1. What is a vacuole?
Vacuoles are large, membrane-bounded vesicles or cavities in the cytoplasm, formed from vesicular expansions of the EPS or CG vesicles in the cells of plants, fungi and many protists. The vacuoles are filled predominantly with aqueous content.
2, 3. What functions do vacuoles perform in plant cells? What substances are contained in cell sap?
Plant cell vacuoles are filled cell sap - aqueous solution various organic and inorganic substances. Chemical composition and the concentration of cell sap are variable and depend on the type of plant, organ, tissue and age of the cell. Cell juice contains salts, sugars, apple, lemon, oxalic, acetic acid, amino acids, proteins. These are the cell's reserve substances. They may also contain the final products of cell activity (toxic and tannins), which are excreted into the vacuole and thus isolated. The cell sap of many plants contains pigments that determine the color of organs.
Functions of vacuoles: accumulation and isolation of reserve substances, as well as substances intended for excretion (removal); maintaining turgor pressure, ensuring cell growth due to stretching; regulation water balance cells; providing color to the corollas of flowers, fruits, buds and leaves.
4. Which organisms have contractile (pulsating) vacuoles? What is their function?
Contractile vacuoles are present in freshwater protists (amoeba, slipper ciliates, green euglena, etc.). Due to the lower salt concentration in fresh water Compared to their concentration in the cytoplasm of protists, water continuously enters their body osmotically. It accumulates in a contractile vacuole, which increases its volume to certain limits, after which it contracts and removes water outside the cell.
5. How do digestive vacuoles differ from other vacuoles in the cell?
Digestive vacuoles of protists are designed to digest food material absorbed by phagocytosis. After digestion of food and absorption of dissolved nutrients Undigested residues are exocytosed into the cytoplasm, and the membrane of the digestive vacuole is integrated into the plasmalemma of the cell. Consequently, the digestive vacuole is a temporary organelle, which fundamentally distinguishes it from other vacuoles of the cell.
6. What do you think will happen to the amoebas and ciliates that live in our reservoirs if they are destroyed for some reason? contractile vacuoles?
Without contractile vacuoles, amoebas and ciliates cannot live in fresh water bodies. They will die (burst) from an excess of water in their body and a violation of the water-salt balance.
- a convenient organ where food is digested and broken down into simple connections, which are then absorbed by the body and used for its needs. However, tiny organisms - protozoa and sponges - of course, do not have a stomach. Its role is played by a phagosome, also called a digestive vacuole - a vesicle surrounded by a membrane. It forms around a solid particle or cell that the body has decided to consume. A digestive vacuole also appears around the swallowed drop of liquid. The phagosome merges with the lysosome, enzymes are activated and the digestion process begins, which lasts about an hour. During digestion, the environment inside the phagosome changes from acidic to alkaline. After all the nutrients have been extracted, undigested food remains are eliminated from the body through powder or cell membrane.
The digestion of solid food is called phagocytosis, and the digestion of liquid food is called pinocytosis.
Contractile vacuole
Many protists and some sponges have a contractile vacuole. The main function of this organelle is the regulation of osmotic pressure. Through the cell membrane, water enters the cell of a sponge or protozoa, and periodically, at equal intervals of time, the liquid is removed out using a contractile vacuole, which, growing to a certain point, then begins to contract using the elastic bundles present in it.
There is a hypothesis that the contractile vacuole also takes part in cellular respiration.
Vacuole in a plant cell
Plants also have vacuoles. In a young cell, as a rule, there are several of them small size, however, as the cell grows, they increase in size and merge into one large vacuole, which can occupy 70-80% of the entire cell. The plant vacuole contains cell sap, which contains minerals, sugars and organic substances. The main function of this organelle is to maintain turgor. Plant vacuoles are also involved in water-salt metabolism, breakdown and absorption of nutrients, and disposal of compounds that can harm the cell. The green parts of plants that are not covered with wood retain their shape thanks to the strong cell wall and vacuoles, which maintain the shape of cells unchanged and prevent deformation.
digestive vacuole
Membrane vesicles in the cytoplasm of the cell in which intracellular digestion occurs in protozoa and sponges. Formed by ingestion of solid formed particles or cells ( phagocytosis), as well as liquid droplets ( pinocytosis). Digestion of food particles by vacuoles is called cyclosis (lasts about 1 hour). During cyclosis, enzymes enter the digestive vacuole and digest the contents, the reaction of which changes from acidic to alkaline. Undigested residues are removed through powder.
.(Source: “Biology. Modern illustrated encyclopedia.” Chief editor A. P. Gorkin; M.: Rosman, 2006.)
- - a set of digestive organs in animals. Protozoa are characterized by intracellular digestion. In the most primitive multicellular organisms, food digestion is carried out separately. cells...
Biological encyclopedic dictionary
- - Cm....
