The chronicle is genre ancient Russian literature, a form of historical writing in which events are organized into annual, or "weather" entries (also called weather records). In this respect, the chronicle is fundamentally different from the Byzantine chronicles known in Ancient Rus', in which events were distributed not by year, but by the reigns of the emperors. Chroniclers were usually monks and princely or royal officials. Chronicle writing was carried out at monasteries, at the courts of princes, kings and clergy of the highest rank - bishops and metropolitans. Chronicles are divided by researchers into all-Russian and local. The earliest ones that have survived to this day date back to the end of the 13th and 14th centuries. But chronicle writing was carried out in Rus' before. The hypothesis of A.A. Shakhmatov received the greatest recognition, according to which the Ancient Kiev chronicle was compiled around 1037. In 1110-13, the first edition (version) of “The Tale of Bygone Years” was completed - a lengthy chronicle that included numerous information on the history of Rus': about Russian wars with Byzantine Empire, about the calling of the Scandinavians Rurik, Truvor and Sineus to reign in Rus', about history Kiev-Pechersk Monastery, about princely crimes. The probable author of this chronicle is the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nestor. In 1116, the monk Sylvester and in 1117-18 an unknown scribe from the entourage of Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich, the text of “The Tale of Bygone Years” was revised. This is how the second and third editions of The Tale of Bygone Years arose; the second edition has reached us as part of the Laurentian Chronicle (1377), and the third - the Ipatiev Chronicle (15th century). In North-Eastern Rus', one of the centers of chronicle writing after the Mongol-Tatar invasion was Tver, where in 1305 the first Tver chronicle collection was compiled at the court of Prince Mikhail Yaroslavich. At the beginning of the 15th century, the center of chronicle writing moved to Moscow, where in 1408, on the initiative of Metropolitan Cyprian, the first Moscow chronicle collection was created. He had an all-Russian character. Following him, all-Russian Moscow codes were created in 1448, 1472 and 1479. The final stage in the history of the grand ducal and royal chronicles was the illustrated edition of the Nikon Chronicle - the Litseva (i.e., illustrated) chronicle code. Work on it was carried out in the 1560s or in the second half of 1570 - early 1580s. Apparently, the first Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible personally participated in this work.
In the 17th century, chronicle writing gradually declined: they begin to include frankly unreliable material (about the relationship between Oleg the Prophet and Kiya, about the close relationship between Oleg and Yuri Dolgoruky, about the circumstances of the founding of Moscow by Yuri Dolgoruky). New, non-chronicle forms of historical writings are emerging. Nevertheless, at the patriarchal court, chronicles were kept until the very end of the century, and in some areas the chronicles were preserved even in the 18th century. Almost all Russian chronicles are vaults - a combination of several chronicle texts or news from other sources of an earlier time. Chronicle texts have a beginning, but their ending is usually conditional and coincides with some significant events: the victory of the Russian prince over his enemies or his accession to reign, the construction of cathedrals and city fortifications. For the chronicle, the principle of analogy is important, the echo between the events of the past and the present: the events of the present are thought of as an “echo” of the events and deeds of the past, primarily those described in the Bible. The chronicler presents the murder of Boris and Gleb by Svyatopolk as a repetition and renewal of the first murder committed by Cain; Vladimir Svyatoslavich - the baptist of Rus' - is compared with Saint Constantine the Great, who made Christianity official religion in the Roman Empire. The chronicle is alien to the unity of style; it is an “open” genre. The simplest element in a chronicle text is a brief weather record, which only reports an event, but does not describe it. It also includes legal documents, legends, biographies of saints, princely obituaries, stories about battles (military tales), descriptions of any significant events. Thus, the Second Sofia and Lvov Chronicles included “Walking across the Three Seas” by Afanasy Nikitin (1468-75). A significant part of the text in the chronicle is occupied by narratives of battles, written in the so-called military style (see), and princely obituaries.
The traditions of the chronicle can be traced in Russian historical works 18th and early 19th centuries; orientation towards the chronicle style is present in the “History of the Russian State” (1816-29) by N.M. Karamzin. For parody purposes, the form of the Chronicle Tradition was used by A.S. Pushkin (“The History of the Village of Goryukhin,” 1830) and M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (“The History of a City,” 1869-70). The similarity with the concept of history inherent in chroniclers is characteristic of the historical views of Leo Tolstoy, the author of the novel “War and Peace” (1863-69). Since 1841 the series “ Complete collection Russian chronicles". In 1999, a new edition of the “Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles” was started; by mid-2000, seven volumes had been published (this edition included the Novgorod First Chronicle of the older and younger editions, which had not previously been published in the Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles).
