TASS DOSSIER. On February 16, 2018, at the Russian Investment Forum in Sochi, the founder, CEO and main owner of the Russian retail chain Magnit, Sergei Galitsky, entered into an agreement with VTB to sell the bank a controlling stake in the retailer - 29.1% of shares - for 138 billion rubles.
It is expected that in the near future the post of general director of Magnit will be taken by the chairman of the board of directors Khachatur Pombukhchan.
"Magnet" is one of largest companies retail trade in Russia and Europe. As of the beginning of 2018, there were 16 thousand 350 stores under the management and brand of Magnit, including 243 hypermarkets. In total, the company operates in 2 thousand 665 cities of Russia. Most stores are opened in the Southern, North Caucasian, Volga and Central federal districts. The company has one of the largest transport and logistics networks in Russia. "Magnit" ranks 1st among Russian retailers in terms of revenue (according to the company "InfoLine-Analytics") and 7th place in Russia among all Russian companies (according to the RBC-500 rating). Registered in Krasnodar.
Story
The founder of the company is entrepreneur Sergei Galitsky. In July 1995, together with his partner Alexei Bogachev, he created the Thunder company (now Joint-Stock Company, JSC "Tander") and became her general director. Initially the company was engaged wholesale supplies perfumes in southern regions Russia. In 1998, the company opened the first retail supermarket "Magnit" in Krasnodar. Subsequently, stores were created in other cities, mainly in the south of Russia. Galitsky avoided competition with large retail chains, developing business in small towns and positioning his outlets as convenience stores with low prices. In the early 2000s, they were united into a retail chain called Magnit.
In 2003, Galitsky registered Magnit OJSC (now PJSC), which received 100% of Tander shares.
In 2006, Magnit listed its shares on the stock exchange, and with the proceeds the construction of the chain's hypermarkets began. Since 2010, the company has been developing a network of Magnit-Cosmetics retail stores. In its stores "Magnit" sells a range of products own brands: “Family Secrets”, “Master Shine”, “North Harbor”, “Saving Smart”, “ Trading house Smetanin" and others.
Indicators
Based on the results of the last reporting year 2016, Magnit’s consolidated revenue for international standards financial statements amounted to 1 trillion 74 billion rubles. (an increase of 4.6% compared to 2015), net profit amounted to 1.14 billion rubles. (Before this, Magnit showed a net loss for the last three years).
According to Spark-Interfax, Magnit accounts for 25% of the revenue of all retail trade in the Russian Federation and 22% of the revenue of all companies registered in the Krasnodar Territory.
Management
Since 2006, Sergei Galitsky has been the general director of Magnit, and since 2010, also the chairman of the board. Chairman of the Board of Directors - Khachatur Pombukhchan.
Owners
At the end of the third quarter of 2017, Galitsky owned 35.11% of the company’s shares. The largest minority shareholder is the American investment company OppenheimerFunds Inc. More than 50% of the retailer's shares are traded on the open market. Current market capitalization is about $10 billion.
According to the positioning of the chain manager, Magnit supermarkets represent places for the sale of food and non-food products at affordable prices, aimed at middle-income people.
Pyaterochka from X5 retail group, which is considered the main competitor of Sergei Galitsky’s Magnit, also operates in the food retail niche with a similar concept.
As of the end of 2013, the network included 8,093 retail outlets. Of these, 7,200 are in the “near-home” supermarket format, 161 “Magnit” hypermarkets, 46 “family” and 686 points under the “Magnit Cosmetic” banner. The coverage geography is also quite large - from Pskov in western Russia to Nizhnevartovsk in the east of the country, as well as from northern Arkhangelsk to southern Vladikavkaz.
Who is Sergei Galitsky?
Sergei Nikolaevich was born on August 14, 1967 in the village of Lazarevskoye Krasnodar region and before his marriage he had a different surname - Harutyunyan.
In addition to Magnit, the businessman also owns the Krasnodar football club. Under the leadership of Sergei Galitsky, he achieved significant progress, reaching the Premier League in 2011.
