Particle discharges are form-forming. Word-forming and form-forming particles

Shaping operations (construction of parts) We have already found out that KOMPAS is a solid modeling system and that most of the operations for creating models in it are based on sketches (with the exception of operations for creating a chamfer, rounding, shell, etc.).

A particle is an auxiliary part of speech, which, without having its own completely independent lexical meaning, gives different shades to words and sentences or serves to create forms of words.

Particles do not change, do not have an independent lexical meaning and are not members of sentences, but can be part of sentences.
The main area of ​​use of particles is oral speech, fiction and journalism with elements of colloquial speech. The use of particles in speech makes statements more expressive and emotional. Excessive use of particles leads to speech clogging and loss of semantic accuracy.

The main role of particles (general grammatical meaning) is to introduce additional shades into the meanings of other words, groups of words or sentences. Particles clarify, highlight, and strengthen those words that are necessary for more exact expression contents: « Already the sky was breathing in autumn, Already the sun shone less often.» ( Pushkin A.S.) Already- a particle with an intensifying value.

Particles arose later than other parts of speech. By origin, the particles are related to in different parts speech: with adverbs ( only, only, barely, just, right and etc.); with verbs ( let, let, come on, let it be, it would be, after all, you see and etc.); with unions (oh, yes, and, well and etc.); with pronouns ( everything, it, what for, then, this, itself etc.), with interjections ( there, well and etc.). Some particles are not related to other parts of speech by origin: here you go and etc.

There are few particles in the Russian language. In terms of frequency of use, they are in the first hundred of the most used words (the same as , conjunctions and some pronouns). This hundred most frequent words includes 11 particles ( no, same, here, only, yet, already, well, neither, even, whether, after all ).

Comparison with other parts of speech

In their structure and functions, particles are similar to adverbs, conjunctions and interjections.

Particles are different from significant parts speech to those who have no lexical meanings, therefore particles are not members of the sentence, but can be part of the members of the sentence. Particles differ from prepositions and conjunctions in that they do not express grammatical relations between words and sentences, i.e. the particle never connects anything.

At parsing the particle is highlighted together with the word it refers to or is not highlighted at all.

In the science of the Russian language there is no consensus according to particle classification. Classifications may vary among different authors.

Particle discharges.

According to their meaning and role in a sentence, particles are divided into categories.

• formative,
• negative,
• semantic (modal).

Shaping particles

- particles that participate in the formation of certain forms various parts speech (verbs, adjectives, adverbs, nouns, pronouns).

• Particles that serve to form verb inflections:
  • imperative mood - yes, let (let), come on (let's) :long live, let him go, let's (let's) go;
  • subjunctive (conditional) mood - would(b): said would, helped would , put on b ; What would did not happen.
    Particle would(b) may appear before the verb to which it refers, after the verb, may be separated from the verb in other words: I b went to work. I wanted would live in Moscow. I did more would better. I would made it even better.

  Particles let, let, let, yes, come on (let's go) are part of the verb form and are part of the same part of the sentence as the verb, and are underlined with it. The formative particle is a component of the verb form and is written with the verb when morphological analysis verb as part of speech.

• Particles that form forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives, adverbs, names of states - more, less : more important, less important; more Interesting, less boring.
  The meaning of the comparative degree can be enhanced by particles more And All : more scarier All more interesting.

When forms are formed, particles become closer to morphemes: more important (the degree of comparison is formed using a suffix) - more important (the degree of comparison is formed with the help of a particle).

Postfixes are not particles -sya(-s), -that, -either, -something And no, neither as part of negative and indefinite pronouns and adverbs, participles and adjectives, regardless of merged or separate writing. It is necessary to distinguish the particle -That And -That : Which -That, Where -That ( ) - I -That I know everything. (particle)

Comment.

In Babaytseva’s complex on the Russian language, some other authors (Glazunov, Svetlysheva) proposed a different approach, where -something, -either, -something - attributed to word-forming particles and form pronouns and adverbs : who - someone, someone, anyone, anyone; what - some, some etc. Negative particles are also classified as word-forming particles Not And neither : who - no one, no one; when never, never etc. In this case, the particles turn into .
Using a particle Not words are formed with opposite meaning: friend - foe, happiness - misfortune.
Some words without Not no longer exist: bad weather, slob, ignorant, impossible and etc.
These questions should be clarified with your teacher.

Negative particles

No, neither- the most frequent particles. Besides: no, not at all, not at all.

Particle NOT plays a major role in expressing negation and gives the following meanings:

• negative meaning to the whole sentence: This will not happen.
• negative meaning to an individual member of a sentence: In front of us was not a small, but a large clearing.
• positive meaning, statement (via double negative with not): could not help but help, i.e. should have helped; I couldn't help but say.

Most often negative particle Not is part of the predicate: At night did not have rain. ( did not have- predicate) I Don't know. (Don't know- tale.)