Dictionary of microbiology
- - a single-membrane cell organelle filled with cell sap and separated from the hyaloplasm by the tonoplast. Contains water-soluble compounds - products of cell metabolism, reserve substances, pigments...
Anatomy and morphology of plants
- - a set of digestive organs in animals and humans. In vertebrates it is represented by the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, as well as the cri. digests. glands...
Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary
- - a cavity in the protoplasm of a cell filled with cell sap in which salts, sugars and organic acids, and also contains a number of pigments that color flower petals red, blue and purple...
Beginnings modern Natural Science
- - ensures the body absorbs the nutrients it needs as a source of energy, as well as for cell renewal and growth...
Atlas of Human Anatomy
- - vacuole - A cavity in the cytoplasm of a cell, bounded by a membrane, filled with a liquid including enzymes...
Molecular biology and genetics. Dictionary
- - a set of organs that ensure the processing and assimilation of food necessary for the life of the body...
Medical encyclopedia
- - cellular inclusion, which is a vial, usually with liquid contents...
- - see Digestive tract...
Large medical dictionary
- - see Digestive apparatus...
Large medical dictionary
- - digestive apparatus, a set of digestive organs in animals and humans...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- - R., D., Ave. vacuo/li...
orthographic dictionary Russian language
- - vacuole cm....
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
- - VACUOL and VACUOL and, g. vacuole, lat. vacuola Small, usually spherical cavities in the cells of animals, plants and single-celled organisms. BAS-2. Vacuoles appeared in the protoplasm, colored by similar films...
Historical Dictionary Gallicisms of the Russian language
- - ...
Word forms
"digestive vacuole" in books
Digestive system
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Digestive system
From the book Universal encyclopedic reference book author Isaeva E. L.Digestive system Upper lipAscending colonPharynxDuodenumStomachGall bladderTeethSoft palateExternal anal sphincterLower lipDescending colonCommon bile ductParotid salivary
Digestive system
From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia(PI) of the author TSB35. Digestive system
From the book Histology author Barsukov V Yu35. Digestive system The human digestive system is a digestive tube with glands located next to it (salivary glands, liver and pancreas), the secretion of which is involved in the digestion process. Digestion process
39. Digestive system
From the book Histology author Barsukov V Yu39. Digestive system StomachSecretary. The function is to produce gastric juice by the glands. The mechanical function of the stomach is to mix food with gastric juice and pushing processed food into the duodenum. Endocrine function
43. Digestive system
From the book Histology author Barsukov V Yu43. Digestive system Pancreas The pancreas is an organ of the digestive system, which contains exocrine and endocrine parts. The exocrine part is responsible for the production of pancreatic juice, which contains
Digestive system
From the book How to quit smoking 100%, or Love yourself and change your life by Kipnis DavidDigestive system It reacts to smoking primarily with digestive disorders. The production of digestive enzymes decreases, intestinal function and food absorption deteriorate. And then come gastritis, ulcers and
Digestive system
From book Latin terminology knowledgeable about human anatomy author Plitnichenko B. G.Digestive system Sublingual salivary gland - glandula salivaria sublingualis Submandibular salivary gland - glandula salivaria submandibularis Parotid salivary gland - glandula salivaria parotis Parotid duct - duсtus parotideus Tooth crown - corona dentis Tooth neck - cervix dentis Tooth root - radix dentis Incisors -
Digestive system
From the book Atlas: human anatomy and physiology. Complete practical guide author Zigalova Elena YurievnaDigestive system The digestive system carries out mechanical and chemical processing of food, the breakdown of nutrients into monomers, the absorption of processed and the release of unprocessed ingredients. The digestive system consists of
Digestive system
From the book How to stop aging and become younger. Result in 17 days by Moreno MikeDigestive System Simply put, digestion is the process of extracting beneficial nutrients from the food we eat. And this process begins even before we lift the first spoon to our mouth - along with the smell of frying bacon sizzling in a frying pan, or
Digestive system
From the book Stevia - a step into immortality author Korodetsky AlexanderDigestive system It has been established that the use of stevia as a food additives improves digestion, activates the activity of the liver and kidneys, normalizes carbohydrate and lipid (fat) metabolism, which has a beneficial effect on the state of the gastrointestinal
Digestive system
From the book How to Stay Young and Live Long author Shcherbatykh Yuri ViktorovichDigestive system Everything is in the hands of man. Therefore, they need to be washed as often as possible. Stanislav Jerzy Lec During his life, a person passes tons of various products that interact with our body. Therefore, it is far from indifferent to your health that you
Digestive system
From the book A Healthy Man in Your Home author Zigalova Elena YurievnaDigestive system Human life is impossible without constant receipt of sources of energy and substances for building cells. A person receives all the necessary substances from food, which is digested by the organs of the digestive system. Food is processed
Digestive system
From the book Central Asian Shepherd Dog author Ermakova Svetlana EvgenievnaDigestive System The dog's digestive system consists of oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver and pancreas. The oral cavity is formed by the upper and lower lips, cheeks, gums, teeth, soft and hard palate,
Digestive system
From the book Caucasian Shepherd Dog author Kuropatkina Marina VladimirovnaDigestive system The dog's digestive system consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver and pancreas. The oral cavity consists of the upper and lower jaw on which the teeth are located. Incisors
Digestive vacuole digestive vacuole
Membrane vesicles in the cytoplasm of the cell in which intracellular digestion occurs in protozoa and sponges. Formed by ingestion of solid formed particles or cells ( phagocytosis), as well as liquid droplets ( pinocytosis). Digestion of food particles by vacuoles is called cyclosis (lasts about 1 hour). During cyclosis, enzymes enter the digestive vacuole and digest the contents, the reaction of which changes from acidic to alkaline. Undigested residues are removed through powder.
