A special part of speech that expresses but does not name different feelings, moods and motivations. Interjections are neither independent nor auxiliary parts of speech. Interjections are a feature conversational style, V works of art used in dialogues.
Groups of interjections by meaning
There are interjections non-derivative (well, ah, ugh, eh etc.) and derivatives, descended from independent parts speech ( Give it up! Fathers! Horror! Guard! and etc.).
Interjections do not change and are not members of the sentence . But sometimes an interjection is used as an independent part of speech. In this case, the interjection takes on a specific lexical meaning and becomes a member of the sentence. There was an “au” sound in the distance (N. Nekrasov) - “ay” is equal in meaning to the noun “cry” and is the subject. Tatyana ah! and he roars . (A. Pushkin) - the interjection “ah” is used in the meaning of the verb “gasp” and is a predicate.
We need to differentiate!
It should be distinguished from interjections onomatopoeic words . They transmit various sounds alive and inanimate nature: person ( hee hee, ha ha ), animals ( meow-meow, crow ), items ( tick-tock, ding-ding, clap, boom-boom ). Unlike interjections, onomatopoeic words do not express emotions, feelings, or motives. Onomatopoeic words usually consist of one syllable (bul, woof, drip) or repeated syllables (gul-bul, woof-woof, drip-drip - written with a hyphen).
From onomatopoeic words, words of other parts of speech are formed: meow, meow, gurgle, gurgle, giggle, giggle, etc. In a sentence, onomatopoeic words, like interjections, can be used in the meaning of independent parts of speech and be members of a sentence. The whole capital shook, and the girl hee-hee-hee yes ha-ha-ha (A. Pushkin) - “hee-hee-hee” and “ha-ha-ha” are equal in meaning to the verbs “laughed, laughed” and are predicates.
According to their structure, interjections are divided into primitives (primary) and derivatives, among which simple ones, that is, consisting of one word, and composite ones, i.e., consisting of two or more words, are distinguished.
Antiderivatives are interjections that are not correlative in modern language with no part of speech. These are words consisting, as a rule, of one to three sounds: a, aha, ay, ay, ah, ba, brr, scatter, hey, gay, and. them, on (on a pencil), but-o. well on. wow, oh, oh, whoa, whoa. ugh, uh, alas, hoo-lu-lu, ugh. uh, fi, frr, fu, ha, hee, ho, chick, uh, hey. eh, ehm. The primitives also include interjections like oh-oh-oh, ah-ah-ah, i.e. formed by repetition of the primary interjection (compare with primitive prepositions like because of).
Derived interjections are genetically correlated with parts of speech, nouns: Fathers, mothers, Lord, God, damn," verbs: hello, please excuse me, or (from Pali), say, have mercy; adverbs: out, away, down, complete, those, shh, shh, tss(the last four interjections are formed from quiet). Derivatives include combinations of a primary interjection with a particle: by the way, oh, yes, well, well, yes, come on.
Derived interjections also include borrowed words like come on, hello, fetch, atu, pli, march, hurray, tubo and etc.
Compound interjections include such combinations as my God, my righteous God, my God my God, God forbid, God forbid, God have mercy, thank God, damn it, what the hell, what the hell, damn it, go crazy, go here, here you go for you, here you go, that’s it, no matter how wrong it is for you.
Onomatopoeia
Adjacent to interjections is a special group of so-called onomatopoeic words. These are unchangeable words that sound composition conditionally imitate (conditionally reproduce) sounds made by humans, animals, objects: Meow meow(cat), Bow-wow(dog), quack quack(duck), ha-ha-ha(goose), crow(rooster), oink-oink(pig), chirp-tweet(sparrow), tick tock(watch), drip-drip(about water) bang Bang(a shot is transmitted) apchhi(corresponds to sneezing), etc.
In "Russian Grammar-80" onomatopoeic words are considered together with interjections. V.V. Vinogradov did not separate them from interjections either. They are really similar to verbal-interjective forms: a) they do not have conceptual semantics: the action is not named, but depicted, and the figurative function of onomatopoeic words is already reflected in their name; b) in a sentence they can also be a predicate (And the cuckoo cuckoo and cuckoo from the morning until the evening);
c) can precede a sentence, forming a special (figurative) statement. Wed. 1 (verb interjection) Skok-skok-skok! A young blackbird walked through the water and found a young one. 2 (onomatopoeic word) Hee hee hee yes ha ha ha! Not afraid to know sin(Pushkin); The needle crosses the tenth minute and - thin-tank - goes to a quarter past ten(Bulgakov).
