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Verbs PAAL - exceptions
Exception verbs are verbs in which one of the root letters is glottal, or the root consists of two letters rather than three.Exercises for memorizing words from this table |
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| 1. Find the correct answer among the five proposed: Russian -> transliteration of Hebrew words | 2. Write the correct answer yourself: Russian -> transliteration of Hebrew words |
Binyan PAAL - present, past, future
Here is a table of verb tenses PAAL using the example of a verb, which in the infinitive sounds like lishmore, and means guard.
About the imperative mood
Let us repeat in a nutshell what we already know about imperative mood: it can be built in one of the following ways:1. Coincides with the future tense ( masculine - Tishmore! plural - Tishmaru! but in the feminine singular. differently - tishmary!)
2. The prefix " is removed you" (Shmor!).
It is created in the same way imperative mood and for the rest of the binyans.
More about exceptions
Exception verbs are verbs in which at least one of the root letters is glottal, or verbs whose root at first glance consists of only two letters. In the present, past and future tenses, their sound is slightly different from the sound of a classical verb with a regular three-letter root and without glottal radicals.Just take a look at the table in the next post and try to find patterns. In particular, highlight a group of verbs like , , , in which the third radical hey. Notice how they look in the past and future tenses.
If you look at a verb in one of its forms and it seems to you that its root has only two letters, then this means one of the following options:
1. There is one more root letter, the first one, and this is noon(as in the verb -).
2. There is one more root letter, the first one, and this is yud(as in the verb -).
3. You see the first and third root letters in front of you, and there is also a second one, and this wav(as in the verb –)
4. You see the first and third root letters in front of you, and there is also a second one, and this yud(as in the verb –)
In the following table I have given only the forms for the first person, so as not to clutter this tutorial with continuous “scary” tables. You can easily form other faces if you remember the table above correct verb lishmore.
Frequently used exception verbs related to binyanu PAAL
To make sure that each exception verb is not at all on its own, but, on the contrary, the exceptions, in turn, are composed according to their own own rules, take a little look at this table. Let's highlight several groups of irregular verbs:
1. The first three verbs are , , . In a “purely radical” form, i.e. in past tense, 3rd person, m.r. – , , . It seems at first glance that these verbs have only two root letters. But it turns out that this is not so - it’s just that in the first two of them the radical fell out in the middle wav, and in the third – radical yud. Notice how these verbs change in gender, number and tense.
2. The next three verbs – , , – are also very similar to each other. The “pure root” form is , , . Notice what happens in persons, genders and tenses with similar verbs, which are united by the fact that they have a third radical letter - hey.
3. If the first letter of the root yud, hey or noon, then it disappears in the infinitive and in the future tense. Examples – , , .
Still Hebrew - amazing language. Those who are not closely acquainted with him are sure that nothing could be more complicated. Well, maybe Arabic and Japanese. I once thought so myself. But after just a couple of lessons I learned to read these letters, which are scary at first glance. Another surprise was the logical and flexible grammar system. I assure you, English is many times more difficult.
I know that some of you... So I decided to give him more space on the blog. For example, in this article we will conduct a short Hebrew lesson where we will examine general information about verbs. Let's find out what binyans are, how you can understand the meaning of a word by knowing its root, let's talk about agreement and tenses. It is advisable that you already read a little Hebrew, since in the article I give examples of verbs and their conjugations.
If you want to start quickly, train now. Try to understand the logic of conjugations and word formation, immediately compose your examples in writing and out loud, and also apply new knowledge in speech.
Verb agreement by person and number
The form of verbs in Hebrew varies depending on the gender, number and person of the subject or speaker. That is, as in Russian, there is 1st person (I, we), 2nd person (you, you), 3rd person (they, you, he, she).
For example, a man says the phrase “I am writing” אני כותב , and the woman אני כותבת , the phrase "we write" אנחנו כותבים - the men say, אנחנו כותבות - women.
Verb roots in Hebrew
An important role in Hebrew grammar is played by the root of the word, which usually consists of 3 or (rarely) 4 letters. It constitutes the so-called base, from which, with the help of prefixes, suffixes or endings, the verb and words with the same root of other parts of speech are formed. Knowing the meaning of a root or at least one word with it, it is possible to guess the pronunciation and spelling of words with the same root.
For example, "teach" ללמוד , "classes" לימודים , "student" תלמיד , "teach" ללמד (and further long list similar words) are formed from the root ל.מ.ד , which means "study", "learning".
What are binyanas
Verbs in Hebrew are divided into 7 groups called binyans. Each verb is conjugated according to one of these 7 principles. It is enough to know the infinitive, practice conjugating several examples for some time, and you will be able to conjugate any verb automatically.
Since the topic is voluminous, we will look at each binyan in more detail in subsequent articles, if you are interested (let me know in the comments).
