October 19, 202 BC took place last battle Second Punic War. At the battle of Zama, Scipio defeated Hannibal - it was only defeat in the latter's track record. Now everything is clear: the peak of Carthage has been passed, further only downhill.
This was the case in Hundred Years' War between England and France, after the turning point achieved by Joan of Arc. The defeat of the British was only a matter of time. And on October 19, 1453, with the surrender of the Bordeaux garrison, this, strictly speaking, not a war, but a series of wars that lasted not even 100, but 116 years, ended.
On October 19, 1097, at the council of princes in Lyubech under the leadership of Vladimir Monomakh, the division of Rus' into appanage principalities. And in 1466 the Peace of Torun was concluded, concluding the Thirteen Years' War (1454-66) between Teutonic Order and the Kingdom of Poland. went to Poland West Side possessions of the order, which recognized itself as a vassal Polish king, A new capital Order after the loss of Malbork became Konigsberg.
On this day in 1533, the German Lutheran preacher and scientist Michael Stiefel, producing mathematical analysis books of the prophet Daniel, declared the day of the end of the world. Shortly before its onset, Stiefel walked around the surrounding villages, calling on residents to pray for atonement for their sins. Those, horrified, began to sell livestock and property for next to nothing. And when the “judgment” day ended without any consequences, he barely escaped the wrath of the angry peasants. Michael was wrong...
On October 19, 1645, on this day in Russia, a Decree on a population census was issued, which was carried out in next year. The census of the times of Alexei Mikhailovich, being aimed at facilitating the search and return of runaway peasants, had not statistical, but police tasks. Therefore, it is natural that they were afraid of her. But it is interesting that even when the census was undertaken solely to collect and clarify data on the country’s population, they were still afraid of it. Thus, during the 1897 census, there were known cases of self-immolation among Old Believers who feared questions about their religion. The government had to constantly explain that the census would not be a source of persecution and oppression, “and would not serve as a reason for any new taxes or duties.” What can we say about antiquity? Even in the 21st century, some are for some reason wary of this government initiative. Or, on the contrary, they consider it so frivolous that they ask to write themselves down as hobbits or elves. And this is not fiction - that’s how it was written.
On this day in 1796, the Gazette of the United States published an essay by former Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton under the pseudonym Phocion. In his publication, the author hinted at love affair presidential candidate Thomas Jefferson with his slave Sally.
On October 19, 1811, a privileged school for boys was opened near St. Petersburg Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. The most famous graduate Alexander Pushkin became the Lyceum. Tsarskoe Selo, summer residence royal family, was at that time a quiet green town. In a vast park stood the Catherine Palace, shining with blue trim and gilding. A huge four-story house was allocated for the lyceum. On ground floor housed the economic administration and the apartments of the inspector, tutors and some other officials; on the second floor there is a dining room, a hospital with a pharmacy and a conference room with an office; on the third there is a hall, classrooms, a physical office, a room for newspapers and magazines and a library... And finally, on the top - fourth floor - there are 50 rooms for lyceum students. Each such room had an iron bed, a chest of drawers, a desk (a small high table for standing work), a mirror, a chair and a table for washing. There was an inkwell and a candlestick on the desk.
Later, Pushkin wrote about the opening day of the Lyceum:
"Do you remember: when the Lyceum arose,
How the king opened the palace of the Tsaritsyn for us.
And we came. And Kunitsyn met us
Greetings among the royal guests...”
Of all Lyceum professors Pushkin, like other lyceum students, singled out professor of moral sciences Kunitsyn. The professor argued that by nature all people are equal and born free. This led to the conclusion: “No one can acquire property rights over another person.” The lyceum students were impressed by such views. The duration of study at the lyceum was six years and was divided into two courses - initial and final. In the lyceum - the only one educational institutions those years didn't exist corporal punishment. The history of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum ended in 1918, when it was closed by the Bolsheviks.
The year is 1812. It got colder in Moscow and the first snow fell. On October 19 (7th old style), Napoleon's army, which had abandoned the city, went out to meet its death. It was an escape, but Napoleon consoled himself with the thought that he would return in the spring. The indomitable anger that tormented the soul of the French emperor found a way out in the order to blow up the Kremlin and set everything on fire public buildings and barracks. Part of the Kremlin walls and some towers were blown into the air. The Palace of Facets was destroyed, the palace burned down, but the cathedrals survived. Bonaparte's departure from the Russian capital, which was burned by its inhabitants, was the beginning of the end of the once invincible army. The French, forced to return along the devastated Smolensk road, died in their thousands from frost and hunger and littered the road with their corpses. By November, only 60 thousand people remained of Napoleon's half-million army.