Subscribe to the site
Guys, we put our soul into the site. Thank you for that
that you are discovering this beauty. Thanks for the inspiration and the goosebumps.
Join us on Facebook And In contact with
In literature lessons, children learn about a wide variety of works of art. You can often hear the word chronicle.
Definition of chronicle
Despite the fact that the chronicle is considered a literary genre, it is thanks to it that people know about numerous historical events, which could be lost in time. In such records, all significant incidents were described by year, and each time the text began with the phrase “In the summer ...”, which means “In the year ...”. This is where the name came from. This is a description of events by year.
This existed not only in Rus'. For example, in the famous Byzantium, people preserved their history with the help of chronicles, and in Europe there were also annals.
Russian chronicles are considered monuments of ancient Russian literature, and it is on them that the history of Russia and a number of East Slavic lands is based. The first representatives of such records appeared around the eleventh century, in Kyiv, although the events described in them date back to the ninth century.
Famous Chronicles
In total, there are approximately five thousand such literary monuments, but among them there are practically no originals. Once recorded historical facts rewritten and reworked many times. Thus, from the fourteenth to the eighteenth centuries, lists – rewritten texts. Depending on who exactly and when such a list was created, it differed both in the expressions used and in the events themselves that it was decided to include in the text. In this regard, it is safe to say that initial historical sources not anymore, and the surviving chronicles are original collections of selected recorded events.
There are several well-known lists.
- Nestorovsky. It is also called Khlebnikovsky, since the Russian bibliographer Sergei Dmitrievich Poltoratsky received it from Pyotr Kirillovich Khlebnikov, who collected manuscripts. The first edition of this list was in German.
- The Laurentian list was revealed to the world thanks to Alexei Ivanovich Musin-Pushkin. Its component is the well-known “Tale of Bygone Years,” which is still studied in schools.
- The Ipatiev list is called so because it was found by Karamzin in the Ipatiev Monastery.
- The Radziwill list was created at the end of the fifteenth century. It contains a huge number of images - more than six hundred. For this reason, such a chronicle is called a facial list.
Differences by terrain
Regardless of which chronicle was taken as a basis, it changed greatly depending on the area where it was copied. The first to appear were the Novgorodians, who focused on the baptism of their city. These entries are highly compressed, written exclusively in business style. There are no liberties or poetic colors here.
The Pskov Chronicles appeared a little later, after the creation of the story about Dovmont. They describe life in Pskov in detail and vividly. Galician-Volynian people are distinguished by a strong poetic flavor. Initially, the text was written without years, which were later somehow signed. Chronicles northeastern Rus' are strongly concentrated on Rostov and have practically no poetic elements.
One of recent years The Moscow “Royal Book” became an inventory. Soon after this, such records began to be formed into full-fledged works, Tales and simple notes.
Material from Wikipedia - free encyclopedia
Chronicle(or chronicle) - historical literary genre, which is a year-by-year, more or less detailed record of historical events. The recording of the events of each year in chronicles usually begins with the words: “in the summer ...” (that is, “in the year ...”), hence the name - chronicle. In Byzantium, analogues of the chronicle were called chronicles, in Western Europe in the Middle Ages by annals and chronicles.
There were also Lithuanian (Belarusian) chronicles and chronicles of the Principality of Moldova. Cossack chronicles relate mainly to the era of Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Chronicle writing was also carried out in Siberia (Buryat Chronicles, Siberian Chronicles), Bashkiria (Bashkir Shezhere).
Write a review about the article "Chronicle"
Literature
- Complete collection of Russian chronicles (PSRL), vol. 1-31, St. Petersburg. M. - L., 1841-1968.
- Shakhmatov A. A. Russian Review chronicle vaults XIV-XVI centuries - M. - L., 1938.
- Nasonov A. N. History of Russian chronicles XI - beginning. XVIII centuries - M., 1969.
- Likhachev D. S. Russian chronicles and their cultural and historical significance, M. - L., 1947.
