinguished by intelligence and hard work.

Yuri Gagarin had all these qualities!

Eyewitnesses recall that “when the first cosmonaut, after the flight, was driving through the streets of Moscow in an open car, thousands and thousands of people came out to meet him. Everywhere there was joy and rejoicing, shouts of joy and heartfelt hugs.”

People recalled that Yuri Gagarin “emanated some waves of cheerfulness and creative optimism.”

How was Yuri Gagarin's flight?

The weight of the Vostok ship on which the flight took place was 4730 kg. The flight began in the morning - at 9:00 am and took place at an altitude of about 200 km above the Earth. On launch pad The future cosmonaut was seen off by engineers, designers, doctors, and friends.

The Chief Designer, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, was very worried. After all, he loved Yuri like his own son!

Before stepping towards the rocket, Yuri exclaimed: “Guys! One for all and all for one!"

And when the rocket rushed into the sky, Yuri Gagarin shouted the word that became famous: “Po-e-ha-li!”

“He saw through the window the blue Earth and a completely black sky. Bright unblinking stars looked at him. No inhabitant of the Earth has ever seen this,” journalist Yaroslav Golovanov wrote about Gagarin’s flight.

This is how Yuri Alekseevich himself described his flight: “The rocket engines were turned on at 9:07 am. I was literally pushed into the chair. As soon as Vostok broke through the dense layers of the atmosphere, I saw the Earth. The ship was flying over a wide Siberian river. The islands on it and the wooded shores illuminated by the sun were clearly visible. He looked first at the sky, then at the Earth. Clearly differentiated mountain ranges, large lakes. The most beautiful sight was the horizon - a stripe painted with all the colors of the rainbow, dividing the Earth in light sun rays from the black sky.

The convexity and roundness of the Earth was noticeable. It seemed that she was all surrounded by a halo of soft blue color, which through turquoise, blue and violet turns to blue-black...”

Yuri Gagarin brought glory to our Motherland. We are with you Dear Guys, we can be proud of him.

Man has returned from space!

Cities, streets, squares and even flowers were named in honor of the first cosmonaut of the Earth! A variety of tulips was developed in Holland and named “Yuri Gagarin”.

There was not a single newspaper or magazine in the world that would not have published a portrait of the first cosmonaut on the planet. Everyone remembers the 2nd’s charming face, open smile, clear gaze.

Every year on April 12, our country celebrates a wonderful holiday - Cosmonautics Day.

Since then, many astronauts have been in space.

On April 12, the whole world celebrates Aviation and Cosmonautics Day. Every year on this day, humanity remembers the historical 108 minutes with which the era of manned astronautics began - April 12, 1961 citizen Soviet Union Senior Lieutenant Yuri Gagarin on the Vostok spacecraft made the world's first orbital flight around the Earth. How the flight went from start to finish - in video infographics.

In 1963, on June 16, the Vostok-6 spacecraft was launched into Earth satellite orbit. It was piloted by the world's first female cosmonaut, Valentina Tereshkova. Valya became an astronaut thanks to parachuting, which she became interested in in her youth, practicing at the Yaroslavl flying club.

Then Valya was accepted into the cosmonaut corps, and was prepared for a long time and seriously for a responsible flight.

Her ship Vostok-6 made 48 orbits around the Earth and landed successfully.

Valentina Tereshkova is an extraordinary, brave, determined woman! She can jump with a parachute and fly a jet plane and a spaceship.

For the duration of the flight she was given the call sign “Chaika”. Swift, brave, she really looks like a seagull.

The first cosmonaut to go into outer space was Alexei Leonov. Impressed by his flight, he painted wonderful paintings in which he depicted the Earth and outer space.

For long-term work in space, scientists created space orbital stations where several astronauts could work at once.

Artificial satellites of the Earth still keep their watch in space day after day. They are equipped with many complex instruments and monitor the Sun, stars, and atmosphere.

With the help of satellites, you can predict the weather, provide television and telephone communications.

Over the 50 years of the space age, more than 3,000 artificial Earth satellites were launched.

Scientists have also created spacecraft that make long-distance flights without human participation. They are usually called automatic stations . Such stations explored the Moon, Mars, Venus, Mercury and other planets.

Tsiolkovsky once called the Earth the “cradle” of reason, but added that “... you cannot live forever in a cradle.”

Man strives to leave the “cradle” in order to explore the endless space of space!

Who is considered the founder of astronautics?

Tell us about Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky. Who is called the Chief Designer of spacecraft?

Tell us about Sergei Pavlovich Korolev.

Tell us about the dogs that have been in space.

What was the name of the world's first astronaut?

Tell us about Yuri Gagarin.

What was the name of the world's first female astronaut? Which astronaut was the first to go into outer space?