On October 19, 1835 (October 7, old style), Nikolai Gogol sat down at the table and wrote a letter to Pushkin. Having reported on the progress of work on “ Dead souls", Nikolai Vasilyevich moved on to the main thing: “Do me a favor, give me at least some plot, at least some funny or not funny, but purely Russian joke. My hand is trembling to write a comedy in the meantime... Do me a favor, give me a plot; In spirit there will be a comedy of five acts, and I swear, it will be funnier than the devil...” Great writer, which in Ukraine is not recognized as one of our own and is generously given to Russia, did not become an oathbreaker: it has indeed become “funnier than the devil.” This will be confirmed by anyone who has read the comedy “The Inspector General”.
On this day in 1901, twenty-eight-year-old Brazilian Alberto Santos-Dumont flew around the Eiffel Tower in an airship of his own design. A few years earlier, one of the wealthy founders of the French Aero Club offered a reward of 100 thousand francs to anyone who could fly around the symbol of Paris in half an hour, starting from Saint-Cloud, and return back. The Brazilian went around the tower in just 9 minutes and headed back, but due to bad weather and headwind landed 29 seconds later than expected. The Parisians, who saw the heroic efforts this flyby took, vigorously advocated recognition of the achievement. The aeronaut ordered the cash prize to be divided among his assistants.
On October 19, 1918, the Labor Commune of the Volga Germans was formed, which five years later became Autonomous republic Volga Germans and liquidated in 1941.
On this day in 1919, in the Pravda newspaper, in the “Red Army Soldier’s Page” section, a letter from the front “We have seen the light!” was published. signed by the head of the political department of the Turkestan Front D. Furmanov. The whole country learned for the first time the name of the future author of Chapaev.
On October 19, 1921, an evening took place in Petrograd at the House of Arts literary group"Serapion's brothers." Speakers included Viktor Shklovsky, Mikhail Zoshchenko, Veniamin Kaverin, Vsevolod Ivanov, Lev Lunts and others. “The Serapions” immediately stood out from the general literary background and attracted the fire of official criticism. They went against the tide, against ideological dominance, and their connections with the formal school of literary criticism are indicative and natural.
On this day in 1941 State Committee The Defense Ministry adopted a resolution that declared a state of siege in Moscow and the areas adjacent to the city from October 20, 1941. The resolution, in particular, ordered that “violators of order should be immediately brought to justice and referred to a military tribunal, and provocateurs, spies and other agents of the enemy calling for violation of order should be shot on the spot.”
On October 19, 1943, streptomycin was discovered by scientists Albert Schatz and Selman Waksmann. This is the first antibiotic successfully used to treat tuberculosis. Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic (these antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis). It is known that streptomycin binds to the S12 protein (rpsL gene) as part of the 30S ribosomal subunit, which leads to a significant disruption of the translation process.
On this day in 1956, the USSR and Japan adopted a Joint Declaration, which ended the state of war and restored diplomatic relations between the two countries, and also recorded the USSR’s consent to the transfer to Japan after the conclusion of a peace treaty on the Kuril Islands of Habomai and Shikotan (the agreement was never signed) . In conditions " Cold War“The question hung in the air and was returned to only in 1991.
On October 19, 1960, the US government imposed an embargo on trade with Cuba. A complete economic blockade of Cuba was announced, and all operations under contracts for the supply of oil and the export of sugar were stopped. The breakdown of these long-term agreements brought both sides huge losses. In February 1959, a revolutionary government was created in Cuba led by Fidel Castro. In May 1959, a decree was issued on agrarian reform. In accordance with it, private latifundia and land ownership by foreigners were eliminated in Cuba. More than 40 percent of land transferred to the public sector Agriculture, the rest are distributed among the peasants. On July 22, 1960, the Cuban government announced the final nationalization of all sugar factories and plantations owned American companies. In August 1960, telephone and electricity companies and oil refineries were nationalized. At the same time, the United States stopped supplying Cuba with oil and buying its sugar, although a long-term purchase agreement was in effect. In September 1960, the Cuban government nationalized all branches of North American banks. The total value of confiscated American property was one billion dollars. However, US President Eisenhower was not going to give up his country's economic and political interests so easily. October 19, 1960 American government announced a complete economic blockade of Cuba, stopping all operations on futures contracts for the supply of oil to the new communist system and the export of sugar. Each subsequent US president added his own decrees or laws to tighten the embargo. The liberalization of the economic blockade of Cuba began with a law signed in 2000 by President Clinton - the Trade Sanctions Reform Act. This law allowed the sale of a wide range of agricultural products to Cuba, from food to fertilizers and timber. From 2001 to 2004, Cuba purchased nearly a billion dollars worth of food from the United States. At negotiations between the management of the Cuban company Alimport and American businessmen held in Havana in April 2004 (more than 400 American entrepreneurs from 170 US companies took part in the economic forum), the president of the Cuban company, Pedro Alvarez, told American businessmen that Havana is ready to expand the list of imported goods . In particular, Cuba is ready to purchase engineering products, cars, and fertilizers from the United States. Russia, like the overwhelming majority of UN members, condemns the blockade against Cuba and advocates its early lifting.
