As we know, the British love order in everything, and the English language is no exception. In their opinion, every action should have its own order. In Russian, we use one tense to express all past actions. We list a few events, then go back to another event that happened before all the others. An Englishman will never tolerate such “chaos” in his speech. If he forgot about important event, which happened before everyone else, then he will report about it in a specially designated time called Past Perfect. This is what we will talk about today. C"mon!
What is Past Perfect
Past Perfect Tense is the past perfect tense. We usually use it to talk about an action that ended at or before some point in the past.
For example: When he read the book, he went to bed.
What was the first action? First he read the book and then went to bed. That is, by the time he went to bed, he had already read the book. To show that the first action ended before the second happened, you need to use the Past Perfect in the first part of the sentence - “When he had read the book, he went to bed.” In other words, we use the Past Perfect to show the order of actions, i.e., that one action in the past occurred before another.
How is Past Perfect formed (formulas + examples)
- Statement. The predicate in the Past Perfect consists of two parts: the auxiliary verb " had" And third form of the main verb(add the ending “-” to the correct verb ed", and take the form of the incorrect one from the third column of the table irregular verbs).
- Negation. In a negative sentence between the auxiliary verb " had" and the particle " appears as the main verb not».
As with many other tenses, the Past Perfect has shortened forms that are used in colloquial speech. IN affirmative sentence " had» unites With pronoun, V negative- with the particle " not" For example:
I'd come.
You'd finished.
I hadn't come.
You weren't finished.
- Question. An interrogative sentence begins with an auxiliary verb " had", followed by subject And main verb.
Past Perfect marker words
If a sentence contains the following words, then it belongs to the Past Perfect Tense:
by- To;
hardly… when / no sooner… than- as soon as I barely had time;
after- after;
earlier- earlier, before - before;
first- first;
when- When;
just- just now;
already- already;
yet- already, not yet.
| Marker | Example | Translation |
| by | Unfortunately, most of the audience didn’t stay by the end of the play. | Unfortunately, by the end of the performance most of the audience left. |
| hardly...when | Hardly had they crossed the road when the accident happened. | They had barely crossed the road when the accident happened. |
| no sooner...than | No sooner he had came in than he heard congratulations and his friends gathered around him.a | As soon as he entered, he heard congratulations and friends gathered around him. |
| after | After the boy had done his hometask he went out to play football with his friends. | After the boy did his homework, he went for a walk. |
| earlier | She knew how to cook a cake because she had made it earlier. | She knew how to bake a cake because she had made it before. |
| before | James easily won this game because he had played it many times before. | James played this game easily as he had played it many times before. |
| first | First we had taken all our bags, then understood that we forgot our tickets on the table. | First we took our things, and then we realized that we had forgotten the tickets on the table. |
| when | John had sat to work when his boss called for him. | John sat down at his desk to work when his boss called him. |
| just | I just had sat to have lunch when my friend called me. | I had just sat down to lunch when my friend called me. |
| already | We had already bought a cake when Jill called us and told that she bought a cake too. | We had already bought a cake when Jill called us and said that she also bought a cake. |
| yet | I hadn’t served the table yet when the guests came. | I had not yet set the table when the guests arrived. |
Cases of using Past Perfect:
- The past perfect shows an action that happened before another action or a specific moment in the past. Another action in the past is most often indicated by Past Simple, and can be used special words: « by"(to some time/moment), " after" (after), " before"(before, before), " when" (When), " earlier" (earlier), " first"(first, first).
Before Anna called her husband she had finished all the work. - Before Anna called her husband, she finished all the work.
Nota bene: if actions are placed in chronological ok, then you need to use Past Simple:
Anna finished all work and called her husband. - Anna finished all the work and (then) called her husband (chronological order).
- The Past Perfect explains the reason: we want to show that the action expressed by the Past Perfect has become cause that another action has taken place.
He was hungry. He hadn't eaten for eight hours. - He was hungry. He didn't eat for eight hours.
She couldn’t buy a new pair of shoes as she had lost her credit card. - She couldn't buy new pair shoes because I lost my credit card.
- Past Perfect is used after " if" V conditional sentences third type ( third conditional). This type of conditional shows regret about the past. We could have done something in the past if we had fulfilled the condition, but in the present we can no longer change the situation.
If I had known about your problem, I would have helped you. - If I knew about your problem, I would help you.