How artificial satellites help people dyam?

Museum of the History of Cosmonautics.
The State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics is the most famous landmark of Kaluga. The museum is named after Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, the scientist who “rocked the cradle of astronautics.” It is not surprising that the first stone in this huge white Art Nouveau building, which from a distance resembles a rocket, was laid by the first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. On the territory of the museum there is a duplicate of the Vostok launch vehicle - the first spacecraft.
Of course, even before our trip to Kaluga, we planned to go to this museum. The director of the museum and his employees kindly agreed to give us a free tour.
We learned how difficult it is to do everything in space, even get a drink or put on a T-shirt. (This action can take more than two hours.) In addition to large complex machines: lunar rovers, rockets, various stations, descent vehicles, we saw small tubes with food for astronauts. We were surprised by the space tools: a hammer, a screwdriver... The guide explained to us that if we use an ordinary earthly screwdriver to screw in a screw, for example, then it will not be the screwdriver in the astronaut’s hands that will spin, but the astronaut around the screwdriver.
Yes, now we know for sure that many scientific achievements, the technical innovations that we use so widely were given to us thanks to the hard work of astronauts.
State treasury educational institution Vladimir region“Special (correctional) general education boarding school in Vladimir for blind and visually impaired children

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On April 12, our country celebrates “Cosmonautics Day”. On this day in 1961 Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin made the first flight into space. And the first flight not only in our country, but on our entire planet.

Let's talk about how this flight was prepared and took place and how much effort scientists and designers around the world put into space exploration.

How it all began

Back at the end of the 19th century, the Russian scientist Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky dreamed of exploring outer space. He drew up astronomical drawings and designed an instrument to study the effect of gravity on a living organism.

At the beginning of the 20th century (in 1903) K.E. Tsiolkovsky published the work “Exploration of world spaces using reactive instruments.” In this scientific work Tsiolkovsky not only spoke about the possibility of human penetration into space, but also gave detailed description delivery vehicles - rockets: laws of motion, principles of design and control. This was the beginning of theoretical rocket science.

The founder of practical rocket science is a Soviet scientist, designer and organizer of the production of rocket and space technology.

As a young aircraft designer, S.P. Korolev became acquainted with Tsiolkovsky and his works. After this, Korolev became interested in rocket science. He became the chief designer Design Bureau who created the first intercontinental missiles.

In 1955, under the leadership of S.P. Korolev began the development of perfect three-stage and four-stage carriers for the implementation of manned flights and launches of automatic space stations.

On October 4, 1957, the first artificial earth satellite was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. It was spherical in shape and had two transmitters installed on it, continuously emitting radio signals. Thus, radio amateurs around the world could hear the satellite signals.

With the launch of the first space satellite was open space age in the history of mankind.

After the launch of the first satellite, satellites for scientific, economic and defense purposes began to be developed and launched. Under the leadership of S.P. Queen is developing spacecraft for flight to the Moon.

In 1960, a spaceship was sent into space with living beings on board. These were the dogs Belka and Strelka. The flight was successful, the dogs returned to Earth alive and healthy.

First cosmonaut

In 1961 S.P. Korolev creates the first manned spacecraft, Vostok 1. On this ship, the world's first cosmonaut, Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin, makes a flight around the earth.

Korolev treats the health of the first cosmonaut with caution, and the first manned spacecraft makes only one revolution around the globe, because no one knew then how prolonged weightlessness and open space would affect a person.

On April 12, 1961, the Vostok-1 spacecraft successfully launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, flew around the Earth and landed successfully. Since then, for 55 years now, we have been celebrating Cosmonautics Day on this day.

Since then, many spaceships with people on board have been launched, not only in our country, but also in other countries of the world, but for all times our country will remain the first space power.

Deep space

Since the flight of the first cosmonaut, space exploration has begun to develop by leaps and bounds, not only in our country, but also in other countries of the world. Man went into outer space, flew to the moon and landed on it, space stations studied Mars, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn and their satellites.

Automatic space stations Voyager 1 And Voyager 2, launched by the space agency NASA in 1977, made its largest flight, flying past most of the planets in our solar system. Flying past the asteroid belt, they photographed Jupiter and its moons and went to Saturn.

Having approached Saturn, Voyager 1 deviated from the ecliptic plane (the plane within which all the planets of the Solar System are located) and flew into open space. Voyager 2 photographed Saturn and its moons and was deflected by the giant planet's gravity onto a trajectory towards the planets Uranus and Neptune. Having flown by and photographed Neptune and its moons, Voyager 2 set off beyond the solar system towards the distant star Ross 248.

Now most of the instruments on Voyagers are turned off, but to this day they transmit scientific data to Earth.