On this day in 1982, renowned automobile designer John Delores was arrested in Los Angeles, California. Cops found $24 million worth of cocaine in his briefcase. The designer was going to make a big deal in order to save his company, whose affairs were getting worse and worse.
On October 19, 1984, in Poland, state security agents killed the popular Catholic preacher Jerzy Popieluszko.
October 19, 1987 - Black Monday - 1987 stock market crash. the day on which it happened big fall The Dow Jones Industrial Average for its entire history is 22.6%. This event affected not only the United States, but quickly spread throughout the world. Thus, the stock exchanges of Australia lost 41.8% by the end of October, Canada - 22.5%, Hong Kong - 45.8%, Great Britain - 26.4%. The collapse of 1987 smacks of some mysticism - the disaster was not preceded by any important news or events, there were no visible reasons for the collapse. This event called into question many important assumptions underlying modern economic science: theory rational behavior human, market equilibrium theory and hypothesis efficient market. Trading in global stock markets was restricted for some time after the crash as Computer Engineering At that time, it could not cope with the huge number of incoming orders. This trade restriction allowed the Federal Reserve and other central banks to take action to contain the spread of the global financial crisis.
On this day in 1997, in Bilbao (the capital of Vizcaya, one of the Basque provinces of Spain), the Guggenheim Museum of American and European Art of the 20th Century, opened the day before by King Juan Carlos I, welcomed its first visitors. The museum was the fruit of the joint efforts of the Basque authorities and the American Solomon Guggenheim Foundation, founded in 1937. Made of glass, titanium and limestone, the modernist building was designed by Pritzker Prize winner Frank Gehry, and the subway line leading directly to the museum was designed by Englishman Norman Foster, one of the most fashionable architects in the world. The foundation provided 242 works by major avant-garde artists - Kandinsky, Malevich, Miro and others. The opening of the museum with the accompanying infrastructure transformed the city and revitalized cultural life. You could say that in 1997 a new era began in Bilbao.
On October 19, 1999, development of a project for another tunnel under the English Channel began, this time for a road tunnel. The 50-kilometer tunnel project was ready in 2000.
On this day in 2000, an unknown patron gave France a valuable collection of 109 works of art, including paintings, drawings, pastels and sculptures XVIII, XIX and XX centuries. For France, this is one of the largest donations of the century. And at the same time, a branch of the famous Madame Tussauds opened in New York. The decoration of the museum cost its creators 50 million dollars. The new exhibition consists of 200 wax figures.
On October 19, 2005, a block of 4 1918 stamps was sold at auction in New York. The first airmail stamp in US history was printed with an error - it showed an airplane turned upside down. The lot went for $2.7 million.
October 19, 2005 - the three-month period allotted to the Ministry of Internal Affairs to liquidate the State Traffic Inspectorate expired. However, since the issuance of the presidential decree, the number of road accidents has increased significantly and Ukrainian traffic inspectors, citing the lack of legislative framework, back on the roads.
NewsOn October 19, 1645, a Decree on a population census was issued in Russia, which was carried out the following year. The census of the times of Alexei Mikhailovich, being aimed at facilitating the search and return of runaway peasants, had not statistical, but police tasks. Therefore, it is natural that they were afraid of her. But it is interesting that even when the census was undertaken solely to collect and clarify data on the country’s population, they were still afraid of it. Thus, during the 1897 census, there were known cases of self-immolation among Old Believers who feared questions about their religion. The government had to constantly explain that the census would not be a source of persecution and oppression, “and would not serve as a reason for any new taxes or duties.”
What can we say about antiquity? Even in the 21st century, some are for some reason wary of this government initiative. Or, on the contrary, they consider it so frivolous that they ask to write themselves down as hobbits or elves. And this is not fiction - that’s how it was written.
At one time he was characterized as a “master of political pamphlet.” But over time, his works lost their immediate political urgency, but instead became an example of irony, humor and “everyday writing” style. The pinnacle of Swift's work is Gulliver's Travels, written in 1726. Parodying and at the same time improving travel literature, the author “discovers” fantastic countries, satirically commenting real prospects and the ideals of European social order.