- Essays on history historical science in USSR. T. 1. M., 1955.
- Poppe A.//Ancient Rus'. Questions of medieval studies. 2008. No. 3 (33). pp. 76-85.
- Konyavskaya E. L. The problem of author's self-awareness in the chronicle // Ancient Rus'. Questions of medieval studies. 2000. No. 2. P. 65-75.
- Kiyanova O. N. Late chronicles in Russian history literary language: end XVI- beginning of the 18th centuries / Reviewers: M. L. Remneva, A. A. Burov. - St. Petersburg. : Aletheia, 2010. - 320 p. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-91419-382-6.(in translation)
Sources
- Bestuzhev-Ryumin K. N.// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
Excerpt characterizing the Chronicle
Natasha said that at first there was a danger from a fever and from suffering, but at Trinity this passed, and the doctor was afraid of one thing - Antonov’s fire. But this danger also passed. When we arrived in Yaroslavl, the wound began to fester (Natasha knew everything about suppuration, etc.), and the doctor said that suppuration could proceed properly. There was a fever. The doctor said that this fever is not so dangerous.“But two days ago,” Natasha began, “suddenly it happened...” She held back her sobs. “I don’t know why, but you will see what he has become.”
- Are you weak? Have you lost weight?.. - asked the princess.
- No, not the same, but worse. You will see. Oh, Marie, Marie, he's too good, he can't, can't live... because...
When Natasha opened his door with her usual movement, letting the princess pass first, Princess Marya already felt ready sobs in her throat. No matter how much she prepared or tried to calm down, she knew that she would not be able to see him without tears.
Princess Marya understood what Natasha meant with the words: this happened two days ago. She understood that this meant that he had suddenly softened, and that this softening and tenderness were signs of death. As she approached the door, she already saw in her imagination that face of Andryusha, which she had known since childhood, tender, meek, touching, which he so rarely saw and therefore always had such a strong effect on her. She knew that he would say quiet, tender words to her, like those her father had told her before his death, and that she would not bear it and would burst into tears over him. But, sooner or later, it had to be, and she entered the room. The sobs came closer and closer to her throat, while with her myopic eyes she discerned his form more and more clearly and looked for his features, and then she saw his face and met his gaze.
He was lying on the sofa, covered with pillows, wearing a squirrel fur robe. He was thin and pale. One is thin, transparent white hand He was holding a handkerchief; with the other, with quiet movements of his fingers, he touched his thin, overgrown mustache. His eyes looked at those entering.
Seeing his face and meeting his gaze, Princess Marya suddenly moderated the speed of her step and felt that her tears had suddenly dried up and her sobs had stopped. Catching the expression on his face and gaze, she suddenly became shy and felt guilty.
“What is my fault?” – she asked herself. “The fact that you live and think about living things, and I!..” answered his cold, stern gaze.
There was almost hostility in his deep, out-of-control, but inward-looking gaze as he slowly looked around at his sister and Natasha.
He kissed his sister hand in hand, as was their habit.
- Hello, Marie, how did you get there? - he said in a voice as even and alien as his gaze. If he had screamed with a desperate cry, then this cry would have terrified Princess Marya less than the sound of this voice.
- And did you bring Nikolushka? – he said also evenly and slowly and with an obvious effort of recollection.
– How is your health now? - said Princess Marya, herself surprised at what she was saying.
“This, my friend, is something you need to ask the doctor,” he said, and, apparently making another effort to be affectionate, he said with just his mouth (it was clear that he did not mean what he was saying): “Merci, chere amie.” , d'etre venue. [Thank you, dear friend, for coming.]
Princess Marya shook his hand. He winced slightly when she shook her hand. He was silent and she didn't know what to say. She understood what happened to him in two days. In his words, in his tone, especially in this look - a cold, almost hostile look - one could feel the alienation from everything worldly, terrible for a living person. He apparently now had difficulty understanding all living things; but at the same time it was felt that he did not understand the living, not because he was deprived of the power of understanding, but because he understood something else, something that the living did not and could not understand and that absorbed him completely.
- Yes, that’s how strange fate brought us together! – he said, breaking the silence and pointing at Natasha. - She keeps following me.