Businessman as a typical Soviet generations, from 1985 to 1987, and then, having already entered Kuban State University, got a job in one of the Kuban commercial banks. In 1993, Sergei Galitsky graduated from the Faculty of Economics and Planning National economy and received a diploma in finance and credit.
Then the businessman’s career developed very rapidly and already in 1994 he became deputy manager of the bank, which he joined only in his second year of study.
The Thunder company, which manages the Magnit network, began its existence in 1995, and by 2001, Sergei Galitsky’s network reached 250 retail outlets and became the largest in Russia.
According to Finance magazine, Sergei Galitsky's personal wealth as of February 2010 was estimated at $2.65 billion. Then, in 2011, the businessman took 24th place in the Forbes TOP out of 200 richest businessmen Russia.
Galitsky’s company developed very rapidly and already in 2006, Magnit’s shares were listed on the RTS and MICEX. The regional Kuban authorities also appreciated the businessman’s merits: in 2011, the Governor of the Krasnodar Territory issued a Decree awarding the owner of Magnit the “Hero of Labor of Kuban”.
Currently, the businessman is also constructing the Krasnodar stadium, which, after completion of construction, will become largest building of this kind in the Southern Federal District.
Even in ancient times, people discovered unique properties certain stones - attracting metal. Nowadays, we often come across objects that have these qualities. What is a magnet? What is his strength? We will talk about this in this article.
An example of a temporary magnet is paper clips, buttons, nails, a knife and other household items made of iron. Their strength lies in the fact that they are attracted to a permanent magnet, and when the magnetic field disappears, they lose their properties.
The field of an electromagnet can be controlled using electric current. How does this happen? A wire wound in turns on an iron core changes the strength of the magnetic field and its polarity when a current is supplied and changed.
Types of permanent magnets
Ferrite magnets are the most famous and actively used in everyday life. This black material can be used as fasteners various items eg for posters, for wall boards used in office or school. They do not lose their attractive properties at temperatures not lower than 250 o C.
Alnico is a magnet consisting of an alloy of aluminum, nickel and cobalt. This gave it its name. It is very resistant to high temperatures and can be used at 550 o C. The material is lightweight, but completely loses its properties when exposed to a stronger magnetic field. Mainly used in the scientific industry.
Samarium magnetic alloys are high performance materials. The reliability of its properties allows the material to be used in military developments. It is resistant to aggressive environment, high temperature, oxidation and corrosion.
What's happened Neodymium magnet? It is the most popular alloy of iron, boron and neodymium. It is also called a supermagnet, as it has a powerful magnetic field with high coercive force. By observing certain conditions during operation, a neodymium magnet can retain its properties for 100 years.
Use of neodymium magnets
It is worth taking a closer look at what a neodymium magnet is? This is a material that is capable of recording the consumption of water, electricity and gas in meters, and not only. This type of magnet belongs to permanent and rare earth materials. It is resistant to fields of other alloys and is not subject to demagnetization.
Neodymium products are used in the medical and industrial industries. Also in domestic conditions they are used for attaching curtains, decorative elements, and souvenirs. They are used in search instruments and electronics.
To extend their service life, magnets of this type are coated with zinc or nickel. In the first case, spraying is more reliable, as it is resistant to aggressive agents and can withstand temperatures above 100 o C. The strength of the magnet depends on its shape, size and the amount of neodymium included in the alloy.
Applications of Ferrite Magnets
Ferrites are considered the most popular magnets among permanent species. Thanks to strontium included in the composition, the material does not corrode. So what is a ferrite magnet? Where is it used? This alloy is quite fragile. That's why it is also called ceramic. Ferrite magnets are used in automotive and industrial applications. Used in various techniques and electrical appliances, as well as household installations, generators, and acoustic systems. In automobile manufacturing, magnets are used in cooling systems, window lifters, and fans.
The purpose of ferrite is to protect equipment from external interference and prevent damage to the signal received via the cable. Due to this, they are used in the production of navigators, monitors, printers and other equipment where it is important to obtain a clean signal or image.