In 1731, Swift wrote “Poems on the Death of Doctor Swift,” where he wittily depicts the joyful commotion that the death of the restless writer would cause in official circles.
Jonathan Swift died in the same place where he was born - in Dublin. On his tombstone is carved an epitaph composed by himself: “Here lies the body of Jonathan Swift, Doctor of Divinity, Dean of this cathedral, where severe indignation cannot torment the heart of the deceased. Come along, traveler, and imitate, if you can, to the best of your ability, the brave defender of freedom.”
On October 19, 1811, a privileged school for boys, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, was opened near St. Petersburg. The most famous graduate of the lyceum was Alexander Pushkin.
Tsarskoe Selo, the summer residence of the royal family, was at that time a quiet green town. In a vast park stood the Catherine Palace, shining with blue trim and gilding. A huge four-story house was allocated for the lyceum. The lower floor housed the economic department and the apartments of the inspector, tutors and some other officials; on the second floor there is a dining room, a hospital with a pharmacy and a conference room with an office; on the third there is a hall, classrooms, a physical office, a room for newspapers and magazines and a library... And finally, on the top - fourth floor - there are 50 rooms for lyceum students. Each such room had an iron bed, a chest of drawers, a desk (a small high table for standing work), a mirror, a chair and a table for washing. There was an inkwell and a candlestick on the desk.
Later, Pushkin wrote about the opening day of the Lyceum:
"Do you remember: when the Lyceum arose,
How the king opened the palace of the Tsaritsyn for us.
And we came. And Kunitsyn met us
Greetings among the royal guests...”
Of all the lyceum professors, Pushkin, like other lyceum students, singled out professor of moral sciences Kunitsyn. The professor argued that by nature all people are equal and born free. This led to the conclusion: “No one can acquire property rights over another person.” The lyceum students were impressed by such views.
The duration of study at the lyceum was six years and was divided into two courses - initial and final. In the Lyceum - the only educational institution of those years - there was no corporal punishment. The history of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum ended in 1918, when it was closed by the Bolsheviks.
October 19, 1812. It got colder in Moscow and the first snow fell. On October 19 (7th old style), Napoleon's army, which had abandoned the city, went out to meet its death. It was an escape, but Napoleon consoled himself with the thought that he would return in the spring. The indomitable anger that tormented the soul of the French emperor found a way out in the order to blow up the Kremlin and set fire to all public buildings and barracks.
Part of the Kremlin walls and some towers were blown into the air. The Palace of Facets was destroyed, the palace burned down, but the cathedrals survived. Bonaparte's departure from the Russian capital, which was burned by its inhabitants, was the beginning of the end of the once invincible army. The French, forced to return along the devastated Smolensk road, died in their thousands from frost and hunger and littered the road with their corpses. By November, only 60 thousand people remained of Napoleon's half-million army.
In 1835, on October 19 (October 7, old style), Nikolai Gogol sat down at the table and wrote a letter to Pushkin. Having reported on the progress of work on “Dead Souls,” Nikolai Vasilyevich moved on to the main thing: “Do me a favor, give me at least some kind of plot, at least some kind of funny or not funny, but a purely Russian joke. My hand is trembling to write a comedy in the meantime... Do me a favor, give me a plot; In spirit there will be a comedy of five acts, and I swear, it will be funnier than the devil...”
The great writer, who in Ukraine is not recognized as one of his own and is generously given to Russia, did not become an oathbreaker: indeed, “the devil has become funnier.” This will be confirmed by anyone who has read the comedy “The Inspector General”.
On October 19, 1880, Sergei Trufanov was born, the future hieromonk Iliodor, one of the most significant figures of the right-wing movement of the early 20th century, one of the leaders of the Black Hundreds, a member of the Union of the Russian People.
Iliodor was a rival of Grigory Rasputin in the struggle for influence in the highest public spheres. He fought against State Duma and in general a new regime introduced, according to the hieromonk, “by nobles and ministers bribed by Jews.” Iliodor attacked the Russian intelligentsia, who, according to him, got everything bad from the French: debauchery, godlessness, disobedience to authorities. But the common people, according to the hieromonk, “still retained untouched spiritual moral purity and strength.”
For beating Rasputin in 1912, Iliodor was imprisoned in the Florishcheva hermitage in the Vladimir province. He resigned and announced a break with the church. Since 1914, Iliodor lived in exile, where he wrote “The Holy Devil” - notes about Rasputin.