Princess Marya listened and did not understand what he was saying. He, the sensitive, gentle Prince Andrei, how could he say this in front of the one he loved and who loved him! If he had thought about living, he would not have said this in such a coldly insulting tone. If he didn’t know that he would die, then how could he not feel sorry for her, how could he say this in front of her! There was only one explanation for this, and that was that he didn’t care, and it didn’t matter because something else, something more important, was revealed to him.
Chronicle
Chronicle(or chronicler) - This historical genre ancient Russian literature, which is a yearly, more or less detailed record of historical events. The recording of the events of each year in chronicles usually begins with the words: “in the summer ...” (that is, “in the year ...”), hence the name - chronicle. In Byzantium, analogues of the chronicle were called chronicles, in Western Europe in the Middle Ages, annals and chronicles.
Chronicles have been preserved in large quantities so-called lists of the XIV-XVIII centuries. The list means “rewriting” (“writing off”) from another source. These lists, based on the place of compilation or the place of the events depicted, are exclusively or predominantly divided into categories (original Kiev, Novgorod, Pskov, etc.). Lists of the same category differ from each other not only in expressions, but even in the selection of news, as a result of which the lists are divided into editions (editions). So, we can say: The original Chronicle of the southern edition (the Ipatievsky list and similar ones), the initial Chronicle of the Suzdal edition (the Lavrentievsky list and similar ones).
Such differences in the lists suggest that the chronicles are collections and that their original sources have not reached us. This idea, first expressed by P. M. Stroev, now constitutes a general opinion. Existence in separate form many detailed chronicle legends, as well as the opportunity to point out that in the same story stitchings from different sources(bias mainly manifests itself in sympathy for one or the other of warring parties) further confirm this opinion.
Russian chronicles have been preserved in many copies; the most ancient - the monk Lawrence (Laurentian Chronicle, judging by the postscript - 1377), and the Ipatiev Chronicle of the 14th century (after the name of the Ipatiev Monastery near Kostroma, where it was kept); but at the core they are more ancient vault beginning of the 12th century. This collection, known as the “Tale of Bygone Years,” is the first Kyiv Chronicle.
Chronicles were kept in many cities. Novgorod (charate synodal list of the 14th century, Sophia) are distinguished by the conciseness of the syllable. The Pskov people vividly draw pictures of societies. life, South Russians are literary, sometimes poetic. Chronicle collections were also compiled in the Moscow era of Russian history (Voskresenskaya and Nikon Chronicle). The so-called "royal book" concerns the reign of Ivan the Terrible. Then the Chronicles receive an official character and are gradually circulated partly into bit books, partly in “Tales” and notes of individuals.
Literature
- Complete collection of Russian chronicles (PSRL), vol. 1-31, St. Petersburg. M. - L., 1841-1968;
- Shakhmatov A. A., Review of Russian chronicles of the XIV-XVI centuries, M. - L., 1938;
- Nasonov A.N., History of Russian chronicles XI - beginning. XVIII centuries, M., 1969;
- Likhachev D.S., Russian chronicles and their cultural and historical significance, M. - L., 1947;
- Essays on the history of historical science in the USSR, vol. 1, M., 1955.
- Poppe A. A. A. Shakhmatov and the controversial beginnings of Russian chronicles // . 2008. No. 3 (33). pp. 76-85.
- Konyavskaya E. L. The problem of author's self-awareness in the chronicle // Ancient Rus'. Questions of medieval studies. 2000. No. 2. P. 65-75.