Magnetotherapy
A procedure called magnetic therapy is often used and is carried out in medicinal purposes. The action of this method is to influence the patient's body using magnetic fields under low-frequency alternating or DC. This treatment method helps get rid of many diseases, relieve pain, strengthen immune system, improve blood flow.
It is believed that diseases are caused by disturbances in the human magnetic field. Thanks to physiotherapy, the body returns to normal and general state is improving.
From this article you learned what a magnet is, and also studied its properties and applications.
Section 1. Russian retail company "Magnit".
« Magnet» is a Russian retail company and a chain of food stores of the same name (most of them have a “convenience store” format). As of mid-2012, it is the largest in the country in terms of the number of food stores commercial network. One of the five largest retailers in the world by capitalization. The parent organization of the network is Closed Joint Stock Company (JSC) “Tander”. The headquarters is in the city of Krasnodar. One of the few retail chains not equipped with payment terminals.
Russian retail company " Magnet»
Firm dates its history back to 1994, when its current owner Sergei Galitsky founded organization for trade in household chemicals. The very first Magnit store was opened in 1998 in Krasnodar at the address st. Tyulyaeva, 8. The retail network developed rapidly, reaching 1,500 stores by the end of 2005. Since 2006, the development of a network of hypermarkets began.
At the end of December 2008, the Magnit network was included in the list of companies that will receive government support during the crisis.
Foundation of the organization sale household chemicals S.N. Galitsky
Tander becomes one of the leading official distributors of household chemicals and cosmetics in Russian Federation
The decision was made to enter the food retail trade
1998 - 1999: Entry into retail market food
Opening of the first grocery store in Krasnodar
Experimenting with format
The stores are united into the Magnit retail chain
2001 - 2005: Intensive development with the aim of taking a strong position in market
Swift regional development: 1,500 stores at the end of 2005
Adoption of IFRS
Motivational remuneration system
2006 - 2009: Further development traditional format. Transition to multi-format
Leader of Russian food retail by number of customers
In 2006
Hypermarkets
An independent director was elected to the Board of Directors
An Audit Committee was established
A set of rules of corporate conduct has been developed and introduced
SPO in 2008, 2009
24 hypermarkets opened in 2007-2009
636 convenience stores opened in 2009 (total number of stores as of December 31, 2009 is 3,228)
2010-2012: Strong position in the sector
Accelerated growth - more than 1,000 convenience stores, 42 hypermarkets and 208 cosmetics stores opened in 2011
Successful placement of shares in December 2011, proceeds amounted to $475 million.
Large-scale investment program for 2012: capital plan expenses in the amount of about 1.1-1.4 billion dollars.
Planned opening of up to 800 convenience stores and 50-55 hypermarkets during 2012
Working to improve efficiency
The Magnit chain of stores is:
Market leader in the number of retail facilities and their coverage area in the Russian Federation - 64 branches, 1 representative office, more than 5,268 convenience stores and 98 hypermarkets, 5 Family Magnit stores and 351 cosmetics stores in more than 1,461 cities and locality. Currently, several dozen stores are opening per month;
More than 140,000 employees who, through their work, provide customers with the opportunity to purchase high-quality everyday goods at affordable prices;
The latest methods and technologies in the field of product distribution, sales, finance and personnel policy, allowing you to effectively manage the organization and reduce the price of the product for the final acquirer;
A network of distribution centers throughout the European part of the Russian Federation, receiving product from large suppliers and preparing it for shipment to stores;
Company, having large park cars and carrying out intercity transportation of goods throughout the European part of the Russian Federation;
About 640 private label products.