All-Russian Lyceum Student Day
Lyceum Student Day begins its history in 1811. It was this year, on October 19, by decree of Alexander the First, that the Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was opened. It was intended to educate noble children. In the first years, about thirty people from ten to twelve years old were admitted to the lyceum. Among the very first and famous lyceum students were: great poet– A.S. Pushkin, Delvig, Matyushkin, Gorchakov, Pushchin and other personalities who glorified Russia.
Rocket and Artillery Forces Day (Armenia)
Rocket and Artillery Forces (RAF) Day in Armenia has been celebrated annually on October 19 since 1992. This year marked the completion of the formation of RA units of the Armed Forces in the country. RAV Day is accompanied by congratulations and numerous awards to the best rocket and artillerymen, as well as RAV veterans.
Lawyer's Day (Moldova)
On October 19, the Republic of Moldova celebrates “Lawyer’s Day”. This holiday annually brings together thousands of lawyers various industries activities, people whose lives are dedicated great mission– protect the constitutional rights of citizens.
Mother Teresa's beatification day
The day of the beatification of the Catholic companion - Mother Teresa of Calcutta - is celebrated annually by Albanians as National holiday. The people, despite the Muslim religion, consider Saint Teresa the most heroic and outstanding personality in the country. The capital's hospital and airport in Albania were named in her honor.
Free Market Festival (Bremen)
Germany has long attached great importance celebrations held in honor of trade. And it is not surprising that such a major event as the Free Market Festival (free fair), which takes place annually in Bremen from the second half of October until the very end of the month, has survived to this day. Every year the festival attracts millions local residents and tourists. The first such fair was held almost a thousand years ago with the approval of the emperor. During the two-week celebration of trade, all guests and residents of Bremen can purchase any goods at very competitive prices. Jewelry, clothing, traditional foods and more are included in the sale.
Chocolate Festival (Perugia)
One of the world's biggest chocolate festivals will take place in Perugia (Italy). It is held in October and is called “Eurochocolate” by local residents. An exhibition of natural delicacies for every taste and color, the most intricate and bizarre shapes, decorated by the skillful hands of confectioners - such an extraordinary picture will open before true chocolate connoisseurs.
Folk calendar October 19 (old style – October 6):
Fomin's Day
Thomas is one of the 12 apostles. He was engaged in fishing in Galilee until he heard an appeal to the people of Jesus Christ, which awakened in him a desire to join the ranks of the companions of the Messiah. Thomas had an outward resemblance to Christ, which is why the apostle was often called the “twin.” Wandering around the world with his teacher, he endured all the hardships of his chosen path with courage and pride and was soon chosen as the closest disciple of Jesus, and after his ascension he “inherited” the gift of casting out evil spirits and healing people.
It is believed that the days begin with Fomin strong winds and snowstorms, unexpected snowfalls are also possible. On this day in Rus' they feared awakening evil spirits, sowing disease. With the help of an aspen knot, a special ritual was performed in houses to protect against the attacks of evil spirits and fever. Also on October 19, people were counting their supplies for the winter. If the cellars were full, they said: “Foma is glad that there is a lot of money.” In this case, people went to church to light a candle in gratitude to the saint.
Significant historical events on October 19:
Napoleon's small army was forced to leave Moscow. There is only one garrison left in the city, tasked with destroying the Kremlin. The French emperor decided to take such a step in order to save the prestige of his state. As soon as the army left Moscow, the planned explosions followed. Many houses, buildings, and structures were completely burned down, including the Simonov Monastery, which miraculously survived the entire war, but fell under the onslaught of Bonaparte’s last army.
The discovery in the field of medicine was made by Selman Waxmann, but the “new level” medicine had a number of toxic properties, and therefore did not attract widespread attention from buyers. Over time, based on streptomycin, scientists managed to develop a group of valuable broad-spectrum antibiotics and reduce all side effects from the active substance to a minimum.
“Black Monday” was the name of the event, which on this day went down in history as the largest stock market crash in its history. There were no prerequisites for such a trend, no news, but, nevertheless, it happened. The collapse did not only affect the United States; it spread throughout the world with lightning speed. Collapse in to a large extent restricted trading on global stock markets because the computing machines could not cope with the huge number of incoming orders. The Federal Reserve System and central banks had to take serious measures to curb the growth of the global crisis.
In the winter of 1959, a revolutionary government is created in Cuba. In the spring of the same year, a decree on agrarian reform was issued, according to which the island was deprived of the right to private land ownership, as well as land ownership by foreigners. About half of the land was confiscated by the state, the rest was given to the peasants. On October 19, 1960, the US government announced an economic blockade of Cuba, stopping oil supply operations. The law was in effect until 2000, when President Clinton began to liberalize the blockade. Under the new act, Cuba is allowed to sell a wide range of agricultural products.