Sources
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
Synonyms:See what “Chronicle” is in other dictionaries:
CHRONICLES, chronicles, many. chronicles, chronicles of chronicles, women. Weather recording of historical events of ancient times (originally arose and was kept in monasteries; history, lit.). Novgorod Chronicle. Chronicle of Nestor. “One more last saying, and... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
See the articles Russian literature (medieval) and Chronicle. Literary encyclopedia. At 11 vol.; M.: Publishing House of the Communist Academy, Soviet encyclopedia, Fiction. Edited by V. M. Fritsche, A. V. Lunacharsky. 1929 1939 … Literary encyclopedia
A monthly literary and political magazine published in Petrograd from December 1915 to December 1917. Representatives of various movements of the then social democracy collaborated in it (M. Gorky, Yu. Martov, A. Yermansky, A. V. Lunacharsky, M. ... ... Literary encyclopedia
Annals, chronicle, history. Cm … Synonym dictionary
A monthly literary, scientific and political magazine, published in Petrograd in 1915 17. Founded by M. Gorky, who grouped literary forces around the Chronicle that opposed war, nationalism, chauvinism ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary
CHRONICLES, and, women. 1. Type of Russian narrative literature of the 1117th centuries: weather record of historical events. Old Russian chronicles. 2. transfer Same as history (in 3 digits) (high). L. military glory. Family l. | adj. chronicle, aya, oh (to 1... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
Monthly literary, scientific and political magazine, founded by M. Gorky. Published from December 1915 to December 1917. Circulation: 10-12 thousand copies. Editorial office on Bolshaya Monetnaya Street, 18. Publisher A. N. Tikhonov, editor A. F. Radzishevsky.... ... St. Petersburg (encyclopedia)
- (Old Russian summer - year) - a weather record of historical events, a type of narrative literature in Rus' in the 11th - 17th centuries. (arose and was carried out initially in monasteries). Big Dictionary in cultural studies.. Kononenko B.I.. 2003 ... Encyclopedia of Cultural Studies
chronicle- chronicle, pl. chronicles, gen. chronicles (wrong chronicles) ... Dictionary of difficulties of pronunciation and stress in modern Russian language
"Chronicle"- “Chronicle”, a monthly literary, scientific and political magazine, founded by M. Gorky. Published from December 1915 to December 1917. Circulation 10 x 12 thousand copies. Editorial office on Bolshaya Monetnaya Street, 18. Publisher A. N. Tikhonov, editor... ... Encyclopedic reference book"Saint Petersburg"
monthly literary, scientific and political magazine, Petrograd, 1915-17. Founded by M. Gorky, it united writers and publicists of a socialist orientation who opposed the continuation of the war, nationalism, and chauvinism.
Excellent definition
CHRONICLES
in Rus' were carried out from the 11th to the 18th centuries. Until sep. XVI century, the time of Ivan the Terrible, they were the main type historical narrative, only from this time “giving way to another historiographical genre - chronographs. Chronicles were compiled in monasteries, at the courts of princes (and then kings), in the offices of metropolitans. Chroniclers were almost never private individuals, but carried out orders or orders from spiritual or secular rulers, reflected the interests certain groups of people. That is why L. often contradicted each other not only in assessments of events, but also in the actual factual basis, which creates significant difficulties for chronicle researchers and historians who, on the basis of L., recreate the actual course of events. In terms of their structure, Old Russian letters were collections of weather articles, i.e., reports about events that occurred in each year. Most often the chronicler limited himself to brief information about what happened, For example: “In the summer of 6751 (1143). Vsevolod married his son Svyatoslav to Vasilkovna, Prince of Polotsk. The same winter, Izyaslav went to his army (uncle - Ya. L.) Gyurgy and, not having settled with him, went to his brother Smolinsk, and from there he went to his other brother Svyatopolk Novugorod, there and winter.” But in a number of cases the chronicler resorted to literary form presentation, creating a plot narrative about the most significant events national history. It is from L. that we know in detail about the campaign, capture and escape from captivity of Prince Igor Svyatoslavich, about the tragedy of the Battle of Kalka, about the Battle of Kulikovo, the circumstances of the capture of Moscow by Tokhtamysh, about the feudal war of the 15th century, the culminating episode of which was the capture and blinding of the great Prince Vasily II Vasilyevich, etc. Even in weather records, chroniclers often include addresses of princes, their dialogues, and widely use literary cliches in them: stable speech