NI particle gives:

• negative meaning in a sentence without a subject: Neither from place!
• strengthening of negation in sentences with the word not (no), which expresses the main negation: Around No neither souls. Not it is seen neither zgi. In the sky No neither clouds. Sometimes neither used without Not : In the sky neither clouds.
• strengthening and generalizing any statement made in the main clause (for this, in subordinate clause particle is used neither ): What neither (= everything) would do, everything would work out for him. Where neither (= everywhere) you look, there are fields and fields everywhere.
• When repeating the particle neither becomes important coordinating (conjunctive) conjunction : Neither Sun, neither air won't help me. ( neither - union)
• Negative particles include words No. It is used when there is a negative answer to a spoken or unspoken question: Want? No . To strengthen the negative word No repeated or used before a negative predicate: No, I don’t want to.
  Particle No corresponds in its role to the affirmative particle in the sentence Yes : Will you go? Yes .
• not at all, not at all, not at all .

It is necessary to distinguish neither (not) prefix, particle and conjunction. The prefix is ​​written together ( someone, no one, no one). The particle and conjunction are written separately: no not a soul (particle, strengthens negation); Neither (conjunction) rain, neither (union) snow couldn't stop him.

Semantic particles

Semantic (modal) particles are particles that introduce various semantic shades into a sentence (clarify, emphasize, intensify), express the feelings and attitude of the speaker.

Particle groups by value:

• Adding shades of meaning:
  • interrogative —whether, really, really :
    Really This is true? Is it true whether This? Isn't it do you disagree with me?
    Isn't it And really often act as synonyms: Is it (is it really) did not you recognize me? But they can also have different meanings.
    In sentences with isn't it doubt is expressed, the speaker seems to be arguing with the interlocutor, confident in the inadmissibility of the fact: Isn't it can I lie?
    In sentences with really Doubt and surprise appear: Really did he deceive us?
  • index fingers — here (and here), there (and there), here and, there .
    Highlight the item you need to pay attention to: Here my village.
  • clarifying — exactly, just, almost, almost, exactly, exactly, exactly : Exactly she told me about it. Just he knew about it.
    Particles exactly , just serve to highlight the most important information.
  • express allocation, limitation(restrictive-excretive) - only, only, exclusively, almost, solely : I am not sick, only) a little tired.
• particles that express the feeling and attitude of the speaker:
  • exclamation marks particles - what the, how , Well: What a soul! How amazing! Gee!
    These particles express admiration, surprise, and indignation.
    Particle How has a homonym How - pronoun How and union How .
    Particle How Usually used in exclamatory sentences: How evenings in Russia are delightful!
    Pronoun-adverb How used in interrogative sentences and is a member of the proposal : How are you feeling? How - circumstance.
    Union How - in complex sentences: I will tell you, How to live on.
  • express doubt —hardly, hardly: Barely whether this will do. Hardly he will agree.
  • amplifiers particles - even, well, neither, well, really, after all, only, only and etc.
    Particles highlight words in a sentence: Masha knows each other only famous monuments. ( Only - an intensifying particle, in a sentence it is part of the definition only known).
    Some particles of this discharge can perform the role of unions : The moon has become brighter, the stars or They just turned blue. Particle or highlights the word stars and connects the first and second sentences.
  • express relaxation of requirements — —ka.
    In combination with imperative verbs, this particle softens the meaning of the verb: Do It! - Do It -ka .

Examples:

• Day and night the cat is a scientist All walks around the chain. (A. Pushkin) - intensifying meaning
• Well what the neck, what thelittle eyes! (I. Krylov) - exclamation value
• Yeslong live the sun,Yesdarkness will hide (A. Pushkin) Let the brown one burst stronger. (M. Gorky) - forms the imperative form of the verb
• Same word, but not the samewouldsaid. - forms the subjunctive form of the verb.
• What we were talking about before only thought, now they have brought it to life. We just thought -only not an adverb, not a conjunction, since it does not connect anything, but enhances the meaning of the verb (they thought, but did not do). Therefore it is a particle.

Particle– this is a service part of speech, which serves to express shades of meaning of words, phrases, sentences and to form word forms. Particles do not change and are not members of the sentence. (In school grammar, however, it is customary to emphasize negative particle Not together with the word to which it refers; This is especially true for verbs.) Depending on the additional values ​​transmitted, the following are distinguished: semantic particles (Here He, approximately two), modal particles (Yes, we have met, Well, go) and formative particles, which convey various grammatical meanings: Let coming. Yes Hello participants of the rally!

Basic semantic particles

Shaping particles

Modal particles

TO formative Particles include particles that serve to form the conditional and imperative forms of the verb. These include the following: would(conditional mood indicator), let, let, yes, come on(indicators of the imperative mood). Unlike semantic particles, formative particles are components of the verb form and are part of the same part of the sentence as the verb, and are emphasized along with it even when placed in a non-contact manner, for example: I would not late if would it didn't rain .

Semantic particles express semantic shades, feelings and attitudes of the speaker.

Some studies also identify other groups of particles, since not all particles can be included in these groups (for example, supposedly, they say).

Particle neither acts as a negative in constructions impersonal offer with the predicate omitted ( In the room neither sound) and as an intensifier if there is already expressed denial (In the room Not audible neither sound). When repeated, the particle neither acts as a repeating coordinating conjunction (Can't hear it in the room neither rustles, neither other sounds).

Postfixes are not particles - Xia (-sya), -this, -either, -something and consoles Not And neither as part of negative and indefinite pronouns and adverbs, as well as participles and adjectives, regardless of whether they are written together or separately.

A semantic particle - That must be distinguished from the word-forming postfix - That, acting as a means of forming indefinite pronouns and adverbs. Let's compare: Which- That, Where- That (postfix) – I- That I know where to go(particle).