Born on October 19:
— Alexander Galich(1918) – Soviet playwright, poet, screenwriter. He graduated from the Gorky Literary Institute and the Stanislavsky Opera and Drama Studio. Great Patriotic War bypassed Galich - doctors discovered he had a congenital heart defect. In 1941, his stormy career, and in 1969 Alexander released his book of songs, causing discontent from the Union of Cinematographers and the Union of Writers. Galich was expelled, and in 1974 he left the USSR.
— Evander Holyfield(1962) – boxer, multiple world heavyweight champion. Since childhood, the future champion was fond of boxing. At the age of eight, his parents sent him to the sports section. At the age of 16, Evander participated in amateur competitions and often emerged victorious. Holyfield was rapidly moving towards victory, and in 1990 his dream came true: the boxer became the absolute world heavyweight champion.
— Boris Frolov(1932) - an outstanding Soviet architect. Following in his father's footsteps, in 1951 he entered the Civil Engineering Institute, but a year later he transferred to the Military Engineering Academy. After training, he worked as a foreman, a few years later he reached the status of chief engineer, and after that - unit commander. He has hundreds of projects under his belt: residential buildings, training grounds, training centers, Star City and many others.
— Umberto Boccioni(1882) - Italian sculptor and artist. He received his artistic education in Rome. In 1913, the Bernhafm Gallery hosted an exhibition of his Futurist sculptures.
— Vyacheslav Klykov(1939) – Soviet sculptor and artist. From childhood I realized that I wanted to devote my life to drawing and art. Received professional education V art institute named after Surikov. Fame came to Vyacheslav thanks to his work on the sculptural decoration of the children's theater in Moscow. In addition, Klykov created many famous monuments. Among them: Rubtsov, Sergius of Radonezh, Bunin, Batyushkov, Zhukov, Ilya Muromets, Peter the Great, A. Nevsky and others.
— Zhanna Bolotova(1941) – actress, People’s Artist of the RSFSR. She made her debut in the film “The House I Live In” while still a schoolgirl. After school I entered All-Union Institute cinematography, and then got a job in the theater. In 1985 she received the title of People's Artist of the RSFSR.
— Veronica Castro(born 1952) is a popular Mexican actress. WITH youth dreamed of becoming an actress top level, and she succeeded. She first started acting in TV series as a teenager, working part-time on local radio. With the release of the series “The Rich Also Cry,” it gained popularity and love from a large audience. The role of Marianne brought her worldwide success.
Name day October 19:
On this day, representatives of the names will be able to celebrate the name day: Arkhip, Makar, Ivan, Nikanor, Claudia and Thomas.
People born on October 19th have a strong, independent and independent character. They are determined, brave, smart, talented and hardworking. They ideally combine courage and caution, and in business, including money, they are always successful. The magical number of such individuals is only 1, the patron planet is the Sun, karmic colors are any light shades.
A lot happened on this day significant events.
Next news
On October 19, many significant events took place that went down in history. About the most interesting of them - in the material "360 Moscow Region".
October 19, 202 BC occurred decisive battle The Second Punic War between Rome and Carthage, which determined who would own the Mediterranean. The region at that time, in fact, was practically the entire civilized inhabited world. The battle took place in northern Africa. Small roman army Publius Cornelius Scipio landed on the African coast two years before the battle and received reinforcements from the defeated peoples of northern Africa. The army created real threat for the capital of Carthage.
To protect the country, the Carthaginian Senate was forced to call back the army of the commander Hannibal, who quite successfully fought against the Romans in Italy. Hannibal, the famous winner of the Battle of Cannae, met Scipio's army at Zama. The Romans had superiority in cavalry, Hannibal - in infantry. In addition, his army included African elephants, which inspired terror with their power and ferocity.
At the beginning of the battle, the Carthaginians attacked the Romans with cavalry, which the Roman cavalry repelled and immediately rushed in pursuit of the enemy. This is what the cunning Hannibal sought - now, in the absence of cavalry, he had superiority on the battlefield. The Carthaginians attacked the center of the Roman army with elephants, but the Romans, parting, allowed them to go deeper into the formation, where the elephants came under volleys of archers and blows from javelins. Enraged with pain, the giants turned back and crushed the first ranks of their own advancing troops. A battle ensued in which Hannibal wanted, as at Cannae, to capture the flanks of the Romans and encircle them. But Scipio was already familiar with such tactics, and the Romans responded with flank counterattacks. And yet, even without surrounding the enemy, the Carthaginians gained the upper hand.