Controls
Board of Directors:
1. Pombukhchan Khachatur Eduardovich - Chairman of the Board of Directors
2. Harutyunyan Andrey Nikolaevich
3. Butenko Valery Vladimirovich
4. Galitsky Sergey Nikolaevich
5. Zayonts Alexander Leonidovich
6. Makhnev Alexey Petrovich
7. Shkhachemukov Aslan Yurievich
Audit Committee of the Board of Directors:
1. Zayonts Alexander Leonidovich - Chairman
2. Makhnev Alexey Petrovich
3. Shkhachemukov Aslan Yurievich
Personnel and Remuneration Committee of the Board of Directors:
1. Makhnev Alexey Petrovich - Chairman
2. Butenko Valery Vladimirovich
3. Zayonts Alexander Leonidovich
Governing body:
1. Galitsky Sergey Nikolaevich - Chairman
2. Barsukov Alexander Pavlovich
3. Shaguch Lyubov Azmetovna
4. Churikov Nikita Aleksandrovich
CEO
Galitsky Sergey Nikolaevich
The Magnit chain of stores is
Development strategy
Achieving the maximum coverage area of the Magnit store chain:
Strategic direction- opening stores in cities with a population of less than 500 thousand people - where 73% of the urban population of the Russian Federation lives;
The target audience of the “convenience store” is middle-income buyers, which makes it possible for the Magnit chain to penetrate small cities and towns.
Further development of the network focuses on strengthening the position of the Magnit network in the Ural and Central regions:
Price reduction strategy for regional expansion;
Availability of sufficient funds to ensure the opening of at least 250 stores per year.
Maintaining industry leadership in control costs:
Further improvement of the efficiency of the logistics system.
Magnit stores"have become part of the lives of millions of our fellow citizens. More than 5,000 convenience stores throughout the European part of the Russian Federation offer a full range of everyday goods at affordable prices. Use of high-tech equipment and modern technologies in all areas of business helps to achieve a balance between price and quality of goods from Magnit stores. opens Magnit stores not only in cities, but also in small populated areas, providing residents goods widespread consumption and new jobs. The company does not use a franchise, which allows you to maintain single standard quality of goods and service in all stores of the network. The company is stable and constantly developing. The Magnit retail network in 2011 amounted to about 11.4 billion US dollars.
In 2012, the company plans to open about 800 stores in different regions Russian Federation.
In 2006, as a result of an analysis of customer needs, a decision was made to open stores of a new “family hypermarket” format. Hypermarkets "Magnit" offer customers a wide range of consumer and industrial products for the whole family. Magnit hypermarkets are medium format; they save not only time, but also customers’ time, allowing them to buy everything they need in an average of 40 minutes. In response to customer needs, the organization is constantly improving range goods and services. To ensure the quality of semi-finished products and ready-made dishes in demand on the market, Magnit hypermarkets are opening their own full-cycle production - a meat shop, a culinary department, a bakery and a confectionery shop.
The first Magnit hypermarket was opened in Krasnodar in October 2007; in 2008 there were already 14 of them!
Today the organization has 101 hypermarkets, including in small towns where no large retail chain is present.
In 2012, the company plans to open more than 50 hypermarkets in different regions of the Russian Federation, which means that hundreds will appear in these cities work places for specialists of various professions.
Distribution centers are the largest enterprises companies. Around the clock, the organization’s 17 distribution centers receive product from large suppliers Russian Federation and from different countries world and prepare it for sending to stores and hypermarkets. To maintain the high attractiveness of the company's stores, the Magnit retail chain has been developing own goods of appropriate quality and at the most reasonable prices.
Modern technologies and equipment, automated systems accounting and proprietary IT developments allow the organization’s distribution centers to uninterruptedly supply goods to more than 5,000 stores and 101 hypermarkets of the Magnit retail chain throughout the European part of the Russian Federation.
Motor transport OJSC "Magnit" is one of the largest in Europe, it includes 17 motor transport enterprises in different regions of the Russian Federation. More than 9,200 employees of the transport division provide daily delivery goods to Magnit stores and hypermarkets.
The company's fleet includes more than 3,000 new heavy-duty trucks cars MAN brand (Magnit retail chain is MAN’s largest customer in the world). Our trucking companies are full cycle service cars: modern repair shops, gas stations, car washes, high-tech logistics centers, catering establishments.