- Binyan pa'al- means simple action, active voice, forms the basis for almost all others verb forms. Example: "check" לבדוק (livdok).
- binyan nif'al - passive form Binyana pa'al.
- binyan pi'el- means intense action, active voice. Example: "talk" לדבר (ledaber).
- Binyan pu'al- passive form of binyan pi'el.
- binyan hif'il- means a cause-and-effect effect in active voice. Example: "invite, order" להזמין (leazmin).
- Binyan huf'al- passive form of binyan hif'il.
- Binyan hitpa'el - return form verb, intense action. Example: "get married" להתחתן (lehithaten).
Hebrew verb tenses
Verbs in Hebrew are conjugated in 3 grammatical tenses(present, past, future). Only 3 times! Not like in English, right?))
Use the Hebrew-Verbs service to conjugate Hebrew verbs.
As I noted above, verbs are conjugated according to their binyan, and also agree in gender and number in their subjects. Let's remember the pronouns in Hebrew and look at some examples of verb conjugation in different tenses.
Pronouns
| I - אני
(ani) you (m.p.) - אתה (ata) you (female) - את (at) He - הוא (hu) she - היא (hi) | They - אנחנו
(anakhnu) you (m.p.) - אתם (atem) you (f.) - אתן (aten) they (m.p.) - הם (hem) they (female) - הן (hen) |
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Example tables
I have a whole notebook where I used to write down verb conjugations. Now I conjugate most of them right away (if this is an oral conversation) or check them on a special website (when I need to clarify the spelling). But it is useful for beginners to write down the forms of verbs in order to see overall picture conjugations in all tenses, persons and numbers. Let's see how this can be done using examples.
- The verb "to think" is לחשוב (lakhshov), binyan pa"al, root ח.ש.ב.
| future | past | the present | person and number |
|---|---|---|---|
| אחשוב | חשבתי | חושב | אני (m.r.) |
| אחשוב | חשבתי | חושבת | אני (female) |
| תחשוב | חשבת | חושב | אתה |
| תחשבי | חשבת | חושבת | את |
| יחשוב | חשב | חושב | הוא |
| תחשוב | חשבה | חושבת | היא |
| נחשוב | חשבנו | חושבים | אנחנו (m.r.) |
| נחשוב | חשבנו | חושבות | אנחנו (female) |
| תחשבו | חשבתם | חושבים | אתם |
| תחשבו | חשבתן | חושבות | אתן |
| יחשבו | חשבו | חושבים | הם |
| יחשבו | חשבו | חושבות | הן |
- Verb "to miss someone/something" - להתגעגע (lehitgaagea), binyan hitpa"el, root ג .ע.ג.ע.
| future | past | the present | infinitive and root |
|---|---|---|---|
| אתגעגע | התגעגעתי | מתגעגע | אני (m.r.) |
| אתגעגע | התגעגעתי | מתגעגעת | אני (female) |
| תתגעגע | התגעגעת | מתגעגע | אתה |
| תתגעגעי | התגעגעת | מתגעגעת | את |
| יתגעגי | התגעגע | מתגעגע | הוא |
| תתגעגע | התגעגעה | מתגעגעת | היא |
| נתגעגע | התגעגענו | מתגעגעים | אנחנו (m.r.) |
| נתגעגע | התגעגענו | מתגעגעות | אנחנו (female) |
| תתגעגעו | התגעגעתם | מתגעגעים | אתם |
| תתגעגעו | התגעגעתן | מתגעגעות | אתן |
| יתגעגעו | התגעגעתם | מתגעגעים | הם |
| יתגעגעו | התגעגעתן | מתגעגעות | הן |
How and where to practice verb conjugation
- In a conversation with a native speaker, absolutely different topics. On Italki You will always find a teacher for both full-fledged lessons with grammar explanations and homework assignments, and for intensive conversation classes.
- Watching videos and reading Additional materials on the HebrewPod service, here are some examples of such lessons: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
- Fortunately, you can always quickly check the verb conjugation online on the following sites:
In this lesson we will look at the main features of Hebrew grammar. Let's make a comparison with the Russian language.
In russian language
In russian language grammatical categories are indicated using suffixes, prefixes and endings. For example: “table - dining room”. “Table” is the root, “ov” is the suffix, “y” is the ending. “Table is a table”, “ik” is a suffix. Or “table - to eat.” Here there is already a transition from the category of nouns to the category, it is carried out using complex suffix“ovatsya”, consisting of several parts (“ov”, “at”, “sya”). Or another example: “to do - to do.” The prefix "s" refers to perfect form. “Remake” - a different shade, etc.