formulas, colorful epithets, rhetorical turns, etc. L. not only the main sources on political history Rus', but also the most extensive monuments of ancient Russian secular literature, and chronicle writing is one of its leading genres. Russian chronicle has a long history. At modern level knowledge, it has not yet been possible to establish when they began to keep records of historical events, replacing the previous form historical knowledge- oral stories, traditions and legends. According to the majority of scientists, followers of Acad. A. A. Shakhmatova, L. takes on a stable form and begins to be carried out systematically from the middle. XI century The oldest book that has come down to us is the Tale of Bygone Years. Already this chronicle of the beginning. XII century distinguished by the combination of actual weather records with monuments of other genres and even documents. The Tale of Bygone Years contains texts of treaties with Byzantium, legends about the emergence of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery, a presentation sacred history in the form of a story by a “philosopher” who encouraged Prince Vladimir to adopt the Christian religion, etc. L. will retain such a syncretic character later in the future. Special interest represent the so-called chronicle stories - plot stories about the most significant events of Russian history. Several hundred lists of chronicles have been preserved to this day (some chronicles are known in several lists, others in only one), and scientists have identified at least several dozen chronicle collections. Strictly speaking, each chronicle is a collection, since it combines - in a revised, abbreviated or, on the contrary, expanded form - the preceding chronicle and records of the events of recent years or decades belonging to the chronicler himself. The consolidated nature of L. made possible the path of chronicle research that was discovered and developed by Academician. Shakhmatov. If two or more L. coincide with each other before a certain year, then it follows that either one was written off from the other (this is rare), or they had common source, reaching this year. Shakhmatov and his followers managed to identify a whole chain of chronicle vaults that preceded the surviving L. XIV-XVII centuries: vaults XIV, XV and more early centuries, up to the 11th century. Of course, the definition exact date and the place where the collections were compiled is hypothetical in nature, but these hypotheses, based on the texts that have actually reached us and the relationships between them, allow us to navigate the monuments included in the series that has been published for one and a half hundred years - “The Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles” (PSRL). Chronicle collection containing a statement ancient history Rus', is the Tale of Bygone Years. L. South Russian principalities XII-XIII centuries came to us as part of the Ipatiev L. (see Ipatiev Chronicle). Chronicles of Rostov the Great, Vladimir and Pereyaslavl of Suzdal late XII - early. XIII century best preserved as part of the Laurentian and Radzivilovskaya L. (see Laurentian Chronicle, Radzivilovskaya Chronicle), as well as the Chronicler of Pereyaslavl of Suzdal. The chronicle collection associated with Metropolitan Cyprian and brought up to 1408, reached the Trinity Leningrad, which burned in the Moscow fire of 1812. Its text was reconstructed by M. D. Priselkov (Trinity Chronicle: Reconstruction of the text - M.; Leningrad, 1950 ). Around 1412, a chronicle corpus was created in Tver, reflecting an expanded revision of the all-Russian chronicle corpus of the late 14th and early 14th centuries. XV century, close to the Trinity L. It was reflected in the Simeonovskaya L. (PSRL. - T. 18) and the Rogozh chronicler (PSRL. - T. 15. - Issue 1). Another source of the Rogozhsky chronicler was the Tver code of 1375, which was also reflected in the Tver collection of the 16th century. (PSRL.-T. 15). Of particular interest is the all-Russian, so-called Novgorod-Sophia codex, compiled, apparently, in the 30s. XV century (often defined as “the code of 1448”) and included expanded chronicle stories about the battle on Kalka, Batu’s invasion and stories about the struggle that were absent in Trinity Leningrad Tver princes with the Tatars, lengthy editions of stories about the Battle of Kulikovo, the story of the invasion of Tokhtamysh, “THE WORD ABOUT THE LIFE OF DMITRY DONSKY”, etc. This collection, apparently compiled at the metropolitan see during the feudal war in Moscow, united all-Russian chronicle with Novgorod. The code was published in Sofia I L. (PSRL.-T. 5; 2nd edition not completed: in 1925 only the first issue of this volume was published) and Novgorod IV L. (Vol. 4, issues 1 and 2; 2nd ed. not completed). The first monuments of the Moscow grand-ducal chronicle that have come down to us were formed no earlier than the middle. XV century The chronicle collection of 1472 was reflected in Vologda-Perm Leningrad (PSRL.