Auto transport company- a large transport enterprise in the country, carries out intercity transportation of goods throughout the European part of the Russian Federation, the Urals, the Volga region, as well as international transportation of goods from such countries Europe like Poland, Serbia, Belgium, Spain.
In 2010, the management of the Magnit retail chain made a decision to develop the non-food segment of goods and developed a new store format - "Magnet cosmetics". The first store of the new format was opened at the end of 2010. Analysis work store showed that the organization’s new line of business is in demand in the market. About 300 Magnit-Cosmetic stores have already been opened. In 2012, it is planned to open more than 500 stores of the new format.
The parent organization of the Magnit retail chain is the command center for all business areas of the Magnit retail chain, located in Krasnodar. Strategy is developed here work for several years ahead, ambitious plans are set and achieved throughout the Russian Federation.
Today, the parent company employs more than 4,000 employees - specialists in the field of procurement, transport, logistics, economics and other specialties, which allow them to effectively manage a team of 150,000 employees. Net retail revenue for 2011 amounted to about 11.4 billion. American dollars.
There are two main types of magnets: permanent and electromagnets. You can determine what a permanent magnet is based on its main properties. A permanent magnet gets its name because its magnetism is always “on.” It generates its own magnetic field, unlike an electromagnet, which is made of wire wrapped around an iron core and requires current to flow to create a magnetic field.
History of the study of magnetic properties
Centuries ago, people discovered that some types rocks have original features: attracted to iron objects. Mention of magnetite is found in ancient historical chronicles: more than two thousand years ago in European and much earlier in East Asian. At first it was regarded as a curious object.
Later, magnetite was used for navigation, finding that it tends to occupy a certain position when given the freedom to rotate. Scientific research carried out by P. Peregrine in the 13th century, showed that steel could acquire these characteristics after being rubbed with magnetite.
Magnetized objects had two poles: “north” and “south,” relative to the Earth’s magnetic field. As Peregrine discovered, isolating one of the poles was not possible by cutting a fragment of magnetite in two - each individual fragment ended up with its own pair of poles.
In accordance with today's concepts, the magnetic field permanent magnets is the resulting orientation of electrons in a single direction. Only certain types of materials interact with magnetic fields, a significantly smaller number of them are capable of maintaining a constant MP.
Properties of permanent magnets
The main properties of permanent magnets and the field they create are:
- the existence of two poles;
- opposite poles attract, and like poles repel (like positive and negative charges);
- magnetic force imperceptibly spreads in space and passes through objects (paper, wood);
- An increase in MF intensity is observed near the poles.
Permanent magnets support the MP without external assistance. Depending on their magnetic properties, materials are divided into main types:
- ferromagnets – easily magnetized;
- paramagnetic materials – are magnetized with great difficulty;
- Diamagnets - tend to reflect external magnetic fields by magnetizing in the opposite direction.
Important! Soft magnetic materials such as steel conduct magnetism when attached to a magnet, but this stops when it is removed. Permanent magnets are made from hard magnetic materials.
How does a permanent magnet work?
His work is related to atomic structure. All ferromagnets create a natural, albeit weak, magnetic field, thanks to the electrons surrounding the nuclei of atoms. These groups of atoms are able to orient themselves in the same direction and are called magnetic domains. Each domain has two poles: north and south. When a ferromagnetic material is not magnetized, its regions are oriented in random directions, and their magnetic fields cancel each other out.
To create permanent magnets, ferromagnets are heated at very high temperatures. high temperatures ah and are exposed to strong external MF. This leads to the fact that individual magnetic domains inside the material begin to orient themselves in the direction of the external magnetic field until all domains are aligned, reaching the point of magnetic saturation. The material is then cooled and the aligned domains are locked into position. After removing the external MF, magnetically hard materials will retain most their domains, creating a permanent magnet.