If you had read the morning newspaper, you would have agreed with me. - If you read the morning newspaper, you would agree with me.
- Past Perfect is used in the constructions " hardly … when" And " no sooner … than" These constructions show that one action happened immediately after another. The peculiarity is that they use back order words, as in the question. Such sentences are translated into Russian using the words “as soon as...”, “I didn’t have time...”, “as soon as I...”.
Hardly had the plane landed at the Miami airport, when it started to rain. - The plane had barely landed at Miami airport when it started to rain.
No sooner had I chewed my sandwich than somebody knocked at the door. - Before I had time to chew my sandwich, someone knocked on the door.
- Enumeration of actions happened in the past until the time of the story generally:
I finally caught Lucky and looked around. The nasty dog had scratched the furniture, had torn the wallpapers and had eaten my lunch on the table. - I finally caught Lucky and looked around. The nasty dog scratched the furniture, tore the wallpaper and ate my lunch on the table.
Formation Past Perfect Passive
Like most tenses, the Past Perfect has passive design .
- Statement: subject + had been + verb 3 forms + [by an object].
The test had been finished by the end of the day.- The test was completed by the end of the day.
The picture had been painted by the Monday. - The picture was painted by Monday.
Negation: subject + had + not + been + verb 3 forms + [by an object].
The test had not been finished by the end of the day. - The test was not completed by the end of the day.
The bicycle had not been repaired by 2 o’clock. - The bicycle was not repaired by two o'clock.
Question: had + subject + been + verb 3 forms + [by object]?
Had the questions been discussed before the exam?- Were the questions discussed before the exam?
Had the picture been painted by the Monday?- Was the picture painted by Monday?
Present Perfect vs Past Perfect
Very often, when translating from Russian into English, you can get confused in choosing the right tense, because they both have similar features. Let's look at the table to get rid of doubts about the differences between Present Perfect and Past Perfect.
| Indicates that an action expressed by the Present Perfect has been completed by now or during the present time: The shopping center has just opened. - The shopping center has just opened. |
Indicates that an action expressed by the Past Perfect happened before another action or a specific moment in the past: We came to the office, but the administrator had already gone away. - We arrived at the office, and the administrator had already left. |
| Shows that the action occurred in the past, it is unknown and no matter when exactly, but its result is visible in the present: He knows her name. They have already met. - He knows her name. They've already met. |
Shows that an action occurred in the past and caused or led to another action occurring in the past: My brother felt hungry. He had not eaten since yesterday. - My brother was hungry. He hasn't eaten since yesterday. |
Nota bene: We recommend that you read the short theory again and complete the task in our online simulator so that you never have doubts about using the Past Perfect again.
Conclusion
So, today we looked at the forms of formation of affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences in the Past Perfect, both in active and passive voice. We remembered which markers you should pay attention to, and figured out how not to confuse the Present Perfect and Past Perfect. But the most important thing to remember is that next to the Past Perfect there must be another action in the past.
We invite you to familiarize yourself with other tenses of the English language
Learn English easy and get skillful!
Big and friendly EnglishDom family
Past Perfect– past perfect tense. Its peculiarity is that it is not used independently in speech and is necessarily tied to another action. Why do the British need this? The reason lies in their love of order and organization. In Russian, we use one tense to express all past actions. We list a few events, then go back to another event that happened before all the others. An Englishman will never allow such “chaos” in his speech. If he forgot about an important event that happened before everyone else, he will report it at a time specially designated for this - Past Perfect.
How is the past perfect formed?
Statement
Predicate in Past Perfect consists of two parts: an auxiliary verb had and the third form of the main verb (we add the ending to the regular verb - ed, and take the irregular form from the third column).
Negation
In a negative sentence between an auxiliary verb had and the particle appears as the main verb not.
As in many other times, in Past Perfect There are shortened forms that are used in colloquial speech. IN affirmative sentence had combined with a pronoun, in the negative - with a particle not. For example:
- I'd done.
- You'd decided.
- I hadn't done.
- You hadn't decided.
Question
An interrogative sentence begins with an auxiliary verb had followed by a subject and a main verb.
In order to consistently study Past Perfect, we have divided all its functions into three levels. In the green block you will find what you need to know at a basic level, in the yellow block - at an intermediate level, in the red block - at a high level.