There are lexemes that can simultaneously be understood both as a verbal interjection and as an onomatopoeic word. These are, for example, bam, plop, bang, pop, snap. chatter: Bam. bam! shots rang out(Chekhov), Suddenly something: smack!(Chekhov, example from “Grammar-80”), Achilles me by the coat. I turned... fuck! fuck the floor<...> (Leskov, example of V.V. Vinogradov).
However, completely verbal-interjective forms and onomatopoeic words do not coincide. First of all, unlike verbal interjections, many of them are devoid of expressive-emotional coloring. Onomatopoeia can accompany (and this is not typical for verbal interjections) the verb formed from them, as if reproducing the action named by the verb: the ducks quacked, quack-quack, and the cats meowed meow-meow-meow. the dogs barked woof-woof-woof. Onomatopoeic words, like interjections themselves (but not interjection-verbal words), are the generating base for verbs: tweet→tweet, tick→tick, meow→meow, oink→grunt, woof→bark and etc. (cf. oh→ooh, ah → gasp, ugh→ugh). Like interjections proper, onomatopoeic words can be substantivized and be the subject or object of a sentence: A monotonous boo-boo-boo is heard from the next room; But a stupid cuckoo. A proud talker, she keeps repeating her thoughts(Pushkin). Substantivization in general is not typical for verbal interjections.
In children's speech, some onomatopoeias can act in a nominative function and “be used as names of those animals and objects whose sounds they reproduce: Chick-chirp flew away. Oink-oink, crash into a puddle. Go feed the moo. Tick-tock don't touch".
So, onomatopoeias are words that have both interjection and individual properties. This makes it possible to combine them with interjections and to separate them into a special lexical category on the periphery of parts of speech.
Onomatopoeic words are divided into groups depending on what they reproduce: 1) sounds of people, 2) sounds of animals and birds, 3) sounds of natural phenomena, 4) sounds made by objects, 5) sounds formed by human actions.
In structure, onomatopoeic words are single and repeating: Here is the lady in karakul<...>I slipped and bam! – stretched out(Block); Bam-bang! They're shooting in the forest; Someone is driving in an open field. Bell ding-ding-ding(Pushkin).
Onomatopoeic words are classified as interjections on the basis of typological similarity: they 1) do not express concepts, 2) do not have a specific grammatical form, 3) are on the periphery in the system of parts of speech.
May 13th, 2016 admin
Ryskulbekova Bagdat Zakirovna
Well 1
Discipline Russian language
Type and type of lesson: Combined lesson
Purpose of the lesson:
Tasks:
- Educational show the role of interjections in speech; develop the ability to find interjections in texts, determine the role of interjections and construct sentences, including interjections in them; consolidate the ability to distinguish independent parts of speech from auxiliary ones.
- Educational nurturing interest in the subject; developing the ability to work in pairs.
- Developmental to form a sustainable interest in learning the Russian language, positive motivation for learning; develop linguistic flair, the ability to analyze linguistic material, and draw conclusions based on observations.
Expected results:
- Students must understand: the role of interjections in speech; be able to find interjections in texts, determine the role of interjections and construct sentences, including interjections in them; be able to distinguish independent parts of speech from functional ones
- Students must have the following values: interest in the subject; be able to work in pairs.
- Students should be able to: analyze language material, draw conclusions based on observations.
Intersubject connection: Russian literature, Kazakh language
Epigraph:
Oh, how difficult it is to live in the world,
Not having mastered interjections.
Ts. Angelov.
Progress of the lesson
- Org moment. Greetings.
- Activation of existing knowledge.
An excerpt from F. Krivin’s fairy tale “Interjection” (Students read the fairy tale by role)
This was many years ago, a hundred years ago, or maybe a little less. In a small hut on the edge of the forest lived an old man, Dictionary, and an old woman, Grammar. They had children - Parts of speech. Noun, Adjective, Verb, Pronoun, Adverb, Numeral, Participle, Participle, the older ones went to school with the Dictionary and Grammar, they taught the children wisely.