These are the two main ways of word formation in Russian grammar - either suffixes that are placed after the root (sometimes with an ending), or prefixes that come before the root. Inside the root, nothing changes: “table - table” or “do - made - attached - remade - remade.” The root “table” in the first case and “to do” in the second does not change. Sometimes in the Russian language there is a reduction of the root, for example: “read - reading” (loss of “and”), or even a change in the vowels in the root, alternating like “swim - swim - swimmer”. But this change is not regular. In each root, all such changes occur by chance and must be learned along with the root; it is simply a variant of the root. Some roots exist in one version, some in two or three. These are remnants of past stages of language development and are nothing more than an exception to the rule of the immutability of the root.
In Hebrew
In Hebrew the situation is different. One of the ways of word formation in Hebrew is the so-called internal inflection — changing vowels within a root. Attached from outside to given root prefixes and suffixes are called external inflections, i.e. external changes(the word “flexion” in Latin means “change, bend”). The changes that will occur at the very root, in accordance with this, are called internal inflections.
Let's give an example from Hebrew. As you know, the same root, similar in meaning, having general meaning are the words לָמַד (“lamad” — taught), לוֹמֵד (“lomed” — student), מְלַמֵּד (“malamad” — teacher), לִמּוּד (“limud” — teaching), לְמַד (“lmad” — teach) etc. d. There is practically no external inflection here, in the only case there is a prefix מְ. Due to changes within the root, between its consonants ל-מ-ד, a whole series of new words or new forms are formed famous words- adjective, noun, past tense of a verb, future tense, imperative mood, etc. An unchanged part in in this case is only the combination of consonants ל-מ-ד, everything else is subject to change, except for three consonants, which form the root of these words.
Unlike the grammatical features of the Russian language, in Hebrew each of these changes is not accidental; it can occur not only in the root (למד), but also in a huge number of other roots, i.e. is of a regular nature. Let's compare: לוֹמֵד (“lomed” — teaches), כּוֹתֵב (“kotev” — writes), קוֹרֵא (“kore” — reads), שׁוֹבֵר (“shover” — breaks), חוֹשֵׁב (“hoshev”) " - thinks). We have given five examples, five different words, who have absolutely different roots (למד-כתב-קרא-שבר-חשב ), But the vowels inside them are exactly the same- “o” in the first place, between the first and second root and “e” in the second, between the second and third: “o - e”.
This combination of vowels “o - e”, placed inside the root, means one the only form is the present tense of the verb, which can be easily seen by analyzing the examples above. This ability of consonants and vowels to overlap each other without change, like a connection in which the protrusions of one link fit into the grooves of another, is called internal inflection. It turns out that not only consonants have meaning, but also vowel combinations. However, there is a division of functions between them.
If consonants denote a general meaning, carry a lexical charge, then vowels denote grammatical form, carry a grammatical charge and are completely equivalent in this sense to Russian prefixes and suffixes.
In Russian, you had to say - “reads, writes, draws, thinks” - add “et” at the end of the word, and this suffix would denote the verb in the present tense (as well as its person), and in Hebrew we insert the vowels “o” - uh" inside the root, which leads to exactly the same effect.
The principle of internal inflection is the main one structural element Jewish morphology and word formation in Hebrew. The main changes occur precisely in internal inflection. There are prefixes מִ “mi” - מִכְתָּב (“mikhtav” - letter); מְ "me" - מְלַמֵּד ("melamed" - teacher), prefix תִּ "ti" - תִּסְפֹּרֶת ("tisporet" - hairstyle), endings "an" and "he" - שֻׁלְחָן ("shulhan" - table ), שָׁעוֹן (" shaon" - hours), but there are much fewer prefixes and suffixes in Hebrew than in Russian.
If we abstract from comparisons with other languages and talk only about Hebrew itself, then a significant part, say 3/4 or more of the total volume of inflection is internal inflection, and prefixes and suffixes, i.e. elements of external inflection only slightly modify words. This creates an enormous compactness of expression in Hebrew. After all, the addition of suffixes, many of which have some kind of vowel, leads to lengthening of the word - “table, dining room”, “do, attach, attach”, etc.
In Hebrew, words of the same structure, consisting of two syllables, namely 3 consonants and 2 vowels, can have a huge number of meanings. The root itself, consisting of 3 consonants, takes virtually no time, since the main time is running on . Each combination within it is already grammatically significant.
In addition, sometimes some vowels are simply skipped, not indicated in the text, and as a result, the number of characters used to transmit a Hebrew phrase is minimal compared to other languages, at least as far as we know, in radio communications, telegraphy, etc. . Hebrew is the most preferred language, it took first place in the competition of all other languages of the world.
But for speakers of Russian, this feature of Hebrew - internal inflection, compactness - turns out to be the other side: it is unusual, it is alien to our subconscious, and therefore the most difficult to process. It is this feature, which is easy to understand, that is most difficult to make organic, to introduce into the subconscious, to bring to automatism.