Characteristics of permanent magnet
- Magnetic force is characterized by residual magnetic induction. Designated Br. This is the force that remains after the disappearance of the external MP. Measured in tests (T) or gauss (G);
- Coercivity or resistance to demagnetization - Ns. Measured in A/m. Shows what the external MF intensity should be in order to demagnetize the material;
- Maximum energy – BHmax. Calculated by multiplying the remanent magnetic force Br and coercivity Hc. Measured in MGSE (megaussersted);
- Temperature coefficient of residual magnetic force – Тс of Br. Characterizes the dependence of Br on the temperature value;
- Tmax – highest value temperature at which permanent magnets lose their properties with the possibility of reverse recovery;
- Tcur is the highest temperature value at which the magnetic material irreversibly loses its properties. This indicator is called the Curie temperature.
Individual magnet characteristics change depending on temperature. At different meanings temperature different types magnetic materials work differently.
Important! All permanent magnets lose a percentage of magnetism as the temperature rises, but with at different speeds depending on their type.
Types of permanent magnets
There are five types of permanent magnets, each of which is made differently based on materials with different properties:
- alnico;
- ferrites;
- rare earth SmCo based on cobalt and samarium;
- neodymium;
- polymer.
Alnico
These are permanent magnets consisting primarily of a combination of aluminum, nickel and cobalt, but may also include copper, iron and titanium. Thanks to the properties of alnico magnets, they can operate at the most high temperatures, retaining their magnetism, but they are more easily demagnetized than ferrite or rare earth SmCo. They were the first mass-produced permanent magnets, replacing magnetized metals and expensive electromagnets.
Application:
- electric motors;
- heat treatment;
- bearings;
- aerospace vehicles;
- military equipment;
- high temperature loading and unloading equipment;
- microphones.
Ferrites
To make ferrite magnets, also known as ceramic, strontium carbonate and iron oxide are used in a ratio of 10/90. Both materials are abundant and economically available.
Due to their low production costs, resistance to heat (up to 250°C) and corrosion, ferrite magnets are one of the most popular magnets for everyday use. They have greater internal coercivity than alnico, but less magnetic strength than their neodymium counterparts.
Application:
- sound speakers;
- security systems;
- large plate magnets for removing iron contamination from process lines;
- electric motors and generators;
- medical instruments;
- lifting magnets;
- marine search magnets;
- devices based on the operation of eddy currents;
- switches and relays;
- brakes
Rare Earth SmCo Magnets
Magnets made of cobalt and samarium operate in a wide temperature range and have high temperature coefficients and high corrosion resistance. This view saves magnetic properties even at temperatures below absolute zero, making them popular for use in cryogenic applications.
Application:
- turbo technology;
- pump couplings;
- wet environments;
- high temperature devices;
- miniature electric racing cars;
- radio-electronic devices for operation in critical conditions.
Neodymium magnets
The strongest existing magnets, consisting of an alloy of neodymium, iron and boron. Thanks to their enormous power, even miniature magnets are effective. This provides versatility of use. Each person is constantly near one of the neodymium magnets. They are, for example, in a smartphone. The manufacture of electric motors, medical equipment, and radio electronics rely on ultra-strong neodymium magnets. Due to their ultra-strength, enormous magnetic force and resistance to demagnetization, samples up to 1 mm are possible.
Application:
- hard disks;
- sound-reproducing devices – microphones, acoustic sensors, headphones, loudspeakers;
- prostheses;
- magnetically coupled pumps;
- door closers;
- engines and generators;
- locks on jewelry;
- MRI scanners;
- magnetic therapy;
- ABS sensors in cars;
- lifting equipment;
- magnetic separators;
- reed switches, etc.
Flexible magnets contain magnetic particles inside a polymer binder. Used for unique devices where installation of solid analogues is impossible.
Application:
- display advertising – quick fixation and quick removal at exhibitions and events;
- signs Vehicle, educational school panels, company logos;
- toys, puzzles and games;
- masking surfaces for painting;
- calendars and magnetic bookmarks;
- window and door seals.
Most permanent magnets are fragile and should not be used as structural elements. They are manufactured in standard forms: rings, rods, disks, and individual: trapezoids, arcs, etc. Neodymium magnets due to high content iron are susceptible to corrosion, so they are coated on top with nickel, stainless steel, Teflon, titanium, rubber and other materials.
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