- Why do you think they were entrusted with such an important task of “teaching the kids to be smart”?
- That's right, they are all independent (or significant) parts of speech. Let's prove it.
— Work in pairs: compiling a cluster “What can independent parts of speech do?”
— Check: reception “ Brainstorm”: Students share their knowledge, not forgetting to support each cluster item with examples. The teacher draws up a cluster on the board using pre-prepared cards.
- Let's now prove in practice that independent parts of speech have all the properties mentioned.
Offer analysis . (One student works at the blackboard, the rest work in notebooks.)
For politeness, any door is wide open.
- How do you understand the meaning of this proverb?
- Underline the parts of the sentence, indicate which parts of speech they are expressed by.
— Execute morphological analysis parts of speech:
We parse the noun “door” collectively.
Individual work - analysis of the words “wide open”, “open”.
Let's conclude: For what purpose did we do this work? (In practice, the correctness of the compiled cluster was confirmed.)
Let's continue.
Teacher: Dictionary and Grammar had smaller children: Preposition, Conjunction and Particle.
— Why are these three parts of speech highlighted in separate group? (These are auxiliary parts of speech.)
Working with the text (it is printed for each student.)
Exercise: read the text, insert the missing words and find the functional parts of speech
Is there... a "connection" ... with the language ... that a person speaks, ... with the wrinkles ... of his face? Yes, there is... the most direct, says the famous Peruvian cosmetologist Eusibio Saline. He for a long time studied the facial expressions of people speaking... different languages. The most “hard” ... person, ... in his opinion, is English. When a person speaks English, his facial muscles contract sharply.
... this leads ... to premature aging, the appearance of wrinkles ... ... folds. The most “gentle” languages are… Spanish, Italian… Russian.
Is there a “connection” to the language a person speaks with the wrinkles on his face? Yes, there is, and the most direct one, says the famous Peruvian cosmetologist Eusibio Saline. For a long time he studied the facial expressions of people speaking different languages. The most “tough” language for a person, in his opinion, is English. When a person speaks English, his facial muscles contract sharply.
All this leads to premature aging, the appearance of wrinkles and folds. The most “gentle” for the skin are such melodious, soft-spoken languages as Spanish, Italian and Russian.
— Why are auxiliary parts of speech necessary?? (They do not name objects, actions, or signs, but are very important when constructing sentences and phrases.)
Let's continue...
Teacher: Preposition, Conjunction and Part of the house remained busy with the housework. By the time my parents and older brothers come home from work, they will clean the house and prepare dinner. In the evenings, everyone gathered at home, drank tea with jam, and talked peacefully about this and that. It was a friendly family.
- Introducing a new concept.
Teacher: One evening there was a knock on their door.
Particle: Chu! Someone is knocking.
Verb: Oh! I'll go open it.
Teacher: A small creature appeared on the threshold, dirty, unkempt, in rags.
Creature: Hello, good people!
Dictionary: Hello, wanderer! Please come to the table. We'll treat you to some tea, and you'll tell us where you're from and where you're going.
Creature: My name is Interjection, I have been walking around the world for a long time, looking for relatives. I was passing by, found out that parts of speech live here, and decided to go in and have a look. It’s good for you, you live together. Take me into your family.
Preposition (surprised): Here you go!
Adverb (indignantly): Ugh! What nonsense!
Noun: Fathers! Passion! Horror! Trouble! What are we going to do with him?
Adjective: Oooh, this scary thing wants to come into our family?!
Teacher: Guys, do you think the parts of speech behaved correctly? After all, they are wise and know how to do so many things? (You should figure it out first, and not shout. You need to find out what Interjection can do.)
Interjection: If you hadn’t shouted like that, you would have noticed that you have used me in your speech many times already.
Adverb: But it’s true, that’s how it was.
Teacher: Guys, before Interjection starts talking about himself, grab your pens. You need to fill in the blank lines in story on linguistic topic (reference summary printed in advance for each student.)