But then the Roman cavalry returned, which successfully attacked the Carthaginians, carried away by the battle, from the rear. It was this blow that decided the fate of the battle and the entire war as a whole. Hannibal was defeated, and Carthage had to agree to difficult conditions peace. He lost all his possessions in Europe, his fleet and had to pay a huge tribute to Rome for 50 years. In the Battle of Zama, according to historians of that time, 20 thousand Carthaginians and five thousand Romans died.
On October 19, 1811, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was opened, founded by decree of Emperor Alexander the First for the education of noble children. Subsequently, this day became known as “Lyceum Day,” on which its graduates gathered for a festive dinner. The lyceum accepted children from 10 to 14 years old once every three years. Lyceum students studied the Law of God, ethics, logic, jurisprudence, political economy, as well as Russian, Latin, French, German literature and languages, rhetoric, history, geography, mathematics, physics, statistics. The program included penmanship, drawing, dancing, fencing, horse riding and swimming.
Lyceum education was equal to university education and was distinguished by the prohibition of corporal punishment, according to the charter of the institution. The Lyceum gave Russia a whole galaxy of political and public figures, writers and poets, including Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. Today in Russia Lyceum Student Day is officially celebrated - holiday date appeared in the calendar in the 90s of the last century, when Russian system education returned lyceums.
On October 19, 1812, Napoleon left Moscow, realizing the futility of wintering in a cold, plundered city, which was abandoned by the population. In addition, a skirmish with Russian troops in the Tarutin area showed Bonaparte that Russian army did not lose strength at all, but rather accumulated it while being near Moscow. Napoleon understood that with an army tired and demoralized by robberies and drunkenness, he would not be able to take the capital of Russia, St. Petersburg, and, most likely, would not defeat the Russian army in a decisive battle. It was decided to set fire to all food and weapons warehouses, administrative buildings in the city, blow up the Kremlin and retreat from Moscow towards the border along the Old Kaluga Road.
At first, Napoleon wanted to give Kutuzov one more decisive battle, but, being at his headquarters already near Troitsk, he finally decided to retreat to France, despite the failure in this case of the entire company in Russia. Moscow was a terrible sight - burning ruins littered with the bodies of the dead, looters from neighboring villages and crows. This is how the advancing Russian troops saw the city. But most of the Kremlin towers survived - the enemy managed to completely destroy only Vodovzvodnaya, and the bell tower of Ivan the Great, surviving even after the explosion, threw off all the ugly later additions, which caused delight and surprise among the returning Muscovites. The city began to heal its wounds, and the Patriotic War of 1812 entered the final stage of expelling the invaders.
On October 19, 1941, a resolution was adopted to declare state of siege in Moscow. It began to operate in the capital and region within 24 hours. It was the first year of the Great Patriotic War, the Germans stubbornly rushed into the city. General Georgy Zhukov was entrusted with maintaining the defense of Moscow. Any movement on the streets was prohibited from midnight until five o'clock in the morning. NKVD officers, police and work detachments were brought in to maintain order. Hundreds of thousands of Muscovites participated in the construction of fortifications. Barricades blocked the streets and entrances to the capital.
On October 19, 2000, a branch of the famous Madame Tussauds London Wax Museum opened in New York. The exhibition occupies 10 floors and is located in a building in Times Square. There are four hundred wax figures of celebrities on display here, including Brad Pitt, Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley and even Mikhail Gorbachev. Unlike its London counterpart, the American one has no shop windows or fences; visitors can freely take pictures with their favorite celebrities. In one of the halls there is also a figure of Marie Tussaud, the founder of the legendary museum.
On October 19, 1862, the founder of cinema and French cinematography, Auguste Lumière, was born. Together with his brother, he literally turned the history of mankind upside down. An asteroid discovered at the beginning of the last century was even named in their honor. By the way, that’s exactly what “cinema” was called, which was the name of the device that Auguste invented together with his brother Louis. The first public session took place in the Parisian salon "Grand Café" on the Boulevard des Capucines. The inventors demonstrated scenes filmed mainly on location. For example, "Baby's Breakfast" or "Catching Red Fish."
Born October 19, 1918 Soviet poet and playwright Alexander Galich. After the ninth grade, he entered both the Literary Institute and the Stanislavsky Opera and Drama Studio, but soon dropped out of school and moved to another studio, where he made his debut as a co-author of one of the performances. He became the author of dozens of poems and songs. Galich also wrote scripts - for example, “Give complaint book", "On the Seven Winds", "Running on the Waves". In post-war years he became one of the brightest bards along with Vysotsky and Okudzhava.