Using the Past Perfect
First level
Past Perfect always goes hand in hand with another action in the past. Past Perfect shows an action that occurred before another action or a specific point in the past. Another action in the past is most often indicated Past Simple, and special words may be used: by... (at some time/moment), after(after), before(before, before) when(When), earlier(earlier), first(first, first).
We arrived at the station at 7.30, but the train had left. – We arrived at the station at 7:30, but the train was already gone. (first the train left, then we arrived at the station)
He had been a usual clerk before he became a successful businessman. - He was an ordinary clerk before that, How became a successful businessman.
Often Past Perfect explains the reason: we want to show that the action expressed Past Perfect, caused another action to occur.
He was hungry. He hadn't eaten for eight hours. - He was hungry. He did not eat eight hours.
She couldn’t buy a new pair of shoes as she had lost her credit card – She couldn’t buy a new pair of shoes because lost credit card.
Time Past Perfect similar in meaning to Present Perfect with the difference that the time of action does not take place in the present (now), but in the past (then).
They are not at home. They have gone shopping. →They were not at home. They had gone shopping.
Their No Houses. They gone go shopping. → Their did not have Houses. They gone go shopping.
Another common feature Present Perfect And Past Perfect– adverbs just(just now), already(already), yet(already, yet).
They were moving to another country, but they hadn't told their parents yet. – They moved to another country, but haven't said yet about this to your parents.
The most common mistake made with Past Perfect– use this tense where it is not necessary, most often instead Past Simple. For example, when we talk about a simple action that happened a long time ago. remember, that Past Perfect only works when there are two actions.
I learned English at school. - I learned English at school.
I had learned English before I entered the university. - I learned English before that, How entered the University.
Where else is the past perfect found?
Average level
- Past Perfect shows that an action began in the past and continued until a certain point in the past. Prepositions already familiar to us are often used here. for(during) and since(since).
He didn't want to drive that car anymore. He had driven it for 30 years. “He didn’t want to drive that car anymore.” He drove her 30 years old.
Her speech was impressive. She had worked on it since Monday. “Her speech was impressive. She worked over it since Monday.
This feature is not fully applicable to Past Perfect, she belongs by right Past Perfect Continuous. Past Perfect in this sense it is used with stative verbs (), that is, verbs that cannot "last".
Before we talked, Mary had been upset for three days. She had been crying all this time. – Before we talked, Mary was upset for three days. She cried all this time.
- IN Past Perfect, As in Present Perfect, there is a function with which we talk about personal experience. The difference is that Past Perfect we use when talking about our experiences in the past.
The last week of my holidays was the worst week I had ever had. – The last week of my vacation was the worst week I have ever had. was.
By the time I moved to Dublin I had written seven books and I was working hard on the eighth. – By the time I moved to Dublin, I wrote seven books and actively working on the eighth.
Complex cases of using Past Perfect
High level
- Past Perfect used after if in conditional sentences of the third type (). This type of conditional shows regret about the past. We could have done something in the past if we had fulfilled the condition, but in the present we can no longer change the situation.
If I had known about your problem, I would have helped you. – If I knew about your problem, I would help you.
If you had read the morning newspaper, you would have agreed with me. – If You read morning newspaper, you would agree with me.
- Past Perfect used in structures hardly ... when And no sooner ... than. These constructions show that one action happened immediately after another. The peculiarity is that they use reverse order words, as in a question. Such sentences are translated into Russian using the words “as soon as”, “I didn’t have time”, “as soon as I did”.
Hardly had the plane landed at the Miami airport, when it started to rain. – Barely airplane landed at Miami airport, How it started to rain.
No sooner had I chewed my sandwich than somebody knocked at the door. – Did not have time I chew your sandwich How someone knocked the door.
- In modern English language Past Perfect are increasingly being replaced by Past Simple, this is especially true for American English. We can use Past Simple instead of Past Perfect, if the sequence of events is clear from the context. In such sentences there are words after(after), before(before), earlier(earlier), first(first, first), etc.
After he had finished repairing his car, he took a shower. = After he finished repairing his car, he took a shower. – After He finished repairing the car, he took a shower.
I agreed to meet her though I was angry with her as we had quarreled earlier. = I agreed to meet her though I was angry with her as we quarreled earlier. “I agreed to meet her, although I was angry with her, because we had a fight.
This rule does not work with the conjunction when(when): changing tense may change the meaning of the entire sentence.