-T. 26) and Nikanorovskaya Leningrad (PSRL.-T. 27). It was based on the Novgorod-Sophia codex, edited by the grand ducal chronicler (who excluded, in particular, the mention of Novgorod liberties). A more radical revision of the previous chronicle was carried out by the Grand Duke's compilers in the late 70s. XV century: The Novgorod-Sofia vault was connected with a vault close to the Trinity Leningrad (with censorship of the material from both sources), and with other monuments. The Grand Duke's Moscow chronicle of 1479, which reflected this revision, formed the basis for the entire official chronicle of the late 15th-16th centuries. It has been preserved in an as yet unpublished list XVIII V. (in the Hermitage collection in the Russian National Library), and its later edition, brought up to 1492, was published in the 25th volume of PSRL. The chronicle compilation, which formed the basis of the Moscow code of 1479, was reflected in the first part of the Ermolinskaya L. (PSRL.-T 23), named so by Shakhmatov due to the fact that it contains a selection of news about the activities of the architect V. D. Ermolin in 1462-1472. The second part of the book contains material independent of the grand-ducal chronicle and apparently goes back to the collection compiled in the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery. The same code was reflected in the so-called Abbreviated Chronicles of the late 15th century. (PSRL.-T. 27). Rostov archbishop's code of the 80s. The 15th century was reflected in Typografskaya L. (PSRL.- T. 24). In Sophia II (PSRL.-T 6) and Lvov (PSRL.-T. 20) Leningrad, the code of 1518 was reflected, which in turn was based on a certain chronicle code of the 80s. XV century, compiled in unofficial church circles. At the end of the 20s. XVI century at the Moscow Metropolitan See, a chronicle was compiled covering the events of 1437-1520, named after its owner Joasaph (its text was published in 1967 by A. A. Zimin in a separate edition). The same years also included the compilation of the first edition of the largest of the Russian chronicles, the Nikon Chronicle (see Nikon Chronicle). Between 1542-1544 Another extensive chronicle was compiled - the Resurrection Chronicle (PSRL - T. 7-8). In the 2nd half. 50s of the 16th century. the initial edition of Nikon's L. was combined with extracts from the Resurrection L. and the Chronicler of the Beginning of the Kingdom (the chronicle outlining the events of 1533-1552, that is, the beginning of the great reign, and then the reign of Ivan the Terrible). Finally, in 1568-1576. under Ivan the Terrible, a multi-volume illustrated book was created - the so-called Facial Vault. These were the last all-Russian chronicle collections, which then gave way to another type of historiographical work - chronographs (see Russian Chronograph). Chronicles, conducted in the 17th-18th centuries, were not monuments of all-Russian, but rather local provincial chronicles. Publisher: Complete collection of Russian chronicles. - St. Petersburg; M, 1843; M., 1989.-T. 1-38; Novgorod first chronicle of the older and younger editions. - M.; L., 1950; Pskov Chronicles.-M, L., 1941-1955.-Iss. 1-2; Stories of Russian chronicles of the XII-XIV centuries / Translation and explanations by T. N. Mikhelson. - M., 1968; 2nd ed. - M., 1973; Stories of Russian chronicles of the XV-XVII centuries / Translation and explanations by T. N. Mikhelson - M., 1976, Northern Russian chronicle code of 1472 / Preparation of text and comments by Ya S. Lurie; Translation by V, V Kolesov // PLDR: Second half of the 15th century. -M., 1982.-S. 410-443, 638-655. Lit.: Sukhomlinov M.I. On the ancient Russian chronicle as a literary monument. - St. Petersburg, 1856; Shakhmatov A. A. Review of Russian chronicles of the XIV-XVI centuries - M., Leningrad, 1938, Priselkov M. D. History of Russian chronicles of the XI-XV centuries - Leningrad, 1940; L i-khachev D.S. Russian chronicles and their cultural and historical significance. - M; L., 1947; Dmitrieva R.P. Bibliography of Russian chronicles. - M.; L., 1962; Nasonov A. N. History of Russian chronicles XI - early XVII I century. - M.. 1969, Tvorogov O. V. Plot narration in the chronicles of the 11th-13th centuries. // Origins of Russian fiction.-S. 31-66, Lurie Y. S.; I) To the study of the chronicle genre // TODRL.- 1972.- T. 27.- P. 76-93; 2) All-Russian chronicles XIV-XV centuries - L., 1976; 3) Two stories of Rus' in the 15th century. St. Petersburg, 1994; Koretsky V.I. History of Russian chronicles second half XVI- beginning of the 17th century.-M., 1986. For articles on individual chronicles, see: Dictionary of Scribes.-Vol. 1.-S. 234-251; Vol. 2, part 2.-S. 17-18, 20-69. See also: Novgorod Chronicles, Pskov Chronicles, Ipatiev Chronicle, Laurentian Chronicle, Nikon Chronicle, Radzivilov Chronicle, Facial Vault, Tale of Bygone Years. Y. S. Lurie