Mexican actress, singer and TV presenter Veronica Castro was born on October 19, 1952. She grew up in large family and since childhood I dreamed of becoming an actress. She performed her first role at the age of sixteen. Deafening fame came after the release of the series “The Rich Also Cry.” Her heroine Marianna is well known in Russia. Castro not only starred in many serial films, but also released several music albums. Today, the actress hosts various shows on television and has two sons, Christian and Michel.
Next news
Events of October 19.
1453 - British surrender in Bordeaux. The end of the Hundred Years' War.
1466 - The Peace of Torun was concluded between the Teutonic Order and the Kingdom of Poland.
1653 - the embassy of the Russian Tsar, headed by V. Buturlin, went to Pereyaslavl to take the oath from the Zaporozhye Cossacks.
1812 - Napoleon leaves Moscow.
- Second battle of Polotsk.
1845 - in the large conference room St. Petersburg Academy Sciences, under the chairmanship of Vice Admiral Fyodor Petrovich Litke, the first meeting of the Russian Geographical Society, established in August.
1860 - The first company producing internal combustion engines was founded in Florence.
1867 - N. A. Teleshov was issued a patent in France for the design of an aircraft with a pulsating engine. This was one of the world's first jet aircraft projects.
1875 - in a report at a meeting of the Physical Society at St. Petersburg University D.I. Mendeleev put forward the idea of a balloon with a sealed gondola for studying the high-altitude layers of the atmosphere.
1878 - German Reichstag passed an exceptional law against socialists.
1901 - Brazilian Alberto Santos Dumont circled the Eiffel Tower in his 33-meter airship, thereby demonstrating controlled flight on a lighter-than-air craft and winning the first prize of 100,000 francs.
1917 - in Chihyryn, the congress of the Ukrainian Free Cossacks proclaimed General Pavel Skoropadsky as its hetman.
1918 - The Labor Commune of the Volga Germans was formed, five years later it became the Autonomous Republic of the Volga Germans and was liquidated in 1941.
1944 - Marlon Brando makes his Broadway debut.
- The first ascent of Cho Oyu, made by members of the Austrian expedition Herbert Tichy, Joseph Joechler and Sherpa Pasang Dawa Lama.
1956 - The USSR and Japan adopted a Joint Declaration, which ended the state of war and restored diplomatic relations between the two countries, and also recorded the USSR’s consent to the transfer to Japan after the conclusion of a peace treaty on the Kuril Islands of Habomai and Shikotan (the treaty was never signed).
- During the visit to Warsaw, the leadership of the CPSU recognized the special “Polish path to socialism.”
1957 - the German government breaks off diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia due to the establishment diplomatic relations between the FPR Yu and the GDR.
1960 - the beginning of the economic blockade of Cuba - the US government imposed an embargo on trade with Cuba.
1961 - at the CPSU Congress, China publicly condemned the USSR's policy towards Albania.
1964 - Il-18 plane crash in Belgrade
1984 - popular Catholic preacher Jerzy Popieluszko was killed in Poland (Polish state security agents are accused of his murder).
1987 - Black Monday - 1987 stock market crash.
1988 - first flight of the Ka-126 multi-purpose helicopter, G. S. Isaev.
1999 - Day of formation of JSC Tupolev, among the shareholders along with the state - JSC ANTK im. Tupolev" and JSC "Aviastar".
- A decision has been made to build a second tunnel under the English Channel. It will be intended exclusively for road transport.
2000 - An unknown patron gave France a valuable collection of 109 works of art, including paintings, drawings, pastels and sculptures from the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. For France, this is one of the largest donations of the century.
- A branch of the famous Madame Tussauds museum opened in New York. The decoration of the museum cost its creators 50 million dollars. The new exhibition consists of 200 wax figures.
2002 - Residents of Ireland voted in a referendum to join European Union 10 countries. Thus, none of the EU states exercised their veto power on EU enlargement. According to preliminary data, 60 percent of voters in Ireland were in favor.
- The eighth decisive game between Russian Vladimir Kramnik and computer program"Deep Fritz", held in Manama, Bahrain, ended in a draw on move 21. Thus, the match itself ended in a draw.
- Turkmenistan celebrated the anniversary of the adoption holy book of the Turkmen people "Rukhnama" ("Tale of the Spirit"), which was written by President Saparmurat Niyazov (Saparmyrat Nyyazov).
2011 - Alexander Yee and Shigeru Kondo calculated the value of Pi to an accuracy of 10 trillion decimal places.