Interjection: Chu, oh, fie, fathers, passion, horror, trouble, y - all these are interjections. You can’t do without me in a conversation, because I express human feelings and moods. If someone hurts, he will shout: “Ay-ay-ay!” Someone is having fun - he laughs: “Ha ha ha!” Two people met and immediately came to me for help: “Hello! Hello! Sorry! Thank you Thank you! Please!" Without etiquette interjections polite people It will be difficult in conversation. And if things are bad, they say: “Lid! Kaput!”
Why are there people! Both animals and birds need me: dog: “Woof-woof!”, cat: “Meow-meow!”, duck: “Quack-quack!” These words are called onomatopoeias. I can even transmit sounds from objects. You probably heard a bell buzzing: “Bom-bom” or a bell: “Ding-ding-ding.”
Grammar: Well, you’re telling the truth, speech can’t be done without you.
Adverb: Yes, but the Interjection does not change...
Interjection: But you are. An adverb is also an unchangeable part of speech.
Noun: And you are not a member of the sentence...
Interjection: Well, what about the Preposition? Union? And then... Come on, guys, write down the sentences.
Analysis of proposals. Determining the role of interjections.
The child is crying, it is difficult for the mother, “bye-bye” does not help. But it’s high time for the child to bye-bye.(In the first sentence “bye-bye” is the subject, in the second it is the predicate.)
Interjection: Sometimes I can, as it were, temporarily move into other categories of parts of speech and then I can be replaced by nouns or verbs and answer questions from these parts of speech.
“To me,” said the Interjection.
It's interesting to live in the world.
I express my encouragement
Praise, reproach, ban,
Gratitude, admiration,
Indignation, hello...
Those who are overcome by fear
Say the word (all students in chorus): Oh!
Who has a heavy sigh,
Say the word: Oh!
Who encounters trouble
Says the word: Oh!
Who will fall behind friends?
Says the word: Hey!
Who will take your breath away,
Says the word: Wow!
(A. Tetivkin)
Teacher:(pointing to the epigraph):
Oh, how difficult it is to live in the world,
Not having mastered interdomains.
Grammar: We will have to accept you into our family, but only an agreement: you will always be highlighted in a sentence with commas or an exclamation point.
Dictionary: Guys, take him to the bathhouse, wash him thoroughly, and we’ll put him to bed behind the stove, there’s a free corner there.
Teacher: This is how the interjection still lives behind the stove, away from other parts of speech: both independent and auxiliary.
Let's look at the types of interjections:
Interjections are used to express:
— emotions: oh, God be with you, my God, bravo, wow, here you go, well, yes well, God, by God, how could it not be, well, well, yeah, oh, oh, ah- ah-ah, ugh...
- commands, orders, calls, incentives to action: on (take), fas, kitty-kiss, alle, chick-chick, lane, vira, bye-bye, shh, stop, hello, guard, chu, let's go, march, shoo, shoo, but, whoa, chick, sabbath , come on, oh...
— speech etiquette: hello, goodbye, thank you, thank you, farewell, forgive me, please, all the best, my respects, hello, bye, great...
This is interesting!
1. It turns out that people different nationalities various hear sounds made by animals and birds.
Compare:
2. Cuckoo. How do you think the cuckoo got its name?
Of course, because she crows, she shouts: Cuckoo! Cuckoo!. You probably already guessed that the cuckoo itself told people what to call it. And not only the Russians heard this. In many countries the name cuckoo sounds similar to Russian. The Czechs have cuckoo, among the Bulgarians - cukuvica, among the Germans - kukuk, among the French - kuku, among the Italians - kukono. All these peoples paid attention to one sign - the cry of the cuckoo, so the name of the bird sounds very similar in different languages.
- Consolidation of new knowledge.
1) Let's practice: ambiguous interjections
Some interjections are ambiguous because they express different feelings. Analyze the text, find interjections, say what feelings they express, pay attention to intonation.
- Oh, what is my fault? (I. Krylov) - (Frightened)
2. Oh, how unpleasant it is! – (Chagrin.)
3. Oh, sir governor, is such carelessness appropriate? (M. Cervantes) – (Reproach.)
4. Oh, how I love spring dawns! - (Delight.)
Conclusion: Interjections express different feelings: fear, admiration, grief, reproach, etc. Interjections are not parts of the sentence and in syntactic connection do not enter into other words.