When we came home, she had cooked already prepared dinner. (Past Perfect means dinner was done before we got home)
When we came home, she cooked dinner. - When we came home, she prepared dinner. (Past Simple shows that first we came home and then she cooked dinner)
The more complex time seems, the less meaning it has. This rule also applies to Past Perfect. The main thing to remember is that next to Past Perfect there must be another action in the past. To better remember this time, take the test and download the table, which you can always look at and refresh your knowledge.
(*.pdf, 183 Kb)
Test
Past Perfect – past perfect tense in English
Past Perfect Tense is translated as “past perfect tense.”
We use this tense to say that an action in the past has ended. to or before some time in the past.
For example:
After I watched the series, I went to bed.
What was the first action? First I watched the series and then went to bed. That is by that time, When I went to bed, I had already watched the series.
To show that the first action ended before the second happened, you need to use the past perfect in the first part of the sentence.
In other words, we use the Past Perfect to show the order of actions, that is, what one action in the past happened before another.
Look at the picture:
That is, by the time I watched the film (second act), I had already read the book (first act).
Bonus: Do you want to learn English tenses easily? Sign up and find out how easy it is to master tenses and start speaking English in 1 month using the ESL method!
As you can see, it is not difficult to understand and remember this time. Now let's figure out how to correctly form such sentences.
Formation of Past Perfect tense in English
The Past Perfect tense is formed using had(this is the past tense form of the verb have) and the past tense verb.
Verbs in the past tense
There are regular and irregular verbs in English. Depending on the verb, this form is formed as follows:
- if the verb is correct, then we add the ending -ed to it: cook - cooked, finish - finished.
- if the verb is irregular, then we put it in the 3rd form: do - done, eat - eaten
There is no rule by which one can determine whether it is correct or not. regular verb in front of us. You can only find out by looking it up in a dictionary or memorizing it.
The same is true with forms of irregular verbs. You need to memorize them or look them up in the dictionary.
Past Perfect tense formation scheme:
Actor + had + regular verb ending -ed or 3rd form of irregular verb
| I | ||
| You | ||
| We | done | |
| They | had | worked |
| She | played | |
| He | ||
| It |
Important: Usually the past perfect tense is used in complex sentences, consisting of two parts. Moreover, we use the Past Perfect in the part of the sentence that talks about an action that happened first (before another).
In the other part, the Past Simple tense is most often used - past simple.
The two parts of the sentence are connected by the words:
after- after
before- before
when- When
by the time- by that time
She had done her homework before he called.
She had done her homework before he called.
After they had eaten breakfast they went to work.
After breakfast, they went to work.
Abbreviations
We can shorten had in a sentence. It will look like this:
had = 'd
I 'd cooked dinner when they arrived.
I prepared dinner when they arrived.
Negative sentences in the Past Perfect in English
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To make a sentence negative, you need to add the negative particle not to the auxiliary verb had.
The outline of such a proposal would be:
Actor + had + not + regular verb ending -ed or 3rd form of irregular verb
| I | |||
| You | |||
| We | done | ||
| They | had | not | worked |
| She | played | ||
| He | |||
| It |
He had not worked before he graduated an university.
He didn't work until he graduated from university.
We had not read the book before we went to bed.
We didn't read this book before we went to bed.
Reduction
We can shorten had and didn't in the following way:
had + not = hadn’t
For example:
I hadn't called him before he wrote me.
I didn't call him before he wrote.
Interrogative sentences with Past Perfect in English
To form an interrogative sentence, you need to put the auxiliary verb had in first place. The outline of such a proposal would be:
Had + character + regular verb ending -ed or 3rd form of irregular verb?
| I | ||
| you | ||
| we | done? | |
| Had | they | worked? |
| she | played? | |
| he | ||
| it |
Had they finished work before they left?
Did they finish their work before leaving?
Had he drunk coffee before he went to work?
Did he drink coffee before he went to work?
So, we've covered the theory, and now let's move on to practice.
Reinforcement task
Translate the following sentences into English:
1. I watched TV after I read the book.
2. She had breakfast before going to school.
3. They got married before they bought the house.
4. When the rain stopped, we went for a walk.
5. We went to the cinema after we had dinner.
6. He went home after finishing work.
Education Past Perfect Tense
1. Past Perfect is formed using the auxiliary verb to have in the form of the past tense (had) and the form of the past participle (Past Participle) of the semantic verb: I had worked, he had worked.