.(Source: “Biology. Modern illustrated encyclopedia.” Chief editor A. P. Gorkin; M.: Rosman, 2006.)
See what a “digestive vacuole” is in other dictionaries:
See Phagolysosome (Source: Dictionary of Microbiology Terms) ... Dictionary of microbiology
- (Lobosea), a class of the most simply organized protozoa above the class of rhizomes. Deprived of internal skeleton and external shells. The body shape is variable, sizes usually range from 20 to 700 microns, rarely slightly more. The shape and size of pseudopodia are characteristic of... ...
Active capture and absorption of microscopic foreign living objects (bacteria, cell fragments) and particulate matter unicellular organisms or certain cells of multicellular animals (see PINOCYTOSIS). The ability of cells to capture and... Biological encyclopedic dictionary
A set of processes that provide mechanical grinding and chemical (Ch. enzymatic) breakdown of food. substances into components suitable for absorption and participation in metabolism. Food entering the body is digested under the influence of... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary
Or Protozoa. Contents of the article: Characteristics and classification. Historical sketch. Morphology; protoplasm with inclusions (trichocysts, nucleus, contractile vacuoles, chromatophores, etc.). Covers and skeleton. Movement P.; pseudopodia, flagella and... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
VACUOLES (French vacuole, from Latin vacuus empty), cavities in animal and plant cells or single-celled organisms. There are digestive and contractile (pulsating) vacuoles that regulate osmotic pressure and serve to remove waste products from the body.
Good for plant cells developed system vacuoles, which largely ensures their somatic properties.
In animal cells - pinocytosis vacuole
The inner cell membrane, the tonoplast, surrounds the vacuole.
Kingdom unicellular, type protozoa.- a group of animals, most of which feed on organic food (bacteria, unicellular algae). The formed food particles captured by them are digested in digestive vacuoles - digestive organelles. After which the dissolved part of the digested food enters the cytoplasm. In protozoa that absorb liquid organic substances from the environment, digestive vacuoles, as a rule, are absent.
Also, protozoa are characterized by contractile vacuoles - organelles, the main function of which is to regulate osmotic pressure in the cell. These vacuoles are characteristic primarily of freshwater protozoa, since in their body the osmotic pressure due to the formation of salts is always higher than in environment, as a result of which water continuously enters the body through the integument. Removal of excess water using contractile vacuoles protects the protozoa from death. Metabolic products are partially removed from the protozoan body along with water through contractile vacuoles.
Class Sarcodae. (common amoeba). In the process of movement, the amoeba encounters small digestive particles (bacteria, algae), flows around them with its pseudopods and draws them into the cytoplasm. A digestive vacuole is formed around this food bolus. Undigested food residues are thrown out of the digestive vacuole when it approaches any part of the surface of the amoeba’s body.
Excess water and metabolic products in the body are removed using a contractile vacuole, which looks like a bubble, which, when a certain volume is reached, pours the contents out. The same thing happens in Euglena green (class Flagellates), the vacuole is located in the front of the cell.
Ciliate class. The slipper ciliate has an oral funnel on the side of its body. Food particles (bacteria) are driven into the mouth and then enter the pharynx. At the bottom of the pharynx, a digestive vacuole is formed in the cytoplasm. The formed digestive vacuole is separated from the pharynx and carried away by the cytoplasmic current. With an abundance of food and normal temperature conditions (about 15 ° C), digestive vacuoles are formed every 1-2 minutes. As the vacuole moves, the food in it is digested and absorbed by the cytoplasm, after which the digestive vacuole passes to the posterior end of the body, where through a special hole in the shell - the powder - undigested food remains are thrown out. The function of osmoregulation is performed by two contractile vacuoles.
In almost all cells, especially in old ones, cavities - vacuoles - are clearly visible. They are filled with cell sap. Cell sap is water with sugars and other dissolved in it. organic substances. Cell sap may contain coloring substances that give blue, purple, and crimson colors to petals and other plant organs. Autumn leaf color is also due to colored cell sap. By cutting a ripe fruit or other juicy part of a plant, we damage the cells, and juice flows out of their vacuoles.