2)Independent work: working with cards
Row 1 writes sentences with interjections expressing feelings.
Row 2 – sentences with interjections expressing an incentive to action.
Row 3 – sentences with etiquette interjections.
- Summing up the lesson.
- Which part of speech did we meet today?
- Why did parts of speech still accept the interjection into their family?
6. Reflection.
And now a little test to see how you understand today’s topic. Each student fills out task cards.
- Homework.
For all: prepare an oral story about an interjection.
To choose from: Write down 6 sentences in which interjections occur.
Individual tasks: prepare messages “Etymologists tell...” about the origin of the interjections bye-bye, hello, thank you, please.
7.Giving and commenting on ratings.
In this lesson we will get acquainted with the rules for placing punctuation marks for interjections. At the beginning of the video lesson, the teacher reminds you what interjections are and names their main features. Next, students become familiar with the rules for placing a hyphen in interjections.
Topic: Interjections
Lesson: Punctuation marks for interjections
Didactic materials. Section "Interjection"
Didactic materials. Section “Onomatopoeic words”
3. Culture writing ().
Culture of writing. Interjection.
Interjection. Encyclopedia Around the World.
Literature
1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
2. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
3. Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 parts, 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.
The Russian language is famous for its emotionality and expression wide range feelings. Interjections help express various feelings and emotions - lexical and grammatical class unchangeable words and phrases. This article describes in detail the composition, meaning, origin of interjections, and provides examples of their use in sentences.
What is an interjection in Russian?
The conditional division of parts of speech into independent and auxiliary did not affect only interjections and onomatopoeias. They stand isolated from other words, sometimes replacing their functions. Let's take a closer look at what an interjection is.
Origin
- non-derivatives– arose initially on their own to express various feelings and emotions (ah, well, oh, ah, etc.);
- derivatives- formed from independent and service units speeches (fathers, that’s enough, pray tell);
Meaning
- emotional– express various feelings and emotions, grouped depending on their type (ah, hurray, wow- joy; oh, what a horror, brrrrr– fright);
- etiquette– used in label forms speeches to express gratitude, greetings, farewells, requests, etc. (hello, salute, merci and others);
- incentive– call to action, express various motives (fly, stop, have mercy, etc.);
Compound
- complex– consist of several repeating bases (that's it, that's it, ah-ah-ah, etc.);
- simple- contain one word (oh, uh, Lord, etc.);
- composite- contain several words (please tell me, damn it, that's it).
Examples of interjections formed from independent parts of speech can be divided into the following groups:
- nouns: Lord, mother, God, etc.;
- Verbs: see, have mercy, give, etc.;
- pronouns and adverbs: what are you talking about, what are you talking about;
- conjunctions and particles: this and that, and, well, that, etc.
What are interjections used for?
This part of speech can serve several functions. Firstly, serve to convey the feelings and emotions of the narrator (wow, wow, wow, etc.), his will (stop, fight, have mercy). Many such words come from primordial sounds, which are a reaction to external stimuli (ah, oh, brr, cold, etc.). Secondly, one such word can replace an entire sentence (Ugh! – What disgusting!). This is a separate and unchanging part of speech that does not connect words in sentences.
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What questions do interjections answer?
This part of speech cannot answer questions, since it is not part of a sentence. Such words help express feelings, most often they do not even have a lexical meaning.
How are interjections emphasized in sentences?
Words expressing feelings do not act as members of sentences, but can sometimes replace them. In this case, they are emphasized depending on the position occupied. For example:
- Somewhere in the distance a drawn-out “oh” was heard.- In this case "Oh" stands in place of the subject and is underlined by a single line.
- Well done!- In a sentence "oh yes" replaces an adjective and acts as a definition, underlined by a wavy line.
In writing, this part of speech is always highlighted with punctuation marks. There are a number of rules for using separating marks for this part of speech.
Table “Punctuation rules for interjections”
Sometimes this part speeches are confused with particles that are not distinguished in writing by punctuation marks.
For example: Oh no, but not this. Oh you, sly Fox.
Test on the topic
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