2. B interrogative form The auxiliary verb comes before the subject: Had I worked? Had he worked?
3. The negative form is formed using the particle not, which is placed after the auxiliary verb: I had not worked, he had not worked.
4. In the interrogative-negative form, the negation not is placed immediately after the subject: Had I not worked? Had he not worked?
|
Affirmative form |
Interrogative form |
Negative form |
Interrogative-negative form |
|
He (she, it) had worked |
Had he (she, it) worked? Had they worked? |
I had not worked He (she, it) had not worked We had not worked You had not worked They had not worked |
Had I not worked? Had he (she, it) not worked? Had we not worked? Had you not worked? Had they not worked? |
The following abbreviations are commonly used in colloquial speech:
Time Past Perfect formed using an auxiliary verb to have in the past tense and the past participle of the significant verb, that is, its “third form”.
To have in the past tense has a single form had.
Second participle or past participle ( Participle II), can be obtained by adding to initial form meaningful verb ending -ed:
examine - examin ed, enjoy - enjoy ed,close-close ed
However, in English there are also quite a few large group irregular verbs that do not form the past tense according to general rules.
IN interrogative sentence The auxiliary verb is placed in front of the subject, and the significant verb remains after it:
Had you brushed your teeth before you went to bed?
Did you brush your teeth before going to bed?
IN negative sentences the auxiliary verb is followed by negative particle not. In doing so, they can be reduced to the form hadn't.
How did you hope to pass the exam if you had not (hadn't) even opened the textbook?
How did you expect to pass the exam if you hadn’t even opened your textbook before?
Cases of using Past Perfect:
1. When there is an indication of the point in time at which an action in the past ended:
By 9 o"clock we"d finished the work.
By 9 o'clock we finished work.
She had written only two letters by noon.
By noon she had written only 2 letters.
2. When an action in the past took place before another action:
When you arrived, he had just left.
When you arrived, he had just left.
He had worked at the university for thirty years before he retired.
He worked at the university for 30 years before retiring.
3. B indirect speech to convey the present perfect and simple past tense:
He said he had studied English for two years.(He said: "I have studied English for two years.")
He said he has been studying English for two years.
She said she had published her first story 10 years before. (She said: "I published my first story 10 years ago.")
She said she published her first story 10 years ago.
She had written a letter by 5 o"clock on Saturday.
- She had not written a letter by 5 o"clock on Saturday.
? Had he written a letter by 5 o"clock on Saturday?
Yes, he had. No, he had not. (No, he hadn't.)
4. To denote actions that began before a specified moment in the past and continue until that moment. Usually such actions are expressed using Past Perfect Continuous, but used with static verbs Past Perfect. In this case, the period of time during which the action took place must be indicated:
I felt as if I had known her all my - I had a feeling like
life. as if I had known her all my life.
We went to see Mr Fennel who - We went to see Mr. Fennell,
hadbeen a widower for two years. who had been a widower for two years.
5. To express unfulfilled hopes, desires, etc., relating to both the past, present and even future tense:
I had hoped we could leave - I was hoping that we could leave
tomorrow but it’s beginning to tomorrow, but it seems it's becoming
look difficult. not easy (about a future event).
I had intended to make a cake but - I was going to make a cake, but
I ran out of time. didn’t have time (about a past event).
6. In subordinate tenses to express an action that is future in relation to past events and must occur before the beginning of the event expressed by the main sentence:
Not decided he wouldn't look at- He decided that he would not watch
his watch till he had read 30 pages. on the clock until it reads 30
Past Perfect not used:
1) when we are talking about the immediate sequence of events in the past, especially about the immediate reaction of people:
I got a real shock when I opened - I got really scared when
the box. opened the box.
2) when describing short sequential actions performed by different persons:
When I put the cat out he ran - When I put the cat out, he ran away
away to the bushes. into the bushes.
3) in subordinate clauses relating to sentences where the predicate is expressed by a verb in Past Perfect:
He told me that someone had - He told me that someone called
phoned when I was out. when I wasn't there.
Pivot table
|
Formation of forms |
||
|
had + V+ ed/ III form of irregular verb |
||
|
Affirmative |
Negative |
Interrogative |
|
He/she/it had run. |
He/she/it had not run. |
Had he/she/it run? |
|
You didn't run. |
||
|
They had not run. |
||
|
Cases of use |
||
|
1. An action completed in the past, but connected to the present through the result. |
I had done my home work before he called me. I had gone shopping before they arrived. When I rank, she had already left. When I came back home, I found out that my wallet had been stolen. I though that I had seen him somewhere before. She had cooked dinner at 2 p.m. |
I did my homework before he called me. I went shopping before they arrived. When I called, she had already left. When I returned home, I discovered that my wallet had been stolen. I thought I had seen him somewhere before. She prepared lunch by 2 o'clock. |
|
2. An action that began before some point in the past and was still continuing at that moment. Instead of The Past Perfect Continuous with verbs not used in Continous. |
They had known each other for many years when they decided to marry. They had lived in this town for years when the flood destroyed all the place. |
They had known each other for many years when they decided to get married. They lived in this city for many years when a flood destroyed the entire area. |
So, let's summarize the word formation in THE PAST PERFECT TENSE.
4.1. Affirmative form:
I had come - I came
He had come - He came
She had come - She came
It had come - He, she, it, it came (about inanimate objects)
We had come - We came
You had come - You came, you came
They had come - They came
4.2. Interrogative form:
Had I come? - I came?
Had he come? - He came?
Had she come? - She came?
Had it come? - He, she, it, did it come? (about inanimate objects)
Had we come? - We came?
Had you come? - You came? You come?
Had they come? - They came?
4.3. Negative form:
I had not come - I didn’t come
He had not come - He did not come
She had not come - She did not come
It had not come - He, she, it, it did not come (about inanimate objects)
We had not come - We did not come
You had not come - You didn’t come, you didn’t come
They had not come - They did not come
Use of THE PAST PERFECT TENSE
The main and most common cases of using Past Perfect:
1. When expressing actions that have already ended at a specified point in time in the past. Usually, these actions are expressed by the exact date, hour, etc.:
They had finished our work by seven o"clock. - They (already) finished their work by seven o'clock.
2. When expressing actions that preceded another action in the past:
She had written two articles, when the door was open and Bill Clinton comes in the room.
She had written two articles when the door swung open and Bill Clinton walked into the room.
Your application is accepted
Our manager will contact you soon
Close
There was an error sending
Send again
Past perfect tense sometimes it is called the antecedent, refers to those English times, which have no exact analogues in the Russian language. To better understand the meaning of the Past Perfect, you can draw a parallel with the Present Perfect.
Past Perfect- this is an analogue of the Present Perfect, only for the past. If in Present Perfect action happened to the present moment, then in the Past Perfect - to some moment in the past. This moment in the past can be expressed by another past action, which can be mentioned in a subordinate clause, or indicated in a separate sentence, as well as a time adverb. It is often translated into Russian with the past perfect verb what did you do?
Education Past Perfect
Basic meaning of Past Perfect
Very often in sentences with a verb in the Past Perfect you can find characteristic adverbs and time adverbs, namely:
Example sentences
By the time they were rescued they had already spent three days without food and water. By the time they were rescued, they had already spent 3 days without food or water. I knew about the accident because I had watched the news the night before. I knew about the incident because... I watched the news last night.
Example sentences
I had learned to read before I went to school. I learned to read before I went to school. When we arrived at the cinema the film had already started. When we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started.
Example sentencesThe Vikings had sailed to North America a thousand years ago. Vikings sailed to North America thousands of years ago. The Chinese had built the Great Wall over two thousand years ago. The Chinese built the Great Wall of China about two thousand years ago. 2. Past Perfect used in indirect speech Example sentencesSally said that she had lost her keys. Sally said she lost her keys. Martin replied that he had tried to call Dave the day before. Martin replied that he had tried to call Dave the day before. 3. Past Perfect should also be used in conditional sentences of the third type (unreal, implied condition, referring to the past). Example sentencesIf I had heard the weather forecast I would have taken an umbrella. If I had heard the weather forecast, I would have taken an umbrella. If we had taken the map, we wouldn’t have got lost in the mountains. If we had taken a map, we would not have gotten lost in the mountains. 4. Also Past Perfect used in sentences with I wish, If only to express regret about something in the past. Example sentencesI wish I had sent her a birthday present. I wish I had sent her a birthday present. If only I hadn’t spent so much money! If only I hadn't spent so much money! Now watch the video on Past Perfect:
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